Power Distribution

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥١
   ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?   ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٥٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  (١ ١)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Generation plant‫א‬ J ١
Transmission lines‫א‬ J ٢
Distribution system ‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١{١)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٥٠٪‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Distribution Systems‫א‬(١ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Subtransmission‫א‬ J ١
 Distribution substation J ٢
Primary feeders‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
 Distribution transformers‫א‬ J ٤
Secondary circuits‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 Service drops‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤٥ kV ٢{٤٧ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٤{٥ kV ٤{١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠ kVA ١٠‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GS GS
Generating plane
Step-up transformers
Circuit breakers
Transmission system
Transformers in bulk
power substation
Solar or wind
sources
Subtransmission ( 100 kW to 1 MW)
system
Distribution
substation
Three phase primary
feeder
-----
Battery sectionalizing
or fuel cells switch
1 to 25 MW
Primary circuits
One-phase
lateral feeder
----
Distribution
transformer
Services
Photovoltaic
power supply Home
 up to 100 kW

 ‫א‬‫א‬(١{١)


-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Bulk power source

Bulk power source
Sub transmission
Distribution
substation
Primary feeders
Three phase
primary main
One-phase laterals
Distribution
transformers
Secondary mains
Consumers
 services
‫א‬(١{٢)
Subtransmission Lines‫א‬(١-٣)
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ kV ١٢{٤٧  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٦٩, ١١٥ ١٣٨ kV  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١{٤)‫א‬،
 (١{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(١{٥)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (١{٦)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bulk power source bus
Subtransmission
circuit
Distribution
substation
Distribution
substation

 ‫א‬‫א‬(١{٣)
Subtransmission
circuit
N.o.
Distribution
substation
N.o.
Distribution
substation

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٤)
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Subtransmission
circuit
Distribution
substation
Distribution
substation

 ‫א‬‫א‬(١{٥)

Subtransmission
circuit
Distribution
substation
Distribution
substation

 ‫א‬(١{٦)
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Distribution Substations‫א‬(١ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (١{٨) (١{٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  (١{٩)‫א‬،‫א‬
 K(١{١٠)‫א‬ ١١٥L٤{١٦ kV‫א‬١٥L٢٠L٢٨ MVA
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Power transformers J ١
Circuit breakers‫א‬ J ٢
 Disconnecting Switches J ٣
 Station buses and insulators‫א‬ J ٤
Current limiting reactors‫א‬ J ٥
 Shunt reactors‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 Current transformersJ ٧
 Potential transformersJ ٨
 Capacitor voltage transformersJ ٩
Coupling capacitorsJ ١٠
  Series capacitorsJ ١١
 Shunt capacitors‫א‬J ١٢
Lighting arresters ‫א‬J ١٣
 Protective relaysJ ١٤
 Station batteries‫א‬J ١٥
  Earthing system‫א‬J ١٦
Electrical instrumentsJ ١٧
 Line trapsJ ١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٩
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (١{٧)

 (١{٨)
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 (١{٩)


 (١{١٠)
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  Substation bus schemes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٥)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single bus scheme(١{١١) J ١
(١{١٢) J ٢
Double bus double-breaker
(١{١٣) ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
Main-and-tranfer bus scheme
(١{١٤) J ٤
Double-bus-single breaker sheme
(١{١٥) J ٥
Ring bus scheme
(١{١٦) J ٦
Breaker-and-a-half scheme
Line
Circuit breaker
Bus
Disconnecting
switch
 (١{١١)
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Line Line
Bus 1
Bus 2

 (١{١٢)

Incoming line Incoming line
Main bus
Bus
tie
breaker
Transfer bus
Outraging Outraging
lines lines
 ‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٣) 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Bus 2
Bus
tie
barker
Bus 1
Line Line Line Line
 (١{١٤)
Line
Line
Line
Line Line Line
 (١{١٥)
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Line Line Line Line
Bus 1
Tie
breaker
Bus 2
Line Line Line Line
(١{١٦)
  Primary distribution systems‫א‬‫א‬E (١ ٦

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٧)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  Radial distribution system J ١
  Loop/Ring distribution systemJ ٢
  Network distribution systemJ ٣
 Primary selective distribution system‫א‬J ٤
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Substation bus
Reclosing circuit
breaker
There-phase , four wire Normally open
express feeder peak load 6000 Feed point switch
kVA for emergency
Fuse cutout
Distribution
transformer
120/240 V
Three phase, four wire main

feeder
Three phase load
Sectionalizing
switches
R Three pole
Underground recloser
laterial
Recloser
Switched R
capacitor one phase
bank branch
Normally open tie

the adjacent feeder

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (١٫١٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 Radial type primary feeder(١ ٦ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (١{١٨)‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬          
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬           (١{١٩) ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (١{٢٠)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢١)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Primary main feeder
Transformer fuses
Distribution
transformer
Laterals
Sublaterals
Laterals fuses

 (١{١٨)
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Feeder 1 load area
Tie switch (normally open
Feeder 2 load area
Sectionalizing
switches
Tie switch (normally open)
Feeder 3 load area

 (١{١٩)
Load center
Express
feeder
 Distribution transformer
location
 (١{٢٠)
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Distribution substation LV
bus
Single
phase main
Phase A
load area
Laterals
Phase B
load area
Three phase main
Phase C
load area

  ‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Loop type primary feeders (١-٦ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Loop / Ring) (١{٢٢)‫א‬

‫א‬  KE‫א‬ ‫א‬     F     ‫א‬  
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Substation LV bus
Feeder breaker
Sectionalizing
disconnect
switch
Laterals
Loop Disconnected
switch
Distribution
transformer
location
 (١{٢٢)
 Primary network (١ ٦ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬K(١{٢٣)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Substation A Substation B
Substation C
Substation D
Substation E
 (١{٢٣)
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Primary feeder voltage level ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١-٦ ٤)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (١ ١)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ١٥ kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ١)‫א‬
Three phase voltage Class
٢٣٠٠ ٣w-∆ ٢{٥ kV
٢٤٠٠ ٣w-∆*
٤٠٠٠ ٣w-Y or ٣W-Y ٥ kV
٤١٦٠ ٣w-Y*
٤٣٣٠ ٣w-∆
٤٤٠٠ ٣w-∆
٤٦٠٠ ٣w-∆
٤٨٠٠ ٣w-∆
٦٦٠٠ ٣w-∆ ٨{٦٦kV
٦٩٠٠ ٣w-∆ or ٤W-Y
٧٢٠٠ ٣w-∆ or ٤W-Y*
٧٥٠٠ ٤w-Y
٨٣٢٠ ٤w-Y
١١٠٠٠ ٣w-∆ ١٥ kV
١١٥٠٠ ٣w-∆
١٢٠٠٠ ٣w-∆ or ٤W-Y
١٢٤٧٠ ٣w-∆ *
١٣٢٠٠ ٣w-∆ or ٤W-Y*
١٣٨٠٠ ٣w-∆ *
١٤٤٠٠ ٣w-∆
٢٢٩٠٠ ٤W-Y* ٢٥ kV
٢٤٩٤٠ ٤W-Y*
٣٤٥٠٠ ٤W-Y* ٣٤{٥ kV
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Secondary distribution system‫א‬‫א‬E (١ ٧

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ١
E‫א‬FJ ٢
E‫א‬F J ٣
 KJ ٤
 Radial Secondary system (١ ٧ ١)

‫א‬  (١{٢٤) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Distribution substation 11 kV bus
Feeder Circuit breaker
Primary feeder main

Lateral
Lateral fuse
Lateral
Fuse cutout
R (primary fuse)
Recloser
Distribution
transformer
120/240 V
Secondary circuit
(secondary main
 Serving 4 to 20 houses
 (١{٢٤)
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  Secondary banking  (١ ٧ ٢)

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ٣٠٪‫א‬kVA ‫א‬ K٤
  (١{٢٥a)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   (١{٢٥)  
 K(١{٢٥b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Primary main Primary main
Primary Primary fuse

fuse
Distribution Distribution
transformer transformers
Banked
Banked secondary
secondary
mains mains
Secondary Secondary
fuse
fuse
a b
Services to consumers

‫א‬‫א‬ (١٫٢٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(١{٢٦a)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٢٦)‫א‬
‫א‬ (١{٢٦b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Primary main Primary main
Primary Primary main

fuse
Distribution Distribution
transformers transformers
Banked
Secondary secondary main Secondary
fuses breakers
 a Services to consumers Services to consumers b
 ‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢٦)
 Secondary Network(١ ٧ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬، (١{٢٧)‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      E ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(single/double contingency) ‫א‬‫א‬
Secondary voltage level‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٧ ٤)
  ١٢٠ V  ١٢٠L٢٠٨ V  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ٢٠٨ V   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
١٢٠L٢٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ANSI‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K ٢٤٠L٤٨٠ V ٢٤٠L٤١٦ VV


- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Sub station low-voltage bus
Circuit breakers
Primary feeders
Secondary
mains Loads
Network
protector
fuse
Network
transformers
Switches
Network
protector
breaker

 (١{٢٧)

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Distribution Transformers‫א‬ E٨J ١F

‫א‬F ‫א‬   (٣٤{٥ ٢{٤kv) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 .ANSI‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٢)‫א‬ (١٢٠ ٦٠٠ V)E‫א‬
 (Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (x) ELFEJ F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ANSI‫א‬‫א‬ kVA‫א‬(١ ٢)

KVA High voltages Low voltage
Single phase Three phase Single phase Three phase Single phase Three phase
٥ ٣٠ ٢٤٠٠L٤١٦٠Y ٢٤٠٠ ١٢٠LL٢٤٠ ٢٠٨Y/١٢٠
١٠ ٤٥ ٤٨٠٠L٨٣٢٠Y ٤١٦٠L٢٤٠٠ ٢٤٠LL٤٨٠ ٢٤٠
١٥ ٧٥ ٤٨٠٠Y/٨٣٢٠Y ٤١٦٠Y ٢٤٠٠ ٤٨٠
٢٥ ١١٢{٥ ٧٢٠٠L١٢٤٧٠Y ٤٨٠٠ ٢٥٢٠ ٤٨٠Y/٢٢٧
٣٧{٥ ١٥٠ ١٢٤٧٠GndY/٧٢٠٠ ٨٣٢٠Y/٤٨٠٠ ٤٨٠٠ ٢٤٠*٤٨٠
٥٠ ٢٢٥ ٧٦٢٠L١٣٢٠٠Y ٨٣٢٠Y ٥٠٤٠ ٢٤٠٠
٧٥ ٣٠٠ ١٣٢٠٠GndY/٧٦٢٠ ٧٢٠٠ ٦٩٠٠ ٤١٦٠Y/٢٤٠٠
١٠٠ ٥٠٠ ١٢٠٠٠ ١٢٠٠ ٧٢٠٠ ٤٨٠٠
١٦٧ ١٣٢٠٠L٢٢٨٦٠GndY ١٢٤٧٠/Y/٧٢٠٠ ٧٥٦٠ ١٢٧٧٠Y/٧٢٠
٢٥٠ ١٣٢٠٠ ١٢٤٧٠Y ٧٩٨٠ ١٣٢٠٠L٧٦٢٣٠
٣٣٣ ١٣٨٠٠L٢٣٩٠٠GndY ١٣٢٠Y/٧٦٢٠
٥٠٠ ١٣٨٠٠ ٣١٣٢٠Y
١٤٤٠٠/٢٤٩٤٠GndY ١٣٢٠٠
١٦٣٤٠ ١٣٨٠٠
١٩٩٢٠L٣٤٥٠٠GndY ٢٢٩٠٠
٢٢٩٠٠ ٣٤٤٠٠
٣٤٤٠٠ ٤٣٨٠٠
٤٣٨٠٠ ٦٧٠٠٠
٦٧٠٠٠

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
( C٢F٦)‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
J ١
(CSP)‫א‬J ٢
(CSPB)‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ J ١
  J ٢
  J ٣
 Polarity‫( א‬١ ٨ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
H٣ -H٢ -H١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٣ -x٢-x١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

C٢ –B٢ –A٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c٢ –b٢-a٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
١U- ١V- ١W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢U ٢V ٢W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬  (١{٢٨b)    ‫א‬  (١{٢٨a)  
 (١{٢٩)‫א‬ (١{٢٨)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٢٩)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a b 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢٨)

- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

a b
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢٩)

 Phase sequence‫א‬(١ ٨ ٢)
Voltage  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Current phasors ‫א‬  phasors
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Transformers Operation in parallel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٨ ٣)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vector group‫א‬‫ א‬K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Turns ratio‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
K‫א‬
Impedance voltage‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K١W٣KVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 J (٢ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 KKK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 KKK…‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٢ ٢)
W‫א‬J (٢ ٢ ١)
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١
W‫א‬J (٢ ٢ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FLE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
WJ (٢ ٢ ٣)
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٤ ‫א‬

