Wide Area Network

The network that is design for long distance communication is called Wide Area Network. A
WAN network uses WAN protocols, WAN interface card to communicate with remote
network.
WAN

Point-to-Point Circuit Switching Packet Switching Cell Switching

Leased line ISDN Frame Relay ATM

MLLN PSTN X.25
Radio Link
For 2 locations Unlimited Maximum Maximum
Factors to be considered while selecting a WAN technology
(1) No. of locations
(2) Hours of connectivity
(3) Speed
(4) Cost (Bandwidth + Distance)
(5) Reliability

WAN Encapsulation
WAN encapsulation is used to convert a packet into frame and transfer data to WAN links,
Different type of encapsulation are designed for different WAN technologies. The general
format of WAN encapsulation is: -

Flag Address Control Data FCS Flag

FH Packet FT

Common WAN Encapsulation

Point-to-Point High level data link control HDLC

Point-to-Point Point-to-Point Protocol PPP
Circuit Switch Point-to-Point Protocol PPP
Frame Relay Frame Relay Cisco
Frame Relay Frame Relay IETF
X.25 Link Access Procedure Based LAPB
ISDN Link Access Procedure Based for D channel LAPD
ATM ATM Adaptation layer 5 AAL5

Point-to-Point WAN technologies

These WAN technologies are used to connect two locations with each other. It is the 24-hour
high speed and reliable connectivity. We can setup this WAN technology in three steps: -
Step 1: - Connect the devices according to topology.
Step 2: - Configure Modems.
Step 3: - Configure Router.

1
Step 1
Point-to-Point WAN Topology
(a) Campus n/w or Drop wire n/w

V.35 Modem Line Line

RS 232
EIA/TIA 530 2 wire TP
Or
4 wire TP

DB-60
Smart Serial
Serial

Router
Router
eth

RJ-45
* Distance depends on modems & mostly
up to 10-15 kms.
(b) Leased line via Service Provided

G703
G704 Mux Exchange Mux

Modem Modem
Line

Local Loop Local Loop

Line

Modem Modem
V.35
RS 232, EIA/TIA 530

SS, DB-60
R R

(c) Managed Leased Line n/w (MLLN)

2
Exchange
 MLLN MLLN
MUX MUX

MLLN MLLN
Modem Modem

Route Route
r r

(d) Radio Link

Antenna
Radio Radio
V.35 Modem Modem
RS 232
EIA 530

DB-60
Smart Serial

Router Router

(e) Radio Link using IDU & ODU

Radio Radio
Modem Modem
3
 ODU ODU

UTP or
Coaxial
Radio Radio
Route Modem Modem
r
IDU IDU

Route
r
ODU – Out Door Unit
IDU – In Door Unit

Line

4 Wire 2 Wire
1 ------- 1
2 ------- Loop 1 2
3 3
4 ------- Loop2 4 ------- Signal
5 ------ - 5 -------
6 6
7 7
8 8

Step 2 Configurations of Modems

We have to configure various parameters in the modem. There are three different
methods to configure these parameters according to Modem.
Method1) Configuration of modem using Jumper setting/ Dip switches.
2) Configuration of modem using LCD menu.
3) Configuration of Modem using Console/ Terminal.

Step 3 Configuration of Router

To configure Router for a Leased line scenario or Point-to-Point n/w, we have to set
following parameters: -
1) IP addresses
2) IP routing
3) WAN encapsulation

4
 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2
192.168.5.1 10.0.0.1

In Point-to-Point WAN n/w any type of routing can be perform on routers.

WAN Encapsulation
Two routers interfaces in Point-to-Point WAN must required to have same WAN
encapsulation. Two types of WAN encapsulation are supported in this type of network.
(1) HDLC
(2) PPP

HDLC
PPP

Same Manufacturer

PPP

Different Manufacturer
By default, Cisco routers will use Cisco HDLC encapsulation. We can change encapsulation
by following command: -

Router#conf ter
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp|hdlc

HDLC
High Level Data Link Control
HDLC is the modified form of SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control). SDLC was
developed by IBM for router to main frame communication. HDLC is modified for router-to-
router communication. Most of manufacturer has developed their proprietary HDLC protocol.
So HDLC from one manufacturer is not compatible for other.

