c






 





?
? 
 The character who opposes the interests of the
protagonist.’ Ex: In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien creates Lord Sauron as
the antagonist to Frodo.
?
? ? ? Repetition of a word in two different senses. ’ Ex: If we do
not hang together, we will hang separately.
?

?
 
  The technique a writer or speaker uses in an
argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the
audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections.’ Ex: "You
ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and airƦYou
ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory." (Winston
Churchill)
?

?   The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse
grammatical order.’ Ex: One should eat to live, not live to eat.
?
 
 A person or character who makes a case for some
controversial, even contentious, position.’ Ex: In Romeo and Juliet, by
William Shakespeare, Romeo makes a case for marrying Juliet, despite the
controversy over the issue.
?
  An elaborate statement justifying some controversial, even
contentious, position.’ Ex: "I have a dream that one day this nation will
rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to
be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'" (Martin Luther King Jr.)
?


 The direct address of an absent person or personified
object as if he/she/it is able to reply.’ Ex: "O' Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore
art thou Romeo?" (William Shakespeare)
?

? 
?

 In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs

of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalization,
or conclusion.’ Ex: Isaac Newton was a genius and he believed in God.
Therefore, God must exist.
?

? 

  The appeal of a text to the feelings or interests of

the audience. ’ Ex: If you don't graduate from high school, you will always
be poor.
?
 ? ?  An argument developed by breaking the subject
matter into its component parts. ’ Ex: The Virginians failed miserably at
initial colonization and suffered through disease, war, and famine because
of their high expectations and greed, which also molded their colony
socially and economically.
? 
  The omission of conjunctions between related clauses.’ Ex:
"This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who
meant to betray you completely." (Aristotle)
?

 One of the four perspectives that Aristotle explained could
be used to generate material about any subject matter: greater or less,
possible and impossible, past fact, and future fact.’ Ex: Topics include
justice, peace, rights, and movie theaters.
? 
  Within the planning act of the writing process, a
technique used by a writer or speaker to generate many ideas, some of
which he or she will later eliminate.’ Ex: I brainstorm before history essays
by writing down as many specific Exs as I can think of for the prompt.
 

 A test of reading ability that requires a person to fill in
missing words in a text.’ Ex: The SAT's language portion contains
questions modeled in this way.
 

 One of the perspectives, derived from Aristotle's topics,
used to generate material. The six common topics are definition, division,
comparison, relation, circumstances, and testimony.’ Ex: Alexander
Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson's political opinions can be the subject of a
common topic, such as division.

  
 A sentence in which two or more nouns, noun
phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a
clause’ Ex: The dog and the cat scurried away from the approaching car.
 ?
  In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which
the speaker or writer could offer proof or demonstration of the central
idea. ’ Ex: In Julius Caesar's speech, the confirmation was scattered
throughout.
  
 The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with
the world around them. ’ Ex: In The Grapes of Wrath, migrants conflict with
property owners.
 
?
  The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly
expressed "dictionary meaning."’ Ex: Home literally means one's house,
but implies feelings of family and security.
 
  Seeking help for one's writing from a reader.’ Ex: I often
consult my parents.
??



? The invention strategy, developed by Kenneth
Burke, that invites a speaker or writer to create identities for the act,
agent, agency, attitude, scene, and purpose in a situation.

 The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or
listener. ’ Ex: The Grapes Of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, causes the reader
to have sympathy for migrant workers.
 
 The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the
overall context of a passage.’ Ex: "Medical thinking . . . stressed air as the
communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers"
(Tuchman).

? ? 
 Repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred
at the beginning of the clause.’ Ex: Blood hath brought blood.



 A word of phrase adding a characteristic to a person's
name.’ Ex: Alexander the Great.
?
 ? ? Language dominated by the use of schemes and
tropes. ’ Ex: "The ground is thirsty and hungry."
 ? ? A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to
the present. ’ Ex: In Oedipus Rex, both Oedipus and Iocaste recall previous
events.
 ? ?
  A point that a speaker or writer generations on the basis
of considering a number of particular examples.’ Ex: "All French people are
rude."
  A piece of writing classified by type.’ Ex: Science Fiction.
 
?
  Activities that writers use, during the writing process, to
locate ideas and information. ’ Ex: For my research paper, I have
investigated many sources in the library and online.
  Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually
written or spoken.’ Ex 1: "Of course I believe you," Joe said
sarcastically.’ Ex 2: "I can't describe to you how surprised I was to find out
I loved herƦI even hoped for a while that she'd throw me over" (Fitzgerald
157).
??
  In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the
speaker provided background information on the topic.’ Ex: Julius Caesar
used narration in many of his speeches.

? The speed with which a plot moves from one event to

another.’ Example: In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck paces the
story somewhat slowly, interspersing it with main-idea chapters.

??   A set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that

appears in a sentence or paragraph.’ Ex 1: The dog ran, stumbled, and
fell. ’ Ex 2: "After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night
and the next dayƦ" (Fitzgerald 17).

?
 An insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a

sentence.’ Ex: The dog (which was black) ran, stumbled, and fell.




 The English translation of konnoi topoi, the four topics
that Aristotle explained could be used to generate material about any
subject matter; also called basic topics.’ Ex: Topics include justice, peace,
rights, and movie theaters.


  A sentence with modifying elements included before

the verb and/or complement. ’ Ex: "John, the tough one, the sullen kid who
scoffed at any show of sentiment, gave his mother flowers."
 An artful variation from typical formation and arrangement of
words or sentences.’ Ex: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
 à
? 
 
?
 In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to
invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe what
happened or happens in a particular situation.’ Ex: "With the cunning
typical of its breed, the automobile never breaks down while entering a
filling station with a large staff of idle mechanics. It waitsƦ" (Russell
Baker)
?  In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order
to invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the
means by which something happened or happens in a particular
situation.’ Ex: "As a general rule, any object capable of breaking down at
the moment when it is most needed will do so. The automobile is typical
of the category." (Russell Baker)
?
 In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to
invent material, the words the speaker uses to describe the person or
persons involved in taking action in a particular situation. ’ Ex: "Thus [the
automobile] creates maximum misery, inconvenience, frustration, and
irritability among its human cargo, thereby reducing its owner's life span."
(Russell Baker)
? 
 A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's
attention or to support a generalization of claim. ’ Ex: "A good man, gray
on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed
uniform, is washing the glass windows of the store...Good night, m'ijo! he
tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto
Gilb)

 
  A sentence with two or more independent
clauses.’ Ex: Canada is a rich country, but it still has many poor people.
     The ultimate point or generalization that a
syllogism expresses.’ Ex: All mortals die. All men are mortals. All men die.

?
  The combination of two words into one by eliminating one
or more sounds and indicating the omission with an apostrophe.’ Ex: "Do
not" becomes "don't." "Should have" becomes "should've."

? See contradiction.’ Ex: The book is red. The book is not
green. If the book is read, then the book is not green. If the book is not
red, then the book may be green.
?
??  Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or
writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.’ Ex:
Conserve electricity. 42% of America's carbon dioxide emissions come
from electricity generation.

?   Reasoning that begins with a general principle
and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general
principle.’ Ex: "Gravity makes things fall. The apple that hit my head was
due to gravity."
  The presentation and format of a composition.’ Ex: The Grapes
of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, is formatted by chapters, which either
present general information about farmers or the specific story of Joe and
his family.

  The final observation, before delivery, by a writer or speaker of
a composition to evaluate appropriateness and to locate missteps in the
work.’ Ex: For process papers, I edit my work many times before
submitting a final draft.

?  Reading to garner information from a text.’ Ex: For
history, I perform efferent reading of the textbook.

 Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated.’ Ex: We
cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past. (Missing:
Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted.)