٣٠١٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٣٠،١٥،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
١٢٠٪١٠٠٪‫א‬
 K
Load
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hours)
(٢{١)‫א‬‫א‬




- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
p = C1 w + C 2 w
 (kW)ZpW
 (kWh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZW
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZC١,C٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬        K‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ -(٢-٢-٤)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥ ١٠٠W ٤ ٤٠W ١٠ ٦٠W ٣
 K١٠W
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬٦٥٠W٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠٣٠Z٥x١٠H٤x١٠٠H١٠x٤٠H٣x٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W٦٥٠٣٠
 ٦٣{١٪Z٠{٦٣١Z١٠٣٠L٦٥٠Z‫א‬
‫א‬ -(٢-٢-٥)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
[(hr)‫א‬‫א‬x(kW)]L(kWh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨٧٦٠xFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬∴
 E٣٠x٢٤xFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬∴
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨٧٦٠xFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٠x٢٤xFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٤xFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬∴

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٢{٢)W
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
300
250
A B
200
kW
150
100
50
0
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Hours

 (٢{٢)
 W٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
kW٩٧{٥ Z‫א‬
 kW٢٧٠ZAB‫א‬٣٠
 ٣٦{١٪Z٢٧٠L٩٧{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬∴

W‫א‬‫א‬J (٢ ٢ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(load diversity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 ‫א‬LZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬L١Z‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J (٢ ٢ ٧)
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬Ps
 ‫א‬‫א‬P١, P٢, P٣, …………Pn
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (P١+P٢+P٣…………Pn)LPsZ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٢٠, ٥٠٤, ٤٣٥, ٣٨٠, ١٦٠, ٥٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٩٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W٢٦٩٤Z٥٩٥H١٦٠H٣٨٠H٤٣٥H٥٠٤H٦٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
٢{٩٩Z٩٠٠L٢٦٩٤Z‫א‬
‫א‬ -(٢-٢-٨)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ -(٢-٢-٩)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٣)W
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٣   ‫א‬J ٢  ‫א‬J >
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
٥ P.M.‫א‬٢٠٠٠kW‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٩ P.M.‫א‬٢٠٠٠kW‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J 
٦{٥P.M.‫א‬٣٠٠٠kW‫א‬‫א‬WJ 
 LZ‫א‬J ١
 ١{٣٣Z٣٠٠٠L(٢٠٠٠H٢٠٠٠)Z
 –‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬ J ٣
 kW١٠٠٠Z٣٠٠٠–(٢٠٠٠H٢٠٠٠)Z
 ‫א‬L١Z‫א‬J ٣
 ٠{٧٥٢Z١{٣٣L١Z
3500
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
3000
2500
2000
1500 Load
1000
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻰ‬
500
0
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Time (hr)

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٣)
 ‫א‬J (٢ ٣)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 W
 ‫א‬ J ١
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٢ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ١)

 ‫א‬(٢ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬٣ ٥
٠{٦ ٠{٨  ‫א‬٥
٠{٤٥ ٠{٦٥  EF
 ٠{٦ ٠{٨  EF
٠{٥  EF‫א‬
٠{٧ ٠{٩  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٠{٩  ‫א‬
٠{٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٠{٦  ،،‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٣  ‫א‬
٠{٦  ‫א‬
٠{٩  
١{٠
 ٠{٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢)
 EL‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
٣٢{٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢١{٥٢  ‫א‬
٢١{٥٢  ‫א‬
٢١{٥٢  ‫א‬
٣٢{٢٨  ‫א‬
١٠{٧٦  ‫א‬
٥{٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١{٥٢  ‫א‬
 ٥٣{٨  ‫א‬
 ٢{٧  ‫א‬
 ١٠{٧٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣)
E‫א‬F‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠ ٢٠٠  ٥٠ ٢٠٠  (AM/FM)‫א‬
٦٠٠ ٢٠٠  
٣٠٠ ٤٠٠ ٣٠٠ ٤٠٠  
١٠٠٠ ٧٠٠  
٥٠٠٠ ٣٢٥٠  (١٢٠٠٠ BTU)‫א‬
١٨٠٠ ٦٠٠  ١L٣ hP 
٧٥٠  ٦٠٠  
٢٤٠٠  ٨٠٠  
١٥٠٠ ٥٠٠  EF
٢٣٠٠ ٤٦٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٢٥٠٠  ‫א‬
١٠٠٠ ٨٠٠  ٦‫א‬
١٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٢٥٠ ١٠٠٠  ٠{٥

١٢٠٠ ١٢٠٠  EF‫א‬
١٢٠٠ ١٢٠٠  ‫א‬
٣٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠  ½
١٥٠٠ ١٥٠٠  ‫א‬
٥٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠  
 ١٢٠  ١٢٠  ١٢
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٣ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬    ، 
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
 KJ ٣
 E‫א‬FJ ٤
 K‫א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FJ J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 K (I٢ R)‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     K      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬(٣{١)‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Motor
Load 1 Load 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣{١F
Load 1 230 v
+
-
Generator + 460 v
-
Load 2 230 v
-
 ‫א‬E٣{٢F
Load 1 Motor
230 v
-
+
230 v Load 2
-
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٣F
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ (٣{٣)‫א‬ (٣{٢)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣ ٣)
  (٣ ٣ ١)
A-F  (٣{٤A) K‫א‬  (٣ ٤A) 
  (i١,i٢,i٣,i٤) ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  A    EB
 (I١,I٢,I٣,I٤)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  (C,D,E,F) ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   A   ‫א‬   (r١,r٢,r٣,r٤)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K(R١, R٢, R٣, R٤ )EC,D,E,FF
،‫א‬E‫א‬Z‫א‬F
 WA-B‫א‬‫א‬
VAB = I1 r1 + I 2 r2 + I 3 r3 + I 4 r4 (3 -1)
 ‫א‬
I1 = i1 + i2 + i3 + i4
I2 = i 2 + i3 + i 4 (3 - 2)
I3 = i3 + i 4
I4 = i4
 W‫א‬(٣ ٢)(٣ ١)‫א‬
VAB = (i١ + i٢ + i٣ + i٤)r١ + (i٢ + i٣ + i٤)r٢ + (i٣ + i٤)r٣ + (i٤) r٤
VAB = i١R١ + i٢ R٢ + i٣ R٣ + i٤ R٤ (٣-

٣)
‫א‬  K‫א‬       (٣ ٣) ‫א‬ (٣ ١) ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٣)

- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Z A-B‫א‬
 A‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬

VAB = [i١R١ + i٢ R٢ + i٣ R٣ ]+ [i٤ + i٤ +i٥ ….] R٣ (٣-٤)
 
E‫א‬Z E‫א‬
 E‫א‬H
 W(٣ ٣)(٣ ١)‫א‬
ρ
V AB = I l (3 − 5 )
A ∑ i i
ρ
V AB = ∑ ii Li (3 − 6 )
Α
 
 EΩ. mF‫א‬‫א‬Zρ
 Em٢)‫א‬ZA
 (mF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z li
 EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZIi
 (A)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zii
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
R4
R3
R2
R1
I1 I2 I3
I4
A C E F B
r1 r2 D r3 r4
i2 i3 i4
i1
(3.4A)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
current
I1
I2
I3
I4
(3.4B)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Voltage
I4r4
VAB I1r1+i2 r2+I3r3

I1r1+i2 r2
I1r1

 (٣{٤C)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٤F

- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٤C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٤B)‫א‬

 E١F
‫א‬‫א‬،A ٣٠٠ m‫א‬، ، A-B
 A‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 EF  EF
٣٠ ٤٠
C
٤٠ ١٠٠  D
١٠٠ ١٥٠  E
 F
٥٠ ٢٥٠

K AB‫א‬K١٠ V‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ρ=١{٧٨x١٠ ٨
Ω.m‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W(٣{٥)‫א‬‫א‬
R4
250 m
R3
150m
R2
100 m
R1
40 m
A C D E F B
i1 30 A i2 40 A i3 100A i4 50 A
(٣٫٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

VAB = i1R 1 + i 2R 2 + i3R 3 + i 4R 4  ‫א‬‫א‬

VAB= 2(i1R1 + i2R 2 + i3R 3 + i4R 4 )  ‫א‬
R AC=R1 =ρ L = 1.78 x10 x 40

−8
Ω
A A
ρL −8
R AD=R 2 = = 1.78 x10 x100 Ω
A A
R AE=R 3 =ρ L = 1.78 x10 x150
−8
Ω
A A
ρ L 1.78 x10−8 x 250
R AF=R 4 = = Ω
A A
ρL ρL ρL ρL
VAB(max) =2[ 1 i1 + 2 i2 + 3 i3 + 4 i4 ]
A A A A
ρ
= 2 [ L1i1 + L2i2 + L3i3 + L4i 4 ]
A
−8
= 2 x 1.78 x 10 [ 30 x 40 + 40 x 100 + 100 x 150 + 50 x 250]
A
−8
10 = 2 x1.78 x10 x 32700
A
A = 1.164 x10− 4 m2
= 1.164 cm2
 ‫א‬(٣ ٣ ٢)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (٣{٦B) ‫א‬K(٣{٦a)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (٣{٦B)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣{٦C)
 ‫א‬      (٣{٦C)    K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

V1
I1 I2 I3 I4 V1
C D E
A B
r1 r2 r3 r4
i1 i2 i3
(3.6A) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Current
I1
I2
(3.6B) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ I3
I4
Voltage
I1r1+I2r2
I3r3+I4r4
I1r1
I4r4
 (٣{٦C)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٦)
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ m ‫א‬       F١F٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،F١‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ= ١{٧٦٤x ١٠ ٨Ω.cm‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٣٥ cm٢‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
٩٢٠ ٨٥٠ ٨٠٠ ٧٠٠ ٦٠٠ ٥٠٠ ٢٥٠ ١٠٠
 EFF١
١٥ ١٠ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٧٠ ٥٠ ٨٠ ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
EF

 ‫א‬
 (٣{٧)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KIF١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (٣{٧)‫א‬‫א‬
I I-20 I-100 I-150 I-220 I-260 I-290 I-300 I-315

F1 100 m 150 m 250 m 100 m 100 m 100 m 50 m 70 m 80 m F2
20 A 80 A 50 A 70 A 40 A 30 A 10 A 15 A
 (٣{٧)

 W
 VF1F2 = 0 F١F٢‫א‬

ρ l 1.764 x10 x100 −8

 ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = A = 0.35
2 = 2 X 5.04 X10−8 =10.08 x10−4 Ω/m  ‫א‬


- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
VF1F2 = 0 = ρ ∑ li Ii
Α
=10.8 x10 [100 I+ 150(I− 20) + 250(I−100) + 100(I−150)
−4
+ 100(I− 220) + 100(I− 260) + 50(I− 290) + 70(I− 300)

+ 80(I− 315)]
1000 I =151700 
I =151.7 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣{٧) ١٥١{٧A I‫א‬
 K(٣{٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
151.7 131.7 51.7 1.7 A 68.1 108.3 138.3 148.3 163.6
100 m 150 m 250 m 100 m 100 m 100 m 50 m 70 m 80 m
20 A 80 A 50 A 70 A 40 A 30 A 10 A 15 A
 (٣{٨)
‫א‬‫א‬، F١F٢‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬
 WA
A‫א‬ = R2 ∑li Ii
= 10.08 x 10−4 [100 x 151.7 + 150 x 131.7 + 250 x 51.7 + 100 x 1.7
=10.08 x 10− 4 x 48020 = 48.4 volt
 (٣ ٣ ٣)
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F
 B‫א‬ ٢٣٦ V  A‫א‬ A-B
  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠ m‫א‬٢٣٧ V
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

EF‫א‬‫א‬ EFA‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٢٠ ٥٠  C
 ٤٠  ٧٥  D
 ٢٥  ١٠٠  E
 ٣٠  ١٥٠  F

 K٠{٤ Ω/Km‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 IA‫א‬‫א‬،(٣{٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٣{٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
236 v 237 v
A I C I-20 D I-60 E I-85 F I-115 B
50 m 25 m 25 m 50 m 50 m
20 A 40 A 25 A 30 A
 (٣{٩)
0.4  ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = 1000 = 4 X 10 Ω/m
−4
R 2 = = 2 X 4 X10 Ω/m
−4  
VAB = VA − VB = 236 − 237 = − 1 volt
−1 = R2 ∑ li Ii
−1 =8 x10−4[ 50 I + 25(I− 20) + 25(I− 60) + 50 (I− 85) + 50( I−115) ]
−1 =8 x10−4 [ 200 I −12000]
I = 53.75 A
 (٣{١٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
236 v 237 v
A 53.75 A C 33.75 A D 6.25 A E 31.25 A F 61.25 A B
50 m 25 m 25 m 50 m 50 m
20 A 40 A 25 A 30 A

