Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Syllabus
o Explain reversedRankinecycle
also termed as vapour compressioncycle
B Describethe requirementoiprimary
refrigerant
o Names commonprimary r"ftig"rur,i.rrr.""r,rlyrpecified I
C
(
o Statethat the brine density should be sufficient to.grve freezrngtemperaturcbelow
the lowest temp requircd. Statethat the brine should be maintained with an
alkalinirybetweenph 8 an d ph 9
$
{b
o Explain ih" pr".u,rtion to be iaken rf the brine has to be made with sodium chloride.
, 149
t
i,
Q.2 Draw a line sketch
"
and explain working pnnciple t'
And also tfmp at salient positions Give
two important properties of refrigerant ""'J;;r"ure (,
(,
The vapor compressionrefrigeration
FTG79 5
dlchcrge vclve 6
-C
ressure gouge
1.8 bor c
high p
tow pr--Src
Ing spoce e
Aos
f
com p ressor a"
e v o p o r oet r
t
-l
c o n d e ns e r
cooling woter -Lt
'Jz ^
z ^d e g
27
sw out c
h i g h p r e s s ur e i
e x p o n s i o nv o l v e -
-:
:
I
-:
S i n p t e R e F r ^ i q e r - o . t i o nS y s t e n r ;
rt-.
:
l
r
---l
l-
evo.por - lcr
pansion vo.tve T
a
f
L,
f,
t50 c
c
-
I
L . . , - l
{ C
I.
! In this type the working substances is a vapor, which readily evaporates and condenses.
t The substances does not leave the plant, but circulated thr-ough the system, alternatively
condensing and re-evaPorating.
t In evaporating it absorbs its latent heat frorn the brine, wnich is used for the circulating
around the cold chamber. In condensing it give off latent heat to the circulating water of
I) the cooler. The machine is therefore a latent heat pump. As it pumps its latent heat from
D th.ebrine and delivers to the cooler
The refrigerant units work on the vapor compression system. Freon 12 is colorless in
b concentration of less than 20/5by vol. Freon is ncn-corrosive.
c Freon is anhydrous it will have no effect on steel or copper
Shaft seal prevents Freon or oil leaking out.
o Expansion valve is usually set to maintain a temperature of about -15 above that of
c refrigerant in the cooling coils at a certain point. This point on the suction line where the
sensitive bulb controlling the expansion valve is clamped. The control phial of the
t expansion valve is clamped to the outlet pipe from the cold chamber.
t Expansion valve is fitted near the inlet to thc cold chamber automatically controls the flow
of refrigerant. This valve may be pressure -operated or thermostatically controlled type.
3
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e
t
I
3
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3
},
t
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9
)
)r
r5t
3
I
Q2 Main properties of refrigerant Freon fZ
"
vessel are reverting back to ammonia as a refriqerant.
ffiit"1,.;:;:;,"':j,;:,rq::l:lgl:3eo'reach":*p;;;il;;;".;il;;i#"ff
;:;
'*"Jr,JJil;ff;:H;:::ff; t
tlre oil rvaries
tlrp nil r q r i o o rwith
^'itL rL^ -^t-,: - , .
the refrigerant.
(
_6
laced and with uthat?
C
-(
Freon 12 CCL}F2 dichlorodifloro methane
Freon22 C
Dichloroetrafluroethane
F 114 C
Most modern refrigerantsare chlorofluoro (
carbon(cFC), which have a damaging effecton
the ozonelayer,in addition [o accumulating 1'
in the atmosphereand causingglobal _f
warming' HFC 134A, which causeszero
de-pletion,can easily replaceR12of CFC 12 or
Freon 12' Refrigerant22or HCFC22is used --a
in almost 90% ofships as it is relatively a less
harmful gas,other CFC refrigerantscan be
replacedas shown. 1
Sr no Name of
rC
Ozone depletion Alt"*uti;; -(
-<
-l
HFC-125, 407C
Al ternative refriqeran t f
1 HFC_123 t
HFC-134A
e
f
.,r Ammonia NH3 have the rargest ratent, poisonous if in
contact with the stored food. If
used on board ship it must be ericlosed
in a sepa.ate chamber on accounts of pungent
injurious effect on metals such as smell,
brass u.d .opper and therefore parts in
therefore made of monel or nickel steel. ! contact are
Ammonia is relatively cheap and has considerable
thermodynamic advantages.This system
is uot in used on board mainly because
of explosion risk and becauseof its toxicity.Boiling
point - 39 deg cent therefore pressure required F
through out the ,yrtu* is less.
Leaksof nnunonia to ntmosphtT, nrt inaariabty
quickty delectedand v->'repairea
vrqL'v' becauseof the smell is so (
strong eaennt its low concentrations. t,
. r. . , r
. ! 1 t 1 , ,. ;: ; . . ' . t i , , : 1 r , ., ,: . , . , . , . , ..! i,1,,,.0
n ( $- l-'C C i ' , F ' L t , , i : , . . ( - i ' : ' . ,
,''(r1,.. f.; ' j.y.;
'r, ._\'- '
;! '' l.J-) ca cI F'; l,-4o-"
t ( . 1 , , a ^ . ' ( , . , t rc i r ii.' . ,1-it';''ri.. ,
L | /
,41 ) c|lg' ts2 \
rE
-, Wfr"t is
What tne effect
rs the etlect on cycre if:1)
rerngerarron cycle
on refrigeration Dysrerl undercharged
rr:r, System ur
a- b)
11) System overchargedlll) Air in the syste
-,-
a-tt Air in the slrstem
eir ir non-condensablegasin systemresultsin high dischargePressure.
f, t-,
_v
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3
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',
-3 r53
Q.4ClassesrVapF
of
l,t.J:f:ling
a) "-1f "ompressorrefersto
Frequentiycutting ;r"ri"J"T":
""
,il X:::::jl{:':"i'i' ";; ;;;';Pr"g
ct r(unnlng too fast
d) Running too slow
Frequent
il::t.T:::{ti.ffiLi:';11
Thermostatic'alve
the evaporator (from
tuy b" the restricting
device,due ,o
refrtgerantflcw.
'r-t"t"'"r"n"g effeiof
r." l:y.ruoerheat of the gasreaving
coils)it wiil be c.rosed
in to reduce the
"*r*
This is the result of operation
of the Lp controller,the
t'ffiTi.:1iil'T::f;".i,?:,:
;l'."*;',ri,::l"i:*T"**:',:"',lT:i:i"".,r reopenir:g.
Q . 6 S k e t c ho ,
meat
meat _ __-."6 ,,Lu.r,eu.'.punen[s
cumponents
rootn
".cuL rootn lor shipr,
for shtp,s aegetable. Room
a,
the system
systemcan
canbecontrolled
conrroiledauromaricaily,
auromaricaily,
using
usingrhe
rh, temperature
ffit::ntt:T
l;:ntow of the
_(
C
hP,crt oAt
t)
Y
pre-ss g o u g e
c
.LP t't
c
-c
(
recie ver A
t h e r r . r o st o t i c
s w i tc h / -l
/ j
r---ft
I sotiniod t
?
drien
>-c I
r
f it{ing
{
conn
c
other
a
Fig 80
7
,o{Jtil;1i:";:,Tfl:1,''""its, meat,
fish,vegetabre
roomerctheneachcircuitis a
Eachcircuit has its own
thermo staticexpansion s-
one chamberis cooled varveand sorenoidstop
the th;;;;;;t.shuts varve.when
only' This happensprogrds-cively th"iiqil srop varve and cut out that \
to,allcircuil;;:;en chamber
rapicldrop in pressure at the circuitsare cur out
(suction)'wi, cut out
the compressor the c
a
f
t54 (
c,
C
-l
-
-
IL
ire
--.
Liquid receiver
stabilize
S"f"."* liquid receiver should be installed below the condenser.It seryes to
b .o.,ditio.,r in thc rcf circuit and accomrrrodatethe chargeof ref when the rest of the system
-tb is pumped out for repairsor alterations.Upright receiveris most preferredon board shiP.
Evaporatorcanbe operatedeitheron dr;'expansionor flooded
primary ref is the one employing primary ref becausecnly one ref is employed to cope
b directlywith the coolingload.
',
t
Failures:in caseof lor.vlube oil, low condensercoolingpressureand high ref discharge
I pressure- the variouspressstaton theselines interrupt motor current.
t
?
t
)
-,
-t t55
Q7 Drau a simple sketch to explain t
.1
t ely in ii6n*t
I
carsoholds. )
The vapor is drawn i" f. t
oir*q compression
strokethevapor iscompressed
:,,fi::1":.::::y]'11".
adiabatically, thusbeingcompreteiy evaporatedto a d;;;il;;;;
i
8 what are the mary and seconda ants? Where the seconda C
-(
Primary refrigerants:it.is a halogenated
hydrocarbonderived from methaneCH4 with I
hydrogen having beendisPli!"9 ty the
^cctzrz chtorine and fluoride. The resulting compound is
dichlorodifluoromethane aho known as Freon 72 , r22cHClF2 (chloflourmethane {
R11- Monoflouromethane (CCI3F2)
t
-i
a
secondary refrigerants areemployedwhere
the large installationand complex,to avoid
circulationof expensiveprimary'r.dig..un,
in tu.g. q'uantities.
It is cheapandleakagewill be -
detectedeasily
f
secondary ref is the one employing a non-volatile
mainly the reasonsof reliability. Large
quantities of primary ref is costiy if leaks*
t,"*p"r,r;rre and primarily ref chargeis greatly
reduced.