5
 HDLC encapsulation is designed for Point-to-Point router communication. In HDLC
no addressing is required, but still all station address is used in encapsulation. HDLC
provides only basic features and error checking for the frame.

PPP – Point-to-Point Protocol

PPP is an open standard WAN protocol that can be used in Point-to-Point and circuit
switching networks. PPP provides various advantages as compared to HDLC. PPP has
following special features: -
(1) Authentication
(2) Multi Link
(3) Compression
(4) Call Back

PPP at OSI layer

A
P TCP/IP
S IPX/SPX
T
N PPP

Lan, Wan Protocols DL HDLC

P LAPB

EE 8023 ARPA

Network
D
A NCP
T -------------------
A
LCP PPP
L
I --------------------
N
K HDLC

Physical

Three Phases of PPP

(1) Link Control Protocol (LCP)
This protocol negotiates the basic feature of PPP. It exchanges the parameter and option
to be used with link. LCP supported features are: -
Authentication, Compression, Multi link & Call back

(2) Authentication Phase - optional

6
 In this phase authentication is performed with peers with the help of one of the following
protocol.
(i) Password Authentication Protocol
(ii) Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(iii) Microsoft CHAP
(iv) Shiva PAP (clear text)

(3) Network Control Protocol Phase (NCP)

In this phase parameters for routed protocol are established. In NCP, there is one module
for each routered protocol.
IPCP for TCP/IP
IPXCP for IPX/SPX (internetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange)
CDPCP for CDP etc.

Configuring Authentication in PPP

Example: -
Router 1 Router 2

S1
S0

Router 1
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int serial 0
Router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#hostname chd
chd(config)#username ldh password net123
chd(config)#exit

Router 2
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int serial 1
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#hostname ldh
ldh(config)#username chd password net123
ldh(config)#exit

Configuring Compression in PPP

In PPP, one of the following three protocols can be used for compression
(1) Stac
(2) Predictor

7
(3) Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression

Router#config ter
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#compress <Stac|MPPC|Predictor>
Router(config-if)#exit

To display Compression
Router#show compress

PPP debug commands

Router#debug ppp error
Router#debug ppp authentication
Router#debug ppp negotiation

To display PPP status

Router#show interface

LCP Open
LCP Closed
LCP Request sent
LCP Listen

IPCP Open
IPCP Closed

CDPCP Open
CDPCP Closed

Packet Switching
Packet Switching is the wan technology in which all devices are connected to the packet
switching exchange. The devices will request packet switching exchange to create a virtual
connection then data is transferred over the virtual connection. It is possible to create more
than one virtual connection. Simuntasouly and transfer data over them one by one.

Example of Packet Switching Technology are: -

(1) X.25
(2) Frame Relay

Frame Relay
Frame Relay is the Packet switching technology in which virtual connections are established.
The frame relay supports only permanent virtual connections. Frame used special addresses
called DLCI to create common and virtual connections.

Frame Relay Topology FR SW

8
 FR V.35
Modem 232
4 wire Tp 530
Line
Local loop
FR Line
Modem
V.35, RS232, EIA 530

DB-60, Smart Serial

Route
r

Switch

Frame Relay Encapsulation

Frame Relay use special type of Encapsulation, Which is specifically designed for this
technology. There are two encapsulations are available: -
(1) Frame Relay Cisco
(2) Frame Relay IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

R R
Cisco FR
IETF FR
Cisco Cisco

R R
IETF FR

Non Cisco ?

9
Frame Relay DLCI
DLCI stands for Data Link Control Identifier. It is used for addressing purpose. In frame
Relay Encapsulation, Virtual Circuits are established and data is transferred on the basis of
DLCI. DLCI addresses are different from general addressing scheme. One DLCI address
provided for each virtual circuit that we want to create.

DLCI range 16 - 1017

Virtual Circuit
In packet switching technology there are two types of virtual circuits: -
(1) Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
(2) Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

Only PVC is supported in Frame Relay technology.