  (٣{١٠)

‫א‬AD‫א‬‫א‬(٣{١٠)‫א‬
 E ١٢٥ m BF ٧٥ m
D‫א‬
V AD = R 2 ∑ Ii li
= 8 x10− 4 ( 50 x 53.75 + 25 x 33.75)
VD = VA − VAD = 236 − 2.82 = 233.18 volt
 E٤F
 (٣{١١)‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬ -‫أ‬
  F‫א‬ -‫ب‬
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F
0.1 ohm
0.4 ohm
C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A
 (٣{١١)

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x‫א‬BD‫א‬‫א‬
 (٣{١٢)‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F
x+30 x x-20
0.1 ohm
0.4 ohm
C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A

 (٣{١٢)
 ABC‫א‬
VAC= 250 − 241.5 =8.5 volt
= (x + 30)0.05+ 0.1X 30
= 0.05 x + 1.5 + 3
4 = 0.05 x
x = 4 = 80 A
0.05
 (٣{١٣)‫א‬‫א‬ x=٨٠ A‫א‬
 E‫א‬
VE = 250 − 0.05x110 - 80 x 0.04 - 0.4 x 20 = 250 -16.7
= 233.3 volt
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F
110 A 80 A 20 A 60 A
30 A
0.1 ohm
0.4 ohm
C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A
 (٣{١٣)
 F‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
VF = 250 − 0.05 x110 - 0.04 x 80 - 0.03 x 60

= 250 - 5.5 - 3.2 -1.8
= 239.5 volt
 E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ m AB
 W

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠ ٥٠٠ ٨٠٠ ٩٠٠
 E ) A‫א‬
 EF‫א‬ ٥٠ ٢٠ ٣٠ ١٠
  . ٢٤٠ V‫א‬ B ٢٥٠ V‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ٢٣٠ V   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ρ =1.72 x10 −6 Ω.cm 
 ‫א‬
 (٣{١٤)‫א‬‫א‬
RF‫א‬D‫א‬
 EΩ/m
240 v
X+50 C X D 20-X E 50-X F 60-X 240 v
A B
200 m 300 m 300 m 100 m 100 m
50 A 20 A 30 A 10 A
(٣٫١٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 (٣{١٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،xCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 BD‫א‬AD-‫א‬ = 250 - 240 = 10 volt
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
= R[(x + 50)200 + 300 x] - R[(20 - x)300 + (50 - x)100 + (60 - x)100]

= 100 R[(2 x + 100 + 3 x) - (60 - 3 x + 50 - x + 60 - x)]
= R[100(10 x- 70)]
0.01 = R(x- 7) (I)
 ‫א‬ (I)‫א‬
 AD‫א‬‫א‬
VAD = 250 - 230 = R[200(50 + x) + 300 x]
20 = R[100(2 x +100 + 3 x)]
0.04 = R(x + 20) (II)
  (II)‫א‬ (I) ‫א‬
x − 7 = 0.25
x + 20
4 x- 28 = x + 20
3 x = 48
x = 16 A
(٣{١٥)‫א‬‫א‬x=١٦ A‫א‬
 x (I)‫א‬K‫א‬D‫א‬(٣{١٥)‫א‬

34 A C 16 A D 4A E 34 A F 44 A
A B
200 m 300 m 300 m 100 m 100 m
50 A 20 A 30 A 10 A
 (٣{١٥)
R(16 - 7) = 0.01
R = 0.00111 Ω/m ‫א‬
R = 5.55 x10−4 Ω/m ‫א‬‫א‬
R = ρl  ‫א‬
A
A = ρl
R
−8
=1.72 x10 x−100 = 0.312 cm2 = 31.2 mm2
5.55 x10 6
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Ring distributor)‫א‬(٣ ٣ ٤)

 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (٣{١٧) (٣{١٦)‫א‬

I
I-i1-i2-i3
d
i1 b i3
I-i1
I-i1-i2
c
i2

‫א‬(٣{١٦)
a I d I-i1 c I-i1-i2 b I-i1-i2-i3
I1 I2 I3
 (٣{١٧)
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٦F
٠{٢ ‫א‬  (٣{١٨)‫א‬‫א‬
 B,C,D‫א‬‫א‬Ω/km

240 v A
60 m
I
70 m I-220
D
50 A B
100 A
I-50 80 m
I-120
90 m
C
70 A
(٣٫١٨)

 ‫א‬
 (٣{١٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I A, D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VAA = VA − VA = 0
0 = R ∑ li Ii
0 = ∑ li Ii
= 70 I + 90(I- 50) + 80(I-120) + 60(I- 220)
300 I = 27300
I = 91 A
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣{١٩)‫א‬
240 v A
60 m
91 A
70 m 129
D
50 A B
100 A
41 A
80 m
29 A
90 m
C
70 A
 (٣{١٩)
 C        

‫א‬ B,C, D ‫א‬‫א‬
 
VAD = 2[ 91X 70 X 0.2 ]= 2.55 volt
1000 
VDC = 2[41X 90 X 0.2 ]=1.48 volt 
1000
VCB = 2[29 X 80 X 0.2 ]= 093 volt 
1000
0.2 
V BA = 2[129 X 60 X 1000 ]= 3.1 volt 
V D = 240 − 2.55 = 237.45 volt

VC = 237.5 −1.48 = 235.97 volt
V B = 240 − 3.1= 236.9 volt
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬ A   (٣{٢٠)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
20 A
150 m I-10
10 A B
200 m I-30
100 m I
I-119 200 m
50 A
250 m
39 A
E I-80 D

 (٣{٢٠)

 ‫א‬
 IBA‫א‬‫א‬
 ABCDEA
VAA = 0 = ∑ li Ii
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
= 100 I + 150(I-10) + 200(I- 30) + 250(I- 80) + 200(I-119)

900 I = 51300
I = 57 A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣ ٤ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، R‫א‬‫א‬ X‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2ρ
∆V= ∑ Ii li (3 - 7)
A
 W‫א‬ (٣ ٧)‫א‬

2ρ
A= ∑ Ii li (3 - 8)
∆Vp
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z ∆VP

 WVr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆V % = ∆ V x 100%  
Vr

‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
2 x10 3 ρ
∆V= ∑ Pi\ L i (3 - 9)
AVr


- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٨F
٢٢٠ v ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣{٢١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١/ρ= ٥٦ m/   ‫א‬  ٦ mm٢    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 Ω.mm٢
P 1=6 Kw P2=4 Kw P3=2.5 Kw P4= 1 Kw

20 m 10 m 10 m 6m
P\1= 2 Kw P\2= 1.5 Kw P\3= 1.5 Kw P\4=1 Kw
 (٣{٢١)
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
∆ V = 2 x10 ρ ∑ Pi\ Li
3
AVr
2 x 10 3
= (6 x 20 + 4 x 10 + 2.5 x 10 +1.0 x 6)
56 x 6 x 220
= 5.16 volt
∆ V = ∆ V x 100
Vr
= 5.16 x 100
220
= 2.35 %
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣ ٤ ٢)
،X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
∆V = ∑ Ii [(Cos Φ i + jSin Φ i )(R i + j Xi)] (3 −10)

 
 ‫א‬Z Cos Φ i
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
∆V = ∑ I i ( R i Cos Φ i + X i Sin Φ i ) (3 −11)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٩F
‫א‬   Z=٠{٠٢Hj٠{٠٤ Ω‫א‬ ‫א‬٥٠٠ m
 W‫א‬٢٥٠V
 ‫א‬ ٢٠٠ m  pf =١٥٠ A‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬٣٠٠ m  pf= ٠{٨١٠٠ A‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬m٥٠٠ pf =٠{٦٥٠ A‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ (٣{٢٢)‫א‬

A IAD D I DC C ICB B
200 m 100 m 200 m
I1 I2 I3
50 A 100 A 50 A
pf=1 pf=0.8 lag. pf=0.6 lag.
 (٣{٢٢)
IAD = I1 + I 2 + I 3
= (50 + j 0) + 100 ( 0.8 − j 0.6) + 50(0.6 − j0.8)
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
= 160 - j 100 A
l AD 200
Z AB = Z T x = (0.02 + j 0.04)
lT 500
= 0.008 + j 0.016 Ω
∆VAD = (160− j100 )(0.008 + j 0.016)

= 2.88 + j1.76 volt
ZDC = 100 (0.02 + j 0.04)

500
= 0 .004 + j 0.008 Ω
IDC = I1 + I2
= (160 − j100) − (50 − j0)
=110 − j100 A
∆VDC = I DC Z DC
= (110 − j100)(0.004 + j 0.008)
=1.24 + j 0.48 volt
IDC = I3 = 50 (0.6 − j 0.8)

= 30 − j 40 A
ZCB = ZAD =0.008 + j 0.016 Ω
∆VCB = (30− j40)(0.008+ j 0.016)
=0.88+ j 0.16 volt
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∆VT = ∆VAD + ∆VDC + ∆VCB
= ( 2.88 + j1.76) + (1.24 + j0.48) + (0.88 + j0.16)
= 5 + j2.4
V B = V A −∆ V T
= 250 ∠0 − (5 + j 2.4)
= 245 − j 2.4 volt
2
V B = 245 + 2.4 = 245.0118 ≅ 245 volt
2
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٣{٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R3=0.02 ohm
R2=0.012 ohm
R1=0.008 ohm
A D C B
50 A 80 A 30 A
 (٣{٢٣)
I 1 = 50 A I 2 = 100 x 0.8 = 80 A I 3 = 50 x 0.6 = 30 A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆ V R = ∑ IR R
= 50 x 0.008 + 80 x 0.012 + 30 x 0.02 = 1.96 volt
 (٣{٢٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X3=0.04 ohm
X2=0.024 ohm
X1=0.016 ohm
A D C B
0A 60 A 40 A
  (٣{٢٤)
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
∆Vm = ∑ Im X
= 60 x 0.024 + 40 x 0.04 = 3.04 volt
∆VT = ∆VR + ∆Vm =1.96 + 3.04 = 5 volt
V B = VA − ∆ VT
= 250 − 5 = 245 volt
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K V٢٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
(١٠) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٢٥)‫א‬
 250∠0 V‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCB‫א‬

A x B x-48+j36 A C x-93+j58 A D
0.15 ohm 0.15 ohm 0.05 ohm
48-J36 A 45-j22 A 30+j0 A
 (٣{٢٥)
 ‫א‬
 IAB = x ‫א‬‫א‬
IBC = x − (48 − j36)
= x − 48 + j36
ICD = IBC − IC
= (x − 48 + j36) − (45 − j22)
= x − 93 + j58 A
VAD = VA − VD
= VAB + VBC + VCD
= IABZAB + IBC ZBC + ICD ZCD
= 0.15 x + 0.15(x- 48 + j36) + 0.05(x- 93 + j58)
= 0.15 x + 0.15 x- 7.2 + j5.4 + 0.05 x- 4.65 + j2.9
= 0.35 x-11.85 + j8.3
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
11.85 = 0.35 x
x = 33.857 ≅ 34 A
IC D = x − 93 + j58
= − 59 + j58 A
IDC = 59 − j58 A
VB = VA − IAB ZAB
= 250 − 34 x 0.15
= 250 − 5.1
= 244.9 volt
VC = VD − IDC ZDC
= 250 − 0.05(59 − j58)
= 247.05 + j2.9 volt
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
٢٠٠  ‫א‬  ٢٥٠ V ‫א‬ ‫א‬      yJ x ‫ ﻣﻮزع‬-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m
 EF‫א‬  ٣٠  ٤٠ ٣٠  ٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  ١٠٠  ١٠٠  ١٥٠
EF‫א‬x
 E‫א‬F٠{٣ Ω/km‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
‫א‬A‫א‬(٣{٢٦)‫א‬ AB
‫א‬K B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٢٤٠ V F٢٤٠ V
 K

240 v 8 m.ohm 4 m.ohm 10 m.ohm B
6 m.ohm F 5 m.ohm
A
240 v 12 A 24 A 72 A 240 v
48 A

 (٣{٢٦)
 V٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
  ٠{٠٢ Ω/١٠٠ m‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(٣{٢٧)‫א‬
 BA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
20 A
a 25 m
18 m
8A
b
12 m
A
c 15 A
16 m
e 10 m
12 A
d
22 m
30 A

 (٣{٢٧)

‫א‬(٣{٢٨) ٢٢٠ VA ABJ ٤
 ‫א‬B‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 ١, ٣, ٥‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 ٠{٢ ohm/١٠٠ m‫א‬
220 v
8m 1 4m 2 4m 3 4m 4 5m
B
A
20 A 10 A 15 A 12 A 8A
 (٣{٢٨)
٦ ‫א‬ (٣{٢٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥ mm٢‫א‬ ،Kw
 ρ = 1.78x10 Ω.m
−8
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
 A ‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K ٢٣‫א‬ -٢
220 v
8m 1 6m 2 6m 3 8m
A
6 Kw 6 Kw 6 Kw 6 Kw