There is disadvai'rtageous that the tenrp cliff nonnaily about 5 clegat
evaporator' Thus larger comPressor the heat exchangera.d.
and greater L,r, prt is required because F
suction temperature. of lower
Calcium chloride t\
\
t56 .t
I
-t
t Brine: It is made up of calcium chloride with water. To make brine the calcium chloride
I should be broken down in to small pieces Density should be Regulated by the addition of
I caiciumchloride
Common salt (sodium chloride l.JaCL)may be used instead of calcium chloride in caseof
! e:-rrergency.But to prevent corrosionadding causticsoda ( NaOH)should treat it'
Newly *id" brine is alkaline.Afier being circulatedin the system it will however tum in
ID. acid The hydrometercan be used to checkbrine density.i2\AKg/M3 PH= 8'5
I
Brinepipesnray be galvanizedextemallybut not internally
o Fresh*ot"., which is formed when the brine pipesare defrosted,must be allowed to drain
I to the bilge .If not the insulationwould suffer.Odors must not be passedvia drainpipe in to
other purlr of the hold. This is allowed forming a drain trap in the pipe from the upper hold
t and sealingwith it r,r'ithheavybrine becauseit will still remainsas liquid and non-freezing.
t The brine absorbs heat from the cqrnpartmentsand returns to the evaporator and re-
circulated ,
t ' jr
| - . ,.^ / |
i l, N '(t, ) " . : L : . ' (aft{-:t' i' n:!''-'''
t
iL-'4
t Up,.
t
''.:,.
t ; 1.'.',,. r=r,jr,i' -i{ }*t .. /cr, .; .':i((^, d,, +'t 61"'*f l)r:!)n.,
'.. ,.t* .-: ','i -i /- I 6h l
,.y-o]
,+ f r'.1u'f(
t (i;. i,i".;,, ,i,.ly
/
wAg.-, il74.+t<g/
i*
I
; |
{Li '. ^f6{
,. rl€ret
L^ , r -l t/.
t,'//,toJ- C-/)(r,\r
3 luLr..(t,t'- o r.L S.t *tet d d'
C*t
)
-*,^r , 'il p f g) r , :V ,-',)r/ t:5i.1-'^,; C,":irTlg lho =^{q hn"$
UUL-
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['1 Rcfrigcntion
Guidc Book for Marinc Enginecr
REFRTGERATION SYSTEM:
The Refrigeration Systemconsistsof two parts:
a) Low Pressurc Sidc- The low-pressrre section containsthe evaporatorandthe sraion line.
bi- Higb Prcssure Sidc: Ttrc bigh pressureside containsthe dischargeling the conderser,the receiver and the
val"e-
liquid tinc up to tbe ecrpansion
. The pressrrechangcsfrom high to low irr the throttliag valve and from low to higlr in the conrpressor.
. T}e objeaive ofa re&igerationor air conditioniog system is to collcct heatfron a lo'x tempefatureareaand
rerrove it to a high temperature area.
,
Suaion side
I
I
I
) Furgi i,n"
liPi c,rtout
Sea '
Water
H I.P control switch
.r;.-.---t'-"t'
J
i (For large system )
Jr^
--tt
Fillingconnection Thermostaric
Room so!enoid exparsion
V irl VC valve
Sight
glass
I f Tc otlrcr Fan
I
J4fca7--, .q6
t-/ ('o Rooms Power
J .* t/t /
Hr/
2nra ct4- &-/o,l'
7.,.f.,., .Lplo-/
^.,
Sunply
J
Ilcfrigcration Cyclc:
Eh e / , . i <,e ^rt/ i /,t, l n ;>.1
I
J
t
TN 1 tU- olbd'.lNann'L
li t frigc r: tion
(itridc l.loo! for
M.rrinc[nginccr
t 0ilr[,r'cJtor:
1 - l r r c . ct y 1 r c so l c { ) f n r ) r c s s r r s
'lrrc t c rr(.d in.-..i^^.-r.:^-
,iil;'l:?;',::'i::;ru,i1:1;?trTi:nj":iiii':iT!F&ilil;',fr:;li:::?,;y
l.rrgcrcon,r),cisors
r",'.i^::1;:::j,*':ftj:j':,):::.1,.T
',i'it'
,;]1i.1,';,-i;,i.',f.f,it'o'""0.''"r".
rcciprocrring
ror.'yrnd c€nrriru8.1r.
'
r c c i p r r r c . r r i ^ gc o r r p r c s s o r i
";l;il;I;fi'fl[i::*:'il""'l *TJJ;:vr,r;:
ji:l:i.i a r c f i r r o < Jr v i r h p t a r c r ; 1 r cs u a i o n
( i t : t : : ) c i c 7lIn d r ' 1 v y ' s r r r r l l and di valvcq whosc largc
lifls'rlffcr rt.i-r,'rl;rt.ncc
ro rhc florv nr..f.i^^-schrrgc
[ J n l o : r d i n gA l c c l r a r r i s n r :
"
i:iff,"l :'J':if,,1;*:1i1il:::lrnorc cvrindcrs
during
srrnins
androrsrbscqucnr (
\ '
rordconrror
by
I l r . r s: r f e l l i n 8 s r r c t i o r r I
t ;tr;;:bcr
n r c s q r r . indicating
; " r , " L ^ ^ a^ rcduccd
--) .^ ) , ,
lord on thc sys(crn..ln bc
usc/ ro rcducc euromrric-a1y I
"i,;;;i;;;;Ifi']lt ihc I
C1'lindcr cot.r, i
S a f c r ys p r i n g , : ( i a s ' l - o
Dc.livqly yllyc
Suoion valvc
Unloadcr
R c f r i g c r a n ri n
Piston
I -i n c r
Oil To
i n',,1*j,.irr:
,:.t1,5ffi .il::,i
r l r l p r i i t co o t h c
b:lnlcs
:,j:1
il hor gasdisclu.rgclincs fiom
cntcrsthc largcrrcr of tlrcscpanior
thc comprcssor.
alio.r,s rlrcoil parriclcsto
l l r c , o i l r h c n< i n i n s
L , yg n v i t y r o t l r q b o 1 1 6 n 1
cr;rn k c.19c o f t h c v c s s c l u , h c r ca f l o . . ! lv J l v c c o n t r c l s f l o r v
to thc comprcssor
I - ; q u ^ , d- L i n c F i l t c r
' or f)rici.:
llrc filrcr{ricrs -a
o o , - . 1 1 fittcd
.f , t t r bctrvccn
t.,.-
l-orcign .rttcrs onn*t't llrc I
:';";ff :I*'h:iiu':;:1"*:tX',:::*Jl'ff";:..
pansard,.id.n,*;;'):lf*llffi
-fhc
" conrinon diriog agcnts.
found in r]rcfirtcr-<rricrs
arc acti'arcd aJumine or:iricr gcr.
Condcn:cr: -
" ln thc concicnsc:-.
han
to(hccondcrucr
circrraring
\va1.',
clusing
niiffi1;;1i,:;*;ff *'fi"::Jl,'f;;'utt"'""r
rrom
rhccondcnscr
l .:"R'*]Ill*:lI,:#?:::il:g-df:ffi;:'.ilT,'*1i,J,,,'.,iquid
Ir
anJ rhis rcduccstlrc .'ash
incrcass,u" *,.*'t n1,,,. or"nr;on va,vc.
J\ in rhc g" prcvcnringany 9n_ ;i;;
rl," ;;;*;:"*rhca( ,ar;ri""i".,,1,,, fromrhcc'E'ocarorroching
n**
Er.nporrtoc
vJpor;:.\,.,,,"f.,::ll::'-,-r:crr
: orvapori::!,on
r-rorn
rhcrcrrcruntring
aj!|lff::";:*tcranr
':vrPoraroc c,uld bc;t,lTlYn* circo.
rtu",'oj ', cdtrc{J rcr^6crarron
courd
bcoircc,;pc
,"r,;;:- inrhc t
#;;,:i'J:,n:fr Jj;,;[:il#.,i:x;J:;sair roomor
ir !
l
,
)
t Capilla4'rubc
fi fith rcfrigcraot
Rcrnotcbulb _->
I
I T L r o r r l i r r go r i i r c c
(
Iic6 igcranr
z\s liouid
.l
'j
rl
( ,*
I
I
I
pvaporaLli^
,l
',1 A C . j : :t i r r l
( :
\\,orkbg principlc :rf 6rprnsiou Erpaosioovalvc:
I ' vrl".lt-ottetrc
( I or crpansion vaivcs arc r'inodlo cnsurc rharthc corrc<rvolumc
1,J *.:tiqcr:nt.rcguJaioo
I'om thc hlg\ prcss'rc sidc of Jrc:ystcm'juough of tiquid rcfrigcrant
( i_:'
'. :t*t
,in passingduoupjr tbc valvc
to t}c low prcss,gc6/aponrorsidc.
-cfrigcraor -n"slts. thcrcij a ojdcn drop in-prcssrrc i".p.-orrc. rnd a propordon
rl of thc liquid
( t irr:oqas. ""a
' Exporuioo valvcs havcsrnall
l ' orificcs io ordcr to clrccr thc dcsircd prcssurcrcduaion-
( A5 tJrccxtransion yajvc is tlrc first
poinr in t}c rcfrigcrant cirarit u'wtrich Lp*" falls and if thc plant is
tcrtrpcr!rutc bclow 0'b. rn"n rny ,noirru* in
.l :I:itljls "'yalvc. thc cirorir will frcsc out and rlrc icc roay chockc the
( I
I crpansron
a ' Any au(ornaric conttol valvc
( mc(cring and oow of - liquid hes to bc sizcd to suit r-batpvtio.rlar flow and prcssrllc.
