Project On Growth of Retail Sector in India

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Industry Overview
05
2. Organized Retail Sector

10
3. Origin of retail
13
4. Indian Retail Industry

18
5. Retailing Formats in India

23
6. Specialty stores
25
7. Major Industry Players

33
8. The growth Drivers

44
9. Swot of the Market

51
10. Challenges
55
11. Location Planning

58
12. Competitor Analysis

65
13. Future Outlook

68
14. Merger and Acquisition

70
Growth of Retail Sector in India
15. Technology in retail

75
16. Government initiatives and regulation

79
17. Research methodology

83
18. Research analysis

86
19. Conclusion
89
20. Consumer survey questionnaire

90
21. References
94
2
Industry
Overview
Industry analysis of the Indian retail sector:
Modern retailing has entered India in form of malls and huge

complexes offering shopping, entertainment, leisure to the consumer
as the retailers experiment with a variety of formats, from
discount stores to supermarkets to hypermarkets to specialty
chains. However, kiranas still continue to score over modern
formats mostly due to the convenience factor i.e. near to their house.
This organized segment typically comprises of a large number

of retailers, greater enforcement of taxation mechanisms and
better labour law monitoring system. It's no longer about just
stocking and selling but about efficient supply chain
management, developing vendor relationship quality customer
service, efficient merchandising and even the labour class is also
in the working process timely promotional campaigns. The
modern retail formats are encouraging development of well-
established and efficient supply chains in each segment ensuring
efficient movement of goods from farms to kitchens, which will
result in huge savings for the farmers as well as for the nation. The
government also stands to gain through more efficient collection
of tax revenues. Network marketing has been
3
growing quite fast and has a few large players today. Gas
stations are seeing action in the form of convenience stores,
ATMs, food courts and pharmacies appearing in many outlets.
In the coming years it can be said that the hypermarket route

will emerge as the most preferred format for international
retailers stepping into the country. Estimates indicate that this sector
will have the potential to absorb many more hypermarkets in the
next four to five years
List of retailers that have come with new formats:
Retailer Current Format New

Formats
Shoppers’ Stop Department Store Quasi-

mall
Crossword Large Bookstore Corner

shop
Piramyd Departmental Store Quasi-

mall, Food retail
Pantaloon Own brand store

Hypermarket
Subhiksha Supermarket
considering moving to self service
Globus Department Store Small

fashion stores
Traditionally, the kirana retailing has been one of the easiest ways
to generate self-employment, as it required minimum investment
in terms of land, labour and capital. These store are not affected by
the modern format of retailing. In order to keep pace with the
modern formats, kiranas have now started providing more
value-added services like stocking ready to cook vegetables
and other fresh produce. They also provide services like credit,
phone service, home delivery etc.
The organized retailing has helped in promoting several

niche categories such as packaged fruit juices, hair creams,
fabric bleaches, shower gels, depilatory products and
convenience and health foods, which are generally not found in the
local kirana stores. Looking at the vast opportunity in this
sector, big players like Reliance has announced its plans to
become the country's largest modern retainers by establishing a
chain of stores across all major cities.
Apart from metro cities, several small towns like Nagpur, Nasik,
Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Sholapur, Kolhapur and Amravati has
seen the expansion of modern retails. Small towns in
Maharashtra
4
are emerging as retail hubs for large chain stores like Pantaloon
Retail because many small cities like Nagpur have a student
population, lower real estate costs, fewer power cuts and lower
levels of attrition.
However, retailers need to adjust their product mix for smaller cities,
as they tend to be more conservative than the metros. In order for
the market to grow in modern retail, it is necessary that steps are
taken for rewriting laws, restructuring the tax regime, accessing and
developing new skills and investing significantly in India.
India is rated as the most attractive retail markets
Country Market Market Time

Risk Attractiveness Saturation Pressure Rank
Country 25% 25% 30% 20%
India 62 34 91 80 1st
Russia 52 58 71 92 2nd
China 68 40 53 90 4th
Turkey 51 56 66 65 9
Thailand 64 41 59 71 12
Malaysia 70 49 58 40 18
Egypt 51 35 85 30 25
Brazil 52 56 57 20 29
India’s
Rank 24th 14th 1st 7th 1st
5
Socio demographic factors will lead to faster

growth of Organized retail in India:
100% 9%
9% 10% 11% 12%
80% 19% 19% 20% 22% 23%
60% 25% 24% 24% 26% 27%

40%
20% 47% 47% 45% 42% 39%
0%
1991 1996 2001 2006 2010E
0-19 Yrs 20-34 Yrs 35-54 Yrs 55+ Yrs
6
Pharma
Entertainment Durable 2%
1% 10%
Home
3%
Clothing and
Textile
36%
Food & Grocery
14%
Health & Beauty

1%
Books, Music &

Gifts
3% Footwear
Watch &
13%
Jewellery
17%
7
ORGANIZED
RETAIL
8
Emerging Retail Markets:
India, Russia, China and Vietnam top the list of the most attractive
emerging markets for retailers' investment in 2007, While India and
Russia have held the top two spots since 2004, China's
booming consumer spending, together with retailers moving into
second-tier cities, helped it rise to No. 3 from its No. 5 spot last
year, according to the 2007 Global Retail Development Index
from management consultant firm A.T. Kearney.
The study based its results on four variables: 'country

risk', measuring political risk, debt and credit
ratings; 'market attractiveness', encompassing retail
sales per capita, population, infrastructure and regulations;
'market saturation'; and 'time pressure'.
The higher the ranking, the more urgency for retailers to enter
the market, according to the study, which ranks the top 30
emerging countries for retail development and focuses on mass-
merchant and food retailers.
"If you want to be an international player in retail, these are the

markets that demonstrate the characteristics (where) you can be
successful," said Laura Gurski, a co-author of the study and partner
in A.T. Kearney's consumer and retail practice.
India has already attracted the attention of global retailers like Wal-
Mart Stores Inc., which is working with India's Bharti Enterprises to
set up a joint venture for a cash-and-carry business. In India, foreign
multiple-brand retailers, which sell diverse brands under one roof,
are limited to cash-and-carry and franchise or license operations.
"India's window of opportunity continues to be wide for retail

investment and development," the report said. "Once India's window
closes for grocery retailers, there will be little opportunity for market
domination in the main cities."
The country's growing population of young urban professionals with

disposable incomes and the nouveau riche has also made India
attractive for luxury retailers. India has attracted "the low end and the
high end because of the breadth of the consumer segments that are
available," said Gurski.
When variables stay constant, Gurski said, do-it-yourself, apparel

and electronics retailers usually enter emerging markets some two
years after international grocers establish themselves. Middle
Eastern countries are also represented on the list, with Saudi Arabia
ranking No. 10
India has emerged as the world's most attractive destination for

mass merchant and food retailing, maintaining its 2005 position in an
annual study of retail investment attractiveness among 30 emerging
markets.
India was given the top ranking in management consulting company

AT Kearney's 2006 Global Retail Development Index (GRDI). "The
Indian retail market is gradually but surely opening up, while China's
9
market becomes increasingly saturated," said Fadi Farra, a principal

in AT Kearney's Consumer Industries and Retail Practice and leader
of the GRDI study. Much to the surprise of market observers, China
was ranked fifth in this year's tally, declining one more place since
2005. While China remains very attractive, the market is becoming
increasingly saturate as and United Arab Emirates No. 18. Gap Inc
announced last week it had struck a deal with two franchisees to
open Gap stores in Saudi Arabia starting at the end of this year.
Dubai has capitalized on consumer desire for a more Western
lifestyle and has established itself as a retail mecca, Gurski said.
Despite its focus on luxury, Dubai is "just beginning to be populated
by the bread-and-butter retailers of the United States and the
Western world," she said. Retailers that have already established a
presence in major Chinese cities like Shanghai and Beijing, or those
that have been slow to gain a foothold there, are now looking at less
developed markets in second-tier cities, the study found. "If the
markets are saturated, they're looking to make profits in the second-
tier cities," Gurski said.
But she cautioned that a separate strategy is needed for the smaller
markets since consumer tastes, ability to spend and willingness
to embrace new formats may be different than in larger urban areas.
International retailers rush to establish a presence and build market

share, the study reveals. According to the study, Asia with a large 40
per cent of the top 20 markets has surpassed Eastern Europe as the
'dominant region for global retail expansion.'
"The learning is that timing is the most important source of

competitive advantage for global and regional retailers in the
globalization race. Knowing when to enter emerging retail markets is
the key to success," said Farra. Powering Asia's charge are Vietnam,
which has risen five places to third place, and countries like Thailand,
South Korea and Malaysia, all of which are in the top 15, After
topping the ranking for two consecutive years in 2003 and 2004,
Russia slipped to second place behind India last year and remained
there in 2006 too.
10
Origin of Retail
Sector
11
Early Trade:
When man started to cultivate and harvest the land, he would

occasionally find himself with a surplus of goods. Once the needs of
his family and local community were met, he would attempt to trade
his goods for different goods produced elsewhere. Thus
markets were formed. These early efforts to swap goods developed
into more formal gatherings. When a producer who had a surplus
could not find another producer with suitable products to swap,
he may have allowed others to owe him goods. Thus early credit
terms would have been developed. This would have led to symbolic
representations of such debts in the form of valuable items (such
as gemstones or beads), and eventually money.
HOW RETAIL DEVELOPED:
Peddlers and
Producers:
The Retail Trade is rooted in two groups, the peddlers

and producers. Peddlers tended to be opportunistic in their
choice of stock and customer. They would purchase any goods
that they thought they could sell for a profit. Producers were
interested in selling goods that they had produced.
General Store:
12
This division continues to this day with some shops specializing

in specific areas, reflecting their origins as outlets for producers
(such as Pacific Concord of Hong Kong), and others providing a
broad mix, known as General Store (such as Casey's in the
Midwest of the U.S.A.).
Although specialist shops are still with us, over time, the
general store has increasingly taken on specialist products.
Customers have found this to be more convenient than having to
visit many shops - thus the term "Convenience Store" has also
been applied to these shops. As the popularity of general stores
has grown, so has their size. This combined with the advent of
Self-Service has lead to the Supermarket, or Superstore.
Early Markets:
Over time, producers would have seen value in deliberately over-

producing in order to profit from selling these goods. Merchants
would also have begun to appear. They would travel from village to
village, purchasing these goods and selling them for a profit. Over
time, both producers and merchants, would regularly take their
goods to one selling place in the centre of the community. Thus,
regular markets appeared.The First Shop : Eventually, markets
would become permanent fixtures i.e. shops. These shops along with
the logistics required to get the goods to them were, the start of the
Retail Trade.
The Birth of Distance Retailing:
Defined as sales of goods between two distant parties where

the deliverer has no direct interest in the transaction, the
earliest instances of distance retailing probably coincided with
the first regular delivery or postal services. Such services would
have started in earnest once man had learned how to ride a camel,
horse etc.
When individuals or groups left their community and settled

elsewhere, some missed foodstuffs and other goods that were only
available in their birthplace. They arranged for some of these goods
to be sent to them. Others in their newly adopted community enjoyed
these goods and demand grew. Similarly, new settlers
discovered goods in their new surroundings that they dispatched
back to their birthplace, and once again, demand grew. This soon
turned into a regular trade. Although such trading routes expanded
mainly through the growth of traveling salesmen and then
wholesalers, there were still instances where individuals purchased
goods at long distance for their own use. A second reason that
distance selling increased was through war. As armies marched
through territories, they laid down communication lines stretching
from their home base to the front. As well as garnering goods
from whichever locality they found themselves in, they would
have also taken advantage of the lines of communication to order
goods from home.
Origins of Retail
It is likely that, as markets became more permanent fixtures

they evolved into shops. Although advantageous in many
respects, this removed the mobility that a peddler or traveling
merchant may still have enjoyed. For some shopkeepers, it made
sense to obtain extra stock and open up another shop, most
probably operated by another
13
family member. This would recover business from peddlers and

create new business and the greater volume would allow
the shopkeeper to strike a better deal with suppliers. Thus the
retail chain would have started. Its thought that this process would
have started in china over 2200 years ago with a chain of shops
owned by a trader called Lo Kass.
The First Self-Service Store:
This all changed in 1915 when Albert Gerrard opened the Groceteria
in Los Angeles, the first documented self-service store. This
was soon followed a year later by the Piggly Wiggly® self-service
store, founded by Clarence Saunders in Tennessee in the U.S.
Growth:
This new type of shopping was more efficient and many customers
preferred it. Although personal service stores remain to this day,
this new concept started a rapid growth of self-service stores in
the United States. Other countries were slow to take up the idea,
but there has been a steady rise in the global amount of self-
service stores ever since.
Efficiency
These entrepreneurs noticed that their staff had to spend a

great deal of time taking grocery orders from customers. The
groceries were stacked on shelves allowing customers to walk
around and browse, collecting their shopping in a basket that was
supplied. The shopkeeper would only need to tot up the final bill at
the end of the process and transfer the goods from the basket to
the customer and receive payment.
From Family Business to Formal Structure:
Although retail chains would have been mostly run by families, as

some chains grew, they would have needed to employ people from
outside of their family. This was a limiting factor as there would have
been a limit to the amount of trusted non family members available to
help run the chain. Another, even more definite limiting factor was the
distance the furthest shop would have been from the original shop.
The greater the distance, the more time and effort would have been
needed to effectively manage outpost shops and to service them with
goods. There was, therefore, a natural barrier to expansion. That
was the case until transport and communications became faster and
more reliable. When this happened towards the end of the 19th
century, chains became much bigger and more widespread. Many of
these businesses became more structured and formalized, leading to
the retail chain that we see today.
14
15
16
Indian Retail
Industry
17
UNORGANISED RETAIL SECTOR:
Today, retailing doesn’t involve just dealing or marketing from shops,

it includes analyzing the market in an effort to provide
reasonable prices together with an array of options and experience to
customers. The sole purpose of all this is retaining the
brand loyalty of customers. Indian retail is currently a US$ 245
billion market and is anticipated to extend to almost US$ 385 billion
mark by the next five years. The Indian retail sector is currently
sporting a brand new look and together with a 46.64 per cent
three-year Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Conventional
marketplaces are paving way for new shopping malls, the likes of
superstores, shopping plazas, supermarkets and brand label
stores. International style shopping centers have started dotting
the skyline of cities and smaller towns, acquainting the Indian
customer to a unique shopping experience. The retail industry in
India is split up into the unorganized and organized retail
segments.
The unorganized retail sector includes the big, average and modest
grocery stores and the chemist shops. A changeover is taking place
from the conventional retail sector to organized retailing. But the
unorganized segment still dominates and leads the industry. By
2010, the Indian retailing sector is anticipated to become an Rs12.5
trillion market. The share of organized retailing is supposed to jump
to about 10 per cent from the existing three per cent. The anticipated
staggering growth in organized retailing provides an opportunity
to expand the market for both established and new players.
According to the latest report India Retail Sector Analysis
(2006ñ07)I by RNCOS, the total retail market is primarily focused
in rural regions, which makes up 55 per cent or US$ 165 billion of
the overall retail market as opposed to urban segment, which
represents 45 per cent or US$ 135 billion of the gross retail market.
The rural market is spread over 627,000 villages, even though its
centre of attention is focused around a core group of 100,000
villages that makes up 50 per cent of the rural population.
India represents the most compelling international investment