 (٣{٢٩)
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬     E١٠F ‫א‬  J ٦
 VB = 245∠0 ‫א‬A VA = 250 ∠0 volt

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
 (٣{٣٠)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،A  (٣{٣١)‫א‬ J ٨

 K‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
1+j1 ohm 1+j3 ohm
B
1+j2 ohm
20 A 15 A
0.8 lag. 0.6 lag.
 (٣{٣٠)
50 A
pf=0.8 lag.
1+j0.6 ohm
0.8+j0.5 ohm
A
120 A
pf=1
0+j2 ohm 0.8+j0.5 ohm
70 A
pf=0.8 lag.
 (٣{٣١)
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 J (٤ ١)
 Wv‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬
 v = Vm sin (ωt + φ )  E١ F 
 i = Im sin ωt       E٢F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬φ
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 p = v i        E٣F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 p = VmImsinωt sin(ωt+φ)     E٤F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 p = VI cosφ (١-cos٢ωt) + VI sinφ (sin ٢ωt)  E٥F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IV

V=Vm / √٢ , I = Im / √ ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬φ

 p = VI cos(٠) (١-cos٢ωt) + VI sin (٠) (sin٢ωt) 
 = VI – VI cos٢ωt      E٦F
‫א‬–VIcos٢ωt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VI
 KVIE٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١)K‫א‬

Pav = VI = VmIm/٢ (٧)
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١)
(٢٫١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١ ٢)
٩٠φ
 ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥F‫א‬
 pL = VI cos(٩٠) (١-cos٢ωt) + VI sin(٩٠) (sin٢ωt) 
 = ٠ + VI sin٢ωt   

 pL = VI sin ٢ωt       (٨) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPL=٠‫א‬


- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

P
i 2π
(٢٫٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 E١F‫א‬VI sin φ‫א‬‫א‬،Q،‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 QL = VI sin φ        
 ٩٠φ
QL=VI (٩ )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١ ٣)
 ٩٠φ
 ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥F‫א‬
 pC = VI cos( ٩٠) (١-cos٢ωt) + VI sin( ٩٠) (sin٢ωt) 
 = ٠ - VI sin٢ωt    
 pC = -VI sin ٢ωt      (١٠)  
‫א‬(٢{٣)‫א‬–VIsin ٢ωt
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


π 2π
 (٢{٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠ZPC‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 QC = VI       (١١)

 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q‫א‬ ‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KS‫א‬‫א‬

 S = VI       (١٢)
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬J (٤ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
S = P + JQ
 
P = P∠٠o , QL =QL ∠٩٠o , QC=Qc∠ ٩٠o

 S= P + JQLW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QC S
QL
S
P 
 ‫א‬(٢{٤b)   ‫א‬(٢{٤a)

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J (٤ ٤)
(kW)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K…‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K(KVAR)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(kVA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Zcos φZ‫א‬
i.e. Cos φ = P / S (١٣)

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫…א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
(kVA) ‫א‬‫א‬
(kVAR)
(kW) ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬٥

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ١)

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٢ ١)
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٠٫٦٥/٠٫٧٥
 ‫א‬
٠٫٧٥/٠٫٨٥
٠٫٣٥/٠٫٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٧/٠٫٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٧٨/٠٫٨
 ‫א‬
٠٫٣٥/٠٫٦
٠٫٦/٠٫٨٥  ‫א‬
٠٫٧/٠٫٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٥/٠٫٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٦/٠٫٧٥
٠٫٥٥/٠٫٧  ‫א‬
٠٫٥/٠٫٧  ‫א‬
٠٫٣/٠٫٧٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ٥)
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬x ‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 (I٢R)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E
F

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٥٪
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(kW capacity)
‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
(Exciter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W(prime movers)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬J (٤ ٧)
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K  
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K(٢{٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I
Ic
Ic V V
IL
AC
I
Ic IL
IL

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٦)
‫א‬‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬IL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ic‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I = IL - IC       
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KIL١٨٠IC‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Q = V (IL – IC) = QL - QC    (١٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ٨)
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Q
C= farad (١٥)
V
 K‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬Q
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

ε oε r A εA
C= = farad (١٦)
d d
 K‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ε
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢)
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(٢ ٢)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(MV/m)‫א‬ (MV/m)‫א‬
٤ ٩ ٢ ٣ ١{٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩{٤ ٠{٣٥ ٣٠٠٠{٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠ ٢٢٠ ١٦ ١٨ ٦{٥٠
 ‫א‬
٧{٠٠
٧٦{٥ ١٦ ١٨  ‫א‬
٢{١٣
١٥٠ ٨٠ ١٠٠ ٥{٦٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٥٠ ٤٨ ٥٢ ٢{٢٠  ‫א‬
١٥٨ not used in a.c.  ‫א‬
٢{٩٠
‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q = ٢ π f C V٢ x ١٠ ٩
kVAR (١٧)

 K‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٧)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ٨ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kVAR٥٠٠١{٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KkV٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(٤{٧)
(VAR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IL
V
VIL‫א‬

IL
V
٢VIL‫א‬
IL
 V
IL
V
٢VIL‫א‬
IL
V
IL
√٣VIL
IL IL

IL
V
√٣VIL
IL IL
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬J (٤ ٩)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cosφ٢cosφ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢{٨)φ١φ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cosφ٢cosφ١OsOR١{٠‫א‬‫א‬OA
 
 cosφ٢cosφ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬PMK‫א‬
 K(Tanφ١-Tanφ٢)PM

M
T
φ٢ P
O
φ١ R S A
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٨)

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cosφ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢{٩)φ١φ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cosφ٢
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  C    OC ‫א‬  O  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 WEADOA‫א‬DEDOD‫א‬
φ١ 
A B
O

KVA=Q
φ٢ 
D

KVA=Q E

C 
 (٢{٩)

CE = Q sin φ١ - Q sin φ٢
= Q (sin φ١ - sin φ٢)

 WAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AB = Q (cos φ١ - cos φ٢)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K‫א‬
A٥∠٣٠oZ(٤∠٣٠o)L(٢٠∠٦٠o)ZZ١LV=‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
VA١٠٠∠٣٠o=(٥∠ ٣٠o)x(٢٠∠٦٠o)=I*xV=‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨٦{٦=cos٣٠x١٠٠=‫א‬‫א‬
 VAR٥٠=sin٣٠x١٠٠=‫א‬‫א‬
A٤∠٠oZ(٥∠٦٠o)L(٢٠∠٦٠o)ZZ٢LV=‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
VA٨٠∠٦٠o=(٤∠٠o)x(٢٠∠٦٠o)=I*xV=‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤٠=cos٦٠x٨٠=‫א‬‫א‬
 VAR٦٩{٢=sin٦٠x٨٠=‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢٦{٦=٤٠H٨٦{٦= ‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 VA١١٩{٢=٦٩{٢H٥٠=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ((١١٩{٢)٢+(١٢٦{٦)٢)١L٢Z١L٢E٢E‫א‬‫א‬FH٢E‫א‬‫א‬FF=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VA١٧٤=
‫ ﻣﺘﺂﺧﺮ‬٠٫٧٢٧ = ١٧٤ / ١٢٦٫٦ = ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P١=٨٦٫٦W
Q١=٥٠VA
I١ I٢ R
P٢=٤٠W
٢٠∠٦٠V ٤∠٣٠Ω ٥∠٦٠Ω
Q=٦٩٫٢VAR
(٢٫١٠) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٥٢٥٠VAW١
 K٠{٨١٨٠ wattW٢
 K١٠٠VAR٣٣٠٠VAW٣

 watt١٢٥=٠{٥x٢٥٠=‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬=P=‫א‬‫א‬W١W‫א‬
 ٦٠o=φ∴٠{٥=‫א‬= Cos φ
VAR٢١٦ZSin٦٠x٢٥٠ Z Sinφx‫א‬‫=א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VA٢٢٥Z٠{٨L١٨٠Z‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 ٣٦{٩oZφ∴٠{٨Z‫א‬ZCos φ
VAR ١٣٥ZSin٣٦{٩x٢٢٥Z Sinφx‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٩{٥o=φ∴٠{٣٣٣٣=٣٠٠L١٠٠=‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=sinφ W٣
 watt٢٨٣=cos١٩{٥x ٣٠٠=cosφx‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
 watt٥٨٨=٢٨٣H١٨٠H١٢٥=‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
 VAR١٨١=١٠٠H١٣٥–٢١٦=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 [٢E١٨١FH٢E٥٨٨F][٢ =E‫א‬‫א‬FH٢E‫א‬‫א‬F]=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VA٦١٦ =
 ٦١٦=٠{٩٥٥L٥٨٨=‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫=א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PT=٥٨٨ watt
١٢٥ watt
٢٨٣ ‫وات‬
QT=١٨١VAR
١٣٥VAR
١٨٠ 
 (٢{١١)
K ٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬ kVA٥٠٠W٣
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٠{٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kWatt٣٠٠Z٠{٥x٥٠٠Z‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬ZPZ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٥٣{١oZcos ١
٠{٦Zφ
 kVAR٤٠٠Zsin٥٣{١x٥٠٠Zsinφx‫א‬‫א‬ZQZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٩‫א‬
kVA٣٣٣Z٠{٩L٣٠٠ZSlZ‫א‬‫∴א‬٢٦oZCos ١٠{٩Zφ
P=٣٠٠ W
Ql=١٤٦ VAR
S=٥٠٠VA
Q =٢٥٤VAR
 (٢{١٢)
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 kVA١٤٦Zsin(٢٦)x٣٣٣ZQlZ‫א‬‫א‬
 kVAR٢٥٤Z١٤٦–٤٠٠ZQl–QZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٦٦{٧Z٥٠٠L٣٣٣Z‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Hz٥٠ V٤٤٠h.p.٥٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٨٥٨٩٪‫א‬
‫א‬K ٠{٩٥ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFEF‫א‬

kwatt٤١{٩١Zwatt٤١٩١٠Z٠{٨٩L٧٤٦x ٥٠ZPZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٣١{٨oZcos ١٠{٨٥Zφ١ ٠{٨٥ ‫א‬J 
kVAR٢٥{٩٨Ztan(٣١{٨)x٤١{٩١Ztan(φ١)xPZQ١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨{٢oZcos ١(٠{٩٥)Zφ٢ ٠{٩٥J 
kVAR١٣{٧٩Ztan(١٨{٢)x٤١{٩١Z tan φ٢xPZQ٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 kVAR١٢{١٩Z١٣{٧٩J ٢٥{٩٨ZQ٢J Q١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kVAR٤{٠٦٣Z٣L١٢{١٩ZQcZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
 V٤٤٠‫א‬‫א‬ EF
A٩{٢٣ Z٤٤٠L٤٠٦٣ZVLQcZIcZ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ic = Xc/V = VωC
 F٦٦{٨x١٠ ٦Z(٢πx٥٠x٤٤٠)L٩{٢٣ZVωLIcZCZ‫א‬
 V٤٤٠/√٣‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
A١٦ Z٢٥٤L٤٠٦٣ZVLQcZIcZ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ic = Xc/V = VωC
 F٢٠٠{٤x١٠ ٦Z(٢πx٥٠x٢٥٤)L١٦ZVωCLIcZCZ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K ٠{٦١٢kW٢٥kVAW٥
١{٠‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kVA٢٠=٠{٦L١٢=‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٨٠٪=١٠٠E٢٥L٢٠F=‫א‬‫א‬
kVAR١٦=sin(٥٣{١)x٢٠=‫א‬‫א‬  ٥٣{١o=cos ١٠{٦=φ١

٣٩{٨o=sin ١(١٦L٢٥)=φ٢
 kW١٩{٢=cos(٣٩{٨)x٢٥=cosφ٢x‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kW٧{٢=١٢–١٩{٢=‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٫٢kW 
١٢kW 

φ ١٦
kVAR 
١

٢٥kVA 
٢٠kVA

‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف‬ 
(٢{١٣) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬PF١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cosφ١ZPF١Z‫א‬
cosφ١x١E‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
sinφ١x١E‫א‬‫א‬FZ١E‫א‬‫א‬F
 tan φ١x‫א‬‫א‬Z١E‫א‬‫א‬F∴
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WPF٢‫א‬
cosφ٢ZPF٢Z‫א‬
cosφ٢x٢E‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
sinφ٢x٢E‫א‬‫א‬FZ٢E‫א‬‫א‬F
tanφ٢x‫א‬‫א‬Z٢E‫א‬‫א‬F∴
 ٢ E‫א‬‫א‬F–١E‫א‬‫א‬FZQcZ‫א‬‫א‬
 Etanφ٢J tanφ١FE‫א‬‫א‬FZ
 E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FZ
tanφ٢J tanφ١Z‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{٨kwatt٤٠٠‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩ ‫א‬