 An indirect expression of unpleasant information in such
way as to lesson its impact.’ Ex 1: "Passed way" for "died."’ Ex 2: "You
see, I carry on a little business on the side, a sort of a sideline, you
understand"(Fitzgerald 87).
? A passage of text that evokes sensation or emotional
intensity.’ Ex: "Waves crashing on the ocean look like knives."
   A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of his
or her own thinking rather than by being told directly by a text.’ Ex: I infer
that America became isolationist during the 1920s because of the horrors
of World War I.
 Access to information and collective information.’ Ex: I will use
my memory to remember these terms.
 ??

  A comment that is made directly to the reader by
breaking into the forward plot movement.’ Ex: Narrator: The dog ran very
fast across the street, dodging two cars.


 The perspective or source of a piece of writing. A first-

person point of view has a narrator or speaker who refers to himself or
herself as "I." A third-person point of view lacks "I" in perspective.’ Ex: The
Great Gatsby is written in first-person point of view.
?
 Combination of two or more elements in a dramatistic pentad in
order to invent material.
?  The construction of meaning, purpose, and effect in a text.’ Ex:
I am reading The Great Gatsby.
?  ?  A log in which readers can trace developing reactions
to what they are reading. ’ Ex: I am maintaining a character log while
reading The Great Gatsby.

?  The particular choices a writer or speaker makes to
achieve meaning, purpose, or effect.’ Ex: F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great
Gatsby chooses to use imagery, similes, and metaphors often.



  Stereotypical time and place settings that let readers
know a text's genre immediately. ’ Ex: For science fiction, if the text takes
place in the future, on another planet, or in another universe.
à


 


? 
?
  The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the
middle of two or more adjacent words.’ Ex: "To make a man to meet the
moral need/ A man to match the mountains and the sea" (Edwin Markham)
? ?
 The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning
of the following clause.’ Ex: "Men in great place are thrice servants: servants
of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business."
(Francis Bacon)
? ?
? The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive
clauses.’ Ex: "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall
fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with
growing confidenceƦ" (Winston Churchill)
?

   ?
 
 The relationship expressed by
"ifƦthen" reasoning. ’ Ex: If industries poison rivers with pollutants, then many
fish will die.
?
? The substitution of one part of speech for another.’ Ex: "The
thunder would not peace at my bidding." (William Shakespeare)
?

?  One of three strategies for persuading audiences--logos, appeal to

reason; pathos, appeal to emotion; and ethos, appeal to ethics. ’ Ex: "I elicited
the anger of some of the most aggressive teenagers in my high school. A
couple of nights later, a car pulled up in front of my house, and the angry
teenagers in the car dumped garbage on the lawn of my house as an act of
revenge and intimidation." (James Garbarino)
?


 A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately

or defines or amplifies its meaning. ’ Ex: Orion, my orange cat, is sitting on the
couch.
?
 A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a
writer sees an issue, problem, or subject.’ Ex: The Patriots prevailed over the
Loyalists, who they violently persecuted due to their conflicting position; both
betrayed the African slaves to temporarily bolster their military.
c

 ? 
?   A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker,
audience (reader or listener), and text in a rhetorical situation.
?   One of the traditional elements of rhetorical composition -- invention,
arrangement, style, memory, or delivery.’ Ex: Frederick Douglass's style (one
aspect of canon) is both objective and subjective.
?
 A mental exercise to discover possibilities for analysis of
communication.
??
 ??
  A narrative in which the reader or viewer does not
have access to the unspoken thoughts of any character.
 ???
 One who changes during the course of the
narrative.’ Ex: Romeo is a dramatic character in Romeo and Juliet, by William
Shakespeare.
  The facts, statistics, anecdotes, and examples that a speaker or
writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.’ Ex: "Recent
studies in the brain chemistry of rats show that when they play, their brains
release large amounts of dopamine . . ." (Rifkin).

  An entity referred to by one of its attributes or associations.’ Ex:
"The press" for the news media.
   In a text, an element that stands for more than itself and,
therefore, helps to convey a theme of the text. ’ Ex: Purple symbolizes royalty.
East Egg in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald symbolizes the ""old
rich."""

?
  A group of words that merely repeats the meaning already
conveyed.’ Ex: "If you don't get any better, then you'll never improve."

 The main idea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or
claim.’ Ex: The corruption of America's rich in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott
Fitzgerald.


?

 A single sentence that states a text's thesis, usually
somewhere near the beginning.’ Ex: "Sweatt v. Painter advanced equality by
ultimately improving African American educational rights, thus transforming
American democracy for a better today."


 A place where writers go to discover methods for proof and strategies
for presentation of ideas. ’ Ex: Gun control laws, the environment, or
communism.


 An artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts
and ideas.’ Ex: Pun or metonymy.
 The textual features, such as diction and sente
à


 
?  The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a
written one and are capable of responding to it.’ Ex: The audience of Michael
Chabon's lecture at the Mondavi Center was composed of many Oak Ridge
students.
? Inverted relationship between two elements in two parallel
phrases.’ Ex: "To stop too fearful and too faint to go."
 ? The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or
enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.’ Ex:
In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck's claim was that the poor are wrongly
mistreated.
 ?  The arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing
number or importance.’ Ex: "He risked truth, he risked honor, he risked fame,
he risked all that men hold dear,Ɯyea, he risked life itself..."
   
 ? A term referring to the scheme of climax.’ Ex: See
climax.
   Parallel elements that are similar in structure and in length.’ Ex: "Ʀ
to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the
scrupulous Ʀ"
   A systematic aid to memory.’ Ex: "Roy G. Biv" for the
most common colors.
 ?

? A literary device in which the sound of a word is related to
its meaning. ’ Ex: Words like "bang," and "click".
  Returning to a draft to rethink, reread, and rework ideas and
sentences.’ Ex: I am currently revising my research paper.
  In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to
invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe where and
when something happened or happens in a particular situation.’ Ex: "My family
have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three
generations" (Fitzgerald 2).


  A sentence with one independent clause and no
dependent clause.’ Ex: The dog ran.

?
  The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write),
 audience, and purpose.’ Ex: Before drafting my research paper, I had to
analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my
audience.
nce structure, that convey a writer's or speaker's persona.’ Ex: F. Scott
Fitzgerald's voice is made up of mystery.

 
 The acts a writer goes through, often recursively, to
complete a piece of writing: inventing, investigating, planning, drafting,
consulting, revising, and editing.’ Ex: I used this to write my research paper.


à





?  An extended metaphor.’ Ex 1: "During the time I have voyaged on
this ship, I have avoided the cabin; rather, I have remained on deck, battered
by wind and rain, but able to see moonlightƦ"’ Ex 2: "This is a valley of ashes-
-a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and
grotesque gardens, where ashes take forms of houses and...of men..."
(Fitzgerald 27).
?   A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some
particular body of knowledge.’ Ex 1: "I doubt if Phaethon feared more -- that
time/ he dropped the sun-reins of his father's chariot/ and burned the streak
of sky we see today" (Dante's Inferno).’ Ex 2: "Have you read 'The rise of the
Coloured Empires' by this man Goddard?" (Fitzgerald 17).
? ?

 Inversion or reversal of the usual order of words. ’ Ex: Echoed
the hills.
?
? The substitution of one part of speech for another.’ Ex: The
thunder would not peace at my bidding.
?

 The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel
structure.’ Ex 1: "Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the
pursuit of justice is no virtue." (Barry Goldwater)’ Ex 2: "Ʀfound her lying on
her bed as lovely as the June night in her flowered dress--and as drunk as a
monkey" (Fitzgerald 81).
 ?
??
 A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully
developed.’ Ex: Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
?
 The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written
text. ’ Ex: The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for
research papers.

  Intuitive writing strategy for generation of ideas by writing
without stopping.’ Ex: In English 1, I performed freewriting for two short
pieces.
 
 ? 
?
 A part of a text classified according to its function.’ Ex: The
introduction.

   An exaggeration for effect.’ Ex 1: "I told you a billion times not
to exaggerate." ’ Ex 2: "Ʀwe scattered light through half AstoriaƦ" (Fitzgerald
72).
 
  The art of generating material for a text; the first of the five
traditional canons of rhetoric. ’ Ex: I use brainstorming before an essay as
invention.
 ?  A text in which writers produce informal compositions that help
them "think on paper" about topics and writing projects. ’ Ex: I had a journal
last year for Honors English in which I recorded my thoughts on various novels
I read.
 ?   The process of writing in a journal.’ Ex: I wrote a journal last
year for Honors English on the books I read.

  A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject,
verb, and complement.’ Ex: "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor,
startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets
to hear the news."
 Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater
esteem for it.’ Ex: Calling an act of arson a prank.

?
 An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.’ Ex:
"No man is an island" (Donne).
   Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.’ Ex:
"O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).

?? 
 Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly
reveals it. ’ Ex: "She is talented, not to mention rich."

?
  In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the

speaker would draw together the entire argument and include material
designed to compel the audience to think or act in a way consonant with the
central argument.’ Ex: In Julius Caesar's speech, the peroration came at the
end.


? 
 The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the
narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic
toward. ’ Ex: Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.


 A set of assumptions, skills, facts, and experience that a reader
brings to a text to make meaning.


  The context--including time and place--of a narrative.’ Ex: The area
surround New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F.
Scott Fitzgerald.
?  A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work
and suggest ways to improve it.’ Ex: In AP US History, we peer reviewed each
other's take-home DBQs.
  A type of comparison that uses the word like or as. ’ Ex: "There was
something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises
of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register
earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
  Logical reasoning from inarguable premises.’ Ex: All mortals die.
All humans are mortal. All humans die.
  A part of something used to refer to the whole.’ Ex: "The hired
hands are not doing their jobs."

?  The order of words in a sentence.’ Ex: "The dog ran" not "The ran
dog."

 The message conveyed by a literary work.’ Ex: The decline of the
American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

  The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject matter.’ Ex: Light-
hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
 
?

 Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a
point.’ Ex: "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
 
 The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and
achieves one major purpose or effect.’ Ex: Pride by Dagoberto Gilb
  ?  ??
 An untrustworthy or naïve commentator on events and
characters in a story.’ Ex: The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who
spread rumors about Gatsby's past in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
 
 The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual
experience.’ Ex: The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael
Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
? A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb,
governs two other words not related in meaning.’ Ex: He governs his will and
his kingdom.




?

?  Reading to experience the world of the text.’ Ex:
One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like The Grapes of Wrath, to
experience his detailed settings.
? The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text -- for
example, to clarify difficult material, to inform, to convince, to persuade.
Also called intention and purpose.’ Ex: In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to
define pride and what it means to him.
c  !?  
  Word choice characterized by simple, often one-
or two- syllable nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.’ Ex: Words include
"thinking," "kingly," "bridge," "stone," and "early."
?


  Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference
the same thing. ’ Ex: I know the dog Toto.
?? 
 In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for
effect.’ Ex: In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into
paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
? ?  The repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of
two or more adjacent words. ’ Ex: "Or sinking as the light wind lives or
dies" (John Keats)
?

  An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or
speaker thinks the audience holds.’ Ex: "We think a problem is weakness,
mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior,
and personal." (Allison Amend)
?


 In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or
writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried
out.’ Ex: "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our
vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
?  Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring
it with a disproportionate name. ’ Ex: Calling a scratch on an arm a wound.
 

  The situation that results when a writer or
speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does
not accept.’ Ex: This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
??  ?
 
 The relationship expressing, "If X is the cause,
then Y is the effect," or, "If Y is the effect, then X caused it." ’ Ex: If the
dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
??
 A personage in a narrative.’ Ex: Romeo was a character in
Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare.