opportunity for mass merchant and food retailers looking to expand
overseas, according to management consulting firm AT
Kearney's
2005 Global Retail Development Index (GRDI), an annual study
of retail investment attractiveness among 30 emerging markets.
India is rated as the fifth largest emerging retail market and is
seen as a potential goldmine. Driving global brands into India is
the greatly improved investment climate due to the recent
relaxation of direct ownership restrictions on foreign retailers. The
country's retail market totals $330 billion, is vastly underserved
and has grown by 10 per cent on an average over the past five
years. The message for retailers on India is clear – move now or
forego prime locations and market positions that will soon become
saturated. Global retailers that missed opportunities to capture
first-mover advantage in China will make up for it in India.
18
Though India has more than five million retail outlets, they are greatly
unorganized. There is no supply chain management perspective. In
fact, out of the entire retail sector in India, the organized sector
is only 25 per cent and the rest is unorganized. 96 per cent of the
retail outlets are smaller in area than the standard norms. The
retail industry is divided into organized and unorganized
sectors. Organized retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by
licensed retailers who are registered for sales tax and income
tax. These include corporate backed hypermarket and retail chains
and so on. Unorganized retailing is the traditional low-cost shops,
handcarts and pavements and is by far the prevalent form of
trade in India. The efficiency of organized sector in retailing is
manifested in some of the newer supermarkets in
urban/metropolitan India – the produce is cleaner, fresher, well
packed and often cheaper than the local shopkeeper. This is
possible because of the far more efficient distribution system,
which organized retail chains are employing, by cutting the layers
of middlemen involved. There are other benefits too, of
transforming the unorganized retail sector into an organized sector.
Firstly, a number of new jobs will be created, far better paid than
the underage labor working in the local shops. Secondly, the
benefits to the producer and consumer through better prices
and lesser wastage; throwing up exportable surpluses, which will
also benefit the economy as a whole. Thus one can see that
allowing FDI in retailing is beneficial to all the stakeholders involved
The Big Bazaars and Spencer’s, the huge unorganized retail sector
is finally beginning to see the merit of logging on, even if at a model
scale.
Taxation policies also push you to automate and the push is

even harder for those looking to expand beyond their single
store existence.
Though it’s early days yet to measure it penetration in

the unorganized retail industry, interest levels are surely raising fast.
“It’s good to at least answer their questions. Though the interest is
more with retailers who register good sales and volumes.
Software available to the retailers is ShawMan’s RetailMagiK, which

takes care of the front-end store needs, as well as the back-
end warehouse requirements. “It would surely help the
unorganized sector to get into technologies like bar-coding, which
will make their operations more efficient. Some other features are
a user-defined billing screen and discount with control mechanism
from the head- office, delivery order management, batch
control and quick information search, among others. The
product is a simple to use. The screen design and the functionality
are designed in such a way that the user need not press too many
keys to get things done,” says Khushroo Bagwadia, business
development manager, Shawman Software.
To begin with, most retailers look at decent entry-level solutions

starting at Rs 25,000. However, there are cheaper quick-fix solutions
available too. One can even deploy a computer and start with
19
financial accounting programmers like Microsoft Excel, FoxPro

and
Tally
.
Small retailers seem next in line and vendors are also warming up to
the opportunity. At the low-end however, smart inexpensive
solutions are the need of the hour. And solutions providers like
Microsoft, Polaris and Shawman are now working on developing
smart tools for the retail enthusiasts. For small players with just
one store, the investment on retail solutions go really low,
anywhere between Rs
10,000 to Rs 25,000. Most of the time these solutions are developed
by local firms, who at times compete with the big names in
the industry.
According to Oberoi of Polaris, generally the mom-and-pop

stores like to go for technology, which will get their work
done at a reasonable cost. They avoid the high-end technology,
and consider these as frills. “They are not even bothered about
upgrading, so the cheap systems are more than welcome. These
solutions might not work for the mid-sized retailers with five stores,
as then one need to scale it up and take care of inventory
and supply chain management,” he says.
Comparing the case with China, Vedamani suggests India is on the

right track. “In China, we find the organized sector to be 20-23% of
the total industry. Here, the technology has advanced in phases, and
so is the case in India.
Format Description The Value Proposition
Complete range available for

Exclusive showrooms either owned or franchised out
Branded Stores a given brand, certified product
by a manufacturer.
quality
Greater choice to the consumer,
Specialty Focus on a specific consumer need, carry most
comparison between brands
Stores of the brands available
is possible
20
Large stores having a wide variety of products,
Department organized into different departments such One stop shop catering to varied/
Stores as clothing, house wares, furniture, appliances, consumer needs.
toys, etc.
21
One stop shop catering to varied

Supermarkets Extremely large self-service retail outlets
consumer needs
Stores offering discounts on the retail price through
Discount Stores selling high volumes and reaping economies Low Prices
of scale
Larger than a supermarket, sometimes with a Low prices, vast choice available
Hyper- mart warehouse appearance, generally located in quieter including services such as
parts of the city cafeterias.
Convenience Small self-service formats located in crowded urban Convenient location and extended
stores areas. operating hours.
Enclosure having different formats of in- Variety of shops available to

Shopping Malls
store retailers, all under one roof. each other.
Formats adopted by the Retail

Players in INDIA.
22
Retailer Original formats Later Formats
RPG Retail Supermarket (Foodworld) Hypermarket (Spencer's)Specialty Store (Health and Glow)
Department Store (Piramyd

Piramal's Megastore)
Discount Store (TruMart)
Small format outlets (Shoppe) Supermarket(FoodBAZAR)

Pantaloon Retail Department Store (Pantaloon) Hypermarket (Big Bazaar) Mall (Central)
Department Store (shopper's

Supermarket
K Raheja Group stop) Hypermarket (TBA)
Specialty Store (Crossword)
Tata/ Trent Department Store (Westside) Hypermarket (Star India Bazaar)
Landmark
Department Store (Lifestyle) Hypermarket (TBA)
Group
Others Discount Store (Subhiksha, Margin Free, Apna Bazaar), Supermarket (Nilgiri's), Specialty Electronics
23
Retailing formats
in India
1.
Malls:
The largest form of organized retailing today. Located

mainly in metro cities, in proximity to urban outskirts. Ranges from
24
60,000 sq ft to 7,00,000 sq ft and above. They lend an ideal

shopping experience with an amalgamation of product, service and
entertainment, all under a common roof. Examples include
Shoppers Stop, Pyramid, Pantaloon.
2. Specialty Stores:
Chains such as the Bangalore based Kids Kemp, the

Mumbai books retailer Crossword, RPG's Music World and the Times
Group's music chain Planet M, are focusing on specific market
segments and have established themselves strongly in their sectors.
3. Discount Stores:
As the name suggests, discount stores or factory

outlets, offer discounts on the MRP through selling in bulk
reaching economies of scale or excess stock left over at
the season. The product category can range from a
variety of perishable/ non perishable goods.
4. Department Stores:
Large stores ranging from 20000-50000 sq. ft, catering

to a variety of consumer needs. Further classified into localized
departments such as clothing, toys, home, groceries, etc
5. Department Stores:
Departmental Stores are expected to take over the apparel

business from exclusive brand showrooms. Among these, the
biggest success is K Raheja's Shoppers Stop, which started in
Mumbai and now has more than seven large stores (over 30,000 sq.
ft) across India and even has its own in store brand for clothes called
Stop!.
6. Hypermarts/Supermarkets:
Large self service outlets, catering to varied shopper needs

are termed as Supermarkets. These are located in or near residential
high streets. These stores today contribute to 30% of all food
& grocery organized retail sales. Super Markets can further
be classified in to mini supermarkets typically 1,000 sq ft to 2,000
sq ft and large supermarkets ranging from of 3,500 sq ft to 5,000
sq ft. having a strong focus on food & grocery and personal sales.
7. Convenience Stores:
These are relatively small stores 400-2,000 sq. feet located

near residential areas. They stock a limited range of high-
turnover convenience products and are usually open for
extended periods during the day, seven days a week. Prices are
slightly higher due to the convenience premium.
25
8. MBO’s :
Multi Brand outlets, also known as Category Killers, offer

several brands across a single product category. These usually
do well in busy market places and Metros.
SPECIALITY
STORES
25
Food retail :
Food dominates the shopping basket in India. The US$ 6.1

billion Indian foods industry, which forms 44 per cent of the entire
FMCG sales, is growing at 9 per cent and has set the growth
agenda for modern trade formats. Since nearly 60 per cent of the
average Indian grocery basket comprises non-branded items, the
branded food industry is homing in on converting Indian
consumers to branded food.
The mobile revolution:

The retail market for mobile phones -- handset, airtime
and accessories -- is already a US$ 16.7 billion business, growing at
over
20 per cent per year. In comparison, the consumer electronics and
appliance market is worth US$ 5.6 billion, with a growth rate that is
half of the mobile market.
Kids retail:
When it comes to Indian children, retailers are busy bonding--
and branding:
¬ Monalisa, the Versace of kids is coming to India.
¬ Global lifestyle brand Nautica is bringing Nautica Kids.
¬ International brand Zapp tied up with Raymond to foray into
kids' apparel.
¬ Disney launched exclusive chains which stock character-
based stationery.
¬ Pantaloon's joint venture with Gini & Jony will set up a retail
chain to market kids' apparel.
¬ Swiss kidswear brand Milou is collaborating with Tirupur-
based Sreeja Hosieries.
¬ Turner International India Pvt Ltd. will launch Cartoon
Network Townsville and Planet POGO--two theme parks
designed around its channels--in the National Capital
Region.
¬ Sahara One Television has also signed a Memorandum
of Understanding to source content from Spacetoon
Media Group, Middle East's largest kids' entertainment
brand for animation and live action content.
Leading the kids' retail revolution is the apparel business, which

accounts for almost 80 per cent of the revenue, with kids' clothing in
India following international fashion trends. According to
research
26
firm KSA Technopak, the branded segment comprises US$

701.7 million of the total kids' apparel market-size of over US$ 3
billion.
Industry experts say kids' retailing will touch annual growth of 30-35
per cent. Toys, stationary, sportswear, outerwear, tailored
clothing, eyewear, watches, fragrance, footwear, theme parks, TV
channels… the segment is growing rapidly at 10 per cent per
annum. Margins are in the range of 20-25 per cent (for dealers and
distributors), while companies enjoy an average gross margin of
about 10 per cent.
Agricultural retail:
Agriculture across India is heralding the country's second Green

Revolution. 14 states, including Maharashtra, Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh and Rajasthan amended the Agricultural Produce Marketing
Committee (APMC) act this year, along the lines of the Model APMC
Act, '02, which allows farmers to sell their produce directly to buyers
offering them the best price.
Agricultural sectors such as horticulture, floriculture, development of

seeds, animal husbandry, pisciculture, aqua culture, cultivation
of vegetables, mushroom under cultivated conditions and
services related to agro and allied sectors are open to 100 per
cent FDI through the automatic route.
For its e-Choupal scheme, ITC built internet kiosks in rural villages
so farmers can access latest information on weather, current market
prices, foods-in-demand, etc.
With a US$ 5.6 billion, multi-year investment in agriculture and retail,

Reliance Retail will establish links with farms on several
thousand acres in Punjab, West Bengal and Maharashtra.
FieldFresh, planning to become India's first large-scale exporter of
produce, will annually pay farmers over US$ 30,000 to lease land
for vegetables, to hire tractors and to pay their workers.
Besides a five-year program with the Punjab government to provide

several hundred farmers with four million sweet-orange trees for its
Tropicana juices by 2008, PepsiCo--with agriculture exports
worth US$ 40 million--also introduced farmers to high-yielding
basmati rice, mangoes, potatoes, chilies, peanuts, and barley for
its Frito-Lay snacks.
Export potential and a rapidly growing domestic demand for reliable

produce from new supermarket chains is driving change. With 77 per
cent of India's population relying on agriculture for a living, improved
efficiency and new markets can benefit a large number of people.
International retailers :
The Australian government's National Food Industry Strategy

and Austrade initiated a test marketing food retail in India
wherein 12 major Australian food producers have tied up with
India-based distributor AB Mauri to sell their products directly at retail
outlets.
The largest-ever 150-member British business delegation in
India committed investments in the areas of food processing, agri
retail
27
and manufacturing. It is also likely to press for the liberalisation

of sectors like financial & legal services and retail.
US-based home delivery and logistics company, Specialised

Transportation Inc, will enter the Indian market through a
strategic alliance with Patel Retail, a subsidiary of Patel Integrated
Logistics. Among other big international players, Wal-Mart has
announced its plans for India in partnership with Bharti, Tesco is
sure to try again, and Carrefour too might finally find the right
partner.
Supermarkets:
Large self service outlets, catering to varied shopper needs are

termed as Supermarkets. These are located in or near
residential high streets. These stores today contribute to 30% of
all food & grocery organized retail sales. Super Markets can
further be classified in to mini supermarkets typically 1,000 sq ft to
2,000 sq ft and large supermarkets ranging from of 3,500 sq ft to
5,000 sq ft. having a strong focus on food & grocery and personal
sales.
Supermarkets are relatively new entrants in the market. They are so

called pioneers in organized food retailing and go by the
western model in look and feel and format. This is what
everybody means when they say organized food retailing.
Franchise outlets:
28
Like Tommy Hilfiger and Wal Mart, other US retailers are firming up
their India entry strategies and if they are already in, they are
undergoing rapid expansion. Fashion brands DKNY is also al set to
foray into the Indian fashion Industry through a franchisee
agreement with Indian company, S. Kumar Starbucks recently
expressed their interest in entering Indian company
Like Tommy Hilfiger and Wal-Mart, other US retailers are firming up

their India entry strategies and if they are already in, they are
undergoing rapid expansion. Fashion brand DKNY is also all set to
foray into the Indian fashion Industry through a franchisee agreement
with Indian company, S Kumar’s.Starbucks recently expressed their
interest in entering India through the franchise route, like their
AmericanF&B counterparts Pizza Hut, Subway, and the very
successful McDonald’s. McDonald’s has major expansion plans lined
up; in the next 3 years, it plans to open another 100 outlets
in cities across India.
Hypermarket:
A very large commercial establishment that is a combination of

departmental store and a supermarket.
The specific features of a hypermarket are the wide range of goods
offered, quality service, quality display of goods on the shelves and
complex systems providing for customers loyalty.
Hypermarket is known for a wide range of goods offered. It consist of

dozens of thousands of items, while similar goods can be offered in
several forms. In order to work with such an assortment it is
necessary to group it into categories and sub categories that would
unite goods according to this or that criteria.
Shopping Malls:
The new shopping malls that have been expanding their

footprint across Indian cities are well designed, built on
international formats of retailing and integrated with
entertainment and restaurants to provide a complete family
experience. Over 300 malls are expected to be built over the next
two years and most Indian cities with over a million populations will
be exposed to this modern method of retailing.
Shopping malls have existed in India since several decades but were
designed and built to house several shops in a single facility. These
malls also known as Shopping Arcades offered only rows of shops,
most of which were small stores that promised bargains for
their various wares. These Shopping Arcades tried to maximize on
their store space and did not offer any areas for recreation
and entertainment.
29
The present day malls are a creation of the past few years
post
2000. They are designed professionally using a lot of
international experience and combine shopping with a lot of
brand building, recreation, food and entertainment. Malls also
have a large format store that serves as their anchor for
shopping and a prominent restaurant that anchors the food
needs of visitors. Most malls also feature a multiplex cinema that
offers entertainment to the visitors of the mall. Finally the mall has
large atria and open spaces to allow visitors and families to hang-
out.
30
Organized Retail
Sector
31
Product Segments:
The organized retail business in India is very small. This is despite

the fact that India is one of the biggest markets. Retail
business contributes around 10-11 per cent of GDP. India also has
the largest number of retailers, about 12 million, though they are
mostly small. Most of the organized retailing in the country
has just started recently, and has been concentrated mainly in
the metro cities. Organized retailing in India has a huge scope
because of the vast market and the growing consciousness of
the consumer about product quality and services. Organized retail
only accounts for 3% of the total retail industry as yet and is
estimated to grow to $64 billion by the year 2015. As a result, the
retailing space in the country will also rise by 15-20% by 2010. 50
million sq ft of quality space under development 7 major cities to
account for 41 million sq ft development 300 malls, shopping
centre and multiplexes under construction To open 35
hypermarkets, 325 large department stores,
1500 supermarkets and over 10,000 new outlets To add US $
10 billion of business to organized retail. ASSOCHAM president,
Anil K Agarwal says:” The organized sector retailing is all set to
grow at much faster speed than unorganized sector and the
higher growth speed will alone be responsible for its higher market
share which has been projected for $17 billion by 2010-11. Cities
and metropolis in which retailing will show booming prospects
include Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Kanpur,
said Agarwal adding that the popular mode adopted for building
shopping malls in these cities will be based on build, operate, lease
and sell basis".
The 4 major organized retail sectors are Food & Grocery,