 ٠{٩Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٨Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٠{٢٦٦ Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
kVAR١٠٦{٤Z٠{٢٦٦x٤٠٠Z
‫א‬K٠{٧٥‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٩٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٧٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٠{٥٥٣ Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
kVAR٥٥٣Z٠{٥٥٣x١٠٠٠Z
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢
W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٠٫٨٠ ٠٫٨٥ ٠٫٩٠ ٠٫٩٥ ٠٫٩٦ ٠٫٩٧ ٠٫٩٨ ٠٫٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٫٠٠
٣٫١٢٢ ٣٫٢٥٢ ٣٫٣٣٨ ٣٫٥٤٣ ٣٫٥٨٠ ٣٫٦٢١ ٣٫٦٦٩ ٣٫٧٢٩ ٠٫٢٥
٣٫٨٧٢ ٠٫٢٦
٢٫٩٦٤ ٣٫٠٩٤ ٣٫٢٣٠ ٣٫٣٨٥ ٣٫٤٢٢ ٣٫٤٦٣ ٣٫٥١١ ٣٫٥٧١ ٠٫٢٧
٣٫٧١٤ ٠٫٢٨
٢٫٨١٦ ٢٫٩٤٥ ٣٫٠٨٢ ٣٫٢٣٧ ٣٫٢٧٤ ٣٫٣١٥ ٣٫٣٥٣ ٣٫٤٢٣ ٠٫٢٩
٣٫٥٦٦ ٠٫٣٠
٢٫٦٧٩ ٢٫٨٠٩ ٢٫٩٤٥ ٣٫١٠٠ ٣٫١٣٧ ٣٫١٧٨ ٣٫٢٢٦ ٣٫٢٨٦ ٠٫٣١
٣٫٤٢٩ ٠٫٣٢
٢٫٥٥٠ ٢٫٦٨٠ ٢٫٨١٦ ٢٫٩٧١ ٣٫٠٠٨ ٣٫٠٤٩ ٣٫٠٩٧ ٣٫١٥٧ ٠٫٣٣
٣٫٣٠٠ ٠٫٣٤
٢٫٤٣١ ٢٫٥٦١ ٢٫٦٩٧ ٢٫٨٥٢ ٢٫٨٨٩ ٢٫٩٣٠ ٢٫٩٧٨ ٣٫٠٣٨ ٠٫٣٥
٣٫١٨١ ٠٫٣٦
٢٫٣١٥ ٢٫٤٤٥ ٢٫٥٨١ ٢٫٧٣٦ ٢٫٧٧٣ ٢٫٨١٤ ٢٫٨٦٢ ٢٫٩٩٢ ٠٫٣٧
٣٫٠٦٥ ٠٫٣٨
٢٫٢١٠ ٢٫٣٤٠ ٢٫٤٧٦ ٢٫٦٣١ ٢٫٦٦٧ ٢٫٧٠٩ ٢٫٧٥٧ ٢٫٨١٧ ٠٫٣٩
٢٫٩٦٠ ٠٫٤٠
٢٫١١١ ٢٫٢٤١ ٢٫٣٧٧ ٢٫٥٣٢ ٢٫٥٦٩ ٢٫٦١٠ ٢٫٦٥٨ ٢٫٧١٨ ٠٫٤١
٢٫٨٦١ ٠٫٤٢
٢٫٠١٥ ٢٫١٤٥ ٢٫٢٨١ ٢٫٤٣٦ ٢٫٤٧٣ ٢٫٥١٤ ٢٫٥٦٢ ٢٫٦٦٢ ٠٫٤٣
٢٫٧٦٥ ٠٫٤٤
١٫٩٢٧ ٢٫٠٥٧ ٢٫١٩٣ ٢٫٣٤٨ ٢٫٣٨٥ ٢٫٤٢٦ ٢٫٤٧٤ ٢٫٥٣٤ ٠٫٤٥
٢٫٦٧٧ ٠٫٤٦
١٫٨٤٢ ١٫٩٧٢ ٢٫١٠٨ ٢٫٢٦٣ ٢٫٣٠٠ ٢٫٣٤١ ٢٫٣٨٩ ٢٫٤٤٩ ٠٫٤٧
٢٫٥٩٢ ٠٫٤٨
١٫٧٦١ ١٫٨٩١ ٢٫٠٢٧ ٢٫١٨٢ ٢٫٢١٩ ٢٫٢٦٠ ٢٫٣٠٨ ٢٫٣٦٣ ٠٫٤٩
٢٫٥١١ ٠٫٥٠
١٫٦٨٤ ١٫٨١٤ ١٫٩٥٠ ٢٫١٠٥ ٢٫١٤٢ ٢٫١٨٣ ٢٫٢٣١ ٢٫٢٩١ ٠٫٥١
٢٫٤٣٤ ٠٫٥٢
١٫١٦٢ ١٫٧٤٢ ١٫٨٧٨ ٢٫٠٣٣ ٢٫٠٧٠ ٢٫١١١ ٢٫١٥٩ ٢٫٢١٩ ٠٫٥٣
٢٫٣٦٢ ٠٫٥٤
١٫٥٤١ ١٫٦٧١ ١٫٨٠٧ ١٫٩٦٢ ١٫٩٩٩ ٢٫٠٤٠ ٢٫٠٨٨ ٢٫١٤٨ ٠٫٥٥
٢٫٢٩١ ٠٫٥٦
١٫٤٧٥ ١٫٦٠٥ ١٫٧٤١ ١٫٨٩٦ ١٫٩٣٣ ١٫٩٧٤ ٢٫٠٢٢ ٢٫٠٨٢ ٠٫٥٧
٢٫٢٢٥ ٠٫٥٨
١٫٤١١ ١٫٥٤١ ١٫٦٧٧ ١٫٨٣٢ ١٫٨٦٩ ١٫٩١٠ ١٫٩٥٨ ٢٫٠١٨ ٠٫٥٩
٢٫١٦١ ٠٫٦٠
١٫٥٣٠ ١٫٤٨٠ ١٫٦١٦ ١٫٧٧١ ١٫٨٠٨ ١٫٨٤٩ ١٫٨٩٧ ١٫٩٥٧ ٠٫٦١
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٢٫١٠٠ ٠٫٦٢
١٫٢٩١ ١٫٤٢١ ١٫٥٥٦ ١٫٧١٢ ١٫٧٤٩ ١٫٧٩٠ ١٫٨٣٨ ١٫٨٩٨ ٠٫٦٣
٢٫٤١٠ ٠٫٦٤
١٫٢٣٤ ١٫٣٦٤ ١٫٥٠٠ ١٫٦٥٥ ١٫٦٩٢ ١٫٧٣٣ ١٫٧٨١ ١٫٨٤١ ٠٫٦٥
١٫٩٨٤ ٠٫٦٦
١٫١٨٠ ١٫٣١٠ ١٫٤٤٦ ١٫٦٠١ ١٫٦٣٨ ١٫٦٧٩ ١٫٧٢٧ ١٫٧٨٧ ٠٫٦٧
١٫٩٣٠ ٠٫٦٨
١٫١٢٨ ١٫٢٥٨ ١٫٣٩٤ ١٫٥٤٩ ١٫٥٨٦ ١٫٦٢٧ ١٫٦٧٥ ١٫٦٣٥ ٠٫٦٩
١٫٨٧٨ ٠٫٧٠
١٫٠٧٨ ١٫٢٠٨ ١٫٣٤٤ ١٫٤٩٩ ١٫٥٣٦ ١٫٥٧٧ ١٫٦٢٥ ١٫٦٨٥ ٠٫٧١
١٫٨٢٨ ٠٫٧٢
١٫٠٢٩ ١٫١٥٩ ١٫٢٩٥ ١٫٤٥٠ ١٫٤٨٧ ١٫٥٢٨ ١٫٥٧٦ ١٫٦٣٦ ٠٫٧٣
١٫٧٧٩ ٠٫٧٤
٠٫٨٩٢ ١٫٢٢١ ١٫٢٤٨ ١٫٤٠٣ ١٫٤٤٠ ١٫٤٨١ ١٫٥٢٩ ١٫٥٨٩ ٠٫٧٥
١٫٧٣٢ ٠٫٧٦
٠٫٩٣٦ ١٫٠٦٦ ١٫٢٠٢ ١٫٣٥٧ ١٫٣٩٤ ١٫٤٣٥ ١٫٤٨٣ ١٫٥٤٣ ٠٫٧٧
١٫٦٨٦ ٠٫٧٨
٠٫٨٩٣ ١٫٠٢٣ ١٫١٥٩ ١٫٣١٤ ١٫٣٥١ ١٫٣٩٢ ١٫٤٤٠ ١٫٥٠٠ ٠٫٧٩
١٫٦٤٣ ٠٫٨٠
٠٫٨٥٠ ٠٫٩٨٠ ١٫١١٦ ١٫٢٧١ ١٫٣٠٨ ١٫٣٤٩ ١٫٣٩٧ ١٫٤٥٧ ٠٫٨١
١٫٦٠٠ ٠٫٨٢
٠٫٨٠٩ ٠٫٩٣٩ ١٫٠٧٥ ١٫٢٣٠ ١٫٢٦٧ ١٫٣٠٣ ١٫٣٥٦ ١٫٤١٦ ٠٫٨٣
١٫٥٥٩ ٠٫٨٤
٠٫٧٦٩ ٠٫٨٩٩ ١٫٠٣٥ ١٫١٩٠ ١٫٢٢٧ ١٫٢٦٨ ١٫٣١٦ ١٫٣٧٦ ٠٫٨٥
١٫٥١٩ ٠٫٨٦
٠٫٧٣٠ ٠٫٨٦٠ ٠٫٩٩٦ ١٫١٥١ ١٫١٨٨ ١٫٢٢٩ ١٫٢٧٧ ١٫٣٣٦ ٠٫٨٧
١٫٤٨٠ ٠٫٨٨
٠٫٦٩٢ ٠٫٨٢٢ ٠٫٩٥٨ ١٫١١٣ ١٫١٥٠ ١٫١٩٠ ١٫٢٣٩ ١٫٢٢٩ ٠٫٨٩
١٫٤٤٢ ٠٫٩٠
٠٫٦٥٥ ٠٫٧٨٥ ٠٫٩٢١ ١٫٠٧٦ ١٫١١٣ ١٫١٥٤ ١٫٢٠٢ ١٫٢٦٢ ٠٫٩١
١٫٤٠٥ ٠٫٩٢
٠٫٦١٩ ٠٫٧٤٩ ٠٫٨٨٥ ١٫٠٤٠ ١٫٠٧٧ ١٫١١٨ ١٫١٦٦ ١٫٢٢٦ ٠٫٩٣
١٫٣٦٩ ٠٫٩٤
٠٫٥٨٣ ٠٫٧١٣ ٠٫٨٤٩ ١٫٠٠٤ ١٫٠٤١ ١٫٠٨٢ ١٫١٣٠ ١٫١٩٠ ٠٫٩٥
١٫٣٣٣ ٠٫٩٦
٠٫٥٤٩ ٠٫٦٧٩ ٠٫٨١٥ ٠٫٩٧٠ ١٫٠٠٧ ١٫٠٤٨ ١٫٠٩٦ ١٫١٥٦ ٠٫٩٧
١٫٢٢٩ ٠٫٩٨
٠٫٥١٥ ٠٫٦٤٥ ٠٫٧٨١ ٠٫٩٣٦ ٠٫٩٧٣ ١٫٠١٤ ١٫٠٦٢ ١٫١٢٢ ٠٫٩٩
١٫٢٦٥
٠٫٤٨٣ ٠٫٦١٣ ٠٫٧٤٩ ٠٫٩٠٤ ٠٫٩٤١ ٠٫٩٨٢ ١٫٠٣٠ ١٫٠٩٠
١٫٢٣٣
٠٫٤٥١ ٠٫٥٨١ ٠٫٧١٧ ٠٫٨٧٢ ٠٫٩٠٩ ٠٫٩٥٠ ٠٫٩٩٨ ١٫٠٥٨
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٫٢٠١
٠٫٤١٩ ٠٫٥٤٩ ٠٫٦٨٥ ٠٫٨٤٠ ٠٫٨٧٧ ٠٫٩١٨ ٠٫٩٦٦ ١٫٠٢٦
١٫١٦٩
٠٫٣٨٨ ٠٫٥١٨ ٠٫٦٥٤ ٠٫٨٠٩ ٠٫٨٤٦ ٠٫٨٨٧ ٠٫٩٣٥ ٠٫٩٩٥
١٫١٣٨
٠٫٣٥٨ ٠٫٤٨٨ ٠٫٦٢٤ ٠٫٧٧٩ ٠٫٨١٦ ٠٫٨٥٧ ٠٫٩٠٥ ٠٫٩٦٥
١٫١٠٨
٠٫٣٢٨ ٠٫٤٥٨ ٠٫٥٩٤ ٠٫٧٤٩ ٠٫٧٨٦ ٠٫٨٢٧ ٠٫٨٧٥ ٠٫٩٣٥
٠٫٠٧٨
٠٫٢٩٩ ٠٫٤٢٩ ٠٫٥٦٥ ٠٫٧٢٠ ٠٫٧٥٧ ٠٫٧٩٨ ٠٫٨٤٦ ٠٫٩٠٦
١٫٠٤٩
٠٫٢٧٠ ٠٫٤٩٩ ٠٫٥٣٦ ٠٫٦٩١ ٠٫٧٢٨ ٠٫٧٦٩ ٠٫٨١٧ ٠٫٨٧٧
١٫٠٢٠
٠٫٢٤٢ ٠٫٣٧٢ ٠٫٥٠٨ ٠٫٦٦٣ ٠٫٧٠٠ ٠٫٧٤١ ٠٫٧٨٩ ٠٫٨٤٩
٠٫٩٩٢
٠٫٢١٤ ٠٫٣٤٤ ٠٫٤٧٠ ٠٫٦٣٥ ٠٫٦٧٢ ٠٫٧١٣ ٠٫٧٦١ ٠٫٨٢١
٠٫٩٦٤
٠٫١٨٦ ٠٫٣١٦ ٠٫٤٥٢ ٠٫٦٠٦ ٠٫٦٤٤ ٠٫٦٨٥ ٠٫٧٣٣ ٠٫٧٩٣
٠٫٩٣٦
٠٫١٥٩ ٠٫٢٨٩ ٠٫٤٢٥ ٠٫٥٨٠ ٠٫٦١٧ ٠٫٦٥٨ ٠٫٧٠٦ ٠٫٧٦٦
٠٫٩٠٩
٠٫١٣٢ ٠٫٢٦٢ ٠٫٣٩٨ ٠٫٥٥٣ ٠٫٥٩٠ ٠٫٦٣١ ٠٫٦٧٩ ٠٫٧٣٩
٠٫٨٨٢
٠٫١٠٥ ٠٫٢٣٥ ٠٫٣٧١ ٠٫٥٢٦ ٠٫٥٦٣ ٠٫٦٠٤ ٠٫٦٥٢ ٠٫٧١٢
٠٫٨٥٥
٠٫٠٧٩ ٠٫٢٠٩ ٠٫٣٤٥ ٠٫٥٠٠ ٠٫٥٣٧ ٠٫٥٧٨ ٠٫٦٢٦ ٠٫٦٨٦
٠٫٨٢٩
٠٫٠٥٢ ٠٫١٨٢ ٠٫٣٨١ ٠٫٤٧٣ ٠٫٥١٠ ٠٫٥٥١ ٠٫٥٥٩ ٠٫٦٥٩
٠٫٨٠٢
٠٫٠٢٦ ٠٫١٥٦ ٠٫٢٩٢ ٠٫٤٤٧ ٠٫٤٨٤ ٠٫٥٢٥ ٠٫٥٧٣ ٠٫٦٣٣
٠٫٧٧٦
----- ٠٫١٣٠ ٠٫٢٦٦ ٠٫٤٢١ ٠٫٤٥٨ ٠٫٤٩٩ ٠٫٥٤٧ ٠٫٦٠٧
٠٫٧٥٠
----- ٠٫١٠٤ ٠٫٢٤٠ ٠٫٣٩٥ ٠٫٤٣٢ ٠٫٤٧٣ ٠٫٥٢١ ٠٫٥٨١
٠٫٧٢٤
----- ٠٫٠٧٨ ٠٫٢١٤ ٠٫٣٦٩ ٠٫٤٠٦ ٠٫٤٤٧ ٠٫٤٩٥ ٠٫٥٥٥
٠٫٦٩٨
----- ٠٫٠٥٢ ٠٫١٨٨ ٠٫٣٤٣ ٠٫٣٨٠ ٠٫٤٢١ ٠٫٤٦٩ ٠٫٥٢٩
٠٫٦٧٢
----- ٠٫٠٢٦ ٠٫١٦٢ ٠٫٣١٧ ٠٫٣٥٤ ٠٫٣٩٥ ٠٫٤٤٣ ٠٫٥٠٣
٠٫٦٤٦
----- ----- ٠٫١٣٦ ٠٫٢٩١ ٠٫٣٢٨ ٠٫٣٦٩ ٠٫٤١٧ ٠٫٤٧٧
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٠٫٦٢٠
----- ----- ٠٫١٠٩ ٠٫٢٦٤ ٠٫٣٠١ ٠٫٣٤٢ ٠٫٣٩٠ ٠٫٤٥٠
٠٫٥٩٢
----- ----- ٠٫٠٨٣ ٠٫٢٣٨ ٠٫٢٧٥ ٠٫٣١٦ ٠٫٣٦٤ ٠٫٤٢٤
٠٫٥٦٧
----- ----- ٠٫٠٥٦ ٠٫٢١١ ٠٫٢٤٨ ٠٫٢٨٩ ٠٫٣٣٧ ٠٫٣٩٧
٠٫٥٤٠
----- ----- ٠٫٠٢٨ ٠٫١٨٣ ٠٫٢٢٠ ٠٫٢٦١ ٠٫٣٠٩ ٠٫٣٦٩
٠٫٥١٢
----- ----- ----- ٠٫١٥٥ ٠٫١٩٢ ٠٫٢٣٣ ٠٫٢٨١ ٠٫٣٤١ ٠٫٤٨٤
----- ----- ----- ٠٫١٢٧ ٠٫١٦٤ ٠٫٢٠٥ ٠٫٢٥٣ ٠٫٣١٣ ٠٫٤٥٦
----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٩٧ ٠٫١٣٤ ٠٫١٧٥ ٠٫٢٢٣ ٠٫٢٨٣ ٠٫٤٢٦
----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٦٦ ٠٫١٠٣ ٠٫١٤٤ ٠٫١٩٢ ٠٫٢٥٢ ٠٫٣٩٥
----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٣٤ ٠٫٠٧١ ٠٫١١٢ ٠٫١٦٠ ٠٫٢٢٠ ٠٫٣٦٣
----- ----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٣٧ ٠٫٠٧٨ ٠٫١٢٦ ٠٫١٨٦ ٠٫٣٢٩
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٤١ ٠٫٠٨٩ ٠٫١٤٩ ٠٫٢٩٢
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٤٨ ٠٫١٠٨ ٠٫٢٥١
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ٠٫٠٦٠ ٠٫٢٠٣
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ٠٫١٤٣