Frame Relay Local Management Interface

LMI are the keepalive signals, which are used to keep the virtual circuit up and running. LMI
are exchange between frame relay switch and router. We have to set same LMI on router as
specified by the service provider. There are three types of LMI that we can use
(1) CISCO
(2) Q933a
(3) ANSI

Configuring Frame Relay Point to Point connectivity

S0 S1
Cisco SW SW ANSI
FR

10
 M M

300 for R2 400 for R1

encap: - Cisco FR

M M

192.168.10.1 192.168.10.2
R1 R2

172.16.0.1 172.30.0.1

R1
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int eth0
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 172.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.10.2

Router(config)#int serial 0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 300
Router(config-dlci)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.2 300
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

R2
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int eth0
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.30.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.10.1

11
Router(config)#int serial 0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 400
Router(config-dlci)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.1 400
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Frame-relay Switch
Router(config)#hostname FR-SW
FR-SW(config)#frame-relay switching

FR-SW(config)#int serial0
FR-SW(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
FR-SW(config-if)#no ip address
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 300 int serial 1 400
FR-SW(config-if)#clocka rate 64000
FR-SW(config-if)#no sh
FR-SW(config-if)#exit

FR-SW(config)#int serial1
FR-SW(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
FR-SW(config-if)#no ip address
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 400 int serial 0 300
FR-SW(config-if)#clocka rate 64000
FR-SW(config-if)#no sh
FR-SW(config-if)#exit

Configuring Frame Relay point to multipoint when all routers are same subnet

192.168.10.2
400 for R1 M R2

ANSI M 172.30.0.1
VC1
S
VC2

12
 M
M
309 for R2 701 for R1
318 for R3

M
M

192.168.10.1 192.168.10.5

R1 R3

10.0.0.1 172.20.0.1

Encapsulation = Frame-Relay IETF

On physical interface, we can assign only one DLCI address. But in this case, we have to use
two DLCI on single interface so we will create a frame relay sub interface (multipoint),
which is able to create multiple virtual circuit.

R1
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int eth 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 172.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.10.2

Router(config)#ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.10.5

Router(config)#int serial 0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type ansi
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0.2 multipoint

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.2 309
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.5 318
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

13
R2
Router#config ter
Router(config)#interface Ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.30.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.1

Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 400
Router(config-dlci)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type ansi
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.1 400
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

R3
Router#config ter
Router(config)#interface Ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.1

Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 701
Router(config-dlci)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type ansi
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.1 701
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Frame-relay Switch
Router(config)#hostname FR-SW
FR-SW(config)#frame-relay switching

FR-SW(config)#int serial0
FR-SW(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
FR-SW(config-if)#no ip address
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 309 int serial 1 400
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 318 int serial 2 701
FR-SW(config-if)#clocka rate 64000
FR-SW(config-if)#no sh

14
FR-SW(config-if)#exit

FR-SW(config)#int serial1
FR-SW(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
FR-SW(config-if)#no ip address
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 400 int serial 0 309
FR-SW(config-if)#clocka rate 64000
FR-SW(config-if)#no sh
FR-SW(config-if)#exit

FR-SW(config)#int serial2
FR-SW(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
FR-SW(config-if)#no ip address
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
FR-SW(config-if)#frame-relay route 701 int serial 0 318
FR-SW(config-if)#clocka rate 64000
FR-SW(config-if)#no sh
FR-SW(config-if)#exit

Frame Relay point to multipoint configuration when routers are in different subnets.

192.168.10.6
400 for R1 M R2

CISCO M 11.0.0.1
VC1
S
VC2

M
M

15
300 for R2 701 for R1
309 for R3

M
M

192.168.10.5
172.16.0.2 172.16.0.1

R1 R3

10.0.0.1 12.0.0.1

Encapsulation = Frame-Relay IETF

R1
Router#config ter
Router(config)#int eth0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.6

Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.0.1

Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0.20 point-to-point

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 300
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.10.6 300
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0.30 point-to-point

Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 309
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 172.16.0.1 309
Router(config-if)#no sh
Router(config-if)#exit

16
Frame Relay Show Command
Router#sh interface <type> <no>
It will be show additional
(i) Encapsulation
(ii) LMI send/receive

Router#sh frame-relay pvc

It will be show
(i) Active/inactive pvc
(ii) Data send/receive over each pvc
(iii) Frame-relay congestion control information

Router#sh frame-relay map

Display the IP to DLCI mapping and pvc status

Frame relay congestion control

Frame relay uses three types of information in frame relay encapsulation for congestion
control.
(1) Backward explicit congestion notice.
(2) Forward explicit congestion notice
(3) Discard eligibility

17