Clothing, Consumer Durables and Books & Music. In 2003-04,
private consumption expenditure in India amounted to Rs 1,690,000
crores (USD 375 billion) of which, retail sales constitute about 61%
(USD 230 billion).In terms of penetration by the organized retail
sector, footwear is the highest category, followed by
clothing. Footwear is driven by the dominance of home –grown
players like Liberty as well as the 15% market share that MNC
retailer Bata Commands. Foreign Presence, especially through
the franchisee route, e.g. Adidas, Reebok, Nike etc. adds to this
slice of the pie. Franchisee activity in this category, especially in
Tier II Cities, is pegged to rise.
32
Estimated Growth in
Organized Retail
2004 2009 CAGR (%)

Large Segments 1,924 5,024 21%
Other Segments 1,315 2,645 15%
Non-store 239 422 12%
Retailing
Total Organized 3,478 8,091 18%
retail
The Four Large Segments:
Food 391 1,624 33%
-Chain Stores 326 1,462 35%
-Single Large 65 162 20%
Stores
Clothing 1,075 2,266 16%
-Manufacturer 293 590 15%
retailers 315 852 22%
-Chain stores 467 824 12%
-Single Large
Stores
Consumer 359 822 18%
durables 141 284 15%
- Manufacturer 98 298 25%
retailers 120 240 15%
-Chain stores
-Single Large
Stores
Book and Music 97 310 26%
-Chain Stores 54 202 30%
-Single Large 43 108 20%
Stores
33
Retail is amongst the fastest growing sectors in the

country. Indiaranks First, ahead of Russia, in terms of emerging
markets potential in retail and is deemed a ‘Priority’
market for International retail.
34
Major Industry
Players
Nanz in North India, Nilgiris in the South, Pantaloon in the East and
Crossroad in the West were the pioneers of the retail revolution
in India. Nanz faced several obstacles in their business and had
to finally down their shutters. Nilgiris, due to some strange reason,
did not see any logic to expand beyond the southern frontiers.
Pantaloon went to scale up and become bigger and bigger to form
the Future Group, that is now omnipresent in almost all formats right
from small groceries to e-tailing. Crossroads in Mumbai imparted
some valuable lessons to their parent, the Piramyd Group, who has
since then gone on an expansion drive with other formats of
retailing in different cities.
35
The big players in Indian retail landscape now are the Future Group,
Shoppers Stop, Westside, Subiksha and RPG Spencer. The
newcomers who are knocking at the gates are Reliance Retail,
Bharti Walmart and Aditya Birla Trinethra. Here, we intend to do
a brief profiling of the major players in order to understand the
retail business in a better manner.
1 The Future Group
The Future Group, which was earlier known as PRIL

(Pantaloon
Retail India Limited) began as a trouser manufacturer in the
mid
1980s. The Future Group is divided into six verticals – Future Retail,
Future Capital, Future Brands, Future Space, Future Media and
Future Logistics. The Future Group started operations in the
mid
1987s by incorporating the company as Manz Wear Private Limited.
The company went on to manufacture ready made trousers
under the “Pantaloons” brand name. It came out with a public issue
in 1991 and later changed their name to Pantaloon Fashions (India)
Limited (PFIL).
The first exclusive men’s store called Pantaloon Shoppe

was inaugurated in 1992. Pantaloons went for a franchisee
route to expand the number of retail outlets and by 1995, it had
reached to a crucial number of 70. The first departmental store
called Pantaloons was opened in Kolkata in 1997 with an
investment of Rs 0.7 million. The store was a success and
recorded revenues of Rs 100 million within the first year of
operations. In 1999, the company’s name was changed to Pantaloon
Retail (India) Limited (PRIL).
The success of Pantaloons departmental stores encouraged PRIL to

come up with other retailing formats such as “Big Bazaar” to
retail low cost general merchandising, and “Food Bazaar” to
retail food products. As of 2005, the Future Group has 3.5 million
sq ft of retail space and over 100 stores across 25 cities in India. It
employs more than 12,000 people and has a customer base of
more than 120 million.
Kishore Biyani, the promoter of the group who likes to address

himself as “Chief Knowledge Officer” has plans to launch 18 formats
and over 3,340 stores, thereby turning the Future Group into a US$7
billion company with over US$1 billion in profits by the year 2010.
36
2 Shoppers Stop
Shoppers’ Stop, promoted by the real estate group K Raheja,

was one of the first movers to have set up a large retail outlet in
New Delhi with international ambience. Shopper’s Stop Ltd now
has a considerable presence all over the country with overr 7 lakh
square feet of retail space and stocks over 200 brands of
garments and accessories. The stores are spread all over India
with presence in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur,
Pune , Kolkata, Gurgaon, Chennai & Ghaziabad.
Shoppers’ Stop is also very well known for having pioneered several
quality retailing concepts in India like CROSSWORD,
HyperCITY and Mothercare. They are the only retailer from India
to become a member of the prestigious Intercontinental Group of
Departmental Stores (IGDS).
Shoppers’ Stop is positioned as a family store delivering a complete

shopping experience. With its wide range of merchandise, exclusive
shop-in-shop counters of international brands and world-class
customer service, Shoppers’ Stop brought international standards of
shopping to the Indian consumer providing them with a world class
shopping experience. Shoppers’ Stop’s core customers represent a
strong SEC A skew. They fall between the age group of 16 years to
35 years, the majority of them being families and young couples with
a monthly household income above Rs. 20,000/- and an annual
spend of Rs.1,50,000/-. A large number of Non - Resident
Indians visit the shop for ethnic clothes in the international
environment they are accustomed to.
The stores offer a complete range of apparel and lifestyle

accessories for the entire family. From apparel brands like Provogue,
Color Plus, Arrow, Levi’s, Scullers, Zodiac to cosmetic brands
like Lakme, Chambor, Le Teint Ricci etc., Shoppers’ Stop
caters to almost every lifestyle need.
Shoppers' Stop also retails its own line of clothing namely Stop, Life ,
Kashish, Vettorio Fratini and DIY. The merchandise at
Shoppers’ Stop is sold at a quality and price assurance backed by its
guarantee stamp on every bill.
37
Shoppers’ Stop’s customer loyalty program is called “The First

Citizen”. The program offers its members an opportunity to
collect points and avail of innumerable special benefits. Currently,
Shoppers’ Stop has a database of over 2.5 lakh members who
contribute to nearly 50% of the total sales of Shoppers’ Stop.
The Organisation, in 2000, along with ICICI ventures also acquired

the reputed bookstore, “Crossword”, which offers the widest range of
books along with CD-ROM, music, stationery and toys. Services like
Dial-a-book, Fax-a-book and Email-a-book enable customers to shop
from their homes. Crossword currently has 18 Stores.
Realising the role of IT way back in 1991, Shoppers’ Stop was

among the first few retailers to use scanners and barcodes and
completely computerise its operations. Today it is one of the
few stores in India to have retail ERP in place, which is now
being integrated with Oracle Financials and the Arthur Planning
System, the best retail planning system in the world. With the help of
the ERP, they are able to replicate stores, open new stores
faster and get information about merchandise and customers
online, which reduces the turnaround time in taking quick decision.
Shoppers Stop has been very keen to understand the importance of

distribution and logistics in ensuring that merchandise is available on
the shop floors. This has led the retail chain o streamline its supply
chain. The company has developed process manuals for each part of
the logistics chain. These modules include vendor management,
purchase order management, stock receiving systems, purchase
verification and inventory build up, generation and fixing of price and
store tags, dispatch of stocks to the retail floor and forwarding of bills
for payment.
Shoppers’ Stop has a grand ambition to position itself as a

global retailer. The company intends to bring the world’s
best retail technology, retail practices and sales to India.
Currently, they are adding 4 to 5 new stores every year.
3 Trent – Westside
Established in 1998, Trent operates some of the nation's largest and

fastest growing retail store chains. A beginning was made in
1998 with Westside, a lifestyle retail chain, which was followed up in
2004 with Star India Bazaar, a hypermarket with a large
assortment of products at the lowest prices. In 2005, it acquired
Landmark, India's largest book and music retailer.
In a recently signed deal, Trent has agreed to anchor 12 malls set up

by DLF Universal Ltd across the country, at its Westside, Landmark
and Star India Bazaar outlets. This amounts to about 27
locations, totaling to about a million square feet of space.
Trent retails garments and household accessories for men,

women and children, cosmetics and perfumes at Westside, food,
beverages, health and beauty products, vegetables, fruits,
dairy products, consumer electronics and household items at Star
India Bazaar and books, music and stationery at Landmark.
38
Westside has 25 outlets across 17 cities in India offering a variety of

designs and styles in garments, footwear and accessories, as table
linens, artifacts, home accessories and furnishings. Well-
designed interiors, sprawling space, prime locations and coffee
shops enhance the customers' shopping experience.
Trent also runs another chain of retail stores called Star India
Bazaar. Launched in 2004, Star India Bazaar provides a large
assortment of high quality products made available at the
lowest prices coupled with a unique shopping experience. Star India
Bazaar is located in Ahmedabad and offers a wide choice of
staple food, beverages, health and beauty products, vegetables,
fruits, dairy products, consumer electronics and household items
at the most affordable prices.
Trent has also recently acquired a 76 per cent stake in

Landmark, one of the largest books and music retail chains in
India. Landmark commenced its operations in 1987 with its first
store in Chennai, and now has nine stores in the major metros
of the country. Earlier Landmark was focused on books,
stationery and greeting cards. In
1996 it added music to its product portfolio and also started the trend
of stocking curios, toys, music, CDs and other gift items.
4. Piramyd
Piramyd Retail is part of the Piramal Group, which has presence in

diverse sectors spanning Pharmaceuticals, Textiles, Real
Estate, Engineering, Family Entertainment and Retail with
manufacturing operations in 19 locations across five states and
employing over
18,000 people.
The promoters launched the apparel business in 1999

under Piramyd Retail and Merchandising Pvt. Ltd. (PRMPL) while
its food; home & personal care businesses (FHPC) were
housed under Crossroads Shoppertainment Pvt. Ltd. (CSPL). As
the apparel and food businesses individually
reached a critical mass the
management merged the two companies into Piramyd Retail
Ltd. due to distant synergies in two businesses in March 2005.
Pyramid also has a smaller format of stores called TruMart that
caters to Food and Personal Care products.
Piramyd Retail currently has 5 Mega stores and 8 TruMart

stores mainly in Maharashtra . The company plans to increase
these
39
numbers to 17 Mega stores and 69 TruMarts by 2008. The

floor space is expected to be 5 times on successful expansion.
The FHPC (Food & Personal Care) business is volume driven while
the Lifestyle store is a margin driven business. Piramyd Retail plans
to increase the contribution of private labels from existing 7% to 18-
20% of the revenues by 2010. Gross margins from private labels are
over 40% and hence the company is planning to increase this
business. Most of the stores are on the lease format and the
company is prone to higher lease rentals due to the overall increase
in real estate prices. This may bring the profit levels
down substantially.
Piramyd Retail did have a first mover advantage in many locations

but it has actually failed to capitalise over this advantage. Its
competitors like Pantaloon, Shoppers Stop and Trent gained larger
benefits of their far more aggressive business & marketing strategy
in the retail space.
5. Subiksha
The Chennai based Subiksha grocery chain runs around 200 outlets
all over the country and it’s current turnover stands at Rs 224 crores.
Their target customer is the middle income value conscious buyers.
The main aim of Subiksha is to offer a functional and transactional
shopping experience. This retail chain has no qualms and
spends almost no money on creating a pleasant shopping
experience, and
40
all stores are non-air conditioned. There is no false roofing or

sparkling vitrified tiles on the floor.
A few years ago, Subiksha did not even offer shoppers self service.
The customer had to place an order at a computerized teller and the
goods were billed and delivered after cash is collected.
Customers had to bring their own carrybags or pay to buy them
from the store. Subiksha even attempted to charge the customers for
home delivery.
However, now Subiksha has slightly tweaked their business model in

order to create a better appeal to customers who were defecting to
the competitors. The store formats are still small and non-
airconditioned. But customers have the option to pick from shelf
spaces. They also get shopping bags and free home delivery. But
the selling USP(unique selling proposition) remains the same
--- Subiksha tries to be as close to the customer as possible and
offers the lowest price and huge savings in comparison to
competitors. It’s slogan happens to be --- bachat mera adhikar
hain (saving is my fundamental right).
6. RPG Spencer
RPG’s Spencer presently has 125 stores across 25 cities covering a

retail trading area of half a million square feet and with a clientele of
3 million customers a month. Spencer's has a national footprint with
seven hypermarkets, three supermarkets and 70 daily use
outlets, called Dailies.
All the newly opened Spencer's stores stock every conceivable

product that is required by a household on a daily basis. At Spencer's
Daily shoppers can get fresh fruits, vegetables, fast-moving
consumer goods, household items, groceries, with regular offers and
discounts.
Spencer's outlets are divided in to three retail formats. These

are, Spencer's Hyper, the over 25,000-sq ft hypermarkets stocking
over
25,000 items. The 8,000sq ft to 15,000-sq ft mini hyper stores,
branded as Spencer's Super and the daily purchase 4,000-sq ft
to
7,000-sq ft Spencer's Daily for groceries, fresh food, chilled and
frozen products, bakery and weekly top up shopping.
41
7. Reliance Retail
On June 26, 2006, Mukesh Ambani, Chairman and Managing

Director, Reliance Industries Limited, announced a Rs 25,000-crore
investment in the retail sector.
Reliance Retail started it’s retail operation with “Reliance Fresh”,
a grocery store that sells vegetables, fruits, personal care items
and other food products. Soon, these retail outlets will also be
selling apparel and footwear, lifestyle and home improvement
products, electronic goods and farm implements and inputs. They will
also offer products and services in energy, travel, health and
entertainment. In addition to this, partnerships would be developed
to bring the best of global luxury brands to India as well.
Reliance Retail plans to extend it’s footprint to cover 1,500

Indian cities and towns with outlets of a varied format, a
mix of neighborhood convenience stores, supermarkets,
specialty stores and hypermarkets. Reliance also plans to open
restaurant outlets, financial services marts and tourism counters
within it’s stores.
Mukesh Ambani’s ultimate ambition seems to be to create the Indian

equivalent of Wal-Mart by scaling up the business to unprecedented
heights to reach every nook and corner of the country. With
it’s retailing venture, Reliance expected a revenue target of US
$20 billion through it’s retail operations by 2010. Over a span of
five years, RRL expects a 20% return-on-investment.
The first store christened “Reliance Fresh” opened in November

2006 at Hyderabad. Within a few months they have now
opened stores in Mumbai, Pune and Ahmedabad and plans foray
into other cities on a rapid scale.
42
8. Bharti Wal-Mart
Bharti Retail (Pvt.) Ltd. unveiled

the roadmap for its retail venture on 19 th February, 2007
envisaging an investment of $2.5 billion with expectation of
revenue of $4.5 billion (about Rs. 20,000 crore) from this business
by 2015. The first retail outlet is expected to open somewhere in the
month of August .
Bharti’s plan is to invest $2.5 billion by 2015 and open stores across
all major cities. This investment would be only for setting up front-end
stores. The modalities for its back-end linkage, including its joint
venture with the world's largest retailer Wal-Mart, are in the process
of being worked out.
A high-level team from Wal-Mart was visited India in the later part of
February to work out the details of the back-end chain. While Bharti
would manage front-end of the retail venture, Wal-Mart would
be
43
involved in the back-end, including logistics, supply chain and cash-

and-carry, he added.
The JV was presently scouting for 10 million sq. ft. of retail space,
which would include hypermarkets, supermarkets and
convenience stores and would provide employment to about 60,000
people. The company would open multi-format retail outlets in all
cities with a
population of about one million. Bharti is now conducting a massive
consumer survey to take a final decision on branding and
promotional campaign.
However, Bharti and Wal-Mart have been facing stiff opposition from
the left parties and other political outfits who fear that the entry of the
Bentonville giant will make life difficult for the small grocers and
create massive unemployment. They also expect Wal-Mart to take a
tough stance on lowering prices and force farmers to sell their
produce at lower rates. A lurking fear of monopolistic regime in the
retail sector is also enhancing their fears. Both Bharti and Walmart
are presently having a tough time in convincing the ministers,
politicians, agriculturists, the NGOs and other pressure groups
that their business model would serve to work in the best interests
of all the stakeholders.
9. Aditya Birla – MORE
The Aditya Birla Group is India's first truly multinational corporation.