 
  A sentence with one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.’ Ex: As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it
rains.

 
 
  A sentence with two or more
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. ’ Ex: The
package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check
the contents.


 The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating
factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated. ’ Ex: Kate Chopin
lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as a feminist. This background
formed the foundation of The Awakening.

?
  One of the types of rhetorical invention included under
the common topic of relationships. Contradiction urges the speaker or
writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or
argument.’ Ex: "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to
promote our happiness."
 
?
  The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its
connotation, or implied meaning.’ Ex: A house is literally a dwelling usually
for a family.



  Writing that relies on sensory images to
characterize a person or place.’ Ex: "so much depends/ upon/ the red
wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens"
(William Carlos Williams)
? 
 The describable patterns of language--grammar and vocabulary-
-used by a particular cultural or ethnic population.’ Ex: A Caribbean dialect
is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
?  Conversation between and among characters.’ Ex: "Jim, I don't
get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"

  Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality,
concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and
denotative value/connotative value.’ Ex: Using "issue" instead of
"problem."
 
  The double meanings of a group of words that the
speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.’ Ex 1: "My name is
Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"
(Shelley). ’ Ex 2: "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic
dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
?
  The process by which writers get something written on paper
or in a computer file so that they can develop their ideas and begin
moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what
will become the final product.’ Ex: For the research paper, we will have to
revise and draft many times to perfect our papers.
??
   A type of poem, popular primarily in the
nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an
assumed group of listeners.’ Ex: In "My Last Duchess," by Robert
Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to
her.



 The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive
clauses.’ Ex: "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny
compared to what lies within us" (Emerson).

? Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely not
for an answer.’ Ex: "How much longer must our people endure this
injustice?"

 The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the
speaker, writer, or narrator.’ Ex: If you don't graduate from high school,
you will always be poor.
 ??
  An overstatement.’ Ex: The Matrix is the best movie ever
made.
 ?
 An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a
generalization, claim, or point.’ Ex: Animals have more intelligence than
imagined. "On human IQ tests, she [a gorilla named Koko] scores between
70 and 95" (Rifkin).
  In ancient roman oratory, the introduction of a speech;
literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech. ’ Ex: Julius
Caesar's speech begins with an exordium.

 ? ?  An extended passage arguing that if two things are
similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as
well.’ Ex: In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some
similarities between Grant and Lee.

  ?
 An example that is carried through several
sentences or paragraphs.’ Ex: In "Pride," Dagoberto Gilb extends an Ex of
pride in the form of an anecdote through two paragraphs.
?  A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take
actions that have ethical or moral significance.’ Ex: Animal Farm, written
by George Orwell, is a fable.

 Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or
sentence formation--and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns
of thought.’ Ex: "When I first saw her, my soul began to quiver."
 ?? A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to
the present. ’ Ex: Oedipus is told he will sleep with his mother and kill his
father by a prophet.

 A systematic strategy or method for solving problems.’ Ex:
Lawrence Lessig has argued that patents in different industries should be
given different amounts of time, using this strategy.
? ?  In ancient Roman oratory, the method that speakers
used to memorize their speeches, connecting the introduction to the porch
of a house, the narration and partition to the front foyer, the confirmation
and refutation to rooms connected to the foyer, and the conclusion to the
back door.’ Ex: Julius Caesar most likely used this method to memorize his
speeches.

 ?
  Unusual or inverted word order.’ Ex: "Size matters not.
Judge me by my size, do you?" (Yoda).
? Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich
experiences in a reader.’ Ex 1: Edgar Allan Poe uses imagery in The Fall of
the House of the Usher.’ Ex 2: "Ʀran for a huge black knotted trees whose
massed leaves made a fabric against the rainƦ" (Fitzgerald 93).