9rop in ordcr ro obrrin o4imum p.f;.;;
'-
'( I t!:t-orb(ic crprorioo v^lvc i, d;lg; to rnainrain! consrEnramounrof srpcr.hcatcd
ll" cvEPott'tor
urc rcrnpcran:rcai
.l
(i
outlct' Bccausc - of
- ' 'irs
- - sbility
- " " , to povidc full rcrr"ctir.
r r @ \ r v cr..sc
r s ccof all thc cvrpor.urorsrrfacc undo"
r l l l o a dc o n d i t i o n r . "na
(
Thc tcmPcreturc of
the cvaPoraloroutla aad thc tcmpcrEtuic orthc
tcmo(c valvc arc s:runtcd liquid-vrpour minurc in th{
( tbc samc- Hcncc thc p(6rurc cxorcd by thc fluid
in rhc bulb ii at*ays thc satuntion prcss.rrc
frl].Tj:: l" lF Ti.-,trnrrtd
' "v 'slru rsl s'ctunR
rmn n(urc a(rhc o<)in( oibutbcont-rcr
{. .5 donotlrou5i thc adjustingrcrcw; a rlaically rupcrhcatvrluc
wotrld rcs-rlt in chanics ir 6.6 .C. L-ordclrsngcs
irr supcrho-tof thc cvapcritor outlcd n" rcrnorc
a. ir.r. bulb rcnrcr tinc irrcssurcr*oul<l
ll* lr" aJfrcro.lrhcrbv..using rJ.rc valvc ,o ,lo ,o o toadchangc.
,f, 'l (hc cvoPorDtor
ir opioring wi"rhno -pd;a;;;;.rr.urc
rbovc rnd bclow rlrc di.pt*grn rrc oqua!.
s \:,! ir6w:i
''f
xjiri
( t
t
'!
( I
I
f
t I
I
{ I
i
(
Rcmotcbtrlb I
]l i
(
l-luorrling
orificc
:-]r--
;
(
(
pvaponatoa ,
Ilclrigcranr
As tiquid
f1f (
ti
Tltcn'os(e'icErp::nsiontrt;.;;;;;;;;;;;;::'
Vnl'copcration:
of rlrcc:pan_sion val.r,c.js
.irc lf1o_dc
t.hc..upcrl,catJ:r1s as follorvs:
s lo risc thc ncddic valv
ona tl* u.rr"l'
' ^ s,,.n.r,.i" .r*-,r:r,,*,,,,-.:::;;::: acdrcducc
Ll:c
supcrhc-r,
. o, i''" oi:lili".^,',o.. :i, .":,::]:"'
r'alvc
mevsnr6::r
rcgardrcss
irT:;ffifr.':T.,-"*. orrrrc
- Firstry ,-r:#:;ttr tobcmalruooionins:
' iu,'.1ffi""03"1n;?]i:::":ta
u"'"JrJ forrcaris :
'r'"'",i",oil'H'J:il?:.trff[f;,T;,1':,fi"?il,T.'r,,*l:::.rrr,c
varvc,
r,u,
no,on
ih.Lrrc,
sidc
rr {
j n ^ r l . O I a ( E r p a n s i o nV a l v c :
' Fiash offocqrrs (
' .r ,1" 1'-'.--,-
-Tl"torr valvc by raJc
Thc srcatcr uhc,^n1:
' thcrcraajndcrof
thcliquid t
Frasi,orrisa ross 9";;-.;1,ff;'.?:T;}?.'rrom
"1T,'""t* *'". 'r'' r;1,;J"iir""oi
: !;luid ;;;:;;;,:",:t|!i:: ""por* compro:lyducrotaljngrcssrarcnr (
bcat.
mavtal<c hcatrromrcrrwndin8
.,r-T::::.-1,:tt:t"H;-' aadrormrro,,oncxpansionvarvc
- rn rr,"'rc'oi;;;:""t Su.cdon
vspouc (
:i: tr\c
vapoLrrEr ,r," u"*;?l'^*. sJctionrzpour is
' drc suajon inlct of tJrc
Aflcr rhc ti<,uid;.h-:"! l:Tp.-,"'; ;;;;'*J:chcd comprcssorasa sarurarcd
["i.*l]"i-"f, n'JillHffiH#T*J"TLil.T,ljh',.jr:.;;il,:pourua:a,y I
- i:3^:?#rtron_irsris.brry morc.
*'" isconsidcra (
. fi g,?';l'il:,rt "*"{i$'nl;: ;T :.'-Tr:
condcn'.r.
bIvhisrrcr
riscraar "
- ;; ;l;TJ.rhc
Effccr^o f su b.<oolin
g ( li <
ryncn thc tiquia Rcfrigcnn(:
r " . " " I q u i d .,
ir i"-L-r.a'. "rScrrn( sultcootco bciorc
r( rcachci rhcrcfrioar,^r ^^
j*@@.;#'d;:;;;
. Tott
,occr^uscofthtgrca(cr re'i^^^.:-*ww'orct(rcachcithcrcrriScrartconlrolthcrcfrigo-anrcrrrctpcrunir
taauf,GT' i
(
I
(
I
d
l.
ll
lr
I
I Rcfrigention .
'*-i.t,{'.$
, if;'r!.irJit:.;l
Sealing Transformer
solenoid
Sealing crntact
NC = NormailyClose
N O = N o r m a l l yO p e n
Vapour - Comp4ession
Cyctcon Prcssurc- Entbalpy Diagram:
Pressurc
l6 bar
3.2 bar
Entp'1lnY,GJ.fBe!.'e$gTit),")i,,.'.',
I - 2:.Evaporator: E:rtra-ctionof bea! from the meat room (as an cxa:riple) ous.r llguid to .rrap_b*.1ra*formatiog
:r
: . . . . i n e v a p o r a t o r a ! ' . | 3 j c - . . : . . . . _ ' ' . ' . . . , . - . .' -: . - .' . ' .
2-3:CompressonWorkdoneincompressdi.';>-'':':.,: ..i. ,.'. ,
3 - 4: Condensen Vapourto liquiit trarsformation in condenser ar 4Z"C by energy thrown at sea.
4 - l: Erpan,rion Valye: Throttlingat the expansionvalve.
Refrigcrant Lu bricant:
' l-ow pour pcint uzua.lly- 42"C.
. Flgh flash poiot 235 "C.
, Density 900 kg /m+.
' Good iubricati-ngpropcrries.
' The viscosityshouldnot be af!'ectedseriouslya! low temperature.
' Must be &ee from moisnueunderall conditionsto preventplanrcorrosionand Feezingat expansionva!ve.
Rcfrigcration
::t:? 1:t
1"1,'1{ilsF
'a
,tL o164ulX,,a'aid.
:I Goidc
Rcfrigcra tion
Book for Marine Engincer
eiil-ffio. SlrorrCYcling:
f Dciectivc lerv prcssurcconlrollcr'
is too small
) ;;;;;;;;;" l n r r o l l d i { T i e e n r i a(lc u t i n c u t o u r )
l. Restriction of rcfrigcrant supply'
4. Rcfrigerant charging too small'
5. LeakY refrigeratio.n Plant'
6. Too mtrch cooling watcr lo condcnscr
valve cloggcd
7. Equalizing line to exPansion
valve and is high
back-prcssr'rrc
; Stocted
"lpunsion
9. Expansion valv-ewronglY set' , .
10. Expansion valve gives large superheat'
val'e'
i i. ioi"nola valve leiks or lcakydischarge
12. Frosting up / clogging evaporalor'
, E x c e s s i v e f r o s t i n t h e s u c t i o n l i n e i s c a u s e d b y r h e m a l f u n c t i o n o f e x p a n s i o n v a l v e . evaporation temperarure is
by iow evaPoration pr"r*i" and very tow
. Low evaporation temperature_isachieved
achievedby two stageof cooling system'
y":H"#J|j,trtji:h r-'h-e'.evefe
atsccriors point'
wii!freezc
sysrem i:ilT:::.::5j"J3:'ing
be starved and the
shut position' The waporalor would
' Moisture may freezethe cxpansion*t,,. inll
ill *tout on low suctionPressurecontrol' evaporator' high
p.tj,;"i. ft it t"itt res.lt in over feeding of the
, Moistr:re ^^y fre.ithe valve in its oPen
"ornpro*t't
to't}re comPressor'
srcdon pressureand probabty liquid carry over running gear
oit film h the systemrezultingin beariugfailuresantl
, Moisnrre*y ul*-Ur'J aoo. tuUri*ring
damages-
fg$fl:lU''$':"'
2. Halon I-amP
'*) nan?
3. Po;tableEtearonic Leak Daecrion Equipment
'.JiuarcnicLeak Detefiicn Eq'uiprneni
4. Fixed
Phnt is lo usea leak detectionlamp'
. A quickerand moresensitivemethod for Frdn
or colortess and impingeson a copperplate'
. The flamc is no.rntif-t a paje blue
. T r a c e s o f F r e o n p i c k e d u p b y t h e e x p l o r i " ; ; ; g i u e s r ' h " n ^ - " u p " r " g r c e n c h a n g i ; g t o v' i"o t c :t f' o
: : "t 'H' 'sr o' . ' , , : :
;;;;;',i"".'
TH E EN-vfRONMENTII L ISSL!-E:
.ozoncdepletionintheupper$rarosphereispresentlyo:reofthemajorproblemsfacing.theenv.rronmenta|
scientists. -,r-^^r-^c-:--,
plantsthat u: chlorinebasedrcfrigerantsvtz'
, Emissionsfiom rclrigcrationand air conditioning
(HcFCs) are now implicatedto be someof the main
chlorofluorocarbons(cFcs) and i-lydrochlofluoiocarbons
causesof this ozonedePletion' of all
to recycling of their CIC stock controlemissions
. The refrigerationplant opcralorswill haveto resort refrigdrant'
an :!ternalive environment friendly
CFCs and ."""ruJfiy pfr'n foI-rf," transirionro
l 0zone: 90ozt'ofthc
ozone is e hluish gas that is harmful to breatheNearly
ozonc is a gas conrposcdof I atoms oforygcn. a band of radiati'ln
r-;ltraviolct
to as ozo.c l"yei- Otone absorbs
Earth,sozonc is in thc stratosphercan<iis rcferrcd most UVB kom reaching the
Thc ozone layer prcvcnts
callc<JUVR rhat is parlrcularlyharnrful to living organisnr
ground.