Global in vision, rooted in values, the Group is driven by
a performance ethic pegged on value creation for its
multiple stakeholders. A US$ 24 billion conglomerate, with a
market capitalization of US$ 23 billion and in the League of Fortune
500, it is anchored by an extraordinary force of 100,000 employees
belonging to over 25 different nationalities. Over 50 per cent of
its revenues flow from its operations across the world.” Our mission
is to change the way people shop. We will give them more.”
says Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman, Aditya Birla Group.
The more. for you
44
advantage: more. promises a world-class pleasurable

shopping experience to Indian consumers in their very own
neighborhood. more. Quality, more. variety, more. convenience and
more. value are the four delivery cornerstones of the more. chain
of supermarket stores. more.
MORE. Value MORE. promises best in market pricing. Linking

up directly with farmers to source fresh fruits, vegetables and
staples ensure great quality as well as great price. Add to
this, the membership program Club more. which provides
convenience, customized shopping solutions and savings, and
the more. value promise becomes all the more evident.
More. Is an inspirational brand for an inspirational country. We have

a bright and committed, enthusiastic team that represents the
best experience from India and globally. MORE. also has a
range of products from its own stable available across value,
premium and select ranges. The products have been quality-
checked and are available in attractive packaging at
competitive prices. To avail additional benefits, at no extra charge,
customers can also enroll for the membership program Club more.
10. VISHAL RETAIL :
Vishal is one of fastest growing retailing groups in India. Its outlets

cater to almost all price ranges. The showrooms have over
70,00 products range which fulfills all your household needs, and
can be catered to under one roof. It is covering about 1282000 sq.
ft. in 18 state across India. Each store gives you international
quality goods and prices hard to match. The cost benefits that is
derived from the large central purchase of goods and services is
passed on to the consumer. What started as a humble one store
enterprise in 1986 in Kolkata(erstwhile, Calcutta) is today a
conglomerate encompassing
51 showrooms in 39 cities. India’s first hyper-market has also been
opened for the Indian consumer by Vishal. Situated in the
national capital Delhi this store boasts of the singe largest collection
of goods and commodities sold under one roof in India. The
group’s prime focus is on retailing.
45
The Vishal stores offer affordable family fashion at prices to

suit every pocket. The group’s philosophy is integration and towards
this end has initiated backward integration in the field of high
fashion by setting up a state of the art manufacturing facility to
support its retail endeavors. Company has already tied up for 5-
lakh sq ft space and is looking for more. Company will come up
with 32 new stores this year. Company is doing research on
more formats. Company is looking for opportunities of expansion
in the South. Contribution of apparels business at 53% may slightly
come down to 50%. India is a big country and there is huge space
for four-five big retail players. Vishal can always sustain growth in
this big market. Company can sustain margins as it is going for
backward integration. Currently manufacturing contributes 10% of the
business, which in the next two to three years, will go up to 25%.
Company is increasing its focus on the non-apparel and FMCG
segment. The current share of FMCG at
15% could go up to 20-25%. Apparel sales currently at 63% in the
next 2-3 years should come down to 50% as the company is
now also focusing on different segments. With growth in
volumes, the cost of sourcing will come down in the near future.
Company will venture wherever it gets real estate space. Currently,
it has very little space in the south India. Eventually, it will have a
pan-India set up.
11. METRO – CASH & CARRY INDIA
METRO Group today, is the third largest trading and retailing group
in the world. The company employs over 2,50,000 staff in 30
countries. In the year 2005 METRO Group had generated sales
of over €55.7 billion; 53% of total sales came from outside
Germany. METRO Cash & Carry started operations in India in
2003 with two Distribution Centres in Bangalore. With this METRO
introduced the concept of Cash & Carry to India. These Centres
offer the benefit of quality products at the best wholesale price
to over 150,000
46
businesses in Bangalore. METRO offers assortment of over

18000 articles across food and non food at the best wholesale
prices to business customers such as Hotels, Restaurants,
Caterers, Food and Non-food Traders, Institutional buyers
and professionals. METRO's Cash & Carry business model is
based on a Business to Business (B2B) concept and focuses on
meeting all the needs and requirements of business customers.
It is a modern format of wholesale trading, catering only to
business customers.
12. Viveks- The Unlimited Shop
Vivek Limited is a professionally managed public limited

company carrying three retail brands - Viveks, Jainsons,
Premier and continuously adding to the formidable strength of
1000 employees. Vivek Ltd is the largest consumer electronics &
home appliances retail chain in India. Viveks popularized several
brands by creating visibility and have the distinction of being
market leaders and trendsetters with continuous support from the
principal companies. Viveks evolved its strategies to suit the larger
scene where there was a stigma attached to borrowing. Very few
hire purchase options were available and hence Viveks started Vivek
Hire Purchase and Leasing Ltd to finance consumer durables, which
enhanced the core retailing business also.Viveks grew from 3 stores
to more than 52 stores and turnover increased to over Rs. 350
crores (USD 80 million) and also become a public limited company
from a family run enterprise. In this process, 14 store Jainsons was
bought over in 1999, 2 store Premier in 2001 and Spencers in 2002
and have recently absorbed Spencers into the Premier brand. With
the liberalization of economy and other changes in the global scene,
Viveks streamlined the marketing and advertising activities and
shopping ambience was improved.
47
THE GROWTH
DRIVERS
48
Drivers of Retail Industry
The Demography Dynamics: Approximately 60 per cent

of
Indian population below 30 years of age.
Double Incomes: Increasing instances of Double Incomes in
most families coupled with the rise in spending power.
Plastic Revolution: Increasing use of credit cards for
categories relating to Apparel, Consumer Durable
Goods, Food and Grocery etc.
Urbanization: increased urbanization has led to
higher
customer density areas thus enabling retailers to use lesser
number of stores to target the same number of customers.
Aggregation of demand that occurs due to urbanization
helps a retailer in reaping the economies of scale.
Covering distances has become easier: with
increased
automobile penetration and an overall improvement in
the transportation infrastructure, covering distances has
become easier than before. Now a customer can travel
miles to reach a particular shop, if he or she sees value in
shopping from a particular location.
DRIVERS FOR GROWTH:
Indian consumers are rapidly evolving and accepting modern formats

overwhelmingly. Retail Space is no more a constraint for
growth. India is on the radar of Global Retailers and suppliers /
brands world- wide are willing to partner with retailers here.
Further, large Indian corporate groups like Tata, Reliance, Raheja,
ITC, Bombay Dyeing, Murugappa & Piramal Groups etc and also
foreign investors and private equity players are firming up plans
to identify investment opportunities in the Indian retail sector. The
quantum of investments is likely to sky-rocket as the inherent
attractiveness of the segment lures more and more investors to
earn large profits. Investments into the sector are estimated at INR
20 – 25 billion in the next 2-3 years, and over INR 200 billion by end
of 2010.
Stocks in the retail sector are also becoming increasingly attractive

from an investor's point of view. Successful development of
value based concepts as well as development of retail space in
smaller cities and towns shall drive the organized retail into the next
levels of cities. Retailers have responded to this phenomenon by
introducing contemporary retail formats such as hypermarkets and
49
supermarkets in the new pockets of growth. Prominent ‘tier-II'
cities and towns which are witnessing a pick-up in activity
include Surat, Lucknow,
50
Dehra Dun, Vijaywada, Bhopal, Indore, Vadodara,

Coimbatore, Nasik, Bhubaneswar, Varanasi and Ludhiana among
others.
With consumption in metros already being exploited, manufacturers

and retailers of products such as personal computers,
mobile phones, automobiles, consumer durables, financial services
etc are increasingly targeting consumers in tier II cities and
towns. In addition, petro-retailing efforts of petroleum giants
scattered through out the country's landscape have also ensured
that smaller towns are also exposed to modern retailing formats.
On the supply side, mall development activity in the small towns is

also picking up at a rapid pace, thereby, creating quality space
for retailers to fulfill their aggressive expansion plans. Thus, the
‘retail boom', 85% of which has so far been concentrated in the
metros is beginning to percolate down to smaller cities and
towns. The contribution of these tier-II cities to total organized
retailing sales is expected to grow to 20-25%.
GROWING CONSUMER CLASS:
Favorable demographic and psychographic changes relating

to India's consumer class, international exposure, availability
of increasing quality retail space, wider availability of products
and brand communication are some of the factors that are
driving the retail in India. Over the last few years, many
international retailers have entered the Indian market on the
strength of rising affluence levels of the young Indian population
along with the heightened awareness of global brands and
international shopping experiences and the increased availability of
retail real estate pace.
Development of India as a sourcing hub shall further make India as

an attractive retail opportunity for the global retailers. Retailers
like Wal-Mart, GAP, Tesco, JC Penney, H&M, Karstadt-Quelle
etc stepping up their sourcing requirements from India and moving
from third-party buying offices to establishing their own wholly
owned / wholly managed sourcing & buying offices shall further
make India as an attractive retail opportunity for the global players.
Manufacturers in industries such as FMCG, consumer durables,

paints etc are waking up to the growing clout of the retailers as a shift
in bargaining power from the former to the latter becomes more
discernible. Already, a number of manufacturers in India, in line with
trends in developed markets, have set up dedicated units to service
the retail channel. Also, instead of viewing retailers with suspicion, or
as a ‘necessary evil' as was the case earlier, manufacturers
are beginning to acknowledge them as channel members to
be partnered with for providing solutions to the end-consumer
more effectively.
The next level of opportunities in terms product retail expansion lies

in categories such as apparel, jewellery and accessories, consumer
durables, catering services and home improvement. These
sectors have already witnessed the emergence of organized formats
51
though more players are expected to join the bandwagon. Some of
the niche
52
categories like Books, Music and Gifts offer interesting opportunities

for the retail players.
Indian consumer goods market is expected to reach $400 billion by
2010. India has the youngest population amongst the
major countries. There are a lot of young people in India in different
income categories.
In India they do not have to face this dilemma largely because rapid
urbanization, increase in demand, presence of large number of
young population, any number of opportunities are available .
The bottom line is that Indian market is changing rapidly and is
showing unprecedented consumer business opportunity.
Indian consumer class can be classified according to the following

criteria:
1. Income
2. Socio-Economic status
3. Age demographics
4. Geographical dispersion
1. Income Classification
Consumer Classes Annual Income in Rs. 1999 2004 2009 Change

The Rich Rs. 215,000 and more 1.2 2.0 6.2 416%
The Consuming Class Rs 45- 215,000 32.5 54.6 90.9 179%
The Climbers Rs. 22-45,000 54.1 71.6 74.1 37%
The Aspirants Rs. 16-22,000 44 28.1 15.3 -65%
The Destitute Below Rs. 16,000 33 23.4 12.8 -61%
Total 164.8 180.7 199.2 21%
Source: NCAER
2. Socio-Economic Classification:
In addition to income classification and consumer classification,

Indian households can also be segmented according to the
occupation and education levels of the chief earner of the household
(the person who contributes most to the household expenses). This
is called as Socio-Economic Classification (SEC), which is
mainly
53
used by market planners to target market before launching their new

products. SEC is made to understand the purchase behavior and the
consumption pattern of the households
3. Age Demographics:
India is a very young nation, if compared with some advanced and

developed countries. Nearly two- thirds of its population is below the
age of 35, and nearly 50 % is below 25.
Age distribution if Indian population (In Millions)
Year/
2006 2001 1996
Age
Below 4 yrs 113.5 108.5 119.5
5-14 yrs 221.2 239.1 233.2
15-19 yrs 122.4 109.0 90.7
20-34 yrs 279.1 246.8 224
35-54 yrs 239.2 207.3 178.1
55 & above 118.7 101.7 88.7
Total 1094.1 1012.4 934.2

Marketers explain that the boom in the consumption level and leisure
related expenditure is because of this young population. It will have a
significant impact over the consumer goods market. In addition
to that, it is expected that this will generate trade opportunities
and continuous investment in the economy.
There is huge potential for further consumption of goods

and services due to the increased level of disposable income.
The expenditure on essential goods and services has a higher
share in developing countries as compared with that of developed
countries.
Consumption Trends
Food Essentials 45.68%

Essential Services (water, power, rent,
10.1%
and fuels)
Clothing 4.9%
Footwear 0.63%
Medicare 4.25%
Transport & Communication 14.51%
Recreation, Education, and Culture Less than 4%
Home Goods 3.25%
4. Geographical Dispersion of market potential
54
There is large difference in economic prosperity levels among

several states in India, linked to the wealth creation from trade,
industrial, and agricultural development. There are poor districts in
many states, classified according to their market potential. India has
500 districts, out of which 150 districts (category A) and next 150
districts (category B) account for 78% and 15% of the national
market potential respectively. Remaining 200 districts (category C)
are backward and account for only 7% of national market potential.
Category C districts have 40% of the geographical share.
GROWING ECONOMY
Potential for all Formats to Thrive :
Most of the global powerhouses in the retailing sector such as Wal-