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤-١١)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (leakage reactance)‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 (magnetizing current)‫א‬ E٤
 (٢٫١٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٦٠٪٢٠٪‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠٫٧٥‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٥
‫ أ‬١٫٧٧٧ (١٠٠x١٠٠)/ (٧٥x٧٥)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٨٪
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠٫٩٥٠٫٩٢‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٫٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٢٫١٥)
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K(bulk correction)?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫ א‬-(٤-١١-١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٫٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (٢ ١١ ٢)
 Static Correction ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١١ ٢)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(stator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(rotor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F١{٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٪ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠٪ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٢-١٧)
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(contactors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٢{١٨)
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١١ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(input reactors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٩٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬(DC bus reactors)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (transients)‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٥ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J (٤ ١١ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٠
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

(٢{١٩)
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١١ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠٪ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٪‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١١ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(passive harmonic filters)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEthird harmonics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J (٤ ١١ ٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬   E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KL‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(passive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬filters LCR)
 K‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
٠{٧١٢٠٠VA‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
٣٢٧٥VA‫א‬‫א‬،٠{٥٣٥٠VA‫א‬‫א‬،
K١{٠
 EP=٥٩٠W, Q=٤٤٦VAR, S=٧٤٠VA, p.f.=٠{٧٩٨W‫א‬F
٠{٩‫א‬٠{٦٥ ٣٠٠ kW‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠٤VAR, ٢٨٪W‫א‬F
٥٠٠VA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٨٢٠٠٠VA E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٠{٩٢W‫א‬F
٠{٨٥‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٪١٠٠ kVA E٤
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 E٢١{٣kVAW‫א‬F
K٠{٨‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠ kVA E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٠‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥٢{٥ kVAR, ٣٠kWW‫א‬F
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K K‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢)
 (Luminous flux)‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF)E Φ F
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELmFELumenF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WEwattF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٥ ١ Lumen = ٠{٠٠١٦ watt

١)
(٥ or ١ watt = ٦٨١ Lumen
٢)
 (Solid angle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٢)
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١)‫א‬E ω F
ω = A2 steradian (5 − 3)
r
 ZAW
 Z r
 ‫א‬Zc
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
، (sr)،‫א‬ (steradian)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(steradian)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ω ‫א‬‫א‬EA=r٢ ω = 1 ‫א‬
 KA‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  π ٤ (st)  ω  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F A = 4 π r
2
 ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{١F‫א‬
 (Candela)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬ (candela power)‫א‬ (cd) 
 (Luminous intensity)‫א‬‫א‬ (cp)
  (Lumen)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٤)
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Lm)    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،(steradian)
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (٥{٢)
 
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٢)

 (Quantity of light)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q
 W،
Q = Φ.t Lm.hr (5 − 4)
‫א‬‫א‬  ELm-hrFJ  ‫א‬
 EJ ‫א‬F
 (Luminous intensity)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٦)
‫א‬E Φ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I)
 W‫א‬
Ι= Φ Lm/sr (candela) (5 − 5)
ω
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K MSCP( mean spherical candela –power)
 (Illumination)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٧)
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬ (E)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ε= Φ Lux (5 − 6)
Α
  (Lux = lm/m٢)‫א‬
 (Luminance)‫א‬(٥ ٢ ٨)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(L)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L=Ι cd m 2 (5 − 7)
S
 m2 ‫א‬‫א‬Z S
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ (٥ ٦)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Ι=Φ cd (5 − 8)
ω
Α = ω r2 m
2
(5 − 9)
Ε = Φ = Ιω2 = Ι2 Lux (5 − 10)
Α ωr r
Ε = Ι2 Lux (5 − 11)
r

‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (٥{٣)
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(٥{٤)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥ ١٠)‫א‬
E=1/9 Lux
E= 1/4 Lux
E=1 Lux
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔاﻹﺿﺎءة‬
‫ آﻨﺪﻳﻼ‬١ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
1m
2m
3m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٥,٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬
Ι Cos θ1
ΕB = 2
(5 − 12)
d
Ι Cos3 θ1
ΕB = 2
(5 − 13)
h
θ1
θ1
θ2
θ3
θ٢
C D
A B

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٤)
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 P‫א‬ZEp

‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٣-١)
 E١F
‫א‬٥ m‫א‬١٠ m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ٢٠٠ cd‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬

Ι Cos θ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ε = 1
L1 2
(L1 C)
L1 L2 L3 L4
θ1
θ2
5m
A D
B
C
10 m 5m 5m 10 m
 (٥{٥)

- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
L1 C = 5 +15 =15.8 m Cos θ1 = 5 /15.8

2 2
200 x 5 /15.8 = 0.253 Lux

ΕL1= 2
15.8
Ι
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ΕL 2 = Cos θ22
(L2 C)
1
L2 C = 5 + 5 = 5 2 m C os θ2 =
2 2
2
200 x1/ 2 = 2.83 Lux
ΕL 2 = 2
(5 2 )
= E L 1 + E L 2= 0.253 + 2.83 = 3.08 Lux ‫א‬
= ٢ x ٣{٠٨ =٦{١٦ Lux‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(٢)
B٤٠٠ cdA٢٠٠ cd‫א‬ ١٠٠ m‫א‬
‫א‬K٢٠ mB‫א‬١٠ m‫א‬A‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
L2
θ2
L1
20 m
θ1
10 m
50 m 50 m
(٥٫٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

2 2 2
(L1 C) = 10 + 50 =51 m Cos θ1 = 10 / 51

200 x10 / 51 = 0.0151 Lux
ΕL1= 2
51
(L2 C) 2 = 20 2 + 50 2 = 53.9 m Cos θ2 = 20 / 53.9

400 x 20 / 53.9 = 0.051 Lux
ΕL 2 = 2
53.9
= E L1 + E L 2= 0.0151 + 0.051 = 0.066 Lux ‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ (٥ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W (Filament lamps)‫א‬ J ١
 Incandescent lamps‫א‬‫א‬ J 
Tungsten halogen lamps‫ א‬‫א‬ J 

 Reflection lamps‫א‬‫א‬J 
 (Gas-discharge lampsF‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
  Fluorescent lamps‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

Low pressure sodium lamps (SOX)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
High pressure mercury lamps (HPM)
 Metal halide lamps‫א‬‫א‬J 
(Incandescent lamps)‫א‬‫( א‬٥ ٤ ١)

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٧)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬lm/w
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٧)
 (Mercury lamps)‫א‬(٥ ٤ ٢)
‫א‬،(bulb)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K(٥{٨) (Fluorescent-mercury lamps)‫א‬‫א‬
(Fluorescent lamps)‫א‬ (٥ ٤ ٣)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٥{٩)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١١)K(٥{١٠)(ballast)
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٨)

 ‫א‬(٥{٩)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٠)

- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Road lighting)‫א‬E٥J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (٥ ٥ ١)
 W‫א‬
  (Series system)‫א‬J ١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (constant-current transformer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{١٣)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

١٣{٢kV   ٢{٤ kV        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٦{٧{٥{١٥{٢٠
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠٪‫א‬‫א‬١٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 EMultiple systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K(٥{١٤)

- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١١)

- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Mean lumens/watt
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٢)
 ٢٠٠ watt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٣)
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٤)

 ‫א‬ (٥ ٥ ٢)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٥)
Ιγc 3 γ
Εp = ∑
n 2 cos
(5−14)
h
P‫א‬Z Ε p   
، γ ‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Ιγc   
 C
‫א‬‫א‬Zn  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh  
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬(٥{١٦)EIsolux diagramF‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

aΦn
Εp = Εr 2
(5 −15)
h
  P‫א‬‫א‬J Ε r  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zn
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z Φ   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Za 
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh 

  P‫א‬(٥{١٥)
 ‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
∑
 W Εav= Εp (5−16)
N
 ‫א‬Z Ε p 
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Εp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZN  
 ‫א‬
  Εav 

 ‫א‬(٥{١٦)
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ηΦn
Εav = W S (5 − 17)
 ‫א‬ZW W
 ‫א‬ZS
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ = η
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٥{١٧b)‫א‬‫א‬ h‫א‬ J 
 ٠{٠٧٥Z‫א‬ h 
4
 ٠{٣٢Z‫א‬ 3 h 
2
‫א‬‫א‬
η = ٠{٠٧٢٥H٠{٣٢= ٠{٣٩٥
  γ 2 ،γ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 (٥{١٧a)‫א‬
γ = tan −1 h 0
=14
1 4h
−1 3h
γ 2
= tan
2h
= 56.5
0
 (٥{١٧c)‫א‬
 ٠{٠٧٥Z‫א‬ γ 1 = 14o 
 ٠{٣٢Z‫א‬ γ 2 = 56..5o 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
η = ٠{٠٧٢٥H٠{٣٢= ٠{٣٩٥

 E٣F
 ‫א‬١٠ m‫א‬‫ א‬(٥{١٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬(٥{١٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٠ Lm‫א‬
 a=٠{١٨٧‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
، (٠{٦h) ٦ m‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(٥{١٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EA-AF‫א‬
 h‫א‬
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٥{١٧a)

 (٥{١٧b)


 (٥{١٧c)
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬(٥{١٧)
20 m
L1 L2 L3
6m
P
10 m
5m
 K
 (٥{١٨)
L١ to P =٢٥ m =٢{٥h
L٢ to P =٥ m =٠{٥ h
L٣ to P = ١٥ m= ١{٥ h
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٩)‫א‬
EL١ = ٣٪ of Emax
EL٢ = ٥٣٪ of Emax
EL٣ = ١٣٪ of Emax
 P‫א‬‫א‬
Ep = EL١H EL٢ + EL٣
=٣٪H٥٣٪H١٣٪
=٦٩٪
 
aΦ
Ε max = 2
h
= 0.187 x 40000
2
= 74.8 L ux
10
  P‫א‬‫א‬
Ep =٠{٦٩ x ٧٤{٨= ٥١{٦ Lux

- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٥{١٩F
 E٤F
(٥{٢٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
،١٠ m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٢(Emax / Emin )‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٢١)‫א‬

S
12.5 m
10 m

 (٥{٢٠)
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 (٥{٢١)
 ‫א‬
 h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٢٠) (١٠L١٠)hB-B‫א‬ (٢٥L١٠) hA-A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L١ L٢
Ε min (L1) + Ε min (L2) ≥ 0.2 Ε max

    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 A-A , B-B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٪‫א‬‫א‬ 0.1Ε max
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K a, b‫א‬
  b‫א‬‫א‬
S/٢ = ١{٥h
S=٣h
=٣٠ meters
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٥F
٢{٥ mm١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٠٠Lm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٢٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 (٥{٢٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 (٥{٢٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
 (٥{١٧b)‫א‬‫א‬ J 
η 0→1.25h = 0.3

η 0→0.5h = 0.17
 ‫א‬‫א‬
η 0.5h→1.25h = 0.3 − 0.17 = 0.13
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

30 m

-2.5 0 5m 12.5 m
-025h 0 0.25 1.25h
 (٥{٢٢)
ηΦ
=
Ε av W S
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
0.13 Χ 40000 = 23.1 Lux

Εav = 7.5 Χ 30
 (٥{١٧b)‫א‬‫א‬J 

η 0→0.25h = 0.075

η 0→0.5h = 0.17
 ‫א‬‫א‬
η 0 . 25 h → 0 . 5 h = 0 . 075 + 0 . 17 = 0 . 245
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ηΦ
Εav = W S
0.245 Χ 40000 = 43.5 Lux
Ε av = 7.5 Χ 30
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
Εav = ٢٣{١H ٤٣{٥= ٦٦{٦ Lux

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬(٥ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬، 
 E٩٠ cm٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ١
 J ٢
 J ٣
 J ٤
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٦ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
n Φ η LLF

Ε= ( 5 − 18 )
A
 Lm/m٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZE
 
m٢‫א‬‫א‬ZA 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Φ  
 ‫א‬Z η 
 ‫א‬ZLLF  
 ‫א‬Z n  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ١٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥ ١)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 Z‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٢٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬






- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF  EF
‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٠٠٠  ٣٠٠  
٢٠  ٣٠٠  

٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ 
 
٥٠ ‫א‬ ١٥٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
J ٧ ٣٠٠ 
‫א‬
٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ٣٠٠ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠ W
 ‫א‬  J ٢

٢٠٠٠  ٥٠٠  

٣٠٠ W ٧٠ 
 
١٠٠٠  ١٥٠٠ 
٣٠٠ W ١٠٠  

١٠٠٠  ١٠٠  

- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  J ٣
٢٠٠  ٣٠٠ 
 ‫א‬
٣٠  ٧٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١٠٠٠  ٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٥  J ٤
 ‫א‬
٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ١٥٠٠  
١٠٠٠ W ٢٠٠٠  

١٠٠٠٠   ‫א‬J ٥

٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬
٣٠ ‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
J ٨ ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬
٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬
١٠٠٠  ٢٠٠  
‫א‬
٢٠٠ 
 ‫א‬
٢٠٠ 
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٥ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF EF
‫א‬J ١٣ ‫א‬J ٩

٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
١٥٠ ‫א‬ ٣٠٠ 
٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠ ‫א‬
٥٠٠  ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
١٠٠٠  ٢٠٠ ‫א‬
١٠٠٠٠  ٧٥٠ 

١٠٠٠  ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
٥٠٠  J ١٠

J ١٤ ٧٠٠ ‫א‬
٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠ ‫א‬

٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ٥٠٠ 
١٠٠٠  ٧٠٠ 
٥٠٠  ٧٠٠ 

٧٠٠  ٧٠٠ ‫א‬
١٠٠٠ ‫א‬ J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ١٥ ٨٠٠ 
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٣٠٠ ‫א‬ ٣٠٠ ‫א‬


٧٠ ‫א‬ ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
١٠٠٠ 
١٠٠٠ 

٧٥٠  ٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١٠٠٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ١٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٢٠٠ 
٤٠٠ 
٥٠٠  ٣٠٠٠ 

٢٠٠   ١٠٠ 
 ٧٠٠ 
٥٠٠  ٧٠٠ 

 (٥ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF EF
٣٠٠  J ١٦

١٠٠  ٣٠٠ 
٢٥٠ ‫א‬ ٧٥٠ 
١٠٠ ‫א‬ ٥٠٠ 
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٠  ٧٠٠ 

E‫א‬F
١٥٠  ٥٠٠ ‫א‬
٥٠٠  ١٠٠ 













hCC
hRC
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
hFC

- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢٢F

CCR = 5 h cc L + W
L xW
RCR = 5 h RC L + W
L xW
FCR = 5 h FC L + W
L xW
 ‫א‬‫ א‬CCR‫א‬ h CC   
 ‫א‬‫ א‬RCR‫א‬ h RC  
 ‫א‬‫ א‬FCR‫א‬ h Fc 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J   ‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N= Ε A
Φ LLF η
  ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ =‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٦ ٢)
 E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥ ‫א‬ ٨ m x ١٢ m 
 K ١٦٠٠ Lm‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ Lm/m٢‫א‬
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15 x 1600 = 24000 Lm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8 x12 x100 = 9600 Lm 
= ٩٦٠٠L٢٤٠٠٠ = ٠{٤٪ ‫א‬
 (٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٨٠ W ١٢ ١٥٠ W  ١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٥٪ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ٤٠ Lm/W, ١٥ Lm/W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
١٢X ١٥٠ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨٠٠ W
١٢(٨٠ + ٠{٢٥X٨٠) = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٠٠ W
١٨٠٠ –١٢٠٠ = ٦٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬، η ‫א‬ A‫א‬

12 X150 X15 η = 27000 η /Α Lm
 ‫ א‬Ε1 = Α m2
‫א‬ Ε 2 = 12 X 80 X 40 η = 38400 η /Α Lm m 2
Α
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
= 38400 − 27000 = 0.42 or 42% ‫א‬‫א‬

27000

 E٨F
١٠٠٠W‫א‬ ١٢٠m x ٦٠m ‫א‬
 ٤٠ %١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ Lm/m٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬.٣٠ Lm/m٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 = ١٢٠ X ٦٠ = ٧٢٠٠ m٢‫א‬
= ٧٢٠٠ X ١٠٠٠ = ٧{٢ X ١٠٦ Lm‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٠ %
= ٧{٢ X ١٠٦ /٠{٤ =١٨ X ١٠٦ Lm‫א‬‫א‬
=١٨X ١٠٦ / ١٢ = ١{٥ X ١٠٦ Lm‫א‬‫א‬
= ٣٠X ١٠٠٠ = ٣ X ١٠٤ Lm‫א‬‫א‬
= ١٥X ١٠٦ / ٣ X ١٠٤ = ٥٠ ‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٩F
‫א‬٣٠ m x ٢٠ mX٨m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٤٤ Lm/ m٢‫א‬ ٥ m ‫א‬
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٠{٧٥Z‫א‬J ٠{٦Z‫א‬J
 ١
  ٣٠٠ watt ١٣ Lm/wattZ‫א‬J
 ٥٠٠ watt ١٦ Lm/wattZ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬
Φ = E. Α
η.p
Φ = 30 X20 X 144 =192000 Lm
0.6 X 0.75
= ٥٠٠ X ١٦ = ٨٠٠٠ Lm‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠ W 
= ١٩٢٠٠٠L٨٠٠٠ =٢٤‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠ W
= ٣٠٠ X ١٣ = ٣٩٠٠ Lm‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠ W
= ١٩٢٠٠٠L٣٩٠٠ =٤٩‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠ W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٣٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦  ٤   ٥٠٠W
 (٥{٢٣)‫א‬

- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
5m
30 m

 (٥{٢٣)

- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 J (٦ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٦ ٢)
KEearthing electrodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(solidly ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(impedance (resistance grounding)grounded)
 Kgrounding)
J W‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬٢L‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KITTTTN‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬TK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬
T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
PE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬TN‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PEN‫א‬PE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬WC
 KPE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬WS
‫א‬TN‫א‬WTN‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TN-S J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TN-C-S J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TN-C J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

L١
L٢

L٣ 
N 
PE 


‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 TN-S(٦{١)

L١
L٢

L٣ 
PEN 



‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

TN-C-S(٦{٢)
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

L١
L٢

L٣ 
PEN 



‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 TN-C(٦{٣)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WTT‫א‬ E
F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L١
L٢

L٣ 
N 


PE 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

TT(٦{٤)
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WIT‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


L١
L٢

L٣ 
N 
 

PE 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 IT(٦{٥)