I f.'lcsosphcrc50 -. 80 knr
J
( ) z o n c p r o t c c t su s f t o m t h c s u n ' sI J V r a d i a t i o n
S t r . r t o s p h c r cl 5 - 5 0 k n r .
I
)
I
I Eartlt
'froposphcrc plrnts
0'- l5 knr: Ozonc can damagc lungc tissuc and
O z o r r cD c p l e r i r rIg, o r c n t i a( lO D p ) :
' ozone DepletingPotentialis a numberthat refcrsro rheamounl
of ozoncdcpletioncausedby a substance.
' The oDP is thc ratioof the impaa on ozoneof a chcmical
comparcdro theimpactofa similarmassof cFC-
il.
. Thus,rheODP of CFC -l I is definedto be 1.0.
. OrherCFCsand HCFCshaveODps rharrangefrom 0.01 _
1.0.
' T',hehalonshaveoDPs rageuP to I q carbon tarachloridc
basan oDp of I .2 and merhylchloroform,s0. I I .
.. FIFCshave"0" ODp becausethcy do
not containchlorine.
F
*r"
R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g a n d V e n t i l a t i o n
CHAPTER - 7
Contents
Preface
l. Ce nel-,il
2 . Refrigeration
2 . 1 . P r i n c i p i eo f ' l { e f i g e r a t i o n
2.2. VapoLrrCorr',pressiou
System
2.3. DesirableProperticsof Refriger.ant
2.4. Properliesof'comnronlv used Refriger.rriit
.
2 . 5 . S e c o r r d a r yI l c t l ' i e c r a r r r s
2.6. Coefficient of Perfornranceof a ltefi.igeratiouDlanl
2.1. TroLrbleshooting ilt a RefrigelationIi'ril
Air Conditioning
3. I . General
3.2. Single-duct-airConditioningSystenr
3.3. Maintenancc
4. Ventilation
Ilcfrigeration, Air Conditionirrg and Ventilation
I. GENtriTAL
GII,N IIi{AL
:r cilrnge of tetnpet'atttre.
). REFRIGER,{TION
,,,7
P r i r c i p l ^ o f R cfri g e-a ti o n :
i.e. in f i r i s c a s c a b o t t l c o f '
t o v a p o r i s et h e l i q u i d C O . r . v i l lb c t a k c t t fl'onr thc sun'otttrclitrg
\\'atcr.
and Ventilati<ln
Refr cration, nir Conditionin
rl'
. I
)i
.1S
figure 7'l Principleof Refrigeraiion
2.2 V a p o u r C o rn P re ssionSYstem:
(b) is that the cylir:ler rvill
The only drarvback in the exaurpleshownin figure7'1
is rccrrarged
an,Jcooringeffectriill stopunlesscyrincrer
beco'ree'rpty of co, liquid soo'
.,''at
with tiuther liquid CO''
of t e e s c a p i r l gv a p o L l r sa r c
Sl'sletth
I r r a c t u a ls y s t e l l lc a l l e c lV c t p o t tCyo r r t p r e s s i o t r
the gasat a compressor atrdfollowcd iry'
condensecl backto iiquid fornr by first compressing
coolirrgoi.gasatac<ltrdensel.Liquicltlrusforrrrediscollectcclattlrereccivet.at
rvaythe cycleis completed'
coil tlirougha throttlevalve. 1'his
to cVapofator
rvaterbottle'
rcfcr sl'stetrl'instearlof cooling the
r\nd as showtr in ttr" figui'c 7.2,'fhe
hcat is taketr au'it1'
ait'arotttrclthe coil' This rlay te-f'ct'ctu'{tt
thc caru,ctis coolcd b.v circr.rlatirtq
b;' r'aporisingliquid reiiiqeratrt.
Rcfrigcratiott' C o n r l i t i o n i n ga n d V c n t i l a t i o n
...( ,
li t, ..{
L
.\ * ,5' L
I
*
$
( \;r l1
=Tl--i+l
, n , .v,
r-1r
I
I
Cr"-laJ'J
C.^'V
f* ,-c''ow\-
,/ I
I
,/ I
J I
'Iggea'i e<
-i f'
\'1lt ''
\'5
tigrrre7.2 S1'sietl
Vapoltt'Cotttptessit-rtt
CU' any otircr'li'iirefie-l gits' attcl
In above exattlple\\'c cotlld use iusteadoi iiqtreiiecl
'a '
callecl re.ft'igeruttt lr
rriratcvergas we ulay Lrse.rile gas wi ll bc
e(
Refr iger ant) :
2.3 D e s i r a b l e p ro p e rti e so f a R e fr iger ant ( Pr ir nar y
yaporiscat the eyaporatorcoil to catlsecoolilg'
l. As explailed ear'licrthe liqrridhas to
v a p o t ' i s ee a s i l r ' o t h e r r v i s et h e
T h e l i q u i d a 1 t h e c \ a p o r a l o l c o i l s h o r r l ctll t e t ' e f o r e
to causcthc liqtrid to VaPot'isc'
corr'ressor-u,il[ hare to createtoo nruch of vacuttttr
-l'htrs.'Boilirr.qPoirit' of refrigerantshould be lorv'
.
conrpressor has to c()n'rJlress the cirarvu gases,to tb|rl therl back
2. PressuLcto rvhich -fhus.
shoulribc lo$. reqttiretl-Ieut of .99!'l't'ts!t1gpressure'
irrto liqr-riclat thc crtnricnser. 't'6at
is rell'iscra't uupoui* ' iy
should be lou,.
fq-j'.r3lglus
condetlsable .
Vap()r lsc([tlrc c v a p o r a t o t ' c o islioulcl l takc it.''''aY
Ilvery ki loc,l'anr0l' I iqtriclIclii u'ct':trlt '
' l i i t ' : ' t ' i f 1 t 'i ' ' t r t l t u l l t . t of' lttpori.strliott ( l a t e n t h e a t ) o f
a lat'qc arrrotllll o1'ltcat, r-c.
shotrldbe high.
reliigc_rarlt
:-::::frG
I
I
I
I
Othcr clc,sirable
propcr.ties:rr.c:
'c,) -tI 5. irlon-(lilrlosivr-.
i 7. Srablc.
I
-,rlO\r 8 . N o u - l l a u r n r a b l ca n d n o n - e x p l o s i v c . (
,-{
9 . C o r t t l ; i r l i b l rer r i h g 1 ' ^ ' ) lci a s eo i l , o i l s e a l s . i . e t s ,n r e t a i si n t . r l v e d .c 1
i !((
\l
It). I:asi' lcak detr-'ction[1-rssiblc.
.-'
I l. Non-1oxic.
I l . E n v i r r n l l c u l i r l( [ J c o l , . . : i c a fl )i r c u c l l r,',.
l - i . C h c - a 1et .a s i l ya v a i l a b l ea u d c a s i l v s t o r . e d .
2.4 I)l'olrcrtics
"!' Conrnronl\ use(l Refr.iger:rn{s
l ( c f i s c l a n t s - i s e da r c C a r b o r td i o x i c l e .\ 4 e r r ^ i c h l o l i c l e .A u t n r c r n i aI.i e
l i i g c r . a r rlti-
( F l e o t t - lI ) . R e f ' r ' i g e l a i , t - 112, - l2 ) . R c l L - i g c r . a n t -( ?i :?l 2 ) .
Sr. Nanre of Gas Ozorte depletion Global wartning Effectivelife cf gas Altei'native.
No potential pcteirtial when reieascdinto
atnrospherc
Fmc-l3iA
S'vj'
-s I
o c''
-
1 v 1
la
I
l-
S .i0 .r t{
')A- |
?:'-\t i/ i
tx.,4*\,O.r.F,.r
C.a :'p(.
1i..61 g. .,v-"
Figure7.3 Refrigeration
s1'stem rcfrigerant
of a reefership,usingbrineas secondary
r Conditioningand Ventilation
1-hcprirnaryrefiigera'tscan be very
searching,
trratis theycanescapetSrour,.rr
clearairccs,sc il is csscrttial nrirrute
to kecptlic ntttnberof possibleleakage
poi*ts to a r.i^i.r.r'.
s y s l c n l u s n r g l l r i n e f < r ra l l c f c r
Ship:
PrirnaryI{eiriger':rrrt vaporiscs at theer,:;pcrator coir causingbrineto coor. lle gets
c o o l e dt o a b o u t- r : o c a r r di s c i r . c . l a t e c r
t o t r ' r e f e r h r ; r c r sB. y c c n t r o i l i n rgr r c
fi lie t-'f
b.inc titrottgheaclrilolc at tltt retrii'''.'alves.
can (lontrorthe teurperature ', irold,
(figtrrc7.3).Norrr.alpre,,^111s "ve
and;c,r11pslatrr;e if sea\\,.,ter te'rperature is 22"C i r/ll.
Ilr.ine is r, ,rdeb), ,_nixing, . i i g .
o f c e : -i u m c h rride in I ltr. of
freshwa,- -; the
percentageof calcium chloricle ;ncreased
ii ihe free ; r g p c i n t o f t h e r e s u l t a n t
'fhus will
decrease . rl,:tendin:_on lor,,,_'',i ternperartrre
the , r i n er v i l l e x p e r i e n c p
ee, rr.
calciunr chloridc rnay bc .,ciiustecl : of
;r. calciultr.:hloridt.waterurixturc.