Mart, Carrefour, Tesco etc have adopted multi-format and multi-
product strategies in order to customize their product offering for
distinct target segments. Similar trends
Identifying the future
The important thing is to identify the 'future that has

already happened' - Peter Drucker
The important and distinctive are always the result of changes

in values, perceptions and goals of people. Identify the changes
that have already happened, exploit the changes that have
already occurred and use them as opportunities. Dr William T
Wilson, Chief Economist for Keystone India ñ a Chicago-based
firm providing cross-border trade facilitation and asset management
services in US are likely to be exhibited in India as all formats
present prospects for growth, the Report says.
Further, with the emergence of larger store formats like superstores

and hypermarkets in countries like UK, France, Germany, Spain
since the 1980s and Eastern Europe more recently, traditional food
retailers have been able to stock more extensive non-food ranges. In
fact, Tesco, UK's leading grocer, has become the number
one apparel retailer in the Czech Republic and also a major
player in Hungary apart from being one of the fastest
growing clothing retailers in the UK. Together with its rival, Wal-
Mart-owned ASDA, Tesco is one of the food sector's most
successful exponents of clothing in Europe
DISPOSABLE INCOME
There is no point complaining, accusing or justifying that

retailing business is only for larger players and multinational
retailing companies. That's total rubbish and rather an assumed
limitation. Recent research finding is that by the year 2010, India
will have at least three million people with an annual income
of over Rs
4,000,000. Mind you, this is the official, declared and straight income
meaning there will be a considerable number of consumers with
other sources of income! (I suppose). One could
comfortably presume that one fourth of the three millions
would reside in Bangalore. Considering the third successive
year with great economic growth in India, it is obvious that we
55
shall have more
56
people with higher disposable income. With higher

disposable income, the discerning Indian consumers are not
going to be conscious about price alone. This emerging
consumers would want something special, unique, different, better,
customized and more. Find the synonyms and transliterate these
into value offerings in your field of business and you have a gold
mine, especially when you manage to connect with the
customers' value and perception and India, said that after
significant accelerations in economic growth recently, India's
economy is expected to equal or surpass Japan as the world's third
largest sometime in the year 2006. Dr Wilson also added that
India's economy measured in PPP (purchasing power parity)
terms will eclipse the US$ four trillion mark in 2006, making it equal
to or greater than Japan's. Indian consumers are getting richer
noticeably leading to higher disposable money.
RISING INCOMES
Over the past deacde , India’s middle and High Income group
has grown at a rapid pace of over 10% per annum . Though this
growth is most evident in urban areas, it has also taken place in
rural markets. Further, the number of house holds earning above
Rs.150,000 per annum is about 30 million today and is expected to
grow to 80 million by 2007. This growing high-income population
is triggering the demand for consumer goods, leading to the
proliferation of Higher quality/higher priced products.
EXPLOSION OF MEDIA
There has been an explosion in media as well during the past

decade . Kick-started by the cable-explosion during the gulf
war, television has accelerated to a pint where there are more
cable connections than telephones in Indian homes and more
than 100 channels are being aired at all times .This media
bombardment has exposed the Indian consumer to the lifestyles
of more affluent countries and raised their aspirations from the
shopping experience – they want more choice , value , experience
and convenience.
Private Labels
Brands, store labels, private label brands, store brands. These terms may
seem to be synonyms of each other. However, when it comes to retailing,
each of these terms has a different meaning. While we all know what a
brand is, a private label and a store label are different from any
other brand because they are product lines that are owned,
controlled, merchandised and sold by a specific retailer in its own
stores. Among Indian retailers, Stop, Life and Kashish by Shoppers'
Stop, and ETC by Ebony are private label brands. According to
Synovate, is the market research arm of global communications
specialist Aegis Group, the growth of private labels is about 2-3 times
more than that of advertised brands .Among the product lines launched
by retailers, the ones whose nomenclature is the name of the store
itself are called store labels. Foodworld and Nilgiris have launched
their own brand of supermarket products under the "Foodworld" and
"Nilgiris" brand names.
There is a distinct advantage in naming the brand launched by the

57
retailer after the same name as that of the store. But at the same time,
58
the store label also carries the burden of not only the success of
the brand, but also the failure, which may have a negative rub-off
effect on the retailer's image. A store brand on the other hand is a brand
name the retailer carries. Each retailer, because of its unique offering, is
a brand in itself, which is what the store brand signifies. Nallis, Modern
Bazaar and The Home Store are store brands since each of them stands
for a certain retail offering.
Retailers are now aggressively moving into developing their own private
labels as it not only makes economic sense in the form of retailers
achieving higher margins, it also helps them to plug gaps in their product
portfolio. For instance, in menswear, retailers say that gross margins on
branded products vary from 25-38 per cent. Compared to that, the
retailers can earn whopping margins of around 55-60 per cent on private
labels. Private label products contribute to a retail brands differentiation.
A retailer can achieve differentiation through a large (but not necessarily
exclusive) portfolio of private label products. Service adds to the
differentiation, and together with a unique product range, results in
a strong retail brand. They are not perceived as being interchangeable
with similar private label products launched by other retailers
(unlike manufacturers of branded products, which are the same
regardless of the retailer). Introduction of an in house brand of products
helps the retailer to have means with which they can compete head
on with the other branded products. An established private label
brand provides the retailers a platform to negotiate with suppliers, and
the retailers are thus self-sufficient in a certain category. They have
more control over the merchandise and are able to make the
required changes and modifications to suit the changing customer
profile much quicker. This brings about a more consistent and
acceptable product portfolio, which also helps reduce mark-downs. A
retailer can create a stronger emotional connect with the consumer as
the experience is not just the store experience but also the product
experience. An outside brand could be purchased from any outlet. This
is not so in the case of private labels, so the product experience keeps
bringing the consumer back
The question is: why would retailers want to get into the trouble of
launching an own brand when there are "n" number of local, regional and
national brands for practically all kinds of products? The reasons
are multifold.
55
SWOT OF THE
MARKET
56
57
STRENGTH
1) Organized retailing at US$ 3.31 billion, growing at 8%.
2) 2nd largest contributor to GDP after agriculture at 20%.
3) Pattern of consumption changing along with shopping trends.
4) A Growing population will translate to move consumers.
5) Consumer spending increasing at 11% annually.
6) Almost 25 million sq. ft. retail space available.
7) Paradigm shift in shopping experience for consumers pulling in
more people.
8) Most of the entrants to organized retail come from 3 main
categories, and have ventured into retail as their business
extension.
Real Estate Developers

Corporate Houses
Manufacturers/Exporters
WEAKNESSES
1) Shortage of quality retail spaces at affordable rates.
2) Government regulations on development of real estate(Urban
Land Ceiling Act)
3) Need to provide Value for Money-squeezing margins
4) Lack of industry status.
5) Retail revolution restricted to 250 million people due to
monolithic urban-rural divide.
6) Footfalls not a clear indicator of sales as actual consumers lower
in number.
7) Lack of huge investments for expansion
58
OPPORTUNITIES:
1) Increasing urban population-more participants in retail
revolution.
2) Increase in consuming middle class population.
3) Social factors like dual household income has
enhanced spending power.
4) Spends moving towards lifestyle products and esteem
enhancing products.
5) Availability of old industrial lands-prime real estate locked in sick
industrial units.
6) Average grocery spends at 42% of monthly spends-presents
a huge opportunity.
7) Increase in use of credit cards.
THREATS:
1) Rising lease/rental costs affecting project viability.
2) FDI restrictions in the retail sector.
3) Poor monsoons and low GDP Growth could affect
consumer spending drastically.
4) Archaic labor laws are a hindrance to providing 24/7
shopping experience.
5) Personalized service offered by Mom-&-Pop stores.
59
6) Unavailability of qualified personnel to support
exponential growth in retail.
7) Differentiate taxation laws hindering expansion.
CHALLENGES
60
Retailing in its traditional form has been existing in India for decades.
But retail management in the true sense (as retailing is known in the
west) is a relatively new discipline in India. It is unlike other forms of
marketing and the traditional marketing rules do not apply.
In retailing, as in service, there is a fifth P added to the existing
4 of marketing, the People. Therefore the contact person (whom the
consumers interact with) becomes a doubly important entity.
The most important difference is that where marketing has the
classic 4
Ps (Product, Promotion, Price and place), in retailing a fifth P, people
is added which is critical. They are critical to a service business like
retailing both as employees who execute the business and the
customers with whom retailers must interact.
The following are the key challenges of retailing:
• Large transactions: Retailers need to handle smaller transactions in

large numbers and still be able to make money.
• Low price strategy: The Indian consumer being value-conscious, a

key
to success for many retailers is the ability to attract customers
by offering low price guarantee.
• Aggressive sales, discount and collection schemes (say, credit

facilities.) and thus keep the enthusiasm going.
• Indian consumer behaviors - Retailers need to conduct MRs

and behavioral studies into the Indian psyche simply because he
is so different from those in the west and in fact, different from other
Indian consumers. His shopping patterns need to be analyzed in
detail.
61
• Location: A prime location in the city/town so a big plus.

Things such as
waiting and parking areas need to be taken care of.
• Use of information technology (IT) in developing a supply chain and

integrating all the retailing processes from procurement to after
sales.
As somebody rightly pointed out, India remains one of the last

frontiers of modern retailing. Conquering the retailing in India will be
a major challenge, given the complications that the unorganized
sector poses those of the supply chain and consumer behavior
as well as the glaring complexities of such a vast a market with all
kinds of consumer segments thrown in. A wise retailing hawk would
set up special cells; committees to track retailing industry
throughout the country. Benchmarking the best in the country and
seeing oneself as to where exactly he wants to be in the
complicated perceptual map would be a fine starter. Any retail chain
needs to experiment and re- orient to cater to the local needs and
preferences. Given that these chains come with huge asset
bases and financing from their international operations, this is
not a difficult task. While Indian markets still beckon a large
retail chain, the success of anyone foraying into the land of
snake-charmers and maharajas ultimately depends on how well
and in-depth understanding they have of the conditions, the
people, the supply Retailing in India chain dynamics, the poorer (but
strong) unorganized cousins and of course, the local Gods!
HR… a critical business

process:
The Industry is facing a severe shortage of talented
professional, especially at middle-management level. Areas
gradually becoming critical are technology, supply chain,
business development, marketing, product development and
research. Successful Indian retailers are creating a robust second
and third level of management by hiring aggressively for these key
roles.
There is also an increase in number of retail management
programmes and institutes. This will bridge the gap in availability of
talented professionals at the middle and lower levels. There is also
an increasing trend towards hiring hotel management graduates
in the retail sector. The retail industry is expected to create 2
million jobs between now and 2010.However, talented professionals
will put increased pressure on wage costs. Therefore, operating
margins, especially for mid-sized retailers will shrink. There is also a
huge risk for Indian retailers becoming a poaching ground for
international retailers once they enter India.
An agile and adaptive supply chain

is key
Logistical challenges, constant changes in consumer preferences

and patterns, crowded marketplaces, efficient customer
responsiveness and swiftly evolving retail environment in India.
These factors pose a huge challenge for that all important key
to
62
pushing growth in this kind of an environment- an efficient and

adaptable supply chain.
In the last 2-3 years ,several retailers ranging from F&B operators to
discount clothing, have implemented Supply chain management
(SCM) solutions to improve core business processes such as global
sourcing,distribution,logistics,innovation,transparency and visibility in
financials and inventory, compliance and management of point
of sale(POS) data. Going ahead, India’s FMCG and retail sectors
are likely to see an increase in adoption of SCM.
However, most Indian retail players are under serious pressure

to make their supply chains more efficient in order to deliver the
levels of quality and service that consumers are demanding.
As Indian and International retailers continue to grow their presence

regionally, there will be a pressing need for a single, enterprise-wide
IT platforms to manage operations, which will become
increasingly complex.
Fraud in retail is expensive
We feel that fraud in going to be one of the retail sector’s

primary challenges in the future.
Fraud and theft, including employee pilferage, shoplifting, vendor
frauds and inaccuracy in supervision and administration costs
the Indian retail industry about Rs 550-600 crores every year.
This is despite the fact that most large modern format retailers use
standard security features such as CCTV’s, POS systems and anti
shoplifting systems for greater control over fraud and theft. In
financial terms, cost of this fraud constitutes about 2% of the
organized retail sector’s revenues.
We believe that the implications and size of this loss will be

more significant as retailers continue to scale up and increase
product lines.
Improvement in infrastructure and

logistics needed
India is a large and highly fragmented country, with 29 states and 18

officials’ languages. A bulk of its population, 66.1%, lives in rural
retail potential We feel that private logistics companies offering
specialized
63
services, refrigerated transport and ware house facilities across the

country, along with timely distribution of supplies to retail outlets will.
LOCATION
PLANNING
64
TYPES OF LOCATIONS
A) High – Street Location:
a. Very busy with high customer

traffic.
b. Has an array of retail stores in small sizes. areas. The lack

of adequate infrastructure makes it virtually impossible to reach
this virtually untapped market. Distribution, or lack of it, is a
major hindrance for retailers in India. The lack of quality
infrastructure across the country and a non- existent distribution
sector results in inefficient logistics systems. Infrastructure is the
weakest link in India’s path to progress and there is urgent need
to address issues plaguing this area. Urbanization is driving an
increasing need to upgrade or create infrastructure facilities. An
indicator of the urgent need for highway development, for instance,
is the fact that average daily traffic volume on highways of
39,000 Passenger car units (PCU’s) far exceeds the highway
capacity of 15,000 PCU’s. Transport is a major concern, with a
deteriorating railway system and a limited highway network .In
contrast to the global standards, the average load carried by
trucks in India around 7 tons_ is very low. However, the Indian
Government is presently investing heavily in the state highway
system. This will help in an overall decline in logistics a cost which
is currently 10-12% of total GDP. 10,000 MW of power needs to
be added every year for next decade. Growth in air
passenger traffic, estimated at 20% p.a. for next two
years, necessitates quadrupling of airport capacities. Ports will
witness 38% increase in tonnage in next -3 years and hence, port
infrastructure cannot be ignored.
b. Has stores that are generally found in clusters based on product

categories.
c. High real-estate rentals.
Eg: Linking road in Bandra, Brigade Road in Bangalore
(B) Destination / Freestanding Location
a. Does not have a high footfall rate (customer traffic needs to

be pulled I through the store’s marketing efforts or
products/services/process differentiations)
b. May not be a commercial retail area at all.
c. Low real-estate rentals.
d. May have a large parking area.

Eg :Phoenix Mills Compounds and Shopper’s Stop in Mumbai.
65
(C) Shopping Centre/Mall Location
a .Has an Existing mall traffic.
b .Has a clean Environment.
c. Has a designated parking area.
d .Medium to High rental cost.
Eg: DLF Mall in Delhi, Crossroads in Mumbai
Location, store design and

layout:
Once a geographical market has been chosen, the next step in

formulating the retail business plan is to select a site for the store.
The importance of this decision is summarized by a favorite saying of
retailers: "There are three vitally important things in retailing -
location, location, and location."
In assessing the desirability of various available locations, note the

positive and negative aspects of each. Once again, analysis of
trends is important. No location is static; it is either improving
or declining in such things as traffic flow and potential market area.
Store design and layout of the store's interior and
exterior help determine the store's image and character. In
planning a new store or remodeling of an old one, there is
plenty of room for creativity. This part of the plan takes a
lot of thought and consideration. Some bad decisions made in
the planning stage can be corrected, but mistakes made in the
area of store design and layouts are usually quite costly to correct.
Retailers can get specialized assistance from
merchandise suppliers, local architects, and store planning
consultants. Display windows, fixtures, lighting, and storage
are examples of areas covered in this part of the retail business
plan. Store layout involves such considerations as allocation of
space, customer traffic flow throughout the store, and maximizing
profit per square foot.
Planning a retail business has several advantages. A well

thought out plan not only makes the best of the present,
but also anticipates future contingencies
Retailing is a challenging and dynamic field. The retailer draws

on knowledge from such areas as marketing, psychology,
finance, accounting and management. From the field of
management, we learn that planning is one of the most
important functions of the retailer. It is a function often neglected
under the pressure of day-today business activity, but it is so
important that the successful retailer must give it top priority.
Retailers must decide how to make the best use of limited resources,
such as people, funds, and inventories. In order to use these
resources in the most productive way, the retailer plans for the future.
66
The most important planning occurs before a retail store even opens
for business. Careful planning at this time can greatly enhance
a store's chances of success. By gathering and synthesizing
the relevant information into a retail business plan, the retailer can
make better decisions. A workable retail business plan should be
detailed, specific, and in writing. Indeed, a major advantage of
planning is that it forces the retailer to put ideas in writing.
Without planning, there is no predetermined course of action,

and with out some predetermined course of action, retailers do not
know what to do, where to do, or why it should be done. They
waste their own energies and the resources of the store.
Planning involves selecting objectives and developing specific
program’s, policies, and procedures for achieving them.
Steps in formulating the retail business plan:
Setting objectives-
Planning begins with objectives. Stores can have many different

