Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Objectives
Describe the History of Antibiotics
Describe how resistance occurs
What has contributed to making
resistance such a big problem
Describe ways to combat resistance
and promote judicious antibiotic use
The History of Antibiotics
Food
Feces Hospitalized
Animal
patients
Feed
Humans in
Community
Selective Pressures
Main Reservoirs
Vasil, 2007
Who is contributing to the
problem?
Patients
Patients who do not take the antibiotics
for the full prescribed time.
Patients who take left over antibiotics or
someone else’s whether it is warranted
or not.
Patients who pressure doctors to
prescribe them antibiotics.
Patients order antibiotics online for acute
symptoms.
Who is contributing to the
problem?
Providers
“But it has been two days and I’m just miserable…”
Against their better judgment Providers prescribe
antibiotics to appease their patients.
“Last time I had these symptoms Provider so and so
gave me an antibiotic”
Providers think they may lose patients if they don’t give
them an antibiotic.
Time
Time to educate patients about the issue of antibiotic
overuse and bacterial resistance is usually not
reimbursed.
Belongia, 1998
What can I do
Hundreds of organizations are trying
to combat the problem around the
world.
Posters, Pamphlets, Videos, Radio, etc
are being used to try to educate the
population.
The problem:
No personalized approach.
Education about communication to
patients lacking regarding antibiotic use.
Huttner, 2010
What can I do
Huttner, 2010
Works Cited
Mailer J, Mason B. "Penicillin : Medicine's Wartime Wonder Drug and Its
Production at Peoria, Illinois". lib.niu.edu.
http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/2001/iht810139.html. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
Shenold C. Basics of Bacterial Resistance, Including MRSA. CME Resource
s2008
Noskin GA, Rubin Rj, et al. The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections
on hospitals in the United States an analysis of the 2000 and 2001
Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1756-
1761.
Vasil Lecture Immunology 2007.
Belongia E, Schwartz B. Strategies for promoting judicious use of antibiotics
by doctors and patients. BMJ 1998;317:668-71.
Huttner B, Goossens H. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns
aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income
countries. Lancet infect Disease 2010;10:17-31.
Leung A, Newman R, et al. Rapid antigen detection testing in diagnosing
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn.
2006 Sep;6(5):761-6.
Klevens RM et al. Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units in US hospitals, 1992-2003.
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;42:389-91
Works Cited
Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States. JAMA.
2007;298(15):1763-1771.
Gorwitz RJ et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in
the United States, 2001-2002. Journal of Infectious Diseases.
2008;197:1226-34.
Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentagg JJ, et al. The burden of Staphylococcus
aureus infections on hosptials in the United States an analysis of the 200
and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Arch Intern Med.
2005;165:1756-1761.
Avorn J, Solomon D. Cultural and Economic Factors that (Mis)shape
antibtiotic Use: The Nonpharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. Ann Intern
Med. 2000;133:128-135.