Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
INTRODUCTION
• Indian buildings built over past two decades are
seismically deficient because of lack of
awareness regarding
g g seismic resisting
g measures .
• Also seismic design is not normally practiced in
most of the buildings being built in India.
Th f
Therefore, seismic
i i vulnerability
l bilit estimation
ti ti i
is
pre-requisite for disaster mitigation management.
• The difficulties faced in seismic vulnerability
estimation of a building are there is no reliable
information/database available for existing g
building stock, construction practices, in-situ
strength of material and components of the
building
2
• The aim
Th i off evaluation
l ti is i to
t assess the
th seismic
i i
capacity of earth quake vulnerable buildings or
earthquake damaged buildings for the future use.
• The evaluation may also prove helpful for degree
of intervention required in seismically deficient
structures
• The methodologies available so far for the
evaluation
l ti off existing
i ti buildings
b ildi can be
b broadly
b dl
divided into two categories
– qualitative methods
– analytical methods
3
Methods for
seismic evaluation
Analytical
Qualitative
methods
methods
Inelastic time
Condition Visual Push over
C/D method history method
assessment inspection analysis
Non destructive
testing
4
I Qualitative methods
I.
Qualitative methods are based on the background
information available like architectural & structural dwg.
dwg
Condition Assessment
• means the collection of information about the structure
and its past performance characteristics to similar type of
structure during past earthquake
Data collection
• Collection of data is an important portion for the seismic
evaluation of anyy existingg building. g The information
required for the evaluated building can be divided as
follows.
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Building data
• Architectural,
Architectural structural and construction drawings
• Vulnerability parameters:
no. off stories,
t i year off construction
t ti andd total
t t l floor
fl area
• Seismicity of the site.
C
Construction
i data
d
• Identification of gravity load resisting system
• Identification of lateral load resisting system
• Maintenance, addition, alteration, or modification in
structure
• Field surveys of the structures existing condition
6
Structural data
• Structural concept: vertical and horizontal irregularities,
torsional eccentricity, pounding, short column and others
• Detailing
D t ili concept: t dductile
til ddetailing,
t ili special
i l confinement
fi t
reinforcement
• Pounding
Pounding- column distress,
distress possibly local collapse
• Unsymmetrical buildings (U,T,L,V) in plan- torsional
effects and concentration of damage at the re entrant
corners
• Unsymmetrical buildings in elevation- abrupt change in
l t l resistance
lateral it
• Vertical strength discontinuities
• Short columns
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• Large tie spacing in columns lack of confinement of core –
shear
h failures.
f il
• Insufficient column lengths – concrete to spall.
• Locations of inadequate splices- brittle shear failure
• Insufficient column strength for full moment hinge
capacity – brittle shear failure.
• Lack of continuous beam reinforcement- hinge formation
during load reversals.
• Inadequate reinforcing of beam column joints or location
of beam bar splices at columns joint failures.
• Improper bent up of longitudinal reinforcing in beams as
shear
h reinforcement
i f t – shear
h ffailure
il during
d i loadl d reversall
• Foundation dowels that are insufficient to develop the
capacity
capac ty of
o the
t e column
co u steel
stee above local
oca co
column
u ddistress.
st ess.
8
Seismic evaluation data
• The criteria of evaluation of building will depend on
materials, strength and ductility of structural components
and
d detailing
d ili off reinforcement.
i f
• Materials evaluation
• Structural
St t l detailing
d t ili
– Flexural members, columns, foundations
• Limitation of sections
• Limitation of min. & max. flexural reinforcement
• Restriction of splices
• Development length requirements
• Shear reinforcement requirement
• Special confining requirements
• Column steel dowelled into the foundation 9
Field evaluation /Visual inspection method
• This is very quick way of assessing the building
vulnerabilityy based on visual screening
g
• Visual inspection is the most widely used form of
non destructive evaluation.
• This methodology is referred to as a “sidewalk
survey” in which an experienced screener visually
survey
examines a building to identify features that affect
the seismic performance of the building,
building such as
the building type, seismicity, soil conditions and
irregularities
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The procedure for visual inspection are described
i the
in h following
f ll i steps
• Perform a walk through visual inspection to
become familiar with the structure
• Gather background
g documents and information on
the design , construction, maintenance, and
p
operation of the structure
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• Identify the location of vertical structural elements – columns or
walls
• Sketch the elevation with sufficient details – dimensions, openings,
observed damage such as cracks, spalling, and exposed reinforcing
bar width of cracks
bar,
• After performing a detailed visual inspection, the investigator must
be able to distinguish between recent damage and pre existing
d
damage , ensuring
i that
h theh observed
b d damage
d may or may noiti prove
to be dangerous for the structure.
• A
Applicable
li bl for
f surface
f d
damage th t can be
that b visualized
i li d
• No identification of inner damage- health monitoring of building,
change of frequency and mode shapes
12
Non destructive testing
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• Rebound hammer test
It is the most widely used non destructive device
for quick surveys to assess the quality of concrete.
• Penetration resistance method
This method is used to determine the quality and
compressive strength of in-situ concrete based on
the determination of the depth of penetration of
probes
b into
i t the
th concrete.
t
• Rebar locator
It is used to determine quality, location, size and
condition of reinforcing steel in concrete
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• Ultrasonic pulse velocity
It is used for determining the elastic constants
(modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio) and the
density by conducting tests at various points on the
structure.
• Impact echo
Impact echo is a method for detecting
discontinuities within the thickness of a wall.
wall
• Penetrating radar
It is used to detect the location of reinforcing bars,
bars
cracks, voids and other material discontinuities,
verify thickness of concrete.
concrete
15
II Analytical methods
Capacity/demand (C/D) method
18
Seismic evaluation of RCC columns
19
Seismic evaluation of RCC beams
23
• Based on the vulnerability y analysis,
y risk in the
form of casualties and economic losses can further
be estimated after collecting wardwise
demographic and census information for a city.
• Further, the vulnerability studies demands special
attention with reference to monumental buildings,
lifelines like rail/road, water supply, electric
supply, sewage, communication, dams, hospitals &
schools,
sc oo s, vu
vulnerable
e ab e industries.
dust es.
• Also there is a need to identify safe zones/
domains/ structures and secure routes to work as a
relief centers and relief dispersion on incidence of24
future disaster