objectives: survival, growth, market share increase, high return
on investment, and development of a good store image.
Some objectives are more important than others. Profit, of
course, is a primary objective for any retail organization.
Social concerns, however, must often be given consideration, too,
if the store is to be a "good citizen" of its business community
Objectives are difficult to apply to real situations

and decisions if they are stated in vague terms. An objective
should establish a measurable goal - a yardstick to compare
results with efforts. Goals or objectives such as "to increase sales
by 18 per cent this year" or "to break even in the first year of
operation" are examples of clearly defined and measurable
objectives. They must be supported with concrete plans that are
specific for reaching these goals.
In forming the retail business plan, be as specific

as possible. Remember to be
customer-oriented while setting
objectives; it is one of the keys to successful retailing. Do not lose
sight of these objectives once they are formulated.
Schedule quarterly, or if appropriate, monthly reviews of progress.
Revise and update your objectives periodically as well.
Financial planning:
Financial planning is an important part of the retail business plan. In

fact, inadequate financial planning is a frequent cause of store
failure.
Financial statistics on the type of business

under consideration are often available from trade
associations. This information can be invaluable to the manager in
the initial planning stages. The retailer must make a sales forecast,
calculate a break- even point, and estimate the capital
requirements of the business. Asset planning, another essential
part of financial planning, involves inventory, accounts receivable,
equipment and fixtures, and cash. Often, these assets must be
financed in part with funds obtained from outside sources - banks,
relatives, and so on.
67
Assessing available resources:
What are the strengths and weakness of the business? By assessing

these factors, a retailer can maximize the use of all available assets
and can limit or eliminate the handicaps imposed by the
inherent weakness of these resources. Experienced, creative
management is a strong resource. Sufficient working capital to
meet the costs of doing business the first year is another.
At least as important as knowing the strengths of the

business is analyzing its weaknesses. Awareness of weak areas
is the first step in overcoming them. Some weaknesses can
be overcome by hiring an outside expert in areas in which the
retailer's knowledge and experience are limited. Additional
training and outside reading are other answers to many weak areas.
A retailer with general retailing experience but little

knowledge of, say, the shoe business, could benefit greatly by
hiring experienced shoe salespeople if she is planning to open
a shoe store. A retailer who is weak in the areas of financial
planning and control needs to work closely with a good
accountant. Even during the planning stage, an accountant can
be helpful in setting up an appropriate bookkeeping system.
Assessing market potential
What type of customer, or what segment of the market, does

the store cater to? Is there enough demand for the products to
provide sufficient sales volume? These are some of the main
questions the retailer tries to answer by assessing market potential.
The key factors in market assessment are: first, the number

of people living in the trade area, and second, the buying power of
these people. An extreme example of poor market assessment would
be trying to sell expensive fur coats in a poor mining town. Even the
age distribution of the population can affect a store's
market potential.
Assessing the competitive situation
Competition is a good thing. It leads to better products and services

at lower prices. It can inspire a retailer to do a better job. However,
numerous and / or aggressive competitors are costly to the retailer in
many ways. Price wars eat away profits. Too many similar
stores serving too few consumers cause the sales volume of each
store to suffer.
For some types of stores, however, the best strategy can be to

locate as close as possible to the competition. Competing stores
located in the same area may increase customer traffic. Some
cities, for example, have an area with many antique shops.
Customers are drawn to the area because of this convenience,
and each store's traffic helps the other stores. Retailers should
not be afraid of competition, but they should try to find a market
where there is an unfilled demand for the type of store they are
planning.
68
Other assessments:
Local laws, tax rates, and the labour force are other areas that can
affect the retail store. The planner should investigate these
uncontrollable environmental factors.
In this preliminary work, be aware of trends as well.

For example, demand for the products may look very promising
in a certain area, but the population of this area might be
declining. On the other hand, an area with slightly lower market
potential at present could be growing very fast and provide a better
long-run market for a particular store. These assessments are
often difficult to make, but the effort put into planning at this stage
will pay off handsomely when store operations get under way.
Location, store design and layout:
Once a geographical market has been chosen, the next step in

formulating the retail business plan is to select a site for the store.
The importance of this decision is summarized by a favorite saying of
retailers: "There are three vitally important things in retailing -
location, location, and location."
In assessing the desirability of various available

locations, note the positive and negative aspects of each. Once
again, analysis of trends is important. No location is static; it is
either improving or declining in such things as traffic flow and
potential market area.
Store design and layout of the store's interior and
exterior help determine the store's image and character. In
planning a new store or remodeling of an old one, there is
plenty of room for creativity. This part of the plan takes a
lot of thought and consideration. Some bad decisions made in
the planning stage can be corrected, but mistakes made in the
area of store design and layout are usually quite costly to correct.
Retailers can get specialized assistance from

merchandise suppliers, local architects, and store planning
consultants. Display windows, fixtures, lighting, and storage
are examples of areas covered in this part of the retail business
plan. Store layout involves such considerations as allocation of
space, customer traffic flow throughout the store, and maximizing
profit per square foot.
Organization and supervision
Planning is an example of a management function. Other

management functions performed by the retailer are organizing,
staffing, leading, and controlling.
By organizing, the retailer establishes relationships

among people, materials, and other resources to get a job done.
Labour is organized and divided, and responsibility is
delegated. Staffing entails the recruitment and selection of
employees. It is a vitally important function because the
employees of a store represent that store to the public. People can
really be the most important asset of a retail firm.
Every retailer is in a leadership position. Leadership means

motivating employees to achieve their maximum potential, while
at
69
the same time accomplishing the goals of the organization. Because

leadership means understanding people, it is one of the most
creative and challenging aspects of a retailer's job. The
retailer's professionalism and attitudes set the tone for employees'
attitudes and performance.
Controlling is the follow-up function of retail management.

Actual performance is compared with planned performance to
spot and evaluate deviations.
Knowledge on buying
For established retail operations, past sales data are very helpful in
knowing how much to buy. For a new retail business, these
past data are not available. However, if a sales forecast and
desired inventory turnover rate have been determined, the
beginning inventory figure can be calculated. A balance
between meeting customers' needs and high inventory carrying
costs must be found. Knowing how much to buy goes hand in hand
with knowing what to buy. Successful retailing involves having the
right merchandise in the right place, at the right time, and at
the right price for the customer.
Information from store records is a valuable aid in knowing

what to buy. In the absence of this information, an understanding of
the target customer's shopping habits and motivations, is helpful.
Information from suppliers can provide valuable input for the
store buyer. Once the inventory has been obtained, a unit control
system must be set up to keep track of the stock.
Pricing
The goals of retail pricing are fourfold. First, the goods must sell at a
satisfactory rate. Second, inventory costs and expenses must
be covered. Third, a desired profit must be made, and fourth,
prices should be fair to customers.
There are different pricing strategies for different types of

stores, from the discount store to the exclusive shop with
quality merchandise and expanded customer services. Pricing in
retailing is both a science and an art.
Retailers have special terms to describe various pricing

operations, such as markup, markdown, and psychological pricing.
Pricing is, naturally, closely related to financial planning.
Advertising and promotion
A store's location, layout, design, and product lines affect its overall
image. Advertising is another key element of the store's image in the
minds of customers. Advertising can be thought of as
communicating with customers. The objective of an advertisement is
to stimulate the customer to want what the retailer has to offer, and to
persuade the customer to take action to satisfy the stimulated want
or need.
Besides advertising, retailers send messages to customers

through personal selling, sales promotion, and packaging.
Information channels beyond the direct control of the retailer
are publicity and word-of-mouth communication.
70
By giving careful consideration to defining who the

advertisement is directed at (the "target customer"), retailers can get
more mileage out of advertising spend. The content of an
advertisement should focus on benefits desired by the
target customers.
Sales promotion and display techniques are a major

promotional tool. Sales promotions can have various objectives,
such as generation of immediate sales, attracting customers to the
store, and building goodwill.
Window displays can serve to attract customers, to

show customers the kind of merchandise the store carries, and to
project the image of the store. Because window displays are so
visible, they should be given the attention, care, and creative input
they deserve. Interior displays can be informative, can stimulate
impulse buying, or can suggest uses of a product. In addition,
they can enhance the store's image. Other sales promotion
strategies include special events, sales, coupons, and trading
stamps.
Employee selection and training
The salesperson is a communicator: This person translates product

features into benefits and satisfactions for the customer. But
most important, the salesperson is the representative of the store
to its customers.
The unique quality that distinguishes personal selling
from other promotion activities is the opportunity for feedback
between customer and salesperson. Good advertising and
promotion can get people into a store. Good salespeople and
good value keep them coming back.
The importance of employee selection and training
cannot be overstated. Many retailers are surprised to learn that
monetary compensation, although important to employees, is
usually not their most important concern. Fairness, security,
honesty, and opportunity are often more important than pay.
Services
An enlightened retailer realizes that the customer is the pivot around

which all retailing activities revolve. This attitude is expressed to the
customer through shopping conveniences, services, employee
attitudes, and fair values. As part of the retail business
plan, decisions must be made about the types of services to be
offered. Services, and handling of credit policies and customer
complaints, deserve the ongoing attention of the manager.
Accounting and financial management
Information and control play an important role in the

internal operation of a retail business. Good records are the basis for
guiding and controlling a retail business. They are the tools a
manager uses to control inventory, expenses, and ultimately, profits.
71
Financial statements, such as balance sheets and

income statements, are summaries of the financial strength and
profitability of the retail business. They tell how well a business is
doing, and give evidence about the quality of management
decisions. Financial planning in the form of budgets helps
retailers to spot problems before they occur.
Information
One information tool in particular has been a real boon to retailers,

and that is the computer. More and better information is available to
the retailer now than ever before, because of computers. This means
that better and faster decisions can be made. Computers offer speed
and accuracy of information processing that is especially helpful
in inventory management.
Information is important for intelligent decision-making.

Much of this information evolves from basic store records or is
provided by a computer system. Another source of information
for the retailer is marketing research, such as the market
assessment. Most of the research involved in formulating the retail
business plan is in fact, marketing research. Research can also
help answer questions in such areas as pricing, promotion and
distribution.
72
COMPETITOR
ANALYSIS
The table below outlines some of the strategic moves being planned
to change the competitive structure of Retail business in India.
Early Birds
Retailer Brands Plans Strengths Challenges Threats
K Raheja Shopper’s 310 Shoppers’ Pulse on Keeping up brand Could get

Group Stop, Stop Outlets by customer loyalty bogged down
Crossword, 2010, 60-70 new tastes with positioning its
Inorbit Mall Crossword vast local right
Hyper City, outlets within two retailing
Café Brio/Desi years, 100 Café experience
Café Brio/ Desi Café
and 14 new
Hypercity
73
Future Group Pantaloon, Big A store a day for Can evolve on Expanding Straddling wit
Bazaar, Food the next three to vast customer customer base, too many reta
Bazaar, four years – experience sourcing products formats
Fashion 3,300 planned by and existing at cheaper rates
Station, Blue 2010 models
Sky
Tata Trent Westside Looking to Already has Sprucing up I

register it’s an established product offerings,
presence in brand like opening more
hypermarkets; Westside outlets, and
currently introducing new
operates 21 retail formats
stores
RPG Spencer’s, Expansion into Still considered a Establishing

Music World other major cities southern brand itself into new
at prime regions,
locations; B- sourcing
Cities next on list products at
competitive
prices
Source : Indian Management, Volume 46, Issue 1, January

2007, Page 16
Debutantes

Reliance Reliance Plans to set up a Strong back Getting the retail Product
Fresh range of end, portfolio right pricing,
different store nationwide for Indian tastes infrastructure,
formats, fuel retailing manpower,
convenience platform brands
stores and
hypermarkets as
well as create a
back-end retail-
services
business
74
Bharti Field Fresh Pan-Indian Bharti’s local Wooing the price Product
Walmart operations expertise and sensitive Indian pricing, shelf
expected Wal-Mart’s consumer and overall
back-end offerings
make it a
lethal combo
In the Pipeline

Aditya Madura To roll out it’s Extensive Gaining a Building
Birla Garments, retail business experience in national retail formats
Birla Sun within the next supply-chain footprint from scratch
Life 7-8 months with management,
Insurance a combination of vendor
and Idea large and small development with
Cellular, stores premium brands
Planet like Louis
Fashion and Phillippe, Van
Trouser Heusen and Allen
Town Solly
Hero Easy Bill Floated Aero Strong Creating retail Little

Group Infrastructure background in operations experience in
Ltd announcing several from scratch everyday
foray into retail. manufacturing consumer
Currently sectors; sound retailing.
developing two financial base
industrial parks
at Haridwar and
Uttaranchal
75
Future
Outlook
Retailing in India is gradually inching its way toward becoming

the next boom industry. The whole concept of shopping has
altered in terms of format and consumer buying behavior,
ushering in a revolution in shopping in India. Modern retail has
entered India as seen in sprawling shopping centers, multi-storied
malls and huge complexes offer shopping, entertainment and food
all under one roof. The Indian retailing sector is at an inflexion point
where the growth of organized retailing and growth in the
consumption by the Indian population is going to take a higher
growth trajectory. The Indian population is witnessing a significant
change in its demographics. A large young working population with
median age of 24 years, nuclear
76
families in urban areas, along with increasing workingwomen

population and emerging opportunities in the services sector are
going to be the key growth drivers of the organized retail sector
in India. Retail and real estate are the two booming sectors of India
in the present times. And if industry experts are to be believed,
the prospects of both the sectors are mutually dependent on each
other. Retail, one of India’s largest industries, has presently
emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industries of
our times with several players entering the market. Accounting for
over 10 per cent of the country’s GDP and around eight per cent of
the employment retailing in India is gradually inching its way
toward becoming the next boom industry.
As the contemporary retail sector in India is reflected in

sprawling shopping centers, multiplex- malls and huge
complexes offer shopping, entertainment and food all under one
roof, the concept of shopping has altered in terms of format
and consumer buying behavior, ushering in a revolution in
shopping in India. This has also contributed to large-scale
investments in the real estate sector with major national and
global players investing in developing the infrastructure and
construction of the retailing business. The trends that are driving
the growth of the retail sector in India are
Low share of organized retailing

Falling real estate prices
Increase in disposable income and customer aspiration
Increase in expenditure for luxury items (CHART)
Road Ahead; Plans of Large