Inhibitorsto ,,,ent
corrosion are also added.
2.o
R e f i ' ,- , : p 2 t i u n P l a n t :
ti,Y
\3';1J
,
t r , f u t c l - l Co,:lllcicnt
ol' pcrfcrnurncc of. a fteli'igeration plant.
R e f r i g c r a t i o n , A i r C o n d i t i o n i r r ga n d V c n t i l a t i o n
f r--_r-
-._-l
I
I
I
I
-._J
\v v-)-\..: 'i
I S'tr\r..t .t tr {
L v tlc'l rrtr
I
l \r'
Fiqlrr',..
7.-5 l)o:ncsticIlcfi.ise
r.atior)
syste
nl
-.4' -*
lf:+".s.r; -,r",.si..fi.
'*:,_ -r r''
..,
: ,: .. .. . i
e
,f
'flre
prirnar.yrefi'igeralrtscan be very
searching,tlrat is they can escapethrouqlr
c l e a r a i t c c ss,o i t i s csscritialto rtrirrutc
kecp tlic number of.possibleleakaee
p o i n t st o a r r . i n i r n i r n r .
I r - 1 2 s y s t c r nr r s i r r gb r i n e l b r a
llcfer Ship:
Prirnarylie iiige..rlt vaporiscsat
the er,',pcrator coil causingbrine to cool. ,re gets
c<loledto about -'rioc arrcris circulatecr
to thc refer rrr;rds. By controiling
tlrc {r :rr-e'f
bri'c titrottgh eaclr ilold ar tlt': rettii* r.'alves..,ve
can ()ortrol the teurperaiureo,
(iigurc 7'3)' Norr.al pte'r^ureand rr,r11ps1atrr;6. iiold,
if sea\\,.'ter tenrperatureis 2z"c i ,/r1.
B l i n e i s r , . r d eb ) ' ' t r i x i n g ' , i i g .
o f c : : - i u n : c h -rridein I ltr. of
freshwa.- ; the
percentageo1'calcium chloricle
ir increasedihe frec ;-rgpcint
of the resultant ,\,ill
decreasc.'l''us rr,:te'di,:- on
lor,,,.,,itemperarrrre t'e , r i n et v i l l e x p e r i e n c p
ee, rr. ; of
calcitrnrc,hloridcrnay bc .,djustecl
;r. calciull .:hloridcivaterurixturc.
Inhibitorsto ,,/ent
corrosion are also adclecl.
C o n t m o n s l . l t - b r i r r cl t j s ) , i r e u s c d
ultrlc.rextrci,ieentergenciesas
a re;rlac :rttt
ruotthe s,:.,r.vater. Seawatctis corrt_.:iveand ba<
5sale-f.,lning 1;i.rrpe11ies.
Aiso sea,
not have sufflcier,i,vIow ri.eezing oes
noint.
2.6'
R e f i ' t- . : r a t i o n p l a n t :
-\la'r'
c.,N6L!'i\'.1 'tq
"{
C.5i '
ligure 7 ,X Coe1]-icicnt
ol [)crI'cril:rr.tccof a fteli'igerati plant.
on
Rcfi'igcration, Conditioning antl \,/entilation
Q, a. o
llcat lake:iiby l(cli.igeLarri + Hc:tt izri..rnlr-v
Rcfl iqcfarrt - I { c a t q r v c r r c . r r ii ' : ' . i i , i ; i , r ^ r ' r r r t
llc'nr cargo at cvaitOraiorCOil lt culltl)l.,Jssol. lo sea,,!.atefat C O ti ( i ( 1 1 : i C i
I L c f e ru r i t i s l i k e a l i e a t r ) u r u p .r u r i i ' g r r c , r t
fi.o'carso a r , r lp u n r l t i n c i t i n t o s c i r .
_-iP
_--_-)
Q, r- a. =O
xl
Coelljcicnt of
l
- -Cloolirrgi:lli:ci-
i)cr'{bnnance(CoP) W",k .k *
I l e a t t r l < e nb 1 , R c l i - i r ui a
l l rtr tn
1 or r t r c i t r - q o: t l e V a l ) o l . a t o rc t r i l
t tcat t' t:en tfil.e ti-igc,,r,il;r c,;1rt.,e;so;
ox ' l
o)
'fl'oublc
S h r i o r i n gi : r a f t s 1 , . 1 U c r : r l i U
l r rpi i , -
\-. 'C) {) $ (n" !:, '
ou\
H P c ..-\ s*4
St,.c*-^ Vr .5u., r*C V. B,z r tt \,'t
6 \t
c- L!.r. o\t --.r.g \-.
i , . 1 ,\, v
,.,r.rtcr-t ?,,,,"r
/ \]
/.J
Cr,u\ jh{*i.5- /
/" /
_j
\./ \,).\.) .i
S'trt".t.ts {
---r I Y oq) wr
| r . - -t-o. -u-t s i * ^/''t'' ( ir- l
i -- - - -- - - - - -| ]
I_ _ \ _ _ * r _-_ _ -
I| I - li ./l\ l
I
^ I I it,
R<c.zivA t- I
I
____j"__Da
I
___]
\ c w t , -' ,\
S( t^-'' o '{
F i g l r r - 7 . - 5 I ) c : n e r s t i Ic{ c f i . i s c r . a t i o n
svstcl)l
Refrigeration,Air Conditioningand Ventilation
['r'orrtrles
iir a rcl'crsysterrr l r e i d e n t i l l c ciio g i c a l l yi i ' t h c u , o r . k i r roqi ' t h c s y s t e n ri s
rurrclclsloocl.
Rctclirig to figur.e7.5 'uvolkirrrl oi s-ystcnris :
Ciicc iite |oor1lis loadcd (in this casc tllc nrcat is loaded iu
ureat roonl), thc licluicl
I'elligcrarttat the er':tlltlratot'coilwill up hcat flonr thc carqoand vaporise.\/aporir.'r.essrl.c
Pick
: t t c o l l r l ) r e s s o t ' s t t c t iw o ti l l i n c r e a s e , ' s t r c t i o n
l ) r ' e s s u :l r' ci g h ' ( . , . , Sb a r ) s * , i t c ! r , , , , i a
l l c t t * i l et 6 c
l l l o t o t ' s i l i i ' i e aI r t c i ' h cl l l ( ) t o rl ' , ' i l l c t r t i r r . T h c , j o l i l p r ' c s s ( ) r ' r v i i i
t r u s r u p , c l r . a * , i r rqga - sl i . o , r
e"'iiPotator'coil al'd purlrpiiigtcl-r'iqeraitt back to the evaporatorioil tlrroLrqh tlrc :c.de'scr.:rrid
lll
thlottlevalve.
-l'he
plani will coirtinr-le operatinglike this. cooling the nreatroonr till fhe telr'er.atur.c
o f r r o t r lc o l l l e sd ' i ' n t o , l o C - a t r v h l . r p o i n t t h c t h e n n o s t a l ' , , , i i r
c a t i : , :t h e s o , r o i dr u l i c S ,
to shtrtolL lrlo'r' of lioilid to cvapol'rrtor coil rvill.stop,Suctir,,ipr.es,r:lre at c(,,:lpr.essgr. rrlct
will d|o1lattd cotnllressollr-ill ctrtoffon'!ou, sr-rction
I pressllre'(i.5bar.).Agai' o'ce tlc r.oorr
tcnllleratttt'c risesto -8'C. tlte solertoirivalve S, u,ill open,storc.-i refrigc'ra'tfr,.r r.eceirer.rvill
I
I
f l o $ ' i n t o c v a p o f a t o rc o i i a n d v a p o r i s e .c o n r p r e s s ow r i l l c t : l i n a g i . : nb e c a i . . ro
I
. l.'srrcliorr
I llrcs:irrrehiqh' srvitcliactuatingthe r .otor sl,. ,er.
'lroubles
a n c l t r o u b l e s h o o t i n gi n a r e f e r s h i p .
l. W h e n t h e r e f e rp l a n t b y i t s e l f i s u,orkinqrreri,well,
but roonr is not beenas,3to rnairrtan
a rcqrriredlolv tenrper.ature.
Itcasons:
l.l I'g'ess of exter'al rreattlr'orrqrrope' door.
or open crrai..
I.2 Irgrcss o1-exter'al rreattrrrorrqlrirrproper.ilrsulatio'.
1 I
#
Rc:rscns:
thus flow of heat frottt cargc to in the
2.1, Ira^.ot rvorking oi is uralfirnctioningand
c v a p o r a t o rc o i l i s t n i s s i n g '
2.2 l:zr-tis wolking satisiactorilybtit cargo not storeclproperly to lct hcat
Rcasons:
or malfiurct;']t'ling(choking because
3.i Expa'sion valve, solenoidvalve, pipelinesetc chokcr;
is flo'r'ing into cOil'
of oil, dust, ice etc.), u'ith tlte iesult rlo liquid refiigerate
- of lorv charse(i.c. gas has leakedoff;
3.2 At t5e receiver itself tirercis nc liquid because
lo"i' sea$ater pressttreor choker'
or lack of coldelsatiou (i.e. high sean'atertenrperature.
compressilrg(i.e. piston.liner. rines, r'alvesof colnpressor
co*denser)or in - suft-rcient
tssltsetc. Ilot givitl-qstrff-rcient
are r.iralfunctiopiugor courprcssornrotor. conlDressol'
revoiutions).
5.sl,sterrrltrstrunretrtatiort,Autonratiolr&Corrtrollailure.
-
J. AIR CONDITTONTNG
3.1 General
in which to r'vork
T6e cr.ew of the s6ip urr-rstbe provicledrvith rcasortableconditiotls
a sr'rfficientmeasure of copditions
reqarillessof tirc rveatftcr.Temperatttrealone is rtot
tttoretruiy
uith telttperatttrc
accc'table to thc hunian Lrody.I{clativchuniiclit},inconirrctiolr
cletcrnrinestirc cnvilonl.tlclttlbr ltttulatrcotltfoll.
' ' - ' ' ditioningand
Ventiiation
bt-'>
i\ Mr'ri''^'1
'>) (c,..r
'3
) €.'-L+. <'^'.J
'-'-I
\ ) crrtr t-\
6 ) Huu...'&t *^
) ) \4€a*q.'r
8i ,Uttc1-t 11
<; Ai .r ..r',i{ .r(
M a i l t t c l t i t r r ctcl f t h e a b o v e s y s t e n rr v i l l i n v o l v e t h e u s u a l c h c c k s
on the running
n r a c l t i n e r la' n c lt ' l r cc l e a n i r r go f f i l t e r s .A i r i l l , ) r si n t h e c c n i r . arl r n i t s
a r c r r s r r a l l t , * , a s h a bbl uc t
R e f r i g c r a t i o n ,A i r C o n d i t i o n i r r r r n d V e n t i l a t i o n *
t
4. VENTILATION
Strpply ,;l'li'eslrrlittrcatt:dlrir lltrouqlrI slxrccis c a l l c c vl c n t i l l t L i o rrr\.i l i l o c s c i r c t r l a t t :
n a t r r r a l l yb c c a u s co i ' c h i r r r q ci n i t 5 1 s 1 i , t r - r . icr tat rnrt lt h r r : ; . r r s i t l . I ( c l a t i v c l vl r o l u i r i s l i g l r t
and
will thereforelili uprvar.cls
ltushinecooler and heavier ;r dorvrtrvards.
Mechenicalor. lirr.ccd
ventilation uses fans lbr. a positive l.lloveutentof larp,.
l u a u t i t i e so f a i r ' .N a t u r a lv c n t i l a i i o r r
is sufficient for snrall ltiaceslike srlrall store roour oi orkslrop,but for [areespacc
rvhcr.c
nrachincryis gtrcsent()i.a nulnbcr.cl-neople llc r,",cl.l '
c, iblcei! r.,entilatiopis er1plo.,,ed.
t'
I
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I
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Flindustan Institute of Maritinre Training
Chennai
RefiiserationandAir Conditronrns
Boiling point:
a^\
Thiylthe tehperar state to vapour. In common usagethis
temperatqfe
re\s gfhe.si pressure.If the atmosphericpressurevaries, the
borirng pqtnt (wili€h is aiso at which vapour rvill condense) also varies. Thus by
b pressure,vapour can be condensedat temperaturesabove
the ambient whichmakesvapourcompression
rycle possible.
Soturation p resflv,1,1 an\temperatu re:
,/'
At different pressuresof the refrigerant, the temperatureat which the liquid will boil into
vapour, (or the '.'apour u'rll condenseinto liquid) is called as the saturation temperaturecf the
refrigerantat that pressure Similarly, For a given temperature,of ihe refrigerant.the absolutepressure
at wtrich it will boil or condenseis calledthe saturatronvapour pressure.
Vapour in contact with its liquid, will be at the saturation pressure correspondingto the
temperatureof the liquid
Super heat:
Suh-coolirrg:
5k
Hindustan Institute of lVlaritine Training
Chennai
Superheating and sub cooling rs possrble.only if the vapourand liquid are not in contactwrth each
other ln otherrvords,the refrrgerantsho'lld 6ewholb, vapour beforeit can be superheated endwholll'
litluid beforeit can be sub coolcd
Humidify
Absolute humili4,:
Relutive humiditl,:
This is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapour ln un lume 'air to the amount of
vapour neededto saturateit at that temperature.When relati nudiry/rs 100 % the arr is f.rlly
saturatedwith water vapour
Refiigemtion Sys
T-hefunctionhf th:
--i-t
Hindustan tnstitute of Maritinre Training
Chennai
What is undercooling'
rs.' \\ )
Tracesof oil that entertire condenserwrll settleon the cooling surfacesand fall to the bottom
as liquid with the condensedrefrigerant.At the expansion'.'alve,the refrtgerantwril changeinto a
.,opor..but mostof the oil rvill remainas liquid,with slighttracesoitl,e lafterpassingout as a [ow-
pressurevapoui i,,ith the suctiongas It would quickly concentrateirr the evaporator'reducingheat
iransi-erand causingsystemmalfunction.
t , - ._
i-
Hindustan Institute of Nlaritinre Training
Chennai
the orl
Methodsof limiting oil accumulationin the evaporatorCependon the easeurth n'hich
and oil are miscibie separate dratnage due tc
and refngerantmix and thei, densiiies.Since fieon
needto be lubricated, some amount of oil cirrl over ts
densitydifferenceis difficult. As compressors
good condition (lrner \\'ear'scraper
inevitable.It can be minirrusedL'y nnintaintngthe runninggearin
rings, piston etc) avoiding short cycling etc An efficient oil separetor helps recoverthis carnedover
oil-ani put back to the sump Also. from a designpoint of vier.r', a minimum continuousflurd velocity
of 5 to i ntlr in all partsof the crrcuitis requiredto keep the oil moving (and not stagnate)
OIL SEPARATION:
To reducethe amountof the oil that is carriedaroundthe circuit,an oil separatoris fitted in the
a drum tangentiallY to
dischargeline. The hot errteringgas is madeto impinge on a plate or lruly
force. Some 95 to of thtp enng
entenns oil
oll lrlay
may h
ne
lose much of the oil on the surfaceby cartrifugal
separatedfrom the hot gas and fall on to the bottom of the drunl retumedto the crankcaseof thg
compressor.The oil refurn line may be controlled by a float(alve, or a orifice In either case,
this devicemustbe backedup by a solenoidvalveto ryea1tl!ry*ffutr tth{ the campressor stops,
sincethe separator pressure
is in the discharge line andthe oil\umR is af p
lucttotlftesstu
\.\
On shutdown,high-pressur. g^lo-,(;\Eurq,", \",fu'";r
\]f coh{
r'pstaft\ thi
to dilutethe oil in the bottom Whenth! co*qressi'qrpsta\\
and ,ome,
this\ilpted
*t},ndense into liquid
oil'wi{l passto the sump.In
orderto limit the dilurion,a hpa6r\ .o\"t otNnftd{ fitte\{ in {r\ase$ the separator. For urstallanons'
$hich may
wtuch may be,
De, vary sery\rtiu\rou"\n1r\'""\\it,
vary seryiluve a t\o-\rydoil.separalor-3" !: fitted rh1
f*\o jj\ auo\ th\ond\s'\
second stage cools tpelgas\o temferaYure and uproee.lyo of the entrained
;ii; be removed.\\
oil can u".""-ou"a. \
/'\\\
\
out and
islot oif rru\qciU\harc\ oilV-carriedover by the refrigerantseparates
n(rmonl\ is-n-d
accumulatb at thd b ottom-pl-condgnse\ an -€vaporator
Effect of
Different refri different water solubility characteristics.For examplg Arnmonia can hold
large quantities q in solutroq but most other refrigerantsexhibit much lower solubility levels
ThLe levels further get ieduced as temperaturesare reciuced.If the moisfure present in a system
exceedsthe solubiiity limit, it wrll exist as free water.
Free water will freeze at tenperatures below its freezing point and cause blockages. In addition
moisturecausesother problems.
Preventilg moistureingress.
'r or
duringcotrtmissiont'tg
Systemshouldbe evacuated thoroughlybeforetakingref'rigerant,
after malorrepairs
'.
Drier units ntustbe fitted beforethe expansionvalveand nraintainedin good condition
'r
Keep systemtight zurdcheckregularlyfor laaks
il
Hindustan Institute of Nlaritirrre Training
Chennai
,, Careis to be takenw,henchargingoil, so that only oil from an arr tight containeris used
/ \\,'hrletoppingtl!rgas,aiwa;-schargethrougha drler
E X P T \ N S I O NV A L V E S :
\"\\
:"**::"'^()r\,
'(i*X*Y:-1"*"\
o{
nesirahl2ffoqerties refrigq.raz{;'\
I. Hr.ghCodfficiengqff er\nrarqe--2
2 Volumenowz6quiipdto girvea"grvar
The|rinrary\efriger\tg,rh6thavebeenin useare
a) Cr-es (Ch\oroFltioroCarboru)suchasR-l l, R-12
b) HCdQs At*to fluoro carbons)suchas R-22
c) Irfixtuidcf theselike R-502
d) Partially halogenatedhydrocarbonslike R-132a
e) Ammonia( R-717)
0 co2
R followed by a two digit number denotesa refrigerantderivcd from Methane (CH4). the first digit
beingthe numberof Hyd,ogenatornsplus l, the secondbeingthe numberof Fluonneatoms.
R follo*,ed by a three digit number ( the first number being l) denotesa refngerantderivedfrom
Ethane (C2 H5) , the secondnumberbeingthe numberof Hydroganatomsplus I . the third digit being
the numberof Fluonneatcms.
ufiich is a tttirttrre
R lollou'eclby theedigits(thefirst beirrg-s)denotesa refrigerant
Hindustan tnstitute of Maritinrc Training
Chennai
ario ,/
rnoaia"riuoioioJoLruott, .t'
FIC calledtrifluoromethyliodide,oV/ $C-t:t t
trifluoroiodomerhayr^i
\,-\ \ \
\- \t , '\
\ta \
alternat,"^
andRefrigerant
ozonedepletion
\ \ \, \
'\-.')
(.-' \\ \ \
The 0zone Layer
Governments fnes are kins acticn ic reduce the emission of chemicals that destroy the
ozone layer.