(٦ ٤)‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬ J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ٥)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٦ ١)
EKF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
٤٠-١٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
Above ٢٠٠
٢٥٠-٥٠٠  ‫א‬
Above ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥٪ ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٦ ٢)
EKF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢  ٢٠
٩٩
١٣٨  ١٠
٣٠٠  EF
٧٩٠
٣٣٠٠  EF
 ٥
 ١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٪١٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 (٦ ٣)
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EKF  E٪F
١٠٦x١٠ Zero
١٥٠٠ ٢٫٥
٤٣٠ ٥
١٨٥ ١٠
١٠٥ ١٥
٦٣ ٢٠
٤٢ ٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ٧)
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٠٪‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬J     ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬J     ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬



(٦{٦)‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬K(٦ ٨)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦{٧)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wr١‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬dxx
x
r
dx
 (٦{٧)
r1
ρdx ρ 1 1
R= ∫ 2πx
r2
2
= ( − )
2π r r1
ρ
R∞ =
2πr
 ∞←r١K‫א‬‫א‬ρ
 ‫א‬K(٦ ٩)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ellipsoid)
 d‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 4L
R= ln
2πL d
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
ρ 2L
R= ln
2πL d
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ρ 8L
R= [ln( ) − 1]
2πL d
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٤)
(٦ ٤)


ρ 8L L
 R= [ln( ) − 1] 
2πL d
d 
 
ρ 8L ρ L2
 R= [ln( ) − 1] + {1 − 2 ) (S>L)
L 
4πL d 2πS 3S
ρ 32L2 S S2
R= [ln −2+ − ] (S<L)
S
4πL ds 2L 16L2

ρ 16L2 h h2 h
 R= ( − 2 + − 2 ) 
4πL dh L 4L

٢L

h
ρ ⎡ 8L2 a 2 − πab h h2 ⎤
R= ⎢ln + − 1 + − 2 ⎥ 
4πL ⎣ ah 2(a + b) 2 L 4L ⎦ ٢L
Eb‫א‬aF

h


٢L 
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
ρ ⎛ 4L2 h h2 ⎞
 R= ⎜ ln + 2.9 − 2.14 + 2.6 2 ⎟⎟ 
8πL ⎜⎝ dh L L ⎠
ρ ⎛ 4L2 h h2 ⎞
 R= ⎜⎜ ln + 6.85 − 6.26 + 7 2 ⎟⎟ 
12πL ⎝ dh L L ⎠ h
½ 

h
ρ 16D 2
 R = 2 ln D
2π D dh

ρ ρ ⎛ D2 ⎞
R= + ⎜⎜1 − 0.036 2 ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
D h
4D 8πh ⎝ h ⎠
ρ ρ ⎛ D2 ⎞
R= + ⎜⎜1 + 0.018 2 ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
4D 8πh ⎝ h ⎠
(٦ ١٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
(Tank)‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ٨)،
 KI‫א‬
 W‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬
ρ
V=I
2πR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x١‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬
X١
 (٦ ٨)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρI 1 1
Vstep = ( − )
2π X X 1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

٠{٥‫א‬
 W
١٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٠
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬٤{٨‫א‬
r=٠{٥ m, ρ=١٢٠ Ω.m, I=١٥٠٠ A W‫א‬
ρ 120 x1500
 V= = = 57295.8   v  ‫א‬EF
2πr 2πx 0.5
= ٥٧{٢٩٥٨ kV     
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
ρI 1 1 120x1500 1 1
 V= ( − )= ( − ) = 1193.66  v ‫א‬EF
2π x 1 x 2 2π 4 4 .8
= ١{١٩٣ kV    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ١١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ١٢)
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬R (n)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rn = R/n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(mutual effect)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Rsystem = R/(nη) = Rn / η
 K١‫א‬(screening coefficient)‫א‬η
 W(٦{٩)،‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
I
I/٢ I/٢
(٦٫٩) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I/٢
∴V = VI = VII

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I/٢‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬

I ρ I ρ ρI 1 1
V= + = ( + )
2 2πr 2 2πd 4π r d
K ‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬d
 W‫א‬
V ρ 1 1
R system = = ( + )
I 4π r d
 W‫א‬

ρ
R/2 4πr 1
η= = =
R system ρ 1 1 1 + (r / d)
( + )
4π r d
‫א‬ ‫א‬η‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K(٦ ١٣)

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(IEEE, ١٩٨٧)‫א‬
76 t
a = 5x10 − 4 I
ln{(234 + Tm ) /(234 + Ta )}
‫א‬‫א‬Tm‫א‬t،٢ ‫א‬a
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ta
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ١٤)
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 2L L
R= (ln + K1 − K2)
L dh A

d‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢K١‫א‬‫א‬
(٦ ١٥)‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٨٪K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wr١‫א‬‫א‬K

ρ 1 1
R1 = ( − )
2π r r1
 W‫א‬
ρ 1
R= .
2π r
 W
1 1
−
R 1 r r1 r
= =1−
R 1 r1
r
 W٩٨٪RR١‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
100r
r1 = = 50r
100 − 98
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٨٪ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٦ ١٥ ١)‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
R١ = X + A
R٢ = X + B
R٣ = X + B

 ‫א‬‫א‬R٢X‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬R١

KB‫א‬ ‫א‬A‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬R٣X‫א‬ ‫א‬B‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
X = (R١ + R٢ + R٣)/٢
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
R١ R٣
X
B
R٢
 ‫א‬(٦{١٠)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٦ ١٥ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬CP‫א‬
 BE‫א‬‫א‬CE‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Re = V/I
I
P
C
E
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬١١

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V‫א‬‫א‬ I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C ‫א‬
 C‫א‬V/I‫א‬

 ‫א‬K(٦ ١٦)
 K(٦{١٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬B ‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
ρ = ٢ π d (V/I)
‫א‬‫א‬I CB‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬ρ
 KBA
d d d
A B C D
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦{١٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 d=٢٠ m, R=١{٢ Ω  W‫א‬
ρ
R=  ∴ρ=R.٢πd=١{٢x٢πx٢٠=١٥٠{٨ Ω.m 
2πd
- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KKE١F
 K١٩٨٤،
 K١٩٩٤،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬KE٢F
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE٣F
 K١٩٩٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K KE٤F
 K١٩٩٧،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK E٥F
 K١٩٨٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KK(٦)
 ١٩٩٢،‫א‬
 ١٩٨٦،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬K(٧)
٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،K(٨)
١٩٩٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٩)
٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،K(١٠)
‫ دار اﻟﻨﺸ ﺮ‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺂت اﻟﺼ ﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳ ﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ‬، ‫ أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺎل‬.‫( م‬١١)
٢٠٠٠ ، ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻣﺼﺮ‬
(١٢) T. Longland, T. W. Hunt and W. A. Brecknell, Power Capacitor
Handbook, Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd., ١٩٨٤.
(١٣) Theraja Text-Book , Electrical Technology , B.L S. Chanh and Co. (Pvt)
LTD. ١٩٧٦
(١٤) D. C. Pritchard , Lighting , Addisison Wesley Longman Limited ,١٩٩٩
(١٥) John P. Frier , Industrial lighting systems , McGraw-Hill ١٩٨٠
(١٦) Turan Gonen, Electrical power distribution system engineering , McGraw-
Hill ١٩٨٦.
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬


 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ١
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٢
 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٣
 ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٤
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ ٥
 ١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ ٦
 ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٦ ١
 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٦ ٢
 ١٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٦ ٣
 ١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ ٦ ٤
 ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ ٧
 ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٧ ١
 ٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٧ ٢
 ٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ٧ ٣
 ٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ ٧ ٤
٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٨
 ٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٨ ١
 ٢٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ ٨ ٢
 ٢٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ ٨ ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢ ١
 ‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ ٢
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ١
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٢
 ٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢ ٢ ٣
 ٣١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٤
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٥
 ٣٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ ٢ ٦
 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٧
 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٨
 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٢ ٩
 ٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ ٣
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ ١
 ٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٢
 ٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٣
 ٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ ٣ ١
 ٤٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ ٣ ٢
 ٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ ٣ ٣
 ٥٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ ٣ ٤
 ٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٤
 ٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٤ ١
 ٦٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٤ ٢
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤ ١
 ٧٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١ ١
 ٧١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١ ٢
 ‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٧٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١ ٣
 ٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٢
 ٧٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ ٣
 ٧٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ ٤
 ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٥
 ٧٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٦
 ٧٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ ٧
 ٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٨
 ٨٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٨ ١
 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ ٩
 ٨٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١٠
 ٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١
 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ١
 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٢
 ٩٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٣
 ٩٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٤
 ١٠٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٥
 ١٠٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٦
 ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ ١١ ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥ ١
 ١٠٤{١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٢
 ١٠٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٢ ١
 ١٠٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٢ ٢
 K١٠٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٣
 ١٠٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٤
 ١٠٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٥
 ‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٠٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٦
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٧
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٢ ٨
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٣
 ١٠٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٣ ١
 ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٤
 ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٤ ١
 ١١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٤ ٢
 ١١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٤ ٣
 ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٥
 ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٥ ١
 ١١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ ٥ ٢
 ١٢٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٦
 ١٢٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٦ ١
 ١٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ ٦ ٢
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦ ١
 ١٣٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦ ٢
 ١٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ٣
 ١٤٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٦ ٤
 ١٤٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٦ ٥
 ١٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ٦
 ١٤٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٦ ٧
 ١٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ٨
 ١٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ٩
 ١٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ١٠
 ١٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ١١
 ‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ١٢
 ١٥١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ١٣
 ١٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ ١٤
 ١٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ١٥
 ١٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ١٥ ١
 ١٥٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٦ ١٥ ٢
 ١٥٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٦ ١٦
١٥٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

Power Distribution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Distribution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bulk power source

  Substation bus schemes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٥)

Line Line Line Line

Line Line Line Line

Line Line Line Line

  Primary distribution systems‫א‬‫א‬E (١ ٦

Three phase, four wire main

Three phase load

Normally open tie

Primary main feeder

Feeder 1 load area

Tie switch (normally open

Feeder 2 load area

Tie switch (normally open)

Feeder 3 load area

Three phase main

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Loop / Ring) (١{٢٢)‫א‬

Primary feeder voltage level ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١-٦ ٤)

 Secondary distribution system‫א‬‫א‬E (١ ٧

 Radial Secondary system (١ ٧ ١)

Distribution substation 11 kV bus

Feeder Circuit breaker

Primary feeder main

  Secondary banking  (١ ٧ ٢)

Primary Primary fuse

Primary main Primary main

Primary Primary main

 a Services to consumers Services to consumers b

Sub station low-voltage bus

 Distribution Transformers‫א‬ E٨J ١F

 ANSI‫א‬‫א‬ kVA‫א‬(١ ٢)

  Transformers Operation in parallel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٨ ٣)

١٢٥٠ ١٠٠٠  ٠{٥

VAB = (i١ + i٢ + i٣ + i٤)r١ + (i٢ + i٣ + i٤)r٢ + (i٣ + i٤)r٣ + (i٤) r٤

VAB = i١R١ + i٢ R٢ + i٣ R٣ + i٤ R٤ (٣-

VAB I1r1+i2 r2+I3r3

R AC=R1 =ρ L = 1.78 x10 x 40

I I-20 I-100 I-150 I-220 I-260 I-290 I-300 I-315

ρ l 1.764 x10 x100 −8

2 = 2 X 5.04 X10−8 =10.08 x10−4 Ω/m  ‫א‬

+ 100(I− 220) + 100(I− 260) + 50(I− 290) + 70(I− 300)

151.7 131.7 51.7 1.7 A 68.1 108.3 138.3 148.3 163.6

100 m 150 m 250 m 100 m 100 m 100 m 50 m 70 m 80 m

VAB = VA − VB = 236 − 237 = − 1 volt

VF = 250 − 0.05 x110 - 0.04 x 80 - 0.03 x 60

= R[(x + 50)200 + 300 x] - R[(20 - x)300 + (50 - x)100 + (60 - x)100]

a I d I-i1 c I-i1-i2 b I-i1-i2-i3

 C        

V D = 240 − 2.55 = 237.45 volt

= 100 I + 150(I-10) + 200(I- 30) + 250(I- 80) + 200(I-119)

P 1=6 Kw P2=4 Kw P3=2.5 Kw P4= 1 Kw

P\1= 2 Kw P\2= 1.5 Kw P\3= 1.5 Kw P\4=1 Kw

∆V = ∑ Ii [(Cos Φ i + jSin Φ i )(R i + j Xi)] (3 −10)

200 m 100 m 200 m

∆VAD = (160− j100 )(0.008 + j 0.016)

ZDC = 100 (0.02 + j 0.04)

IDC = I3 = 50 (0.6 − j 0.8)

I 1 = 50 A I 2 = 100 x 0.8 = 80 A I 3 = 50 x 0.6 = 30 A

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

0.15 ohm 0.15 ohm 0.05 ohm

48-J36 A 45-j22 A 30+j0 A

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،A  (٣{٣١)‫א‬ J ٨

1+j1 ohm 1+j3 ohm