Retailers
Reliance Retail: investing Rs. 30,000 crore ($6.67 billion) in

setting up multiple retail formats with expected sales of Rs.
90,000 crore plus ($20 billion) by 2009-10.
Pantaloon Retail: Will occupy 10 mn sq.ft retail space and
achieve Rs.9,000 crore-plus ($2 bn) sales by 2008.
RPG: Planning IPO will have 450-plus Music World, 50-plus
Spencer's Hyper covering 4 million sq.ft by 2010.
LIFESTYLE: Investing Rs.400 crore-plus ($90 million) in
next five years on Max Hypermarkets & value retail stores,
home and lifestyle centres.
Raheja's: Operates Shoppers' Stop, Crossword, Inorbit
Mall, and 'Home Stop' formats. Will operate 55 "Hypercity"
hypermarkets with US$100 million sales across India by
2015.
Piramyd Retail: Aiming to occupy 1.75 million sq.ft retail
spaces through 150 stores in next five years.
77
Merger and
acquisition activity
78
India witnessed a record number of M&A deals in the first half

of
2006, which were collectively worth USD 25.6 billion. A significant
number of deals have being carried out in the Indian retail sector in
the past few months in order to acquire a larger share in the growing
domestic market and to compete against the prospective global and
domestic players.13 The table below shows some recent deals
that have taken place in the Indian retail sector:
Consideration
Acquired/ JV Company/
Year Acquirer Nature of Business Stake
Target
(US$ million)
2005 Liberty Shoes Future group Retail (Footwear) 51% 3
2005 Indus - League Clothing Future group Retail clothing 68% 5
Leisure retail chain
Deccan Chronicle
2005 Odyssey India (books, music, 100% 14
Holdings
toys)
Books, music,
2005 Landmark Tata Trent 74% 24
accessories
TGI Friday's (a
subsidiary of Carlson Restaurant (Food
2006 Bistro Hospitality 25% N/A
Restaurant World- retail)
wide)
Indus League clothing Lingerie and 50%
2006 Etam group, France women's wear 8
(Future group company) retailing (JV)
Source: Price water house Coppers, Asia-Pacific M&A

bulletin, mid year 2006.
79
Technology – A Critical Tool
Out-of-stocks are the most noticeable problem for consumers — during normal shopping experiences
eight per cent of intended purchases are not on the shelf and when it comes to promotional offers,
these out-of-stocks rise to 15 per cent. Faced with an empty shelf, consumers often do not substitute
the same brand. They simply keep their money and leave the store in search of another product. Let's
take the example of a $25-billion retailer: lost sales due to out-of-stocks added up to nearly 1 per cent
of total sales — a mind-boggling figure of $1 billion! Retailers across the nation are unable to predict
and master the demand-supply gap as a result of orthodox tools to measure changing
consumer behavior. Considering the Indian retail industry grew by 300 per cent in the last 12 months
and supply chain accounts for 50 per cent of costs, retailers are now looking at ways to enhance the
supply chain and predict consumer-buying habits. High consumption patterns driven by
disposable incomes, lifestyle shifts and availability of a wide range of brands are dictating the high-
growth of different retail formats in India. No wonder, Indian retail players are under tremendous
pressure to make the supply chain more efficient in order to deliver quality, selection and service to
consumers. Retailers are now looking at creating an efficient supply-chain via a concept popularly
referred to as consumer driven replenishment. What this implies is placing the consumer in the
centre of the replenishment process, to allow retailers to be able to use real-time data to sense
and respond to changing consumer demands. To implement consumer driven replenishment, one
needs to first collect and analyze pre- shopping signals, which often go unnoticed today. For
example, consumers may speak to store associates or call centre agents to enquire on a
particular product. As this often leads consumers to purchase products, retailers and supply chain
partners can use existing consumer touch points to map consumers' buying preferences. For
example, Spanish retailer Zara furnishes its store employees with PDAs to help them order out-of-
stock items the minute the customer brings it to the assistant's attention. This information
captured via the PDAs dictates next-day replenishments at the stores.
In another instance, Wal-Mart leverages weather data for replenishment. When the world's
largest retailer knows about an approaching hurricane or snowstorm, the stores in that area are
doubly stocked up with essential items such as bottled water and batteries. This data helps Wal-
Mart align inventory with increased demand to cover unnatural events and prevent out-of-stock
situations.
Consumer driven replenishment will change the way the industry handles forecasting
and replenishment. The major business change will start at the business process level; to respond
quickly to consumer demand, retailers and their supply chain partners must redesign the current
business process. All supply chain partners will become part of a cohesive architecture, enabling
information to flow freely from retail functions to suppliers.
Inevitably, consumer driven replenishment within the Indian retail sector will be reflected in
rapid growth in sales of supermarkets, department stores and hypermarkets. And with this
increased competition, retailers will look at various opportunities to maximize customer satisfaction.
These will include initiatives to streamline internal back end costs so as to translate savings onto
customers, maximizing mind share in a cluttered market and delivering the best in store experience.
Keeping these deliverables in mind, some of the other key modules that the store of the future will
look to implement will include:
Store connectivity:
Stores will invest in building wide-area networks (WANs) and virtual private networks (VPNs)
to access information across various sites. With visibility into every resource, stores will take
advantage of up-to-the-minute data at the right time for increased strategic flexibility and
informed decision- making for managing inventory.
RFID: Widely regarded as the key defining technology to hit the retail sector, RFID tags on each
piece of merchandise will enable companies to monitor their inventory at a more detailed level than
ever before. Executives will identify when problems occur by monitoring signal readers installed
at key junctures, such as loading docks, receiving points, distribution centers, backrooms and
store shelves. These readers in turn will be networked to a centralized monitoring system that
would give companies information they could never imagine with current operations, allowing
them to identify problems as shop lifting, inventory management, and even 'gray market’ sales that
can erode profits and damage distribution relationships. Let’s see the actual benefits of using RFID in
the supply chain. The biggest benefit is the total visibility across the entire supply chain:
What managers worry about the most? It is directly or indirectly related to
uncertainty.
Uncertainty is the mother of inventory and the father of stock-outs.
Inventory Management
• Maintain a real-time view of tagged inventory as it flows through the supply chain.
• Track discrete movement of tagged inventory.
• Trigger alerts around inventory movement based on business rules you construct.
• Allowing just-in-time practices.
Maximizing warehouse space

With the high costs associated with storage real estate, the goal is to maximize
warehouse space. This will improve utilization without undermining the ease with which goods
can be moved in and out.
Minimizing goods shrinkage

Theft combined with imprecise inventory management can create a significant shortfall in actual
versus expected goods available. Within the retail environment goods shrinkage is widely
perceived to account for up to one per cent of stock, representing a significant dent in
profit margin.
Benefits to Consumers,
RFID can go beyond just intangible cost savings, as RFID can play a role in food
safety, counterfeit control, and warranty programs. Businesses must avoid focusing too intently
on the ways RFID tags can be used and instead stay focused on how RFID can improve
consumer value and address complex business issues.
Minimizing errors in delivery
Misdirected deliveries or incorrect orders can immediately result in on-shelf out-of-stock

situations leading to reduced sales and damaged customer relationships. Indeed, for organizations
relying on the delivery of specific components to fulfill their own order schedule, such errors can
have a serious impact on customer satisfaction. Store Mobility: Stores will use wireless
technologies at the point of sale for faster checkout and real-time product information in the store
to improve operations, and throughout the supply chain to reduce costs.
IP Communications: Stores will converge their data and voice systems, providing instant
communication throughout stores at significantly reduced costs.
In conclusion, suffice to say that faced with poor supply chain management and a rapidly changing
environment, today's retailers will most definitively look for consumer driven replenishment to simplify
supply chain operations, control costs, and measure results. With networks that will enable real time
updates to predict and replenish stocks, the Indian consumer will hopefully never find his
shopping preferences out of stock.
The Indian retail market is booming, and there are numerous applications—both business and
consumer—that can be built around radio frequency identification (RFID) to deliver operational
efficiencies. For instance, if a retailer is able to track shipments and high-value assets in real-time, it
can minimise losses. Apart from improved and enhanced accuracy, RFID can also lead up to
80 percent savings in time spent on scanning items.
Explains Chamaria, “RFID is a transformational technology that has the potential to change the way
business is conducted. Although at a nascent stage, we expect RFID will start gaining traction around
2010. The cost of tags and readers is fairly high today; once it comes down and ROI is established, it
will surely be a boon for both retailers and CPG companies.”
Aggarwal of BEA elaborates. “While RFID is at a nascent stage, there are several killer
applications that can utilise RFID technology across verticals. Supply Chain Visibility and Reusable
Asset Tracking will emerge as key solutions that have high applicability in the Indian
market, especially in manufacturing, retail, government and healthcare."
But as of now, RFID has hardly any presence in India. Laments Chopra, “Indian retailers are still to
adopt bar-coding completely. The level of bar-code usage is also largely due to the retailers’ initiatives
of printing these codes at their warehouses, unlike in developed countries, where suppliers print bar-
codes. Most retailers do not have integrated IT systems today. Many retailers have few IT systems
in the areas of supply chain management, vendor development, merchandising and
inventory management. The annual expenditure on IT is quite negligible.”
Technology in Retail
Over the years as the consumer demand increased and the retailers geared up to meet this increase,
technology evolved rapidly to support this growth. The hardware and software tools that have
now become almost essential for retailing can be into 3 broad categories.
Customer Interfacing Systems
Bar Coding and Scanners
Point of sale systems use scanners and bar coding to identify an item, use pre-stored data to
calculate the cost and generate the total bill for a client. Tunnel Scanning is a new concept
where the consumer pushes the full shopping cart through an electronic gate to the point of
sale. In a matter of seconds, the items in the cart are hit with laser beams and scanned. All
that the consumer has to do is to pay for the goods.
Payment
Payment through credit cards has become quite widespread and this enables a fast and easy
payment process. Electronic cheque conversion, a recent development in this
area, processes a cheque electronically by transmitting transaction information to the
retailer and consumer's bank. Rather than manually process a cheque, the retailer voids it
and hands it back to the consumer along with a receipt, having digitally captured and stored
the image of the cheque, which makes the process very fast.
Internet
Internet is also rapidly evolving as a customer interface, removing the need of a consumer
physically visiting the store.
ERP System
Various ERP vendors have developed retail-specific systems which help in integrating all the
functions from warehousing to distribution, front and back office store systems
and merchandising. An integrated supply chain helps the retailer in maintaining his stocks,
getting his supplies on time, preventing stock-outs and thus reducing his costs, while
servicing the customer better.
CRM Systems
The rise of loyalty programs, mail order and the Internet has provided retailers with
real access to consumer data. Data warehousing & mining technologies offers retailers the
tools they need to make sense of their consumer data and apply it to business. This, along
with the various available CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Systems, allows the
retailers to study the purchase behavior of consumers in detail and grow the value
of individual consumers to their businesses.
Advanced Planning and Scheduling

Systems
APS systems can provide improved control across the supply chain, all the way from
raw material suppliers right through to the retail shelf. These APS packages complement
existing (but often limited) ERP packages. They enable consolidation of activities such as
long term budgeting, monthly forecasting, weekly factory scheduling and daily distribution
scheduling into one overall planning process using a single set of data.
Leading manufactures, distributors and retailers and considering APS packages such
as those from i2, Manugistics, Bann, MerciaLincs and Stirling-Douglas.
Strategic Decision Support Systems
Store Site Location
Demographics and buying patterns of residents of an area can be used to compare various
possible sites for opening new stores. Today, software packages are helping retailers not
only in their locational decisions but in decisions regarding store sizing and floor-spaces as
well.
Visual Merchandising
The decision on how to place & stack items in a store is no more taken on the gut feel of the
store manager. A larger number of visual merchandising tools are available to him to
evaluate the impact of his stacking options. The SPACEMAN Store Suit from AC
Neilsen and ModaCAD are example of products helping in modeling a retail store design.
Investment Opportunities
Potential For Investment: The total estimated Investment Opportunity in the retail sector
is around US$ 5-6 Billion in the Next five years.
Location: with modern retail formats having made their foray into the top cities namely
Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Bangalore, Delhi, Nagpur
there exists tremendous potential in two tier towns over the next 5 years.
Sectors with High Growth Potential: Certain segments that promise a high growth are
Food and Grocery

Clothing
Furniture and Fixtures
Pharmacy
Durables, Footwear & Leather, Watch & Jewellery
Fastest Growing Formats: Some of the formats that offer good growth potential are:
o Speciality and Super Market
Hyper Market
Discount stores
Department Stores
Convenience Stores and E-Retailing
Supply Chain Infrastructure: Supply chain infrastructure in terms of cold chain and Logistics.
Rural Retail: Retail sector offers opportunities for exploration and investment in rural areas,
with Corporates and Entrepreneurs having made a foray in the past. India's largely
rural population has caught the eye of retailers looking for new areas of growth. ITC
launched the country's first rural mall ' Chaupal Sagar', offering a diverse product range
from FMCG to electronics appliance to automobiles, attempting to provide farmers a one-
stop destination for all of their needs. There has been yet another initiative by the DCM
Sriram Group called the ' Hariyali Bazaar', that has initially started off by providing farm
related inputs and services but plans to introduce the complete shopping basket in due
course. Other corporate bodies include Escorts and Tata Chemicals (with Tata Kisan
Sansar) setting up agri-stores to provide products/services targeted at the farmer in order to
tap the vast rural market.
Wholesale Trading: wholesale trading also holds huge potential for growth. German
giant Metro AG and South African Shoprite Holdings have already made headway in this
segment by setting up stores selling merchandise on a wholesale basis in Bangalore
and Mumbai respectively. These new-format cash-and-carry stores attract large volumes
from a sizeable number of retailers who do not have to maintain relationships with multiple
suppliers for all their needs.
Cheap Consumer Credit

Government Initiatives & Regulations
There has always been a strong opposition to FDI in India’s retail sector (though 100
percent FDI is allowed in distribution companies that sell to the trade and not to the consumer). The
BJP was not too keen on it early on, though towards the end of Vajpayee’s government‘s term
there were noises that it would consider such a move.
These days, the left parties are orchestrating a passionate opposition to allowing FDI in retail.
The arguments are familiar – that global retailers will swamp the Indian markets, wipe out small
kirana stores and put millions of jobs in jeopardy. They also argue that giant global retailers will
squeeze suppliers and finish them off. “ The negative effects in terms of job losses and the
displacement of traditional supply chains by the monopoly/ monophony power of multinational retailers
far outweigh the supposed benefits…” the left observed in a recent seven-page note that
summarized its arguments against FDI. Given the political clout of the small trading community,
because of their enormous numbers, the government has barred FDI in retailing since 1997. Most of
India’s home grown retailers also oppose FDI, though for a different reason. “What is the hurry (to
allow FDI)? For 10 years, China allowed only one foreign store per province. I allowed domestic
chains to build up good valuation before opening FDI, “argues Kishore Biyani, managing director,
Pantaloon Retail. “ The debate is not
‘whether or not to allow FDI, but ‘when and how’,” he clarifies. Biyani is also chairman of Confederation
of Indian Industry’s retail committee, which estimates that Rs.20, 000 crore will be needed in retail to
scale up to its potential. Indian companies need time to mobilize at least part of the capital before the
foreign players are allowed in, argues CII. In private some domestic retailers fear getting
lower valuations from their global counterparts if they sell out today. But five or 10 years later,
when they have built up larger business, they may get far higher valuations. Of course, the argument
of asking for more time to get even better valuation may not lose its appeal even a decade later, if
the approach is instinctively protectionist. INDIA’s retail industry – the fourth largest in the world –
accounts for 11 per cent of the country’s GDP and employs over 40 million people (about 7 per
cent of Sector retailers (Yes, they have retailing PSU’s!) had a 32 percent share and private sector
retailers had 45 per cent. total employment in the country). Now, a huge majority of the retail
workforce is in kiranas.This sector, in fact acts as an informal social security net – almost anyone
without a job can set up a kirana. The big worry is that global retailers will quickly put these kiranas
out of business, leading to millions of job losses. Is that fear justified? The answer can be found in
the experience of othercountries that allow FDI in retail. In Thailand and Malaysia, global retailers
have spelt doom for the traditional mom and pop stores. In fact the Thai government had to step
step in to save local retailers from annihilation. It set up Allied Retail Trade, a network of franchised
stores, which brought small stores together to fight the big chains.
But if the Thailand story is forbidding, then the China one is inspirational. Global chains have had a 13
year run in china. In 1992, China had one supermarket. Today it has 60, 000. (Supermarkets
are perceived to be kirana killers!). Four of the world’s 10 largest retailers, 35 of the top 50 and 78 of
the top 250 have already opened stores in China. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores,
cash & carry convenience stores every conceivable format operates in China. The globalization of
china is complete.
So what impact has this