Both CFCs and HCFCs can deplete the ozone layer. When releasedinto the air intentionally or
unintentionally, they slowly rise into the atmosphere.Between 15-40 kilometres above the earth's
surface,the sun's ultraliolet rays break down the CFC a-.tCHCFC molecules.This createsa harmful
chlorine by-product (chlorine monoxide), which can destroy ozone molecules- Each chlonne
moleculescan destrcytensof thousandsof ozonemolecules.Thesechlorinemoleculescan remainin
the ozonelayer causingdamagefor 60-400years.
f \')
t.^; (>
Hindustan lnsfifute of Ntaritirrrc Training
Chennai
IIF'Cs
H-vdrofluorocarbons (HFCs) liar,e been developerlas a fanlly of zero ozone depletion (ODP)
refrigerantsto replaceCFCs and HCFCs in nrany refrigerationand arr conditioningapplicanons.
PopularHFC refngerantsare listedin Table2
HF i-:- 1 .1.4..r
.'Fl 'l *a.-{ari
R-+i-'7(-: H(---.F,:-:-:rZ
; l , . fl : r i r - ! i - _ r ft s l F ( . , : _J : , . H F i _ - . _
1 )'7. HF (-:- t .-a..{:ri
F;-l l rliA F.;i1 11;'.t'
i l : . 1 , : r r , - lr : f H F { _ j : r 2 . S : ;=cit-tiptnl ,=nt
't
HF i_; 25 i 'Jrlriglrs ;-rtll;
R41lJA a:Ft:-12
i l : r f, : r r , - ! * f F C - 2 1 8 . HF.:::-
1J'4a s' H{-:-rji_iii.;r r
Firt l7A HCFC-?2
-l
: l:ilerrr:! q:if H Frl- :,;-+:-r.
HF i-,- 1 3-l:i & HCi-rli-rtr.r .
R-i-:-'-+ H(:FC-72
I l-:lt=ti,;! i:if HF i-)- 1 :J.4.,r.
H F r - ; 1 2 5 : l F l i _ - , , " ;, 1
Ft:ti,rt-'* FK..;ti-i Y{S7;;--.-r',)
i l-rle.rrr-!.:-if HF{-: 1 2f-,. HFi_l-
-l::;-{:.r
.;'^E l7i,i1
| : , r : :e r : r t - t : : ; , = l T . _ l t-"Fr-.-'-T2
rl..l.-ti,.l *f HFt-.- I.:l-l .-r,{
Fi2l7=.-r r
Alternatives to iIFC
- HCs
II1'drocarbons
LI
Hindustan lnstitute of Maritirrrc Training
Chennai
.{nrnronia.-R7l7
cold storagetndustrteson
,Ammoniais r.,rdelyused as a refrigerantin the food refrigerationand
on a rlore ltmrted scale for
accountof its excellentrefrige,atlonproperties.It has also been used
GWP, whi:h makeslt a very
burldingair conditioningsystems Ammoniahas a zero ODP and a zero
grounds'
attractiverefrigeranton-"nuiron-ental impact as well as energyefficienry
certaincircumstances. Its toKtcity is mttigated
However, amntoniais toxic anC is flammableunder
The ha:ard causedby leakagecr
somewhat by rts pungent smell which makes it easily detectable.
in air tight plant rooms wrth
accide-ntaldischargescan be reduced by containing ammonia chillers
is lighter than air recent
controlled dispersion by fan assistedflues. Although ammonia vapour
as a neutrally buoyant
researchUy eiEO has shown that wtnd can causeammonia vapour to behave
or flues may
gas The same effect is well known wrth boiler flue gases.Fan assiyffii*l?t
safely away from
thereforebe necessaryio ensurethat accidentalreleasesare dilutedy*6rscnyed
the burlding or neighbounngbuildings
This
The --- -\
-"'r envirdpmentd{y
-"- only acclptable, single fluid replacementfor R-22 currently is R-134a.
no*"ver, on r&igeration
rt capacity and temperaturerange. If R-134a is
rt*Jnt however,
refiigerant has liinttjU*dns
;;il f* ** w-d.*, the size (and henJecost) of compressorsand heat exchangersmust be
increased,to compensatefor refrigerationcapacitylimrtattons.
in the future,then
If refrigerationplantsar-eto be delivercdwith R-22 and a changerray be considered
/ R-507 and R-407C'
u .orpi. of alternativesshould be bome in mind. Theseare the blendsR404A
Theseblends are chlorinefree and sat'efor the ozonelayer'
that this gas will
R-404A is the preferredchoice ior many new builds at this time,.which suggests
avarlability of both R-404A / R-
becomemore availableglobally as new tonnageis delivered.Current
507 and R-.107Cis good,but pricesare high relativeto R-22'
(FIFC)refrigerants'is also more
Polvolesterlubricant,the lubricantneededfor all Hydrofluorocarbon
erpensivethan mineraloil, the lubricantusedin R-22 systems'
Systern Considerations
If a transitronto R-40'1A/ R-507 or R-407Cis planned,it is recommended that you ask the shipvarctc
plant safer and easierto operate
incorporatethe follow.ng features,rvhichwrll makethe refngeration
t.)
Hindustan Institute of N{adtinre Training
Chennai
.1. Sizing
for R-'104Aor R-407C as appircable'
1'he refrigcratronsystenrequipmentstrouldbe correctlysizal drtver
manufacturer that the conrpressor'
and shouldinclude,as a mrnimunr,a confirmationfrom the
and condensercan handlethe refrtgerant
(Zatrope) can result in fractionation'w'hileR-
Fleasenote that R-407C'stemperatureglide of 7"C
1O4AlR-507 can be handledas a singleproduct(r'r-ear
Zeotrope)
* Provision Plant
\
(no neefl to rlpve
comlpressor
.\
,spacer coupling or belt drivers are requiredto easemai
rators\ improve oPer4fronPl
the electric motor). Locate the expansion valve c-lo(
efficiatcy.
.l Suction Accumulator
that the refrigerant arnves at
The suction accumulatorshou
the compressorln a gasstate.\
t,,
* Oil Separator
'\\, \
reduce the quantity of oil entering the system't
m6isturetrappedin the refrigerantside of the system
afterthe*y9*i
(located
'\t -
HCFC Legislation '.
1t
tlindust:ur Institute of Maritinrc Training
Chennai
clothi'tgsare to be avarlable'
3 At leasttrlo setsof breathingapparatusand protectt','e
-1..{nrmoniaplpingis noi to passthroughaccomrttodatlon spaces
Secondary refi'igerants:
124 has a freeztngPolnt
a) Brinesclutionusuallyof CalcrumChioride'Brinewith spectftcgravity of
cf -30 deg C. SG of 1.28wrll give a temperatureof {3 deg C . Brine shouldbe kePt in a slightlY
alkalinecondition.
b) Tetrachlorideethylenefor low temperatures upto -73 deg C Tl'is ts a slightly toxic gas and the
concentrationin air shouldbe kept belorv200 ppnt
TroubleshootingRefrigerationSvstems
.I
' iRemedY
,t^'
or difficulty li rC'ause
o,,.o
IL Symptom
' -: -*.t..^,-r,
" =--.
i..t", tforu through h . i tilr iFind
tthe r t if
n . { c uout cooling\\ats supplrt:
ffi-.r.-r"u illG"-n--t*i
olien (on"thc
(ott trru hrgh uurrqe'>et \urw^vv condenserpipes)
rirB. iI condenser(blocked i shut' The ccoling \i3ter pump ls
stooDinstoo
I stopptng too ollen talcr
i - out) ,] stoooad. Corrc'ct lhc ccoling
Rrcssurccut andclean.
tnspccr
I Ii i:i*:l::g^',1rcs
ii n"."ttu.1'- the condensertubes and
Lhcfilter in thc caobng\\atcr PIPC
the high pressure clt-out to
High pressurccut - out o: low pressurc Adjust
suitch off at about 10.5 sq'rtchoff at
cut - out sct incorrecti]'
abcut 10.-5 atmosphcres.See that the
snitches are set correctll.
Drai liquid
The svsten overchargedrvith Freon
d Freon from the Plont
The high pressure cur-out ls operung
and closing at frequent I
\
because a part of the condeggqt
submerged in
arc subtncrged
are the Jxcess
ln the ;xCasll \llq9u{l
i6 rtruspdqalll
Freon.Thc condenser
\ \
lnacuve.
innctive \
El'apoi
Inspect "fnd clern the valves or
Thc oil rcturn line frotn thc oil Clcan thc oil filter in tl'rcretum line'
to thc crankcascis blocked
in partC l
____l
;')
Hindustan lnstitute of Maritirrrc Training
Chennai
Remedy
Adjust the high Pressurccui out or
insert nerv fuscs. Find thc causeand
V-,
^(r',,\,,\
..''\')^'tt''N\)
'/'1 .:> \\ \\--
\'-'-' t\
"
t't, :1-) v
\r---t'
\.)
7tt
Hindustu In{itute of Mnritime Training
Chennal
ROTARYCONIPRBSSORS
As the name implies, thc displacemcntand comprcssionof the rcfiigerant vapour is achicvcdin a rotary
compressorby its ciroular or rotary motion, instoad.ofreciprocatingmotion. Two typeaof rotary
compressorsare in commonus€- the rolling piston tlpe and rolling vaneqtp€.
ln,thc rolling piston Opc tftg 10.19),a rollsr or Krtorfixcd on a ccccntric rotatcs in a cylindcr. A
spring loadcd vanc, positioncd in a slot in thc cylindcr body riCca and with the ccccntric
rotation of thc rotor and with thc cccortric rotalion of thc rotot, up aad dffirn in thc slot.
This vanc is thc dividing lins bctwccnlhs uuctitn and di cornpreEstor.Tbs su&ti{rnand
dischargeports of the cornpressorare looatedon cither guotion \Bpour entering the
cylinder gets comprees€4 as the volume of and the rotor ge[6
progSessirrelvreduced by the ecccntric pitsE€sout thought
the dischargeport.
ln thc rotating vanc gpc (Frg. shaft and rotatc in a cylindcr which
is offcsntrc wi'h rcapectiqthe in slotEin therctor, ridc on lhc
cylinder wall. Sucl bcnrccn $toocssiw vanoE and gels
comprcsscddue-to iotatcs. I*alaga of gas trough thc vancs is
prwcntcd tbddran tip. Cloocrmachiningtoleranocearsmaintained
for clearancel'olume in thegecompressorsL\e I'olumetric
ieh. SuctiprA\xalve in these sompressorsas the srtction vapour flow is
continuous. A k rdlve is hnovi in thc zuctionlinc prerenttlrc migrationof rctigcrant vapourfrom
the high sidc to thc comprcssor,whcn it is idlc. Thc oranftcascis coffioctcd to lhe
high sidc pf thc c ; subjec.thg thc crankcascoil of high prtsnnc. This hclps in forcien the oil
ahruughlhs lubric passagcl,ulhc bsaring$and other moving partc withrlut lho ntxrssity of an oil
pump. In larger capacifycompressorit is a generalpractice to provide a simple oil impcllcr to ensure
lubdcant.
A: Dtameter ol rylrndel
B Dtameter ol rotor
R o t a r yc omP r es so : - o l l in g P st c o n
we
-z(
I. t
Hindushn Institul.eo[ Muriti me Truining
Chennal
A: Oiamotor of cYlindet
B: Oamotor ol rotor
RoEry comprusson-rr,catingwne
we
LIMITATIONS
SCREWCOMPRESSOR
Screwcompr€ssor, alsoknorm as ' Helical RotaryCompressor',is a positivc-displacement compressor
(Fig,10.21). It consistsof two meshing multistory helically grooved rotors with very close lolcrance
clearancewidrin a housing.Suction and dischargeports are p'rovidedat the either endsof the housing.
The rotor whoseshafi is cormectedto the rnotor is catled as the male rotor and the other asfemale. When
the male rotor roiates,the fernalerotor in turn rotates, obviouelyin the oppositedirection.
OPERATION
COMPRESSOR
For the sakeof clarit-v,the operationis clescribedtakingone setof matinglohesof therotors.In operation
all the setsof mating lobes act similarly resultingin non - puLeatingcompreesionand uniform gar flow.
Becauseof the smallunmeshedporlion of the male lobe with the femalerotor's interlobespaceat the end
of the rotors, a void is createdinto rvhich suctiongas entersthroughthe suctionpofi in the housing and
the entire length of the interlobespaceis comptetety filted with the zuction gas.As the rotors rotate,sa-v
b)' a quarterturq the gaspocketmovesawayfrom the suctionport wilh the entrappedgas,still at suction
pressure,confined rvidr the pocketsby tire housing As the rotors continueto rotate,the male - female
lobesof the rotorsmeshandthe meshingline traveltowardsthe dischargeend of fhe endof the housing
/t)
Suction
Portareas
tt/ t
ffi
,^_/
t\ \ \l/t
I t\\\I\\\ | I
t.f
I I l
I
Discharge Botlom cuso
--t--
I
-.-J I
.- [-
-V
I
\i
ll
..-/ i
Twin screws
ll
Hindust an fnsfi tute of Muritime
Training
Chennai
r r i l r - I _
d
o
)l Coolcr
solenoid r_,
row switci.
valve
Typicallubrtcatipn circuit
of screw
campressor
73
Hirxlustan Institul.e of Maritime Trainirry
Chennai
CAPACITY _ CONTROL
Compressorcapacityis controlled/modulated by an mo].rngslidingvalve locded in the housurg
aboveor belowthe rotorsat their line of meshing.t ..xi"Uy
mi;"irliding valve(Fig lax) hasa port at one
end' when the valve.isat flre.dischargoend oithe ttouriog,
rhe dischargegas Ganflow tlyoggh the
dischargeport on the tluoughthe dischlge port on the horsing
aswell asthroughthe port in tlre valve
thue allowing raaximum of gae' so for full-compressor
oapacity. the valve sideto the dischargeend and is
closed, allowing the compressorto punp moi-,r-
l,olume of gas. At partial load, the valve ie mo1e
back towardsthe openpositionand ttris somegasAom thepocketbackto the suction.'lhis retards
the start the compressionproccssand"-tto*. reducesttrertlume of gaspump€dou! resultingin the reduction
9f
in capaciryof the compressor.As the gas rcleaseand by - pass
to suction occur bcforc compression
be'gtns,thcrc is no loss to t"-"*prttii* and he.nc.c po**
{trc requircmc,nt lrr tolnc is reduccd.By the
modulatingmovemenlof thc slirle valvg lo k 10096capacil.y
mtxlulatitn ,rfth" somprffisoris ashicvcd.
O!khafgo
The mothrlntingmovementof the oapacity- oontrnl sliding valve is controlled ttyorrglrthe slide valve
'Opetattrr'' which
ctxrsistsof a piston - cylindvr assenrbly.Oil preueurefetl to tr releasedfioru tlrs
c-vlinderof the operator actuatesits to and fromovernent and lrenceoontols the operation of the sliding
ralvr' FiS 10.24 shows a tlpical opcration. Rcfcrring to thc figurc, as oil undcr prcssurc is fcd to thc
cylinder, the piston is pushedagainst the spring pressure,moving fhe operatorshatt and slide valve to the
loading poeition anclclosing the slide valve. The sllorvs the compressorto pump a rnaximum volume of
gas,thus obtaining full capacity. When the oil is drained offfionr-the cylinder, the spring pressurspushes
the piston, thereby dehacting the operator- sha& moving the slide valve towards the open positiorq
rcduuingslido valvc lowardslho opcn grsiLitrq rcducing thc vulumEoI'thc gaspumpctl:urtlcrmsoqusntly
reducingthe capacity.
The feedingof the prossurizedoil to the cytinderof the operator for loadingthe compressorand draining
the oil away from.the cy'linder for unloading the compressoris accomplished Uu;rryh the 'load' and
.trnload' solenoidvalves.
Thesevalves are contolled by the thcrmostatof the capacity- control systern.
n'hen the 'load' - solenoidvalve is energized oil pressrueis fed to the cylinder bf tnl operator,moving
the slide valvc to the loading position. For partial load opcratioq the load - solenoid vafue is de -
energized,closing it, and the unloader - solenoidvalw is energized,opening it to bleed oil from the
t4xtator uyliildvr to the contpressoroil sump, by which the olxrator cluft retracq mrxtulating the slicle
vafueto open and unload. When both the solenoidvatves are closed,the operatorshaft hotds it8 position
allowing thc comprcssorto work at thc sustaincdpartial load Thc loading and unloadingopcration can
be clonebv manual switching ' On' or ' Ott' oi the respectivesolenoid'ualvesor thoupfi the automatic
therrnostatof the capacity- control system.
Loao Unload
valve vapc
8o
Hindustun Institute of Muritime Training
Chennai
rrr atrrtr* rt'cLeo,inntenrlof the opring presure to punhtho operatorpiston ( for rurloading),oil pre"ssttrgis
fbtl to the oflru' side of operatorpistot though the ruiloatler'- eoleroid valve and &'aining the oil away
from the loadingside of the piston.
Sincethe slide valve canbe movod to the full load position only with oil pressure,the comprcssorstafis
fi,tllv unloadert.
Connectinge\rdporators
workingat higherternperature evaporators.
Connectingup eronomizer,prol'ided for intersa of high pressureliquid
refrigerant for improving the cycle efhciency.
Performance
Montreal Protocol.(Cortrifugals use R -11, R-12, etc. which are to be phasedout, being ozone
dcpletingCFC's
ti
Hindust'n Institute of Maritime Truining
Chennai
VCLTI]IfE
RATIq OVER_COII{PRESSION
AI.JD
TINDER-COMPRESSION
It"s explained earlier, the screw compressorhas fixe<l srction and discharyeporfE and since it has a
continuous flow of gas it does not required suction and dischargevalves (discJor reeds). Theroforg the
degreeof compressionthat can be acldwed within the rotor lobe interspacesis fixecl for the particular
suction and dischargeport configuration. Thru the cornpressorworks efficiently for a specific suition and
discharge combination or specific volume ratio. Volume ratio is the ratio of the volume of gas at the
beginning of compressionto the volume of thc compresscdgas whcn it i to entErthe discharge
pon-.& is obvious,volums ratio is directly rclatcd ro corpressiogzrtrtio.\nrc compreEsor
will have
maximum cfficiorcy whCIrthc prossurcac,hicvcdin comprcssion of thc rotors cquals thc
prcssurc in lhe tlisuhergc lins or ccrndonsingprtxsurc, w[i b.y ths lcmpcraluru trf the
condensercoolingmedium(air or water).\Vhenthep$isru{o\ejnr6(edw\in ne compressor is greater
tlatt the condensingpre$sure(i.e., conditionof otf*rh&'6ion;\+xfrpsion of discharge line. If
there is 'under-cornpression'.
i.e. when the gressur\ acfieveb,on comilresiio\ within the rotor lobes is
less than the condensingpressure,some 0utesto equ{ize the
internal pressureto the condensing or undcr compression)
the compressor
efficiency(ttralj /tonne) suffers.This will not cause
any compressorard it il will operateratirfactority with a
stight re<tuctionin . I-Innlly the oapaoity- oontrol sliding
valve provide.din the to a great ertent when the sompressorworks
at partial will belessthanfull loadfor say.90026
ofthe time
of down at partial loads for the screw compressor,this
Hermeticscre\y manufactured.
8g