?
 A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than
expressed directly as a sentence.’ Ex 1: "John swelled and rustled his
plumage." (John was a peacock.)’ Ex 2: "Something was making him
nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer
nourished his peremptory heart" (Fitzgerald 25).
 
?   Reasoning the begins by citing a number of
specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they
constitute a general principle.’ Ex: This ice is cold. Thus, all ice is cold.


  The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the
text. ’ Ex: One of John Steinbeck's intentions in The Grapes of Wrath was
to end humans' inhumanity to fellow humans.
?  The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.’ Ex: Bilateral
periorbital hematoma (a black eye).
 

 People's topics; ordinary patterns of reasoning; also called
basic topics.’ Ex: Topics include justice, peace, rights, and movie theaters.
Ê?
 ?

  Vocabulary characterized by the choice of elaborate,
often complicated words from Latin roots.’ Ex: Words like "deviate,"
"aqueduct," and "insulate".

 ??
  A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access
to the unspoken thoughts of one character or partial thinking of more than
one character.’ Ex: "Murgatroyd met Madeline on New Year's Eve in 2002.
He attended a party and she opened the door. Her hair! Only a goddess
could have hair so fine."


 Understatement.’ Ex 1: "This is no ordinary city" rather than "this
is an impressive city". ’ Ex 2: "I lived at West Egg, the--well, the less
fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tagƦ" (Fitzgerald
9).
 The art of reasoning.’ Ex: All humans are mortal. Socrates is
human. Thus, Socrates is mortal.
  The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument
or central ideas.’ Ex: "If there really were such strong evidence of racial
bias in the justice system it would be newsworthy. . ." (Taylor 6).
 The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience.’ Ex:
In John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, the mood is mostly dark and
gloomy.
??
 An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization,
claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or
writer tells a story.’ Ex: "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant
manager in a brown starched and ironed uniform, is washing the glass
windows of the store...Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out
after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
 
 ??
  A narrative in which the reader or viewer has
access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.’ Ex: Our Town by
Thornton Wilder.

??  A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or

a religious principle.’ Ex: Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."

??  A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true

nevertheless.’ Ex: "Not having a fashion is a fashion."

? ?? To call with a slight change of name; a play on

words.’ Ex: "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he
wants to be let a loan."

?

  In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech where the

speaker would divide the main topic into parts.’ Ex: Julius Caesar used
partitions to better communicate his argument.

?
 The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the

audience.’ Ex: ". . . Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the
unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).

 A system calling for writers to read or listen to one

another's work and suggest ways to improve it.’ Ex: In AP US History, we
peer reviewed each other's take-home DBQs.


? Kenneth Burke's system for analyzing motives and actions in

communication. The five points of the pentad are act, agent, agency,
scene, and purpose.


? The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a
proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality
characteristic.’ Ex 1: "He was no Romeo; but then again, she was no
Juliet."’ Ex 2: "ƦI stared at it, like Kant at his church steepleƦ" (Fitzgerald
93).

 ? The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the

audience; the plural is personae.’ Ex: In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway
is a persona.

 ? The plural of persona.’ Ex: Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby.

 ?
  The giving of human characteristics to inanimate

objects.’ Ex: The fall season has been personified as "sitting on a granary
floor" (Keats).

?  The changing of people's minds or actions by language.’ Ex:

Protect the environment, for it is what the lives of your children and the
future of the world will depend on.




 
 Begging of the question; disagreeing with premises or
reasoning. ’ Ex: "The bible says god exists and the bible must be right since
it is the revealed word of god, so god exists."

?   Determining appropriateness of information for audience and

for purpose. ’ Ex: I am in the planning and drafting stages of my research
paper.


 Arrangement of events in a story.’ Ex: In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe

and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various
camps. In the end, the only benefit the gain is unity.


 Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts
and to provide information.’ Ex: Foreshadowing.

 Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader
and text connect.’ Ex: In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck
first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.

 


  Repetition of words derived from the same root.’ Ex:
Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."

  
  Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.’ Ex: "We

have ships and men and money and stores."

"? The first premise in a syllogism. The major premise

states an irrefutable generalization.’ Ex: All men are mortal.

"  The second premise in a syllogism. The minor premise
offers a particular instance of generalization stated in the major
premise.’ Ex: Some philosophers are men.



? The giving of human characteristics to inanimate
objects.’ Ex: The window winked at me.

  A play on words. Types of puns include anataclasis, words that

sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in
sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in
relation to two other words it governs or modifies. ’ Ex: "I moss say I'm
taking a lichen to that fungi."


 The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text.
Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker
or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses
to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular
situation.’ Ex: In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it
means to him.
?

 The collection of predictions and revisions a person
employs when reading a text.
 Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to
revision in the process of writing. ’ Ex: In writing my research paper, I
invent material and revise previously invented material.

?
  In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the
speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter
them. ’ Ex: Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue
his point.
 ?  ??
 A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and
characters in a story.’ Ex: In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable
narrator, though somewhat secretive.



  In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses
to emphasize meaning or achieve effect. ’ Ex 1: The dog ran, the dog
jumped, and the dog whimpered. ’ Ex 2:"'Hot!' said the conductor to
familiar faces. 'Some Weather! Ʀ Hot! Ʀ Hot! Ʀ Hot! Ʀ Is it hot enough Ʀ
'" (Fitzgerald 121).

 The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or
written text.’ Ex: F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.

 The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a
writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the
text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features
of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful,
and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.’ Ex: Diction, scheme,
trope, argument, and syntax.

? 

  Involvement and investment in and ownership of
a piece of writing.’ Ex: F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has
rhetorical intention.

? 
  A question posed by the speaker or writer not to
seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a
question about it.’ Ex: "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).

? 
?
  The convergence in a situation of exigency (the
need to write), audience, and purpose.’ Ex: Before drafting my research
paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background
information to provide for my audience.

? 
?   A diagram showing the relations of writer or
speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
?  ? ? A language that is derived from Latin.’ Ex: French,
Italian.
 ??
 A figure with complexity in action and personality,’ Ex:
Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
?? The use of mockery or bitter irony. ’ Ex: "That's so funny I
forgot to laugh!"
  ??
  Narration in which an event or a moment of a plot is
stretched out for dramatic effect.’ Ex: In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott
Fitzgerald, the scene in which Myrtle is accidentally killed.
 
?
?
  In classical rhetoric, a speech consisting of exordium,
narration, partition, confirmation, refutation, and peroration.’ Ex: Franklin
D. Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address follows this structure.
 ?  Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal
occasions and text.’ Ex: "This is sick."
   Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or
herself.’ Ex: "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler
in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to
take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them"
(Shakespeare).

? The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be
speaking a poem.’ Ex: Franklin D. Roosevelt.

?  A writer's or speaker's apparent attitude toward the
audience.’ Ex: Franklin D. Roosevelt embraced the audience in his First
Inaugural Address.

?
??
 A figure who remains the same from the beginning to
the end of a narrative. ’ Ex: Nick Carraway is essentially a static character
in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

  The choices that writers or speakers make in language for
effect.’ Ex: Part of John Steinbeck's style is to focus on the setting in
novels like The Grapes of Wrath.
 
 One of the points on the Aristotelian or rhetorical triangle; the
subject matter a writer or speaker is writing or speaking about.’ Ex: John
Steinbeck was writing about the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath.
  ?
 ? A group of words that includes a subject and verb
but that cannot stand on its own as a sentence; also called dependent
clause.’ Ex: After the dog slept, the dog ran.
? ??
  Narration in which a brief statement of events
moves the plot quickly.’ Ex: The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay
by Michael Chabon includes many summary narrations when they jump
years in time.



 In a test, the material offered to make concrete or to back up a

generalization, conclusion, or claim.’ Ex: "Recent studies in the brain
chemistry of rats show that when they play, their brains release large
amounts of dopamine . . ." (Rifkin).