had?
The top 100 retailers (both domestic and foreign) in China had combined sales of $60 billion in 2004,
according to the China Chain Store & Franchise Association. These 100 companies have so
far opened 30,416 stores with a total area of 25.8 million square metres. But – and here’s the
revelation they have only 9.6 per cent share of China‘s $628- billion retail trade! That figure has
grown from 2.9 per cent in 2000.
It must be mentioned that the global giants got unfettered access into China only in 2004. Therefore
their performance cannot be compared with rest of the country’s retail sector, but must
be benchmarked only against the top 100 firms. When seen thus, the foreign firms account for only
23 percent sales of the top 100 retailers. China’s public Now, the question is which theory is
relevant to
India – China’s or Thailand’s? “India cannot be compared with Thailand and Malaysia as the scale is
much smaller and economic levels are dissimilar. The right comparison would be Germany 20-
30 years ago or Brazil today.
China makes sense because of its similarities with India: large area, large chunk of underdeveloped
population, disparity in income levels,” says Arvin Singhal, chairman of consultancy KSA Technopak.
Or better still, one could also look at the US story. Its retailing industry is one of the most matures ones
in the world. It is also home to some of the world’s largest retailers. But there is a less
understood aspect of the US retail scene – 95 percent of all retailers in the US are single – store
operations. They may not be as the Indian Kirana, but they are still small ‘mom and pop’ operations
on the US scale. Despite over six decades of dominance by large chains, these small players have
not find a lot of them in the vicinity of a Wal- Mart or a target. They are also under pressure and their
market share in on the decline. But the fact is that the single- store operations still control a little less
than 50 percent of US retail trade.
Again, back home, in Chennai, where large and organised supermarket chains like FoodWorld
and Nilgiri’s have grabbed a 20 percent market share, the kiranas haven’t been slaughtered.
They are smarter, more efficient more customer- friendly than they were five years ago; they are
matching the chains’ prices and continue to do brisk business. Even stores in close vicinity
of these large supermarkets have survived. “Small businesses have their own competitive
advantages. They are local; they are usually in the same block that the customers are in; and they
are very convenient. They know their customers by name, so they offer great customer service. They
have tailored their inventory for their customers, so they have great inventory management, and many
times they give credit. Small businesses have their own model, offer a different product mix, and keep
their customers happy. I think small business can grow and prosper with Wal Mart, “Menzer had
argued in an inclusive interview with BW during his May visit.
Benefits of opening the Retail sector
Improve competition Develop the market :
Greater level of exports due to increased sourcing by major players Sourcing by Wal-Mart from China
improved multifold after FDI permitted in China Similar increase in sourcing observed for Metro in India
Provides access to global markets for Indian producers.
Investment in technology Cold storage chains solve the perennial problem of wastage. Greater
investment in the food processing sector technology Better operations in production cycle and
distribution.
Better lifestyle Greater level of wages paid by international players usually More product variety Newer
product categories Economies of scale to help lower consumer price. Increased purchasing capacity of
consumers
Manpower and skill development through retail training and Greater managerial talent inflow from other
countries
Tourism Development :
A strong retailing sector boosts tourism as seen from the experience of Singapore and
Dubai. Investment in whole supply chain Improved product basket from India for exports.
Long term benefits,up-gradation of agriculture, development of efficient small and medium size
industries.
FDI would result in market growth and expansion. Employment generated at various levels, Increased
consumer demand implies employment generation across the value chain does not need very
high skill sets, needs high school graduates and other similar skill level. Currently this is a
majorly unemployed demographic group
Boom in employment similar to job generation in ITES industry. On a much larger scale But new jobs
comparatively lower down the value chain Greater clarity and objectivity can be achieved if one looks
beyond kiranas at the larger issue of employment, Despite the entry of organized retail – domestic and
foreign – in China, its retail still employs 6 percent of the total workforce ( only marginally smaller than
India). The top 100 retailers in China employ 810,000 people, a figure growing at over 25
percent every year. But compared with the US, the percentage looks paltry. In the US, almost 15
million people or 11.7 of the workforce are employed in retail. This is almost double the retail
workforce in China – and much higher than in India!
Many believe that organised retail actually leads to job gains rather than job losses. This is not to say
that the changeover will be painless. Shifting of jobs is bound to happen. “Supermarket chains
will divert business from small vendors, but they also create many jobs,” argues retail expert Gale.
One reason for that is growth of organised retail stimulates consumption. And increased
consumption means more production and therefore more jobs.In India, owners of large and small
stores will tell you that they face stockouts – products not available when a consumer asks for it.
This is lost demand. And it is due to India’s rather inefficient supply chain. One could,
therefore argue that India’s consumption is actually way below actual potential – and that there is
inherent job loss of jobs that exists in the economy. Here poor distribution and below-par
processes is another bottleneck. “If the economy grows at 6.5 percent or so every year, we will have
5-7 years. If you do not have an efficient distribution chain, the economy cannot grow…Such
inefficiency will lead to job losses. If you do not have organized distribution, you won’t have
employment growth,” argues Harsh Bahadur, managing director, Metro Cash & Carry, India. Finally,
if the fear of kiranas being snuffed out is true, then the government ought to be equally concerned
about Indian retailers as well. Several large and influential business groups like the Tatas and
Ambanis have ambitious plans that include setting up of hundreds of supermarkets and
hypermarkets. Won’t these kill kiranas and lead to job losses. In reality; foreign retailers will be in a
position to influence employment only several years after they enter India. But they will have an impact
on the consumer almost immediately. Of course, in India the consumer is invariably forgotten when
protectionist lobbies voice their concern.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Objectives of study
The overall purpose of this endeavor is to investigate empirically customers’ preference

towards exclusive and multi brand retail outlets and to determine the factors that influence the
satisfaction level of customers’ in retail sector especially in Lucknow city.
This study is also aimed at finding out the relation between major demographic variables and
satisfaction level of customers’ and preference of retail formats.
To study the preference given by consumers in term of quality, ambience, service,

scheme and location for retail purchase.
What are the factors affects for the purchase?
Research Design:
Descriptive research design will be used.
Type: Descriptive Study
Scope: combination of theoretical study as well as Statistical Study
Environment: Field Research
Data Sources:
Primary Data - Survey of Customers in Lucknow.
It will be collected with the help of Questionnaire Method and Survey Research.
As well as unstructured observation will also come in use at some part (topic) of study.
Secondary Data - It will be collected with the help of Internet, books, journals, articles of newspapers
& magazines and research papers related to booming organized retail sector.
Data Analysis:
Data will be analyzed with the help of certain statistical tools.
1. Questionnaire method
2. Method of observation
Sampling Design:
Population: Consumers of Lucknow city
Survey area: Consumer located in different area of Lucknow city
Sampling method: Non-Probability Convenient sampling plan.
Sample size: 100 consumers from Lucknow city
Significance of the Study:
To know the awareness of people about different brands of retail sector.
Result will be the knowledge about customer’s preference towards exclusive and multi-brand
retail outlet that will be helpful to find out the factors that influence the satisfaction level of
customer.
It will be helpful to know the connection between demographic factors of consumer like age,
income, education and choice of people for different types of product.
Limitations of the Study:
The present study is limited to the growth of retail sector in india
only. The bias of respondents while responding cannot be
eliminated.
The study was limited to only in Lucknow city.
Delivery Method:
Two hard copies in form of booklets and two softcopies in form of CDs.
First copy of project report will be submitted to project guide.
Second copy is participant’s own copy.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS
This research analysis is based on the answers given by the sample customers of Lucknow city in the
above given consumer survey questionnaire.
Average Monthly Shopping Budget of Consumers:
The below given was the interpretation of the average monthly shopping budget for the sample
size in the project survey. In the sample size most of the people (i.e. 38%)were able to do
shopping between Rs. 2000-5000.
0-2000
7% 1% 23%
12% 2000-5000
5000-10000
10000-20000
19%
38% 20000-50000
50000 & More
Awareness about different brands of Retail Sector:
The store location, its customer services, discount schemes and offers, its quality are the
important factors for the awareness of the any retailing company or brand but apart from all these
the most important thing which influence the awareness of any particular brand is it’s advertising
and other promotional activities. Big Bazaar of future group in Lucknow is very well know brand
among the people of sample because of it’s pricing, attractive offers and discounts and its very
good promotional and marketing activities. The Vishal Mega Mart is also famous because of its
reach in the various areas of the city.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Shoppers
Landmark
Big Bazar
Vishal
West
Mega
Side
Mart
Stop
Which Retail chain Customers like to visit often:
Because of it’s attractive pricing and good schemes and offers people like to visit Big Bazaar most
often. Vishal Mega Mart is also giving attractive discount on formal wear so it is also known for
good footfall. Shoppers stop do not have discount offers and schemes but it is still liking of some
of people in sample size because of its ambience, shopping comfort and good customer services.
Wes t Side
Landm ark
9%
11%
Shoppers
Stop Big Bazar
17% 36%
Vis hal
Mega Mart
27%
Customer Preferences for shopping from Retail chains:
The consumers of sample size were visiting the big retail outlets most because of their good
pricing and for their attractive schemes and discounts offers. After that they also going there for
the quality experience. The location of the store is also a big concern for the consumers.
Thereafter they are also looking for good customer services. They want to get well treated by the
sales persons of the stores. Ambience came in last for all of them.
Discount Schemes
Quality
Location
Customer Service
Ambience
Conclusion
The consumer’s preferences are changing rapidity and becoming

highly diversified. It is difficult for the retail stores to satisfy all the needs of the customers. The
most of the consumer’s want to get some attractive prices, good schemes and offers on every
purchases and a shopping comfort as well. Those who are able to purchase their needs and
want for a month in a bulk prefers to go to the retail chains. Because of competitions in the
market the branded formals are also became cheaper so the younger generation prefers
to purchase from the retail outlets of the brand the city. Only the big retail chains are
able to satisfy all these needs of the new age consumers whereas there is still some
consumers mostly of the old age are willing to purchase from the local kirana store. Some
of them have perception that these big stores are too costly to afford and some of them are
not able to make purchases in a bulk so they do not want to waste their time to go especially
to the big store for
2-3 items purchase. In the case of other items like wristwatches, branded jewelry, mobiles,
gift items and other, they prefer to take it from where they are getting cheap prices, good
after sales services and the goodwill of the store.
After studying the customer survey questionnaire statistically and theoretically as well
and after observing the consumer’s mood and their preferences I can say that Big Retail is
here to stay. Assuming that improvements in infrastructure and lower real estate costs
become a reality, Big Retail still has a long way to go before satisfying the highly diverse
needs of the Indian population. As a result, there will be a steady state where Big Retail will
co-exist with Small Retail.
APPENDIX
CONSUMER SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE RETAIL CHAINS
The objective of this survey is to collect tangible information about shopping
in Retail Chains. This questionnaire is being administered to people like you
who have visited and bought products in Retail Chains. Please let us know
your spontaneous response to the questions that pertain to your shopping
experience in Retail Chains. All information provided by you shall be kept
confidential and we shall only be publishing the outcomes. Please provide us
your unbiased and frank opinions.
1. What is your monthly shopping budget?
0-2K 2-5K 5-10K 10-20K 20-50K >50K
2. Which retail chains did you visit ?
Big Bazaar
Shoppers Stop
Westside
Landmark
Vishal Megamart
Any other (Please specify)
3. Which retail chains do you visit often?
Big Bazaar
Shoppers Stop
Westside
Landmark
Vishal Megamart
4. Which retail chain did you like most?
Big Bazaar
Shoppers Stop
Westside
Landmark
Vishal Megamart
5. Why did you like that particular retail chain?
Ambience
Attractive Prices
Wide range of choices
Discount Schemes
Free Offers
Customer Service
Any Other (Please Specify)
6. Mark on a scale of -3 to +3 your perceptions about your shopping experience

in the following retail chains (where -3 indicates inferior and + 3 indicates
superior) :
Feature Big Vishal Westside Shoppers Landmark

Bazaar Megamart Stop
Ambience 15
Attractive Prices 70
Range of Choices 65
Price Discounts 80
Freebies 60
Salespeople Behavior 50
Parking Facilities
Convenience
Home Delivery
7. Which products do you normally buy from retail chains?

8. Which products do you normally buy from your local grocery store?
9. Which products do you normally buy from your chemist shop?
10. Why do you like to buy from local grocery store?
11. Why do you like to buy from chemist shops?
12. How much time do you spend in the retail chain on every visit?
0-30 Minutes 30-60 Minutes 1-2 Hour 2-3 Hours

3-4 Hours 4-5 Hours <5 Hours
13. The emergence of retail chains will create unemployment problems:
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree
14. The emergence of retail chains will destroy social harmony:

Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree
15. The emergence of retail chains will cause monopolistic control over prices:
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Disagree Strongly

Disagree
16. FDI in Retail Sector will contribute to the Growth Momentum:
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Disagree Strongly

Disagree.
Demographics
1. Name:
2. Age: 15-20 20-30 30-40

40-50 50 & above
3. Occupation: Student Govt. Employee Private Employee

Businessman Any other (Pls specify)
4. Income group: 5k-10k 10k-20k 20k-30k 30k-40k

40k-50k 50k & above
5. Education: Student Graduate Post-Graduate

MBA Any other (Pls specify)
6. Number of Family Dependants: Nil One Two Five

Any other (Pls specify)
7. Telephone Number / E-mail:_
Thank You
References
Web Sites and Search Engines
www.indiabiznews.com
www.fashion2fibre.com
www.indiainfoline.com
www.equitymaster.com
www.economywatch.com
www.google.com
www.rediff.com
www.ibef.org
Newspapers
The Times Of India

The Indian Express
The Economic Times
Financial Express
Business Standard
Business Line
Books and Magazines
Business World The

Indian Dream
Business & Economy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. Organized Retail Sector

4. Indian Retail Industry

5. Retailing Formats in India

7. Major Industry Players

8. The growth Drivers

9. Swot of the Market

11. Location Planning

12. Competitor Analysis

13. Future Outlook

14. Merger and Acquisition

15. Technology in retail

16. Government initiatives and regulation

17. Research methodology

18. Research analysis

20. Consumer survey questionnaire

Industry analysis of the Indian retail sector:

Modern retailing has entered India in form of malls and huge

This organized segment typically comprises of a large number

In the coming years it can be said that the hypermarket route

List of retailers that have come with new formats:

Retailer Current Format New

Shoppers’ Stop Department Store Quasi-

Crossword Large Bookstore Corner

Piramyd Departmental Store Quasi-

Pantaloon Own brand store

Globus Department Store Small

The organized retailing has helped in promoting several

India is rated as the most attractive retail markets

Country Market Market Time

Country 25% 25% 30% 20%

Socio demographic factors will lead to faster

60% 25% 24% 24% 26% 27%

20% 47% 47% 45% 42% 39%

Health & Beauty

Books, Music &

Emerging Retail Markets:

The study based its results on four variables: 'country

"If you want to be an international player in retail, these are the

"India's window of opportunity continues to be wide for retail

The country's growing population of young urban professionals with

When variables stay constant, Gurski said, do-it-yourself, apparel

India has emerged as the world's most attractive destination for

India was given the top ranking in management consulting company

market becomes increasingly saturated," said Fadi Farra, a principal

International retailers rush to establish a presence and build market

"The learning is that timing is the most important source of

When man started to cultivate and harvest the land, he would

HOW RETAIL DEVELOPED:

The Retail Trade is rooted in two groups, the peddlers

This division continues to this day with some shops specializing

Over time, producers would have seen value in deliberately over-

The Birth of Distance Retailing:

Defined as sales of goods between two distant parties where

When individuals or groups left their community and settled

It is likely that, as markets became more permanent fixtures

family member. This would recover business from peddlers and

The First Self-Service Store:

These entrepreneurs noticed that their staff had to spend a

From Family Business to Formal Structure:

Although retail chains would have been mostly run by families, as

UNORGANISED RETAIL SECTOR: