.". -" .e.

N A S A CONTRACTOR
REPORT

0
-
o*
0
N
LOAN COPY: RETURN 7'0
=
I

U AFWL (DOUL)
KIRTLAND AFB. N. M.

VORTEX EQUATIONS: SINGULARITIES, h .

NUMERICALSOLUTION, A N D
AXISYMMETRIC VORTEXBREAKDOWN

Prepared by
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106
for Langley Research Center

NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
SPACE
ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON,
D. C. JULY 1972
 ~ -.

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

" .. . . -~
1. R e p a t No. 2. Govkment Accession No. 3. Recipient's C a t a l o g No.
NASA CR-2090 ". ~

7.Title and subtitle 5. Report Date

July 1972
VORTEX EQUATIONS: SINGULARITIES, NUKZXICAL SOLUTION,
AND
AXISYMMETRIC VORTEX BREAICDOWN 6. PerformingOrgmnization Code

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Hartmut H. Bossel
". . ~

9. Perfwming Organization Name and Address

University of California
Santa Barbara,California
I 10. Work Unit No.

126-13-10-01
11.Contract or GrantNo.

NGR 05-010-025
- 13. Type ofReportandPeriodCovered
I 12.SponsoringAgencyNameandAddress I Contractor
Report
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14.SponsoringAgency Code
Washington, D. C 20546 .

16: Abstract
A method of weighted residuals for the computation
of rotationally symmetric quasi-cylindrical
viscous incompressible vortex flow is presented andto used
compute a wide variety of vortex flows.
The method approximates the axial velocity and circulation profiles by series of exponentials having
(N + 1) and N free parameters, respectively. Formal integration results ina set of (2N + 1)
ordinary differential equations for the free parameters. The governing equations aretoshownhave an
infinite numberof discrete singularities corresponding
to critical values of the swirl parameter.
The computations pointto thecontrolling influence of the inner core flow on vortex behavior. They
also confirm the existence of two particular critical swirl parameter values: one separates vortex
flow which decays smoothly from vortex flow which eventually breaks down, and the second is the fir
singularity of the quasi-cylindrical system, at which point physical vortex breakdown is thought to

18.DistributionStatement
ortex Equations
isymmetric Vortex Breakdown

ip and Leading-Edge Vortices Unclassified - Unlimited

19. Security aarrif. (of t h r report) 20. Security Clacsif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Rice'

Unclassified Unclassified 74 $3.00

For a l e by the NationalTechnical Information Service, Springfield, Virginim 22151
 VORTEX
EQUATIONS:
SINGULARITIES,
NUMERICAL
SOLUTION,

AND AXISYMMETRICVORTEX BREAKDOWN'

Hartmut H. Bossel
Mechanical
Engineering
Department '

University of California
SantaBarbara,California

SUMMARY

A viscousparabolicsubsetoftheincompressibleNavier-
Stokesequations,thequasi-cylindricalvortexequations,canbe
used t o compute v o r t e x f l o w s a s l o n g as t h e i r stream s u r f a c e
angleremains small. A t low v a l u e so f a swirl parameter,
c o m p u t a t i o np r e s e n t s no d i f f i c u l t i e s . A t h i g h s w i r l v a l u e s ,
s i n g u l a r i t i e s are e n c o u n t e r e d w h i c h i n d i c a t e a f a i l u r e of t h e
quasi-cylindricalapproximationand'arethoughttobeassociated
withphysicalaxisymmetricvortexbreakdown.'Vortexbreakdown'
i s normallyfollowed by a ' v o r t e x b u b b l e ' , and a ' v o r t e x jump'
may occurfartherdownstream.
I t is found t h a t t h e q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l v o r t e x e q u a t i o n s h a v e
an i n f i n i t e number of d i s c r e t e s w i r l - d e p e n d e n t s i n g u l a r i t i e s
whose c o r r e s p o n d i n g c r i t i c a l swirl valuesdepend on v e l o c i t y and
c i r c u l a t i o np r o f i l es h a p e s . The b e h a v i o ro ff l o w( d e c e l e r a t i o n
vs'. a c c e l e r a t i o n on t h e v o r t e x a x i s ) i s o p p o s i t e on b o t h s i d e s
of a s i n g u l a r i t y ( i.e. a t h i g h e r o r lower s w i r l ) . A t high swirls,
theapproachtosingularitiescanonlybeavoided by a p p l i c a t i o n
of specific external axial velocity and/or circulation gradients.
The s i n g u l a r i t i e s a p p e a r t o c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e c r i t i c a l swirl
valuesoftheequationofinviscidrotatingflow.
The f i r s t s i n g u l a r i t y S1 i s o f p a r t i c u l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e as
i t seems t o correspond t o theoftenobservedaxisymmetric
explosivebreakdown. The p h y s i c a ls i g n i f i c a n c e of t h eh i g h e r

iii
singularities is notquite clear a t p r e s e n t . A secondimportant
v a l u e of t h e swirl parameter i s So which s e p a r a t e s f l o w which
decayssmoothlyfromvortexflow.whicheventuallybreaks down.
T y p i c a lv o r t e xf l o w s( i n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w ,l e a d i n g
edgevortex,trailingvortex) are computed for a w i d e v a r i e t y o f
i n i t i a l swirl p a r a m e t e r s u s i n g a method o f w e i g h t e d r e s i d u a l s
whichexpresses the v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n a p p r o x i m a t i o n s i n
terms o fe x p o n e n t i a l s . The e f f e c t s of e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y
and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .

iv
I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I . INTRODUCTION .................... 1
1.1 P h y s ito chfse Pr'oblem . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 S w i r l Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1 . 3 Numerical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

I1. COMPUTATIONAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Integral Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Approximating and
Weighting Functions . . . . 16
2.4 System of
Ordinary Differential Equations .. 17
2.5 Initial Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 Accuracy and Convergence . . . . . . . . . . 18

I11. SINGULARITIES AND C R I T I C A L SWIRL PARAMETERS ... 21

3.1 S i n g u l a r i t i eostfh e Governing System . . . . 21
3.2 S w i r l Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 23
3.3
A x i a l Flow . . . . . . . . Uniform
S i n g u l a r i t i e sf o rI n i t i a l l y
......... 23
3.4 Behavior of A x i a l Derivatives . . . . . . . . 25
3.5 E f f e oc tf Velocity Profile . . . . . . . . . 25
3.6 Assessment of Breakdown Behavior ...... 27

IV . VORTEX COMPUTATIONS
FOR
CONSTANT
VELOCITY AND CIRCULATION . . . . EXTERNAL
. . . . .AXIAL .... 29
4.1 I n i t i a l P r o f i l e s and Distance t o F a i l u r e . . 29
Uniform i n i t i a l a x i a l flow . . . . . . . . 29
Leading edge vortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
T r a i l i n g vortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Possibility of breakdown-stable
so1utJons of t y p e 2.. 3. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 33

I . .
 4.2 V e l o c i t y on t h e Axis ............ 34
Behavior of i n i t i a l l y uniform a x i a l flows
oftype ................
1-4 34
..
I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m a x i a l flowoftype 1 36
Leading edge vortex of type 1 . . . . . . . 37
T r a i l i n g vortex of t y p e 1 . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3 Velocity Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

V . EFFECTS O F EXTERNAL VELOCITY AND CIRCULATION

DISTRIBUTION ....... . ........... 44
5 . 1 Type 1 Vortex Flow . . ........... 44
5.2. Type 2 Vortex Flow . . ........... 48
5.3 Type 3 Vortex Flow . . ........... 49
5.4 Type 4 Vortex Flow . . ........... 49
5.5 Avoidance of S i n g u l a r i t i e s . . . . . . . . . 51

V I . CONCLUSIONS ................... 55

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

vi
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

an parameter tiv
hne l o c iat p
yproximation [- 1

bn
parameter i n t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a p p r o x i m a t i o n [- 1

Fk c o e f f i c i e n titsnhoer d i n a rdyi f f e r e n t i a l equa-

-
A
t i o(ndse f i ntih
end
e Appendix) [- 1
n Ik

e = 2.71828183 r-I
f k (Y) w e i g h t i n fgu n c t i o n s [-I
gk ( Y ) w e i g h t i n fgu n c t i o n s 1- 1
H = V R (nondimensional
parameter) 1-1
z e r o s o ft h e Bessel f u n c t i o n J1 1- 1
jI n
k = wr-circulation

K = WR n o n d i m e n s i ocniar cl u l a t i o n
nondimensionalexternalcirculation

Kei initial Ke
N number of p a r a m e t e ritsnhvee l o c i tayn d
c i r c u l a t i o na p p r o x i m a t i o n s [- 1

vii
P pres sure

Pe external static pressure

PO free-stream total pressure

P = p/ph2/2) nondimensional pressure

e' nondimensional external static pressure

PO nondimensional free-stream total pressure

pm nondimensional free-strean static pressure

r radial coordinate

r vortex core radius

C
R = ,/iG r/rc nondimensiond. radial coordinate

RC nondimensional vortex core radius

Re = I&,rc/V - core Reynolds number

S swirl parameter S = wC/u, = WC/U,

or S = (dW/dR ) =RC/Uax [-I

x-dependent swirl parameteras function of [-I
velocity profile development

values of S at which singularities exist [-I

initial swirl parameter

critical swirl parameter value (velocity profile- [-I

dependent) separating vortex flow which decays
smoothly (S<So) from vortex flow which eventually
"breaks down" ( So<S<S1)

... singular swirl values (velocity profile- [-I

dependent ) where singularities of quasi-
cylindrical vortex equations occur

U axial velocity (x-direction)

ue external axial velocities

'b, free-stream axial velocity

U = U/Q, nondimensional axial velocity

nondimensional external axial velocity

initial U,

radial velocity (r-direction)

vlii
ve external radial velocity r L/T 1
V = 6(v/la,) nondimensional radial velocity [-I
W swirl
velocity
(circumferential
direction) rm1
WC swirlvelocityatcoreradius rc r L/T 1
W = w/% nondimensional
swirl
velocity [-I
WC = wc/l&) [-I
X axial
coordinate [LI
X = x/rc
nondimensional
axial
coordinate [-I
Xfnondimensionalpositionofcomputationalfailure [-I
X0 x value at which velocity gradient is applied [-I
Y = R2/2 nondimensional
radial
coordinate r -1
a exponentinvelocityandcirculationapproximations [-I
Y exponentinthecirculationprofile [-I
rl = e-Cry

V kinematic
viscosity

P density

‘k weighting
f’unction
exponent
$(Y) complete set of linearly independent functions

t d/dY [-I
Subscripts:

k integer , 1 k N + 1

n integer, 1 5 n 5 N

ax
on
the
axis

ix
 I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Physics.ofthe.Problem
The p r e s e n t r e p o r t p r e s e n t s and d i s c u s s e s n u m e r i c a l
solutions to a specific parabolic subset - applicable to quasi-
cylindricalvortexflows - oftheaxisymrnetricincompressible
N a v i e r - S t o k e se q u a t i o n s .T h i ss u b s e tc a nb eu s e d as a r e a s o n a b l e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r many v o r t e x f l o w s o c c u r r i n g i n t e c h n o l o g i c a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s and i n n a t u r e (wing v o r t i c e s , r o t a t i n g t u b e s ,
s w i r l i n gp i p ef l o w ,d u s td e v i l s ,t o r n a d o s ) .S o l u t i o n so ft h e .
quasi-cylindricalvortexequations are t h e r e f o r e o f some i n t e r e s t
i n t h e i r own r i g h t , b u t o f e v e n g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t a r e p e r h a p s t h e
c o n d i t i o n su n d e rw h i c hs o l u t i o n s' c a n n o tb eo b t a i n e d .I ns u c h
casesthephysicsoftheproblem are d i f f e r e n t t h a n assumed i n
t h e q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a la p p r o x i m a t i o n , and t h i s subset becomes
i n a d e q u a t e . When t h i sh a p p e n s ,t h ep h y s i c a lc o u n t e r p a r to ft h e
flowunderconsideration most l i k e l y e x p e r i e n c e s a r a p i d expan-
sion or contraction of the core to violate the condition of
quasi-cylindricity.
Observationsofvortexflows a t high s w i r l doindeed show
r a p i de x p a n s i o n sa n d / o rc o n t r a c t i o n su n d e rc e r t a i nc o n d i t i o n s .
The o b s e r v e d c l o s e l y - r e l a t e d phenomena havebeen lumped under
t h eh e a d i n g s of ' v o r t e xb r e a k d o w n 'a n d' v o r t e xb u r s t i n g ' , and
s e v e r a le x p l a n a t i o n sh a v eb e e na d v a n c e d .U n t i lr e c e n t l y a
peculiarityofvortexflows - their extreme sensitivity to probe
i n s e r t i o n - haspreventedthegatheringof reliable e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t at ov e r i f yt h e s ee x p l a n a t i o n s . Only now, w i t ht h ea d v e n to f
probeless velocity measurement using the laser Doppler anemometer,
can r e l i a b l e d a t a be c o l l e c t e d , and t h e o r i e s be checked,and
a s s i g n e dt h e i rp r o p e rp l a c ei nt h eo v e r a l lf l o wp i c t u r e . It
t u r n s o u t - once more - t h a t t h e c o n f l i c t i n g t h e o r i e s are n o t
really in conflict after a l l , but that they describe different
phenomena which a r e i n d e e d o b s e r v e d t o o f t e n h a p p e n more o r less
u n d e r t h e same c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

1
 I n order t o p u t t h e r e s u l t s of this s t u d y i n t o t h e p r o p e r
p h y s i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e , an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of 'vortexbreakdown'
o b s e r v a t i o n s w i l l f i r s t be made p a r t l y b a s e d on r e c e n t laser
anemometer s t u d i e s which have l e a d t o some unexpectedobserva-
tions. The c o n c l u s i o n s c o n t r a s t sOme:-~terpretatiOps.
still to be
f w d in %h+ cwmn%literature.
L .

Earlier experimental and theoretical work i n the are.a of

c o n c e n t r a t e dv o r t e xf l o w s has beenreviewed inHall(1966a), and
a verycomprehensivebibliographyto 1967 i s g i v e n i n T i m
( 1 9 6 7 ) . A r e v i e wo fv o r t e x breakdown h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n made by
H a l l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , and a comprehensivereviewofconfinedvortexflows
i s due to. Lewellen ( 1 9 7 1 ) . Observationsofwingvortex flows
and v o r t e x breakdown, e s p e c i a l l y on d e l t a w i n g s , are numerous
- r e f e r e n c e sc a n be found i n the reviews c i t e d . With v e r y few
e x c e p t i o n s( e s p e c i a l l yH u m e l1 9 6 5 , McCormick e t a l . 1968)
t h e s e s t u d i e s are q u a l i t a t i v e . I t i s e x p e c t e dt h a t reliable
q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a f o r wing v o r t e x flows w i l l become a v a i l a b l e
i n t h e n e a r - f u t u r e w i t h the a d v e n t o f t w o - and three-dimensional
and r a p i d s c a n n i n g l a s e r D o p p l e r a n e m o m e t e r s .
Much u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n on the phenomenon o f v o r t e x
breakdown h a s come from t h e s t u d y of s w i r l i n g f l o w i n p i p e s ( i n
p a r t i c u l a r Harvey 1 9 6 2 , Sarpkaya1971a, 1971b, Orloff 1 9 7 1 ,
O r l o f f and Bossel 1 9 7 1 ) . The dyestudiesofHarvey and
Sarpkaya are q u a l i t a t i v e o n l y , and t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f these
authors have been somewhat r e v i s e d b y t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e o p t i c a l
velocitymeasurementsofOrloffand Bossel. More i n f o r m a t i o n on
the v o r t e x breakdown phenomenon has come from the studyofflow
i n a s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r w i t h a r o t a t i n g l i d (Maxworthy 1 9 6 7 ,
Vogel 1 9 6 1 ) . I n the c a r e f u l and comprehensive work of
Vogel q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a on v o r t e x breakdown are obtained from
tracer s t u d i e s .S w i r l i n gf l o w su n d e r g o i n g a r a p i de x p a n s i o n
havebeenstudiedbyGore and Ranz ( 1 9 6 4 ) , NissanandBresan
( 1 9 6 1 ) , P o t t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 5 8 ) , So ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Vonnegut(1954)and
others.

2
 Severalconflictingexplanationshavebeenadvanced to
explainthesuddenexpansionofvortex cores, most commonly
r e f e r r e d t o as 'vortex breakdown' : the spiral instability theory
of Ludwieg ( 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 5 ) , t h e h y d r a u l i c jump analogyofBenjamin
( 1 9 6 2 1 , o r , i n a m i l d e rf o r m ,t h ec o n c e p to f a s t a t i o n a r y wave
(Benjamin 1 9 6 7 , L e i b o v i c h 1 9 6 8 ) , a n d f i n a l l y t h e e x p l a n a t i o n on
the basis of s t a t i o n a r y c o n t i n u o u s s o l u t i o n s o f t h e N a v i e r - S t o k e s
e q u a t i o n sf o rs w i r l i n gf l o w , o r a p r o p e rs u b s e tt h e r e o f( V a i s e y
1956, Lavanand Fejer 1 9 6 6 , Bossel 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 6 9 , O r l o f f 1 9 7 1 ,
Orloffand Bossel 1 9 7 1 , Torranceand Kopecky 1 9 7 1 ) . On t h e
otherhand,-thefailureofthequasi-cylindrical subset of t h e
Navier-Stokesequations ( i . e . t h ef a i l u r eo ft h eq u a s i - c y l i n d r i -
c a l approximation i n r e g i o n s o f r a p i d l y e x p a n d i n g o r c o n t r a c t i n g
vortexflow)hasbeenusedbyGartshore(1963), H a l l (1966b1,
Bossel ( 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 7 1 ) , Mager ( 1 9 7 1 ) t o p r e d i c t t h e p o s i t i o n o f
l i k e l y breakdownand t h e b e h a v i o r of flow preceding i t .

Most e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s seem t o s u p p o r t t h e v i e w
t h a t t h e sudden expansion of vortex cores i s most often an
axisymmetric phenomenon and n o t t h e r e s u l t o f s p i r a l i n s t a b i l i t y .
However, a c c o r d i n gt ou n p u b l i s h e de x p e r i m e n t s (Ludwieg 1 9 7 1 ,
private communication), spiral instability may i n d e e d p l a y a
m a j o rr o l ei nt h e breakdownof d e l t a wing v o r t i c e s .O t h e r
instabilitieshavebeenidentifiedbySarpkaya (1971a,b), but the
dominant r o l e i n what w e know as the'breakdown'-processappears
t o b e a suddenaxisymmetricexpansionofthe core. I t i s f o r
this' reason that the axisymmetric e q u a t i o n s are s t u d i e d i n t h e
p r e s e n t w o r k .B e f o r ee n t e r i n gi n t ot h ea n a l y s i s , it w i l l b e
u s e f u l t o p i e c e t o g e t h e r a comprehensive picture of the axisym--
metric ' v o r t e x b r e a k d o w n ' - p r o c e s s b a s e d o n t h e most r e c e n t
quantitative data obtained through optical ve.locity measurements
byOrloff ( 1 9 7 1 ) andOrloffand Bossel ( 1 9 7 1 ) . I t i s f o u n dt h a t
theexplanationsandtheoriesproposed so f a r a l l h a v e t h e i r
p r o p e rp l a c e and are n o tr e a l l yc o m p e t i t i v e . The p r o p e rr a n g e
of application w i l l be identified.

3
 Consider f i r s t a v o r t e x f l o w w i t h more o r less c y l i n d r i c a l
e x t e r n a ls t r e a ms u r f a c e s and a h i g h 'swirl' (some r a t i o of a
r e p r e s e n t a t i v ec i r c u m f e r e n t i a l ( s w i r l ) v e l o c i t y t o a representa-
t i v ea x i a lv e l o c i t y ) . An a d v e r s ep r e s s u r eg r a d i e n t is
superimposed on t h e a x i s b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n a x i s y m m e t r i c
obstacle (OrloffandBossel 1 9 7 1 ) . The f l o w observed i s t h e n as
shown in Fig. 1.1. The flow initially approaches t h e obstacle in a
q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l manner. The v e l o c i t yo nt h ea x i s decreases
u n t i l a s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t i s reached on the a x i s and f l o w has t o
move outwardfrom t h e a x i sn e a r t h e s t a g n a t i o np o i n t .I nk e e p i n g
w i t h traditional notation, this particular process w i l l be c a l l e d
' v o r t e xb r e a k d o w n 'i n t h e following.

There i s r e v e r s e d( u p s t r e a m )a x i a lf l o w on t h e downstream
s i d e of the s t a g n a t i o np o i n t . T h i s r e v e r s e df l o w i s p a r t of
the flow i n t h e ( ' f o r c e d ' )' v o r t e xb u b b l e ' between s t a g n a t i o n
p o i n t and o b s t a c l e , a c l o s e d r e g i o n w i t h p r a c t i c a l l y no i n t e r -
change of f l u i d w i t h thesurroundingflow. The e x t e r n a lf l o w
p a s s e so v e r t h e bubbleandover t h e rear of t h e o b s t a c l e . A s
it p a s s e so v e r t h e r e a r i t undergoes a ' v o r t e x jump' i n t h e
sense of t h e h y d r a u l i c jump analogyofBenjamin (1962), with a
s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s of a x i a l momentum andan attendantexpansion
of stream s u r f a c e s n e a r t h e a x i s .

I n F i g . 1 . 2 t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t , and t h e r a p i de x p a n s i o n .
n e a rt h ea x i sa r ec a u s e d by t h e e f f e c t of a n e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
g r a d i e n ts u c h as producedby a flowdivergence. With a p r o p e r
favorable pressure gradient the bubble w i l l c o n t r a c t downstream
and may e v e w b e more o r less c l o s e d . Flowshavingsuch
(seemingly) closed ' f r e e ' v o r t e xb u b b l e sc a n e i t h e r be g e n e r a t e d
by p r o p e r s h a p i n g o f a n o u t e r s u r f a c e a s i n F i g . 1 . 2 (Bossel
and O r l o f f 1 9 7 1 , u n p u b l i s h e d )o r by a s e l f - i n d u c e d p r o c e s s
betweenvortexbubble and e x t e r n a l f l o w f i e l d a s i n the v o r t e x
tubeflowsofHarvey ( 1 9 6 2 ) andSarpkaya ( 1 9 7 1 a , b ) . Sarpkaya
has evensucceeded i n g e n e r a t i n g s e v e r a l v o r t e x b u b b l e s i n a
row. J u s t downstreamof a v o r t e x bubble a v o r t e x jump m a y

4
o c c u r , b u t does n o t a p p e a r t o o c c u r i n many cases where the
bubble i s smooth or repeated.FollowingBenjamin ( 1 9 6 7 ) and
Leibovich (1968) t h e s e v o r t e x b u b b l e s c a n b e v i e w e d as s o l i t a r y
waves. H o w e v e r , t h e i rd e s c r i p t i o na p p e a r s t o b e more s t r a i g h t -
forward and a c c e s s i b l e t o n u m e r i c a l q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s i f
d i r e c t u s e i s made of t h e N a v i e r - S t o k e s e q u a t i o n s o r a proper
subset of these equations.
F i g . 1.3 shows a n o t h e r . p o s s i b i l i t y whichappears t o be.
t y p i c a lo fd e l t a wingvortexflowsand some t o r n a d o s . I n t h i s
case t h e v o r t e x b u b b l e f o I l o w i n g t h e v o r t e x breakdown i s n o t ,

closeddownstream. A t some d i s t a n c e from t h e breakdown p o i n t

t h ef l o wa g a i n becomesmore or less c y l i n d r i c a l . I n o t h e r f l o w s
(on d e l t a w i n g s , f o r e x a m p l e ) a stagnationpointoccasionally
d o e s n o t seem t o e x i s t : t h e r e i s o n l y a s w e l l i n g of t h e c o r e w i t h
an a t t e n d a n td e c r e a s eo fv e l o c i t i e si nt h ec o r e .T h i ss i t u a t i o n
i s d e p i c t e di nF i g . 1.4; t h e term ' v o r t e x b u r s t i n g ' s h o u l d
probablybereservedfor it.

Finally,ifthe s w i r l i s v e r yh i g hi n a vortex,thevortex
assumes a d e c i d e d l y d i f f e r e n t c o l u m n a r c h a r a c t e r w h e r e f l o w
dependence on a x i a l p o s i t i o n has e s s e n t i a l l y d i s a p p e a r e d , and
t h e' T a y l o rc o l u m ns' t r e t c h e sf a rd o w n s t r e a m( F i g . 1.5). This
s t r u c t u r e i s founddownstream of a v o r t e x jump orimmediately
downstreamof theflowentranceiftheinitial s w i r l i s very
high. I n keepingwithacceptednotation(Benjamin 1962) this
flow i s termed ' s u b c r i t i c a l ' w h i l e t h e f l o w u p s t r e a m o f a vortex
jump would b e' s u p e r c r i t i c a l ' .( S t a t i o n a r y waves may o c c u r i n
' s u b c r i t i c a l 'f l o w ,w h i l ei n' s u p e r c r i t l c a l ' flow t h ea x i a lf l o w .
i s t o o f a s t , sweepinganywavesdownstream).
Summarizing t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , i t i s obvious
thatcleardistinctionsexist between'vortexbreakdown'and
' v o r t e xj u m p ' ,' s u p e r c r i t i c a l 'a n d ' s u b c r i t i c a l 'f l o w ,' v o r t e x
breakdown'and'vortexburst','axisymmetricbreakdown'and
n o n a x i s y m m e t r i ci n s t a b i l i t i e s . For convenience,'wehavealso

5
 -
- -

___c
v o r t e x breakdow o l w
' f o r c e d ' vortex bub
U P
Fig. 1.1. Vortexbreakdown,causedbypresence of an o b s t a c l e :

on t h e a x i s .

' v o r t e x jump
' f r e e ' v o rbt euxb b l e (may o r may n o t o c c u r )

Fig. 1 . 2 ' F r e e ' v o r t e x breakdown w i t h' c l o s e d 'b u b b i e .

vortex b

F i g . ,1.3 'Free' v o r t e x breakdown w i t h 'open'bubble.

" "

Fig. 1.4 Expansion of v o r t e x core; no breakdown w i t h free

stagnation point.

Fig. 1.5 S u b c r i t i c a (l T a y l o r column) b e h a v i o r .

6
 "

d i s t i n g u i s h e db e t w e e n' f r e e 'a n d' f o r c e d 'v o r t e xb u b b l e s ,

althoughtheyappear to be the result of the same basic.mecha-
nism. In this report, the term 'vortex breakdown' will be used to
designate conditionswhere the quasi-cylindrical solutions become
singular and the corresponding computations fail. This includes rapid
core expansion, as in the vicinity of the first stagnation point, and
rapid core contraction.
wltn a c c u r a t e o p t i c a l v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s a h e a d of,
around,behind,and inthevortexbubble now a v a i l a b l e ( O r l o f f
1 9 7 1 , O r l o f f andBossel 1 9 7 1 ) , i t h a s become p o s s i b l e t o t e s t
t h e a c c u r a c y and a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f n u m e r i c a l a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e
s o l u t i o no f t h e ' v o r t e x breakdown'problem. I t i s found t h a t
thequasi-cylindricalapproximationcan be c o r r e c t l y a p p l i e d
upstream t o a d i s t a n c e o f t h e o r d e r o f t h e b u b b l e d i a m e t e r a h e a d
of t h es t a g n a t i o np o i n t( F i g s . 1.1-1.3). Flow i nt h en e i g h b o r -
hood of t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t and i n andaround thebubblemust
be t r e a t e d by u s i n g e i t h e r t h e f u l l N a v i e r - S t o k e s e q u a t i o n s o r
a properapproximatesubset(Figs. 1.1-1.3). I t w a s shown i n
Bossel ( 1 9 6 7 ) t h a t t h e p r o p e r s u b s e t i s t h ee q u a t i o nf o r
i n v i s c i dr o t a t i n gf l o w .N u m e r i c a ls o l u t i o n s show e x c e l l e n t
quantitative agreement with the measured velocity profiles with
an i n a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s w i r l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i n s i d e
t h eb u b b l e as t h eo n l ye x c e p t i o n (Orloff andBossel 1 9 7 1 ) . For
a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e v e r y s l o w f l o w i n s i d e t h e bubble,
v i s c o u s terms should be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ; however t h e e x a c t
b u b b l es h a p ea n dt h ee x t e r n a lf l o wa r eq u i t eo b v i o u s l yd e t e r -
mined a l m o s ts o l e l y by t h ei n v i s c i df l o w f i e l d . The i n v i s c i d
e q u a t i o n of r o t a t i n gf l o wc a n be a p p l i e d t o compute ' f r e e ' and
' f o r c e d 'v o r t e xb u b b l e se q u a l l y w e l l (Bossel 1 9 6 7 , 1969,Orloff
1 9 7 1 , O r l o f f andBossel 1971) .
A continuoussolution is not possible in a region where a
v o r t e x jump o c c u r s ;t h e' f l o wf o r c e 'c o n c e p t so fB e n j a m i n (1962)
mustthen be a p p l i e d t o j o i n two c o n j u g a t ef l o w s .I nt h e

7
o b s e r v a t i o n so fO r l o f fa n d Bossel (1971) the v o r t e x jump o c c u r s
over a distance of approximately one bubble diameter and is
marked b y v e r y s t r o n g t u r b u l e n c e .

1.2 Swirl Parameter

The axisymmetric behavior of a v o r t e x flow i s v e r y much a

f u n c t i o no f i t s s w i r l . A s w i r l parametercan be d e f i n e d as
the r a t i o of some r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ( c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l ) swirl v e l o c i t y
t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i v ea x i a lv e l o c i t y (see Sec. 111). Forzero
swirl, t h e f l o w r e d u c e s t o a j e t o r wake, dependingon whether
a v e l o c i t y e x c e s s or d e f i c i t e x i s t s on t h e a x i s . T h i s j e t or
wake v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e w i l l u l t i m a t e l y d e c a y t o the freestream
v e l o c i t y as t h e f l o w proceedsdownstream. The same i s t r u e f o r
small and medium amounts of s w i r l , u n t i l the swirl v e l o c i t y and
a x i a l v e l o c i t y reach comparablemagnitudes. A t h i g h e r swirl
p a r a m e t e r s , the asymptoticapproach t o freestream c o n d i t i o n s
i s replacedbydeceleration of t h e flowon the a x i s u n t i l a
s t a g n a t i o np o i n ta n ds u b s e q u e n t' b r e a k d o w nb u b b l e ' , or a t least
a s w e l l i n g of t h e core appear.. A l l other c o n d i t i o n sb e i n g
e q u a l , there i s o b v i o u s l y o n e p a r t i c u l a r swirl p a r a m e t e r v a l u e
which d i v i d e s a v o r t e x flow which d e c a y s i n a wake-like manner
fromanother which ' b r e a k s down'.Thisdividing swirl parameter
i s d e s i g n a t e d So i n t h e f o l l o w i n g ; it i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
vortex velocity profiles.
Axisymmetricvortexbreakdown i s a c o m p l e t e l y symmetric
phenomenon w i t h . i t s o r i g i n a t t h e v a r y a x i s ( S a r p k a y a 1971a,b,
O r l o f f 1 9 7 1 ) . Thus c o n d i t i o n s on the a x i sm u s tb e of v i t a l
importance i n i t s i n c e p t i o n .I np a r t i c u l a r ,v i s c o s i t y estab-
lishes r i g i d r o t a t i o n a t and n e a r t h e a x i s . For a r i g i d l y
rotating inviscid cylindrical slug of f l u i d of r a d i u s rc,
a x i a l v e l o c i t y uax,and swirl v e l o c i t y wc a t r c , a swirl parame-
t e r can be d e f i n e d b y S = wc/uax, and t w o i m p o r t a n t theoretical
r e s u l t s follow:

8
I'

As the s w i r l i s i n c r e a s e d and crosses So = fi from

below, a n i n i t i a l d e c e l e r a t i o n o f the core elemellt w i l l
amplifyandlead t o s t a g n a t i o n (Bossel 1 9 6 8 ) .
As t h e swirl i s i n c r e a s e d f u r t h e r a n d crosses S1 = j11/2
(= 3.8317/2 = 1.9159)*from below, t h e character of
t h es o l u t i o nc h a n g e sf r o m' s u p e r c r i t i c a l '( w h i c hc a n n o t
s u p p o r ts t a n d i n gw a v e s ) t o 'Subcritical' (whichcan
s u p p o r ts t a n d i n gw a v e s )( F r a e n k e l1 9 5 6 ) . As S r e a c h e s
t h e v a l u e s jln/2 corresponding t o h i g h e r z e r o s o f the
Beesel f u n c t i o n J1, more waves appear.
It canbeexpected t h a t the c r i t i c a l s w i r l v a l u e s So, S1,
S2, . . . of a v i s c o u sv o r t e x w i l l be a f u n c t i o no ft h ev o r t e x
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s and w i l l b e somewhat d i f f e r e n t from those f o r
t h er i g i d l yr o t a t i n gi n v i s c i dc y l i n d r i c a ls l u g . Of particular
significanceforvortex flows a r e So (dividingwake-typefrom
breakdown behavior)and S1 (beyond S1 s u b s t a n t i a l u p s t r e a m
influence is possible).

1.3
Numerical
Approach
Laminar incompressible steady axisymmetrio vortex flows
a r e described by t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g form of the Navier-Stokes
e q u a t i o n s .T h e s ee q u a t i o n s can be approximatedby a parabolic
v i s c o u s s e t , analogous t o t h e b o u n d a r yl a y e re q u a t i o n s ,i n
r e g i o n s where t h e stream s u r f a c e a n g l e r e m a i n s s m a l l (quasi-
cylindrical vortex flow), andby the i n v i s c i d e q u a t i o n s o f
r o t a t i n g f l o w a t and n e a r t h e a x i s , and where stream s u r f a c e
a n g l e s become l a r g e ( e x p a n s i o n or c o n t r a c t i o n o f the core)
(Bossel 1 9 6 9 ) .
Some s o l u t i o n s of t h e i n v i s c i d set p e r t a i n i n g t o v o r t e x
flows a t high swirl have b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n Bossel ( 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 6 9 1 ,
Chow ( 1 9 6 9 1 , O r l o f f and Bossel .(197.1): here we. shall now d i . s c u s s
*
jll
is t h e f i r s t z e r o of the Bessel f u n c t i o n J1.'

9
 a method o f s o l v i n g t h e p a r a b o l i c v i s c o u s set a n d g i v e corres-
ponding r e s u l t s f o r d i f f e r e n t . s w i r 1 p a r a m e t e r s , i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y
p r o f i l e s , andexternalpressure and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s .
Sincetheregions of v a l i d i t y of the two sets p a r t i a l l y o v e r l a p
on and n e a r t h e a x i s , it s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o confirm some of
the earlier results. The p a r a b o l i cs y s t e m has beenusedbefore
i nn u m e r i c a lc o m p u t a t i o n sb yd i f f e r e n tm e t h o d s (Gartshore 1963,
Hall1965, Bossel 1 9 6 7 , Mager 1 9 7 1 ) . Gartshore and Mager each
used a momentum-integralapproachandencountered a singularity
whichtheylinkedto t h e v o r t e x breakdown phenomenon and t o the
c r i t i c a l s w i r l parameter3.8317/2offlow in initially rigid
r o t a t i o n . The p r e s e n tr e s u l t sr e i n f o r c e t h i s view. Beyond
t h i s c r i t i c a l s w i r l r a t i o , Bossel ( 1 9 6 7 ) and Mager ( 1 9 7 1 ) a l s o
o b t a i n e d f l o w s which c o n t r a s t e d i n b e h a v i o r w i t h thosebelow
t h e c r i t i c a l swirl r a t i o .
T h e numerical method(N-parameter'exponential series
integralmethod'")tobeusedfor t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y has
p r e v i o u s l yb e e no u t l i n e di n Bossel (1970a, 1 9 7 1 ) . A r e l a t e d
method(N-parameter'power s e r i e s i n t e g r a lm e t h o d ' ) has e a r l i e r
been u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o c a l c u l a t e v i s c o u s v o r t e x f l o w s
( B o s s e l 1 9 6 7 ) . The methods were i n s p i r e d by the s u c c e s so f
t h e Dorodnitsynmethodfor t h e calculationofboundarylayers
(Dorodnitsyn 1 9 6 2 , B e t h e l 1 9 6 8 ) , e s p e c i a l l y by i t s a s p e c t so f
speedandaccuracy. However, t h e Dorodnitsynapproach w i t h i t s
use of Y (U) i n p l a c e of U(Y) cannot be d i r e c t l y a p p l i e d t o
v o r t e x f l o w s where a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s o f t e n e x h i b i t o v e r -
s h o o t and f l o w r e v e r s a l . The p r e s e n ta p p r o a c hc i r c u m v e n t s this
problem. The ,soundnessof t h e e x p o n e n t i a l series i n t e g r a l
method h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d i n i t s applicationtoincompressi-
b l e andcompressibleboundarylayerflows(Bossel 1970a,b,
Mitra andBossel 1971).
*
The term ' i n t e g r a lm e t h o d ' i s used here t o a v o i d t h e cumber-
some ( b u t more a c c u r a t e ) terms 'methodofweightedresiduals'
o r 'method of i n t e g r a l r e l a t i o n s ' .

10
 There are good r e a s o n s f o r c h o o s i n g a n N - p a r a m e t e r i n t e g r a l
method o v e r a f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method f o r a study such as t h e
p r e s e n to n e . Many of t h e o p e nq u e s t i o n si nt h i sc a s eo n l y
r e q u i r e a q u a l i t a t i v e a n s w e r , whichcanbeobtained a t minimal
computingcostby a one o r two p a r a m e t e rs o l u t i o n .I fa c c u r a c y
i s d e s i r e d , t h e number ofparameters i s i n c r e a s e d w i t h o u t a n y
change i n t h e program: R e s u l t so ft h e same d e t a i l and accuracy
as f o r f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e methodscanthenbeobtained. The
integral approach reduces the solution of partial differential
e q u a t i o n s t o s o l u t i o n o f a s e t of o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l equa-
t i o n s . Well-known s t a b l ei n t e g r a t i o ns c h e m e s ,s u c h as t h e
Runge-Kuttamethod,can be a p p l i e d .T h e r e . i s little chanceof
confusing a t r u e s i n g u l a r i t y o f t h e set of equations to be
s o l v e d w i t h a s i n g u l a r i t y o f a f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e scheme r e p l a c i n g
i t . No i t e r a t i o n s are n e c e s s a r y F . inallyv , elocities, stream
f u n c t i o n ,p r e s s u r e ,b o u n d a r yl a y e rt h i c k n e s s ,s h e a r , e t c . , can
a l l becomputedsimplyand d i r e c t l y fromanalyticalexpressions
involvingtheparametersinthevelocityapproximations.

1.4 Overview
The f o l l o w i n g S e c t i o n I1 w i l l f i r s t describe t h e computa-
t i o n a l methodand g i v e anexample f o r i t s accuracy .and
c o n v e r g e n c e .S i n g u l a r i t i e so ft h ee q u a t i o n sa r ei n v e s t i g a t e d in
S e c t i o n 111, and a s w i r l parameter i s i n t r o d u c e d .S e c t i o n IV
investigates, for constant external axial velocity and c i r c u l a -
tion,threevortexflows which a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o
t h ef l u i dd y n a m i c i s t : (1) v o r t e xf l o ww i t hi n i t i a lu n i f o r ma x i a l
v e l o c i t y , (2) v o r t e xf l o ww h e r et h ev e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s i s
initiallyhigherthanthefreestreamvelocity(leadingedge
v o r t e x ) , and ( 3 ) v o r t e x f l o w w h e r e t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s i s
i n i t i a l l y lower t h a n t h e f r e e s t r e a m v e l o c i t y ( t r a i l i n g v o r t e x ) .
Representative velocity profiles and v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s on
t h e a x i s as a f u n c t i o no fd i s t a n c e are given. The e f f e c t s of
p o s i t i v e or n e g a t i v e g r a d i e n t s i n t h e e x t e r n a l v e l o c i t y and

11
c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n are s t u d i e d i n S e c t i o n V. Some
c o n c l u s i o n s are drawn,and r e s u l t s are summarized i n S e c t i o n V I .

12
 11. COMPUTATIONAL METHOD

In developing a method of weighted residuals for a problem

i n t w o coordinates, the dependentvariablesinthepartial
differentialequationsarereplacedbyapproximating€unctions,
m u l t i p l i e d by a s e t of w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n s , a n d t h e n f o r m a l l y
i n t e g r a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o o n ec o o r d i n a t e . There remains a s e t
of o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s i n the other c o o r d i n a t ef o r
the p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e a p p r o x i m a t i n g e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e dependent
v a r i a b l e s . The major task i nd e v e l o p i n g the i n t e g r a l , method. i. s
the c o r r e c t . d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e s e t o f o r d i n a r y
differential equations - not a difficult task, but onerequiring
carefulbookkeeping. The FORMAC* method hasbeenused i n a case
ofcomparablecomplexity t o r e l e g a t e t h i s t a s k t o t h e computer
(Mitra 1 9 7 0 ) . The o r d i n a r yd i f f e r e n t i a le q u a t i o n sa r es o l v e d for
t h e parametersbyany of a number of s t a n d a r d methods. Knowledge
of t h e p a r a m e t e r s a t each s t e p p e r m i t s c a l c u l a t i o n of thedepen-
d e n t v a r i a b l e s a n d of a number of r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t .

2.1 Governing Equations

The independent and d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s a r e i n t r o d u c e d i n
Fig. 2.1. The d i m e n s i o n a le q u a t i o n sf o ri n c o m p r e s s i b l ev i s c o u s
q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a lv o r t e xf l o w a r e (Bossel 1 9 6 9 ) :

*
FORmula W i p u l a t i o n on Computer, a method developed by IBM
for non-numerical manipulations. I t u s e s PL-1 or FORTRAN.

13
 r
Fig. 2.1 Coordinate system and velocities.

with the boundary conditions:

at r = 0: v = 0, w = o , u = uax (free)
at r + 03: u + ue(x) , wr = k +- ke(x)

Nondimensional variables are defined as follows:

2
X = x/r
C
Y=R2
/ 2 = Re 2
(r /2rc2) p = P/(PU, /2)

u = u/u,

where the core

define H = VR and K = WR (circulation). These quantities are
introduced into the conservation equations. The pressureP is
eliminated by cross-differentiation, and two equations remain
for U and K:

14
 -a (UK) + aK + ).2 = 0
ax ay [HK - 2Y

ax + 4q + y2 aY'2
a2 ( H U - 2 Y E ) = O

where Y

The boundary conditions now become:

a t Y ='O: H = 0, K = 0, U = U (free)
ax
at Y -f a: U -f Ue(X) , p7R = K -f Ke ( X )

The p r e s s u r e a t any p o i n t i n t h e flow i s g i v e n by

where
e
'
-
- '
0
-ue2 = P m + l - U e 2

2.2 I n t e q r aR
l elations
A s a f i r s t s t e p i n developing t h e computationalmethod,
integral relations are derived from t h e two momentum e q u a t i o n s
(2.2) . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a s u f f i c i e n t number o fe q u a t i o n sf o r
determinationofthe unknown p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y
and c i r c u l a t i o n a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o b e i n t r o d u c e d b e l o w , t h e
equations are multiplied by members of two sets of weighting
f u n c t i o n s g k ( Y ) and fk ( Y ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and t h e n i n t e g r a t e d
f o r m a l l yi n t h e Y-directionfrom z e r o t oi n f i n i t y . To f a c i l i t a t e
t h e i n t e g r a t i o n , w e r e q u i r e gk (0), f k ( 0 ) = f i n i t e , and gk ( m ) ,
f k ( " ) = 0 . A f t e ri n t e g r a t i o n by p a r t s ,r e a r r a n g e m e n t , and
simplification:

15
 dX JgkUK d Y - \ gktHK dY -I (2gkt'Y + 4 g k ' ) K dY = 0
0 0 . . - 0

0 0
00

- f, ( f K I I Y 2 + 4Yfi + 2fk)HU dY
0

2.3ApproximatingandWeightingFunctions
The i n t e g r a t i o n i s completedwiththefollowingchoices for
weightingfunctions and a x i a l v e l o c i t y a n d c i r c u l a t i o n a p p r o x i -
mations:
-OkY
gk(Y) = e k = 1, 2 , . . ., N
-a.-Y
k = l , 2 , . . . , N + 1
K
fk (Y) = e

N
U(X,Y) = (1 - e -aY)

[ue (X) + 2
n=l
an(X)e + uaX ( X ) e-aY

K ( X , Y ) = W (X,Y)R = (1 - e'uy)
[
Ke (X) + 1 N

n=l
b (X)e'nay
n 1 (2.4)

The e x t e r n a l . v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n U e ( X ) and Ke ( X ) are

prescribed:the a,(X) , bn(X) and the v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s Uax(X)
are f r e ep a r a m e t e r s . Major r e a s o n s f o r t h e s e choices (Bossel
19704 are t h e e x p o n e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r o$ t h e f l o w s , ease of

16
analytical integration, the fact that the approximations satisfy
the boundary conditions, and the observation that the approxi-
mations satisfy Weierstrass' approximation theorem after a
coordinate transformation of the semi-infinite region 0 5 Y i 00
- -
into 1 -
> q > 0, with = e aY

2.'4 Svstem of Ordinarv.Differentia1 Eauations

Introduction of the 'approximating expressions and the
weighting functions (2.4) into equation (2.3) results in the
following set of ordinary differential equations forand Uaxthe
parameters .an(X) and bn(X)
:

N N
2
n=l '
'nAn ,k +

n=l
'nBn ,k + eaxCk = -6 eDk - ieEk - Fk

k=l, . .,N+1
2,.
N N
- -
1
n=l
'n%,k + 1 'nEn,k + caxek = -fieDk - keEk - Fk

k = 1, 2, . . ., N

The coefficients are given in the Appendix. Only a small part

of the coefficient calculation has be to done at each step: the
major part is done only once at the beginning of the computation.
The system ( 2 . 5 ) of (2N f 1) first order ordinary differential
equations is first solved (by Gaussian elimination) for the
derivative vector (dan/dX: dbn/dX; dUa,/dx). A standard method
of integration then produces the an, bn, and ,,U (the Runge-
Kutta method has beenused in the present work). Axial velocity
U(X,Y), circulation K(X,Y) , and swirl velocity W ( X , Y ) follow
from relations (2.4) .

17
 2.5 I n i t i a lP r o f i l e s

I n i t i a l p r o f i l e p a r a m e t e r s a n , b n , and Uax f o r t h e i n i t i a l
a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n p r o f i l e s ( 2 . 4 ) are r e q u i r e d t o
s t a r t t h ec a l c u l a t i o n .I nt h ep r e s e n ts t u d y ,s i m p l ee x p o n e n t i a l
p r o f i l e s havebeenusedthroughout, i.e.,

and
K i n i t i a l(Y) = K e ( l - e
-0Y) or K e ( l . - e- 2 a Y )

Exponents a = 1, andak = k , k = 1, 2 , . . ., N + 1 were used i n

a l l of the calculations.
Inthecase of a r b i t r a r y p r o f i l e s , the parameters an, bn,
and Uax are o b t a i n e da so u t l i n e di nB o s s e l ( 1 9 7 0 a o r b). The
procedures f o r t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e U ( Y ) and t h e c i r c u l a -
t i o np r o f i l e K(Y) are i d e n t i c a l .T h u s , i f U ( Y ) i s the
(analyticalortabulated)profileto be approximated,UN(Y;an)
t h e p r o f i l ea p p r o x i m a t i o n ( w i t h unknown p a r a m e t e r sa n ) ,a n d
f k ( Y ) a c o n v e n i e n tw e i g h t i n gf u n c t i o n ,t h e n the N unknown
parameters a are obtainedfrom the N equations
n

k = 1, 2 , . . ., N
2.6 Accuracy
and
Convergence

R e s u l t s o f the p r e s e n t method were compared w i t h p r e v i o u s

computations(Bossel 1 9 6 7 ) u s i n gp o l y n o m i a l si n Y i n the approxi-
matingfunctions.For N = 2 t h e agreement was w i t h i n 3 % i n t h e
v e l o c i t yp r o f i l e s .I n cases where theycanbecompared, the
computationsappear t o a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h o s e of H a l l ( 1 9 6 6 b )
(only a ,qualitativecomparisoncanbe made,however, since H a l l
p r e s c r i b e st h eo u t e rs t r e a ms u r f a c es h a p e ) . C r i t i c a l runshave

18
b e e nr e p e a t e dw i t hd i f f e r e n to r d e r s N ofapproximation.Figures
2 . 2 and2.3 show t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , . swirl p a r a m e t e r , and
p r o f i l e development f o r a breakdown c a s e ( t y p e l b ) and N = 1,
2, 3 , 4 , and 5. There i s obviousconvergence as N i n c r e a s e s .
Cases l i k e t h e s e . h a v e t y p i c a l r u n n i n g times o n t h e IBM 360/75of
5 t o 1 5 s e c o n d sf o r N = 1 and 2 , and 1 0 t o 30 s e c o n d sf o r N = 3
to 5, l a t e r were r u nw i t h
A l l c a s e sd i s c u s s e d N = 3,which
appeared t o b e an e f f i c i e n t compromisebetween the conflicting
demandsof high accuracy and l o w computing time.

"ox
O1/
0.6

0.4
1 N=I
354
2

I I I I
0' 1 1 I
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
X

F i g , 2.2 Development of v e l o c i t yo nt h ea x i s and local s w i r l

parameter S ( X ) as a f u n c t i o n o f number ofparameters
used, for i n i t i a l s w i r l parameter Si = 1.425.

19
 4 4
Si 1.425 I
3 3

1 R
R

2
I N=5b&tween---and-
2

0.04,

0
t 0
1

0
1.o
0 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.o 0 02 0.4 0.6 0.8
U W

Fig: 2.3 V e l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n t as a f u n c t i o n of number

of parameters used i n the p r o f i l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

20
 III. SINGULARITIES AND CRITICAL SWIRL PARAMETERS

3 . 1S i n g u l a r i t i e so ft h eG o v e r n i n gS y s t e m
The system of o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s ( 2 . 5 ) becomes
s i n g u l a r when the d e t e r m i n a n t o f c o e f f i c i e n t s . f o r the unknowns
a n ? bn*and Uax v a n i s h e s , and t h er i g h t - h a n ds i d e . r e m a $ n s
nonzero. The s p e c i a l case when t h e right-hand side v a n i s h e s
a l s o h a s some s i g n i f i c a n c e and i s c o n s i d e r e d l a t e r .
. A t a particular axial position the profile shapes
.X
( r e l a t i o n s 2 . 4 ) are determined by the l o c a l an (Xo), bn(Xo) , and
'ax
(Xo). Without loss i n g e n e r a l i t y w e s h a l l assume Ue = 1 and
keeponly Ke as a free parameter. T h i s amounts t o i n v e s t i g a t i n g
a given axial velocity profile and a g i v e n c i r c u l a t i o n p r o f i l e
shape a t d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s of e x t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n Ke. The
condition for vanishing of t h e d e t e r m i n a n t of c o e f f i c i e n t s o n
t h e l e f t - h a n d side of system (2.5) i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a polynomial
e x p r e s s i o n of the form

f
n=O
Gn (Ke
2 n
1 = 0 (3 1)

with N roots for characteristic external circulation values

2
(Ke 1 . The Gn a r en u m e r i c a lc o e f f i c i e n t s .T h u s , there are N
d i s t i n c t v a l u e s , o f Ke2 which l e a d t o s i n g u l a r i t i e s , and f o r
N -+ Q) the followingresultsobtain:

For a g i v e n a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e and g i v e ns h a p e of t h e
c i r c u l a t i o np r o f i l e ,t h ee q u a t i o n s of q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l v i s c o u s
i n c o m p r e s s i b l ev o r t e xf l o w ( 2 . 1 ) have a c o u n t a b l y i n f i n i t e s e t
of s i n g u l a r i t i e s f o r d i s c r e t e v a Z u e s of e x t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n ,

1% I
I t should be s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e s i n g u l a r i t i e s are a f u n c t i o n
of t h e l o c a l p r o f i l e s o n l y andindependent of l o c a l a x i a l g r a -
d i e n t s of e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n . However, t h e

21
profiledevelopmentitself is, of course,dependent on e x t e r n a l
gradients.
The e f f e c t o f g r a d i e n t s o f e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y Ue and
c i r c u l a t i o n Ke ( i . e . dUe/dX and dKe/dX)becomes obvious i f t h e
s p e c i a l case i s c o n s i d e r e d w h e r e t h e r i g h t - h a n d side o f e q u a t i o n s
(2.5) v a n i s h e s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a n t o f c o e f f i c i e n t s .
System ( 2 . 5 ) i s t h e nn o n s i n g u l a r . The r i g h t - h a n d side i s a
linearfunctionof t h e g r a d i e n t s d U e / d X and d K e / d X and t h e
parameters a and Uax i n t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n
n' bn'
p r o f i l e s .F o re a c hp r o f i l ec o m b i n a t i o n ( i . e . U e , Ke, a n , b n ,
) a p a r t i c u l a rc o m b i n a t i o n Of e x t e r n a l a x i a l and c i r c u l a t i o n
'ax
g r a d i e n t s d U e / d X and dKe/dX e x i s t s f o r which t h e r i g h t - h a n d
side vanishesandthesystem (2.5) i s nonsingular, i.e.:

A s i n g u z a r i t yc a nb ea v o i d e d b y a p p l i c a t i o n of a p p r o p r i a t e
e x t e r n a la x i a i !a n dc i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t s .
T h i s r e s u l t i s supported by t h e r e s u l t s of computations
f o r d i f f e r e n t e x t e r n a l a x i a l . and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s d e s c r i b e d
in this report.

The two r e s u l t s d e r i v e d a b o v e a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e
p a r t i c u l a ra p p r o x i m a t i o n and w e i g h t i n gf u n c t i o n sc h o s e n (i.e.
e x p r e s s i o n s ( 2 . 4 ) ) since anycontinuousfunction U ( Y ) o r K(Y)
canberepresented by an i n f i n i t e series of l i n e a r l y i n d e p e n d e n t
f u n c t i o n s { $ n ( ~ forming
)l a complete s e t .

I t becomes e v i d e n t from t h e a n a l y s i s t h a t t h e (swirl-

d e p e n d e n t ) s i n g u l a r i t i e s of t h e q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l v o r t e x e q u a t i o n s
are different in character fromtheseparationsingularityofthe
b o u n d a r yl a y e re q u a t i o n s .I np a r t i c u l a r , i n c o n t r a s t t o boundary
l a y e r s o l u t i o n s , there e x i s t m e a n i n g f u l v o r t e x s o l u t i o n s f o r
swirl v a l u e s b e t w e e n t h e s i n g u l a r v a l u e s , and e s p e c i a l l y f o r a
swirl v a l u eg r e a t e rt h a n t h a t o ft h ef i r s ts i n g u l a r i t y . Full
v o r t e x c o m p u t a t i o n s (Secs. I V and V ) haveshown,however, that
these solutions w i l l normallyonlypersistfor a finite distance,
b e f o r e t h e y are d r i v e n t o t h e n e x t s i n g u l a r i t y .

22
3.2 S w i rPl a r a m e t e r s
Incomparingd.ifferentvortexflows, Ke i s n o t a v e r y
meaningfulparameter.Sincetheaxisymmetricbreakdownbehavior
ofvortexflows i s e v i d e n t l y c o n t r o l l e d by c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e
verycore(Sarpkaya 1 9 7 1 a , b , O r l o f f andBossel 1971), a s w i r l
parameter i s introducedwhich i s based on c o r e c o n d i t i o n s , i . e .
t h e swirl v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e g r a d i e n t on t h e a x i s , t h e a x i a l
v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , and t h e c o r e r a d i u s Rw max where t h e
s w i r l v e l o c i t y W r e a c h e s i t s maximum v a l u e :

T h i s d e f i n i t i o n of t h e s w i r l p a r a m e t e r r e d u c e s t o t h e f a m i l i a r
one S = RRc/U = Wc/U f o r a c y l i n d e r o f f l u i d o f r a d i u s Rc i n
r i g i dr o t a t i o n R , w i t hu n i f o r ma x i a lv e l o c i t y U. Inviscid
s o l u t i o n sf o rs u c hf l o w s( F r a e n k e l1 9 5 6 )h a v ec r i t i c a lv a l u e s
of t h e s w i r l parameter a t j l n / 2 = 1.9159,3.5078,5.0867,
6 . 6 6 1 8 , 8.2353, ..., where jln a r ez e r o s of t h e Bessel f u n c t i o n

3 . 3S i n g u l a r i t i e sf o rI n i t i a l l y Uniform A x i a l Flow
Figure 3.1 p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t f i v e s i n g u l a r i t i e s f o r the
vortex profiles
U ( Y ) = 1 = constant

as a f u n c t i o n o f s w i r l parameter and order of approximationused.

T h i sf l o wa p p r o x i m a t e s r i g i dr o t a t i o ni nt h ec o r e . The s i n g u l a r -
i t i e s were o b t a i n e d b y c o m p u t i n g t h e d e r i v a t i v e s in,h n , fiax
o v e r a widerangeof Ke. Each a d d i t i o n a la p p r o x i m a t i n g t e r m
accounts for a new s i n g u l a r i t y , as e x p e c t e d , w h i l e t h e l o c a t i o n
of p r e v i o u s l y computed s i n g u l a r i t i e s i s o n l y s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d .

23
 10 - O ss

8 -

O s4
6 -
a
sait -0-0 s,
4 -

't -0-0-0-0
~""-x""-n-""~""-~
s,
s,
&

iqviscii
rgid rotation

F i g .3 . 1S i n g u l a r s w i r l p a r a m e t e rv a l u e sf o r U(Y) = 1, and
K ( Y ) = WR = S (l-e'Y)/O . 7 9 2 as a f u n c t i o n of o r d e r
ofapproximation N. ( I n v i s c i dv a l u e sa r ef o rr i g i d
body r o t a t i o n . )

0 1 2 3 4 S s 6 7 8 0 10 11

Fig. 3.2 Magnitude of gradient of v e l o c i t y on t h e axis as

f u n c t i o no f swirl parameter.Uniformaxialflow
U ( Y ) = 1, and K ( Y ) = WR = S ( l - e - Y ) / 0 . 7 9 2 .

24
 Likewis.e, t h e u s e of d i f f e r e n t OL o r w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n e x p o n e n t s
k has o n l y m i n i m a l e f f e c t on the l o c a t i o n of the lower order '

s i n g u l a r i t i e s .I np a r t i c u l a r ,t h es i n g u l a r i t y of g r e a t e s t
i n t e r e s t , S1, r e m a i n sp r a c t i c a l l yc o n s t a n t .S i n c e there i s
ample e v i d e n c e t h a t t h i s f i r s t s i n g u l a r i t y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
axisyqtmetricvortexbreakdown,computationsfaili.ng a t singular-
i t i e s , and i n p a r t i c u l a r a t S1, w i l l a l s o be s a i d t o 'breakdown"
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g work. The c r i t i c a l s w i r l v a l u e s j1J2 as
found from t h e t h e o r y of i n v i s c i d r i g i d r o t a t i o n ( F r a e n k e l 1 9 5 6 )
' are a l s o shown i nF i g .3 . 1 . T h i s f i g u r e a l s o g i v e s t h e swirl
parameter So d i v i d i n g f l o w whichdecayssmoothly(type la)
from f l o w which i s a b r u p t l y decelerated on t h e a x i s and 'breaks
down' because S1 is reached(type l b ) . The theoretical
( i n v i s c i d ) v a l u e (Bossel 1968) f o r u n i f o r m f l o w i n i n i t i a l l y
r i g i d r o t a t i o n i s So = fi. The v i s c o u sv a l u ef o r So i s found
from a f u l lv o r t e xc o m p u t a t i o n (see Sec. I V ) . There i s s t r i k i n g
agreementbetween t h e v i s c o u s and i n v i s c i d v a l u e s f o r So, S1'
s2, ... .
'*
3.4 Behavior of A x i a l D e r i v a t i v e s
~

A t each S i n g u l a r i t y , a l l a x i a l d e r i v a t i v e s jump t o i n f i i l i t y
i n magnitudeand r e v e r s es i g n s . T h i s r e s u l t si nc o n t r a s t i n g
b e h a v i o r f o r f l o w s s e p a r a t e d by a s i n g u l a r i t y . The a x i a l
d e r i v a t i v e of t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s f o r t h e v o r t e x w i t h uni-
form a x i a l f l o w 'is p l o t t e d i n F i g . 3.2 a s a f u n c t i o no f swirl
parameter S. The s i n g u l a r i t i e s are v e r ye v i d e n t . Note e s p e c i a l -
l y t h a t t h e . s i g n of the a x i a l g r a d i e n t r e v e r s e s a t each
s i n g u l a r i t y .I np a r t i c u l a r ' ,f o r a swirl valuebelow S1, the
a x i a l f l o w i s decelerated i n t h e c o r e , while f o r a swirl v a l u e
S1 < S < S2 t h e a x i a l f l o w i s a c c e l e r a t e d i n t h e i n n e r c o r e .

3.5 E f f e c t of V e l o c i t y P r o f i l e
"

The c r i t i c a l s w i r l parameters So, S1, S2, .... are functions

25
 of the an, bn' U a x r and Ue and are therefore p r o f i l e - d e p e n d e n t .
The examplegiven, which approximates r i g i d r o t a t i o n 4n i t s
i n n e rc o r e ,a p p e a r s t o c o n f i r m t h e e a r l i e r c o n t e n t i o n (Bossel
1 9 6 7 , 1968) t h a t t h e b e h a v i o r o f v i s c o u s v o r t e x f l o w s i s governed
, m a i n l yb yi n v i s c i dc o r ep r o p e r t i e s . The e f f e c t ofnonuniform
i n ' i t i a l a x i a l f l o w on the c r i t i c a l s w i r l p a r a m e t e r s i s shown
i n F i g . 3 . 3 f o r the familyofprofiles

K ( Y ) = WR = K e ( l - e- aY)

Flows w i t h Uax < 1 a r eo f the t r a i l i n g v o r t e x t y p e , with a

v e l o c i t y d e f i c i t on t h e a x i s , w h i l e flows w i t h U > 1 approxi-
ax.
matetheleadingedgevortexwith a v e l o c i t y e x c e s s on the a x i s .
F i g u r e 3 . 3 shows the same q u a l i t a t i v e b e h a v i o r f o r the
v a r i o u fsl o w s . The magnitudes of t h e c r i t i c a l swirl v a l u e s f o r

'1
14 %-\

10 -
s -
8 -

6 -

4 -

2 -
"""""

Fig. 3 . 3 E f f e c t of v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e on the c r i t i c a l swirl

values. U(Y) = 1 + e-y(Uax-l) , K ( Y ) = S (1-e-y) /O .792.

26
t h en o n u n i f o r mp r o f i l e s show a p r o f i l e e f f e c t : t h e y a r e
consistently higher for the profile with initial axial velocity
d e f i c i t , and c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r f o r t h e p r o f i l e w i t h a x i a l e x c e s s
n e a rt h e axis. T h i sr e s u l t i s t o beexpected. The averagevelocitynear
t h e axis i s most c e r t a i n l yh i g h e rt h a ni nt h et r a i l i n gv o r t e xc a s e

due t o t h e e f f e c t o f faster flow i n a neighborhood of t h e axis. In the case

of theleadingedgevortex,fluidsurroundingthe axis i s slowerthan
Uax and t h e a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y n e a r t h e exis would be less. If proper

a v e r a g ev e l o c i t i e s were used i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of S , the lines of

c r i t i c a l s w i r l parameters would be more n e a r l y h o r i z o n t a l .

Singularityanalysescan be performed f o r a n y g i v e n a r b i -
t r a r y( e x p e r i m e n t a l )a x i a l and s w i r l v e l o c i t yp r o f i l ec o m b i n a t i o n
in order to obtain information on l i k e l y f l o w b e h a v i o r , in
p a r t i c u l a rt h ep r o x i m i t yo f S1. The c o e f f i c i e n t s a n , b n , and
Uax i n an N-th o r d e r p r o f i l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n (2.4) a r e f i r s t
determinedbythemethod of B o s s e l (1970a). The c r i t i c a l s w i r l
v a l u e s are t h e n e i t h e r o b t a i n e d by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s
Gn i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e q u a t i o n ( 3 . 1 ) a n ds o l v i n gf o rt h e
f i r s t N c r i t i c a l Ke ( o r S o ) , o r by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e g r a d i e n t s
d/dX ofthean and bn fromsystem ( 2 . 5 ) as a f u n c t i o no f Ke (or
s ).

3.6 Assessmentof Breakdown Behavior

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f f e r s e v e r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s
ofassessingtheprobableaxisymmetric breakdown b e h a v i o r of
v o r t e xv e l o c i t yp r o f i l e s .I nt h eo r d e ro fi n c r e a s i n ga c c u r a c y :
(1) Comparisonof t h e swirl v a l u e

with the inviscid critical values for rigid, rotation, in

p a r t i c u l a r So = fi ( d i v i d i n g s t a g n a t i n g (S > So) from

27
 wake-type v o r t e xf l o w (S <So)) and S1 = 1 . 9 1 5 9
( d i v i d i n g s u p e r c r i t i c a l ( S < S1) from s u b c r i t i c a l
v o r t e x f l o w (S > S1), w i t h a r e v e r s a l of b e h a v i o r a t
sl)
(2) Comparisonof t h e computed s w i r l v a l u ew i t ht h er e s u l t s
of F i g . 3 . 3 .
(3) A p p r o x i m a t i o no ft h ev e l o c i t yp r o f i l e s byparameters
a n t b n t U e t U a X t Ke u s i n g t h e method i n B o s s e l (1970a)
f o ri n i t i a lp r o f i l ea p p r o x i m a t i o n .U s i n gt h ea p p r o a c h
of the p r e s e n t s e c t i o n , t h e a x i a l g r a d i e n t s a r e then
computedand the actual singularities determined by
v a r y i n g Ke o r t h e swirl S .

28
IV. .VORTEX COMPUTATIONS FOR CONSTANT EXTERNAL AXI
A L VELOCITY

AND CIRCULATION

Thissectionpresentsresultsofvortexcomputationsfor
c o n s t a n te x t e r n a la x i a lv e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n .T h r e e
d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s were used i n t h i s . a n d i n t h e
followingsection,corresponding to initially. uniform axial flow
and t o f l o w s o f l e a d i n g e d g e and t r a i l i n g v o r t e x t y p e , r e s p e c -
t i v e l y . Diagramsof d i s t a n c e Xf t o f a i l u r e of t h ec o m p u t a t i o n
as f u n c t i o n o f i n i t i a l s w i r l parameter w i l l f i r s t b e p r e s e n t e d
f o rt h e s et h r e ef l o wt y p e s . The development of t h e v e l o c i t y on
t h e a x i s and o f t h e v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n some
d e t a i l . The r e s u l t sc o n f i r mt h es i n g u l a rb e h a v i o rp r e d i c t e di n
Sec. 111.

4.1 Initi
___ "a l.- P.. r o f~.
i l e s ' and D i s t a n c e to Failure

U n i f o r m { n i t i a Z a x i a Z fZou

The c a s e w h e r e t h e i n i t i a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s uniform
whilethe s w i r l velocity profile i s linear with R i n t h e v i c i n i t y
of t h e a x i s p r o v i d e s a good t e s t o f t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t v o r t e x
behavior i s governed by t h e i n v i s c i d p r o p e r t i e s o f the rigidly
rotatingcoreasconditions on t h e a x i s a r e t h e n i d e n t i c a l in
b o t hc a s e s .I n i t i a lp r o f i l e s( B u r g e r s 1 9 4 0 ) f o rt h i sc a s e were

U ( Y ) = 1 = constant

K (Y> = W ( Y ) R = K~ (1 - e-Yy)

Most computationspresentedhere were o b t a i n e d f o r y = 1.

y = 2 was u s e d t o t e s t s c a l i n g e f f e c t s on t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e
computation. The d i f f e r e n c e s were found t o be minimal. The r e l a -
tionship between external circulation and i n i t i a l s w i r l can be
computed from t h e i n i t i a l p r o f i l e s . For y = 1

29
 (dW/dR) a xRc -
s = - ..792 K /U = .792 Ke
%X e .ax

and f o r y = 2

S = 1 . 1 2 1 Ke/Uax = 1 . 1 2 1 Ke

F i g u r e 4 . 1 p r e s e n t s , a s a f u n c t i o n of i n i t i a l swirl para-
meter and f o r N = 3 , t h e d i s t a n c e o f s u c c e s s f u l c o m p u t a t i o n
b e f o r ef a i l u r eo c c u r r e d a t Xf. T h i s p l o t shows s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t
r e g i o n s s e p a r a t e d by s i n g u l a r p o i n t s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the
r e s u l t so f Sec. 111. C o n t i n u o u ss o l u t i o n sc o u l do n l y be found
inregion la, correspondingtoaninitial s w i r l parameter
S 5 fi. The c h a r a c t e r so ft h es o l u t i o n si nt h ed i f f e r e n tr e g i o n s
w i l l be d i s c u s s e d more f u l l y i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n . A s pointed
o u t i n Sec. 111, t h ec o m p u t a t i o n w i t h N = 3 o n l y p i c k s up t h e
f i r s tt h r e es i n g u l a r i t i e s . The r e s u l t s a r e t h e r e f o r eo n l y
a c c u r a t e f o r S 5 S2..
0
0
0
yo
0
0
0
0
/

0 0.02 0.04 0.08

0.06 0.0 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
xf
Fi.g. 4 . 1 Distance t o f a i l u r e ( a t X f ) as f u n c t i o n of i n i t i a l
s w i r l p a r a m e t e r .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m axial flow.
Open c i r c l e s d e n o t e f a i l u r e o f c o m p u t a t i o n .

30
Leading edge vortex
Experimental ( H u m m e l ' 1965)and t h e o r e t i c a l ( H a l l 1961)
r e s u l t sf o rl e a d i n ge d g ev o r t e xf l o w s( a sg e n e r a t e d at the
l e a d i n g e d g e s of d e l t a w i n g s , f o r e x a m p l e ) a l l show a l a r g e
excessofaxialvelocityneartheaxisoverthefreestreamaxial
v e l o c i t y . I t i s of some i n t e r e s t t o see what e f f e c t , i f a n y ,
t h i sv e l o c i t ye x c e s sh a s on t h ev o r t e xb e h a v i o r . The e f f e c t o f
thenonuniformshapeoftheaxialvelocityprofile on t h e
c r i t i c a l s w i r l v a l u e sh a sb e e nd i s c u s s e d i n Sec. 111.
The i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s i n v e s t i g a t e d w e r e

(i.e. uaX = 2.0, ue = 1.0)

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n Ke and S f o r t h e s e p r o f i l e s is

s = .792 Ke/Uax = .792 Ke/2 = .396 Ke

T h i s c h o i c e i s n o t t o o goodan a p p r o x i m a t i o nt ot h ee x p e r i m e n t a l
and t h e o r e t i c a l p r o f i l e s of H u m m e l and H a l l , b u t i t s h o u l d s e r v e
todemonstratetheeffectofhigheraxialcorevelocity.
Distances t o f a i l u r e of t h e computation a t Xf for N = 3
a r e shown i n F i g . 4 . 2 a s a f u n c t i o n o f i n i t i a l s w i r l parameter.
The b e h a v i o r i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y t h e same a s f o r t h e c a s e o f i n i t i a l
u n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w( F i g u r e 4.1). The c r i t i c a l s w i r l v a l u e sa r e
now somewhat d i f f e r e n t from t h ep r e v i o u sc a s e . They havebeen
more a c c u r a t e l yd e t e r m i n e d ,w i t h N = 5 , i n Sec. 111.

T ' r a i Zing v o r t e x

The t r a i l i n g v o r t e x , a s founddownstream of a s t r a i g h t
wing,has a w a k e - l i k e a x i a l v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h a core
v e l o c i t ys m a l l e rt h a nt h ef r e e s t r e a mv e l o c i t y( B a t c h e l o r 1964,
McCormick et a l . 1 9 6 8 ) . T h i sv e l o c i t yr e t a r d a t i o nn e a rt h e
a x i s canbeexp,ected t o l e a d t o e a r l i e r v o r t e x s t a g n a t i o n and

31
 -- - - "-
- # "
0

@ (. "0

5 -
!+p?"-
./ /#-

"
-0""

"-""
-"" $"- "-0"-

S p L ""_"""" "_"" -"""

""""0"- 0 8"

Sr"~"0-
-
/-1b -+
la ---- "n - ~ . " "-
SO-
0 breakdown-stable
I 1 I ". I I .. 1
0' I I I 1
. .

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Xf
Fig. 4 . 2 D i s t a n c et of a i l u r e ( a t X f ) a sf u n c t i o no fi n i t i a l
s w i r l p a r a m e t e r .I n i t i a lp r o f i l e so fl e a d i n ge d g e
v o r t e xt y p e . Open c i r c l e s d e n o t ef a i l u r eo f
computation.

breakdown

The i n i t i a l p r o f i l e chosen was

(i.e. uax = 0.5, ue = 1.0)

For these p r o f i l e s , e x t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n and s w i r l v a l u e s a r e

r e l a t e d by

S = . 7 9 2 Ke/Uax = . 7 9 2 Ke/0.5 = 1.584 Ke

T h i sc h o i c ea p p e a r st o come f a i r l y c l o s e t o a c t u a l t r a i l i n g
v o r t e xf l o w s (McCormick e t a l . 1 9 6 8 ) .
Distances to failure of t h e computation a t Xf f o r N = 3 a r e
shown i n F i g . 4 . 3 as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l s w i r l parameter.
Again t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e s o l u t i o n s i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y t h e same as
f o r t h e t w o p r e v i o u s cases. The a c t u a l c r i t i c a l s w i r l parameter

32
 1 I I I

o 0.040.02 006 0.m 0.10 0.12 a14 0.16 0.m azo

x1

Fig. 4 . 3 D i s t a n c et of a i l u r e( a t X f ) as f u n c t i o no fi n i t i a l
s w i r l p a r a m e t e r .I n i t i a lp r o f i l e so ft r a i l i n gv o r t e x
t y p e . Open c i r c l e s d e n o t ef a i l u r eo fc o m p u t a t i o n .

v a l u e s d i f f e r somewhat from t h e o t h e r two c a s e s and a g a i n a r e

n o ta sa c c u r a t ea st h o s ef o u n di nS e c . I11 f o r N = 5 , e s p e c i a l l y
for S > S2.

PossibiZity of b r e a k d o w n - s t a b l e s o l u t i o n s of t y p e 2, 3, 4, ...
N o b r e a k d o w n - s t a b l es o l u t i o n so ft y p e 2 , 3, or 4 w e r e
found i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r c o n s t a n t e x t e r n a l a x i a l
v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n . T h i s a g r e e sw i t ht h e results of t h e
s i n g u l a r i t y a n a l y s i s i n Sec'. I11 where it became e v i d e n t t h a t
only specific external axial velocity and circulation gradients
canpreventflows of t h e s e ' t y p e s f r o m a p p r o a c h i n g a singularity.
I t w i l l a g a i n b e shown i n Sec. V i n s e v e r a l examples t h a t
application of external axial velocity or circulation gradients
canhavebeneficialeffects on flowdevelopment f o r t h e s e t y p e s .
There i s some o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d a n a l y t i c a l e v i d e n c e
(DonaldsonandSullivan 1 9 6 0 ) suggestingbreakdown-stablesolu-
tionsofthemulti-layeredtype.

33
4.2 Velocity on t h eA x i s

The behavior of vortex flow is different for each of the

r e g i o n s l a , lb, 2 , 3 , ... .
The m o s ti m p o r t a n ti n d i c a t o ro f
v o r t e x b e h a v i o r i s a p l o t of v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s Uax vs.
d i s t a n c e X. The d e v e l o p m e n to ft h ev e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s w i l l
now b e d i s c u s s e d f o r f l o w s w i t h c o n s t a n t e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y
and c i r c u l a t i o n . B e f o r e d e s c r i b i n g i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l f l o w s o f
type 1 h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a l p r o f i l e s , b e h a v i o r o f i n i t i a l l y
uniformaxialflowsofthefirstfivetypes w i l l be d i s c u s s e d .
A l l r e s u l t s were computed w i t h N = 3 .

Behavior of initially uniform axial f l o w s of t y p e s 1-4

F i g u r e 4 . 4 p r e s e n t s the developmentofvelocity on t h e a x i s
i n t h e f i v er e g i o n s l a , lb , 2 , 3 , and 4 . Each of t h ec u r v e s i s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v eo fo t h e rf l o w si nt h e same region.Forflowsof
a g i v e nt y p e ,t h ec h a r a c t e ro ft h e s ec u r v e s ,a n d of t h e v e l o c i t y
p r o f i l e s ,r e m a i n s t h e same. Type l a ,t h eo n l yb r e a k d o w n - s t a b l e

4r
3

"ax

-1

-2

Fig. 4 . 4 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s f o r d i f f e r e n t
f l o wt y p e s I. n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a fl l o w . Open
circles denotefailurepoints.

34
I
flow,develops a reducc v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s whichremains
approximatelyconstantfor a considerable distance before it
a g a i na p p r o a c h e st h e freestream v a l u e . Type l b flowhas
g r a d i e n t s (dUax/dX) which a r e a l w a y s s t e e p e r t h a n a n y t y p e l a
g r a d i e n t s .T h e s eg r a d i e n t si n c r e a s e , and thecomputation
terminatesdue t o e x c e s s i v e g r a d i e n t s , w i t h Uax i n t h e n e i g h b o r -
hood of 0 . 5 . A t t h e same t i m e , t h es t r e a ms u r f a c ea n g l e s
suddenlyincreasetolargepositivevalues,indicatingan
e x p l o s i v eb e h a v i o ro ft h e core. G r a d i e n t s become l a r g e r , and
thecalculationbreaks down i n c r e a s i n g l y s o o n e r , as t h e c r i t i c a l
s w i r l v a l u e S1 i s approached.
For s w i r l v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n S1, s o l u t i o n s of t y p e 2 a r e
obtained, which now show a n a c c e l e r a t i o n of t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e
a x i s .G r a d i e n t s (dUax/dX) a r ev e r yl a r g ef o r S n e a r S1, b u t
d e c r e a s e as S i s i n c r e a s e d , l e a d i n g t o l o n g e r c a l c u l a t i o n s b e f o r e
f a i l u r eo c c u r s .F a i l u r e of t y p e 2 i s animplosiveone:stream
s u r f a c e a n g l e s assume l a r g e n e g a t i v e v a l u e s v e r y q u i c k l y i n t h e
immediate v i c i n i t y o ft h ef a i l u r ep o i n t .G r a d i e n t sd e c r e a s e
furtherwithcorrespondinglylongerresultingcomputations,
untilthevicinityof S 2 i s reached,whereagain no s o l u t i o n s
can beobtained.

For s w i r l S > S 2 , t h ef l o w i s a g a i n of d i f f e r e n t t y p e 3 .
The v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s now a g a i n d e . c e l e r a t e s , e v e n t u a l l y
r e a c h i n g a s t a g n a t i o np o i n t on t h e a x i s . Downstream of t h i s
p o i n tr e v e r s e df l o wd e v e l o p s onand near t h e a x i s , g r a d i e n t s
s t e e p e n and computation f a i l s w i t h e x p l o s i v e b e h a v i o r o f t h e
o u t e rc o r e . As t h e s w i r l i s f u r t h e ri n c r e a s e d ,g r a d i e n t sa r e
againreduced,andthecomputationsfailfarther-downstream
untilthevicinity of S3 i s reached. N o s o l u t i o n sc a nb e ob-
tainedinthe immediate neighborhoodof thispoint.
For s w i r l S .> S3, the flow has once again changed its
b e h a v i o r( t o t y p e 4 f l o w ) . The v e l o c i t y on t h ea x i sa g a i nt e n d s
toincrease, until gradients again steepen rapidly, leading. to

35
l a r g e n e g a t i v e stream surface a n g l e s i n - t h e o u t e r core r e g i o n s
( i m p l o s i v eb e h a v i o r ) ,a n d the c o m p u t a t i o n f a i l s .

As S i s i n c r e a s e d , more and more s i n g u l a r i t i e s are encoun-

t e r e d . The v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s a l t e r n a t e s between a d e c e l e r a t i n g
t e n d e n c y( f o r odd typeflow)andanacceleratingtendency (for
even type f l o w ) .
I n i t i a l l y uniform axial f l o w of t y p e 1
Probablytheonlyvortexflowofmajorphysicalsignifi-
cance i s t y p e 1 flow. The development of i t s v e l o c i t y on the
a x i s and i t s s w i r l parameter S ( X ) w i l l now b e g i v e n i n more
d e t a i l f o r the v o r t e x w i t h i n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m a x i a l f l o w .
F i g u r e 4.5 p r e s e n t s r e s u l t s f o r d i f f e r e n t c h o i c e s o f i n i t i a l
swirl . p a r a m e t e r Si. the s w i r l parameter S (X) f o r
It a l s og i v e s
two neighboringflows of t y p e l a and l b . A swirl parameter
valueofapproximately Si = 1 . 4 s e p a r a t e s t h e smoothlydecaying
v o r t e xf l o w s( t y p el a : Si 5 1 . 4 ) fromvortexflows which
N FI YI 0 YI W 0 YI YI 0
In .m r- W W W m W I- 1D
m m m m m m m m 0 I
I
rl .-I rl rl .-I rl rl .-I rl rl

I.O

0.8

0.6
"ax
0.4

0.2

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
X
F i g . 4.5 Development of v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s as a f u n c t i o n of
i n i t i a l swirl. I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w . Open
circles d e n o t e f a i l u r e of the computation.

36
e v e n t u a l l yb r e a k dowr- ( t y p el b : Si 2 1 . 4 ) . Note t h a t the
theoretical inviscid value for the initial s w i r l valueleading
t o s t a g n a t i o n i s Si > fi = 1 . 4 1 f o r r i g i d r o t a t i o n ( B o s s e l 1968).

Type l a f l o w a d j u s t s t o a n a l m o s t c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f a x i a l
v e l o c i t y and t h e r e a f t e rb e h a v e si n a wake-likemanner. The
s w i r l parameter S ( X ) g e n e r a l l yd e c r e a s e s . The s w i r l still
counteractsthenormalspreadingofthewake'andtheattendant
d i m i n i s h i n g of t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y d e f i c i t ; b u t e v e n t u a l l y t h e
axial velocity deficit again decreases, and the axial and s w i r l
velocity profiles decay together.
Flows .of type lb initially behave much. l i k e t h o s e of type
la, except that their r a t e o f d e c r e a s e of Uax i s s t e e p e r , a n d
t h e s w i r l parameter S ( X ) i n c r e a s e s .E v e n t u a l l yt h e s w i r l effects
overwhelm t h e r e s t o r i n g t e n d e n c i e s of t h e wake, t h e d r o p of
v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s s t e e p e n s r a p i d l y , and thecomputation
f a i l s . A s an i n i t i a l s w i r l parametervalueof Si 'I 1 . 8 i s
a p p r o a c h e d ,t h ec o m p u t a t i o nf a i l si n c r e a s i n g l ys o o n e r . No
solutionscanbeobtainednearthispoint, whose t h e o r e t i c a l
i n v i s c i d v a l u e i s Si = 3.8317/2 = 1.9159 f o r r i g i d r o t a t i o n
( F r a e n k e l1 9 5 6 ) .
L e a d i n ge d g ev o r t e x of type 1

The d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s f o r d i f f e r e n t
i n i t i a l swirl parameters Si f o r a vortexofleadingedgetype
( i n i t i a l l y Uax = 2, Ue = 1) i s given i n F i g . 4 . 6 . The s w i r l
parameter S ( X ) i s a l s o shown f o r two neighboringflows of t y p e
l a and l b . The b e h a v i o r i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y a g a i n the same a s f o r
t h ev o r t e xw i t hi n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lv e l o c i t y . A swirl
parametervalueof Si = 1.1 d i v i d e s thesmoothlydecayingtype
l a f r o mt h e breakdowntypelb.Thisvalueof Si i s somewhat
lower t h a n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e So = Jz for inviscid flow in
r i g . i d r o t a t i o n andappears t o r e f l e c t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e
p r o f i l es h a p e . One would e x p e c tt h a tt h er e g i o n sa d j a c e n tt o
theaxis,wheretheaxialvelocity i s lower,wouldhave some

37
 rn m N W 0 m e W Y) rl
m m 0 0 rl 0 0 0 0 0
m m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 rl rl rl rl rl rl rl rl

2.0

1.6

\
\
1.2 \
\
\
"ax \
\
0.8 I
0
In
.r
rl
0
0.4
I1
x
I I I I 1 I L 1 . I I
0.
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.08 0.09 6.10
X

Fig. 4 . 6 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s as a f u n c t i o no f
initial swirl. I n i t i a l flowofleadingedgevortex
type. Open c i r c l e s d e n o t ef a i l u r e of t h e computations.

e f f e c t on t h e f l o w b e h a v i o r a n d w o u l d t h e r e f o r e t e n d t o b r i n g
down t h e c r i t i c a l v a l u e of Si.

T r a i l i n g v o r t e x of t y p e 1

The developmentofvelocity on t h e a x i s f o r d i f f e r e n t
i n i t i a l swirl parameters S i f o r a t r a i l i n g v o r t e x ( i n i t i a l l y
Uax = 0.5, Ue = 1) i s p l o t t e di nF i g . 4.7. The s w i r l parameter
S (X) is alsogivenfor two neighboringflowsoftype l a and l b .
The d i v i d i n gv a l u e S of t h e i n i t i a l swirl parameter i s now
0
g r e a t e r t h a n n, r e f l e c t i n g a g a i n t h e i n f l u e n c e of thenonuni-
form i n i t i a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e .

4.3 V e l o c i t yP r o f i l e s

Figure 4 . 8 p r e s e n t s t y p i c a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s f o r i n i t i a l l y
u n i f o r m a x i a l f l o w and N = 3 a s t h e y d e v e l o p i n the different
swirl r e g i o n s . The swirl v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s h a r d l ya f f e c t e d ,
b u t t h e a x i a l . v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e shows c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s

38
 0"
WYIY)
0.6 ?To: si=o.o
rlrlrl
1.584 *

0.5
--~
-- 1.739
1.817
1.864
1.880
0.4
W 0
.c m
OD OD
-4 rl
0.3
"ax

0.2

0.1

1 I I I I I I 1

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

X
Fig. 4.7 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s a s a function
of i n i t i a l s w i r l . I n i t i a l f l o w of t r a i l i n gv o r t e x
t y p e . Open c i r c l e d e n o t e sf a i l u r ep o i n t .

Idealized

Xf xf Xf Xf

Fig. 4 . 8 Velocityprofiledevelopmentand f l o w c h a r a c t e rf o r
d i f f e r e n t f l o w t y p e s .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m . a x i a 1 flow.

39
which are d i f f e r e n t i n e a c h r e g i o n . A x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s f o r
thesetypes,andfortheinitialprofileswithuniform axial
v e l o c i t y , and l e a d i n g e d g e v o r t e x a n d t r a i l i n g v o r t e x c h a r a c t e r
a r e g i v e n i n more d e t a i l below.

For i n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m a x i a l f l o w a type 1 vortexalways

shows a decrease o f v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s w h i l e i n t y p e 2 flow,
t h e i n c r e a s e i n v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s a p p e a r s , as noted e a r l i e r .
Inaddition,flowin a layer adjacent to the core may now be
retarded, and t h e v o r t e x may assume a t w o - l a y e r s t r u c t u r e .
S i m i l a r l y ,i nt y p e 3 f l o w ,t h r e el a y e r sa p p e a r : a retarded
c o r e flow, a n a d j a c e n t a c c e l e r a t e d l a y e r , a n da g a i n ,a no u t e r
retarded l a y e r . I n t y p e 4 f l o w ,f o u r similar l a y e r sa p p e a r ,
w i t hc o r ef l o wb e i n ga c c e l e r a t e d .T h i s core s t r u c t u r eh a sb e e n
q u a l i t a t i v e l y c o n f i r m e d by c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r d i f f e r e n t numbers
of parameters N i n t h e i n t e g r a l method o f s o l u t i o n .

The v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e d e v e l o p m e n t f o r a smoothlydecaying
type l a v o r t e x w i t h i n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m a x i a l f l o w i s shown i n
Fig. 4.9. Behavioroftype lb flow i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y s i m i l a r up
t ot h ef a i l u r ep o i n t . The s w i r l v e l o c i t yp r o f i l e shows a
g r a d u a l d e c a y , w h i l e t h e e f f e c t on t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e
(axialvelocityretardationon and n e a r t h e a x i s ) i s more pro-
nouncedand i n c r e a s e sw i t h swirl. Figures 4 . 1 0 , 4 . 1 1 , and 4 . 1 2
show thedevelopment of v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s (y = 2) when t h e
i n i t i a l swirl parameter Si exceeds S1. These t h r e ec a s e so f
t y p e s 2 , 3 , and 4 a r er e p r e s e n t a t i v eo ff a m i l i e s of s o l u t i o n s
between s i n g u l a r i t i e s S a n d . S 4 T . h e s es o l u t i o n sd e v e l o p a
1
multi-layerstructure, and t h e c o r e f l o w r e a c t s d i f f e r e n t l y i n
eachfamily (i.e. accelerationordecelerationontheaxis).
All of t h e s e c a s e s e v e n t u a l l y f a i l .
F i g u r e 4.13 shows thedevelopment o f t h e a x i a l and s w i r l
v e l o c i t yp r o f i l e sf o r a (breakdown)type l b flowofleadingedge
v o r t e xt y p e .A g a i nt h e r e i s a s t r o n gr e t a r d i n ge f f e c t on t h e
a x i a l v e l o c i t y onandneartheaxis,whilethe swirl v e l o c i t y
profile is notgreatlyaffected.

40
 R 'Fl 11
2
1

'k
0.06 0.08
OO

R 3
2

'E
0

Fig. 4 . 9 V e l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n tf o ri n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m
a x i a l flow. Type l a .

R
iB
2
1

OO 0.02 0.04 x
,. 0.06 0.08 0.10
6
5

4
R
, 3
2
1

Fig. 4 . 1 0 V e . l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n t for i n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m
axial flow. Type 2.

41
Fig. 4.11 V e l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n tf o ri n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m
a x i afll o w . Type 3 .

Fig. 4.12 V e l o c i t y p r o f i l e development for i n i t i a l l y uniform

a x i a l flow. Type 4.

42
F i g .4 . 1 3V e l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n tf o ri n i t i a lf l o w of
l e a d i n ge d g ev o r t e xt y p e . Type lb.

F i g u r e 4 . 1 4 p r e s e n t st h ed e v e l o p m e n to fa x i a l and swirl
velocityprofilesforsmoothlydecayingtypelaflow of t r a i l i n g
vortextype. Si 1.864

0
I * ' ' ' I
1
. ' . ' h Velocity Scale

Fig. 4 . 1 4 V e l o c i t yp r o f i l ed e v e l o p m e n tf o ri n i t i a l f l o w of
t r a i l i n gv o r t e xt y p e . Type l a .

43
 V. EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL VELOCITY AND CIRCULATION DISTRIBUTION

The s t r o n g e f f e c t s of e x t e r n a l a x i a l p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s
on vortex flows are well e s t a b l i s h e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y (Lambourne
andBryer 1 9 6 1 , Harvey 1 9 6 2 , H a l l 1 9 6 6 a ) and i n numerical
computations ( H a l f . 1 9 6 6 b , Mager 1 9 7 1 ) . A p o s i t i v ee x t e r n a l
velocity gradient has an a c c e l e r a t i n g e f f e c t on t h e a x i a l v e l o -
c i t y onandnear the a x i s i n t y p e 1 v o r t e x f l o w s , t h u s d e c r e a s i n g
t h e l o c a l swirl parameter and delaying or preventing breakdown.
The e f f e c t s o fc i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t are less obvious. Combined
external axial velocity and circulation effects may r e i n f o r c e or
c a n c e l e a c h o t h e r , depending on s i g n andmagnitudeofeachand
o nt h et y p e of v o r t e x flov. I t w i l l be shown h e r e t h a t e x t e r n a l
axial velocity and circulation gradients have contrasting effects
on f l o w so fd i f f e r e n tt y p e . Such g r a d i e n t sc a nb eu s e d to
preventvortexbreakdown, a t l e a s t f o r some d i s t a n c e .

The b e h a v i o r of v o r t e x f l o w s u n d e r e x t e r n a l v e l o c i t y and
c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s is ofconsiderableinterestin cases
where breakdownofvortexflows i s t o be prevented or induced.
Computation by methodssuch as t h e p r e s e n t o n e c a n i n d i c a t e
what v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d and
where.

5.1 Type, 1 Vortex Flow

Type 1 flow i s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e i t i s the

most common t y p ei na p p l i c a t i o n s .L e a d i n g . e d g ea n dt r a i l i n g
v o r t i c e s on wings are u s u a l l y of the breakdown-stable type la,
b u t may change t o s t a g n a t i n g t y p e l b as a r e s u l t of e i t h e r
h i g h e r s w i r l ( i n c r e a s e dw i n ga n g l eo fa t t a c k ) o r a d v e r s ep r e s s u r e
gradient(negativeexternalaxialvelocityand/orexternal
circulation gradient),

External axial velocity and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s are f e l t

through t h e i r e f f e c t s on b o t h t h e e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n

44
afld the! s w i r l parameter. The B e r n o u l l ie q u a t i o nf o r t h e free-
stream

shows t h e same q u a l i t a t i v e e f f e c t o f e x t e r n a l . a x i a l v e l o c i t y and

c i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t so n t h e p r e s s u r eg r a d i e n t . There i s an
a m p l i f i e d r e s p o n s e of t h e flow on and n e a r t h e a x i s t o e x t e r n a l
p r e s s u r eg r a d i e n t (see H a l l 1 9 6 6 a , p. 6 9 ) which i s Confirmed by.
a l l the p r e s e n tc o m p u t a t i o n s . Thus p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l a x i a l
v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s w i l l p a r t l y t e n d t o c a u s e
i n c r e a s i n g v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s f o r t y p e 1 flow.

Flow b e h a v i o r i s governedby t h e swirl parameter S - Ke/Uax.

While t h e e f f e c t o f p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y and
circulationgradientsincreases Uax and decreases S , a c i r c u l a -
t i o n g r a d i e n t a l s o i n c r e a s e s Ke and may r a i s e S . A p o s i t i v e
e x t e r n a l v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t i s thereforealways s t a b i l i z i n g i n
type 1 f l o w , while a p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t
may b e either s t a b i l i z i n g ( i n t y p e l a flow), or destabilizing
( i nt y p e l b f l o w ) , depending on which e f f e c t dominates.* The
r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d here a r e f o r t y p e 1 vortexflows w i t h i n i t i a l l y
u n i f o r ma x i a lv e l o c i t y . O t h e r i n i t i a l a x i a lv e l o c i t yd i s t r i b u -
t i o n s g i v e q u a l i t a t i v e l y t h e same r e s u l t .
Figure5.1presents the r e s u l t s of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of
various positive and negative external axial velocity gradients
t o a t y p e l b v o r t e x f l o w of f i x e d i n i t i a l s w i r l and w i t h
i n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lv e l o c i t y .T h i sp a r t i c u l a rf l o w breaks
down u n d e rz e r oe x t e r n a lv e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t . The same q u a l i t a t i v e
b e h a v i o r i s found f o r .a .type l av o r t e xf l o w . The e x p e r i m e n t a l
*
' S t a b i l i z a t i o n ' i s here t a k e n t o me.an t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f a x i -
symmetric v o r t e x breakdown by avoiding any of t h e
s i n g u l a r i t i e s SI, S2, ...

45
 1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

08
van
0.6
Si4.425

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07
0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10
X
Fig. 5.1 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h ea x i sa s a function
o fe x t e r n a la x i a lv e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t .I n i t i a l l y
u n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w of t y p e l b w i t h S i = 1 . 4 2 5 and
K e = 1.8 = const.

o b s e r v a t i o n s( b r e a k d o w nd e l a yo ra v o i d a n c et h r o u g h a positive
e x t e r n a la x i a lv e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t )a r ec o n f i r m e d , and t h e f i g u r e
also illustrates the significant effect which even very small
externalvelocitygradientscanhave on the v e l o c i t y on t h e
a x i s .N e g a t i v ev e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t s l p w e r t h e c r i t i c a l s w i r l value
and c a u s et y p e l b flow t o break down s o o n e r . Note t h a t a p o s i -
t i v e v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t c a n p r e v e n t breakdown and c o n v e r t a flow
from t y p e l b t o l a , eventhoughthe i n i t i a l p r o f i l e would
i n d i c a t e breakdown i n a z e r o v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t .

Figure 5 . 2 p r e s e n t s results o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t
c i r c u l a t i . o ng r a d i e n t st o a t y p e l a v o r t e x . The e f f e c t o f a
moderatepositivecirculationgradient is qualitativelythe same
a sf o r a p o s i t i v ev e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t . However, t h e e f f e c t
r e v e r s e s i n t y p e l b flow(Fig. 5.3). Here a p o s i t i v ee x t e r n a l
circulation gradient results i n earlier failure, while a nega-
t i v eg r a d i e n t may p r e v e n t f a i l u r e a l t o g a t h e r . Note that this
r e v e r s a l of t h e c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t e f f e c t c a n be used t o

46
 "ax Ue=l.O , &=1.7
Si = 1.346

0.2
0'4

0
i
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
X
Fig. 5 . 2 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s a s a function
of e x t e r n a lc i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r m
a x i a l f l o w of t y p e l a with Si = 1.346 and
U, = 1 . 0 = c o n s t .

2 .o

1.6

1.2
t
"ax

08

I "e' "el Ke.1.27

t
I

0.4
Si ~1.425

I I
0 ' I I I I I I I I
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
X
Fig. 5.3 Development of v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s f o r t y p e lb flow
under different external axial velocity and c i r c u l a -
t i o ng r a d i e n t s .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a l flow.
U e i = 1 . 0 , K e i = 1.27, S i = 1.425.
-Ue = c o n s t , K e = c o n s t ; - U, = v a r i a b l e , K e = c o n s t ;
--Ue = const, K e = variable.

47
d e t e r m i n e t h e c r i t i c a l v a l u e So s e p a r a t i n gw a k e - t y p e ( l a ) from
breakdown-type ( l b )b e h a v i o r .

5.2 Type 2 Vortex Flow

The e f f e c t s of e x t e r n a l ‘ a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n
g r a d i e n t s on a t y p e 2 v o r t e x w i t h i n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m a x i a l f l o w
are i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 5.4. For z e r og r a d i e n t st h ev e l o c i t y on
t h e a x i s would a c c e l e r a t e , e v e n t u a l l y r e s u l t i n g i n i m p l o s i v e
f a i l u r e ,a sn o t e de a r l i e r . A p o s i t i v ee x t e r n a la x i a lv e l o c i t y
gradientacceleratestheincreaseinvelocity on t h e a x i s and
t h e s u b s e q u e n tf a i l u r e . A p o s i t i v ev e l o c i t yg r a d i e n ta p p l i e d
f a r t h e r downstreamhas a r e t a r d i n g e f f e c t , however. A n e g a t i v e
externalaxialvelocitygradientinitiallycauses a slower
i n c r e a s e i n v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , b u t s u b s e q u e n t l y t h e s l o p e
b e g i n st os t e e p e n , and ( i m p l o s i v e ) breakdown o c c u r s e a r l i e r t h a n
with zero external velocity gradient.

uax

1 ”- ””----
@Kef5 ----- ””

Fig. 5 . 4 Developmentof v e l o c i t y on t h ea x i sf o rt y p e 2 flow

under different e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a -
tion gradients. I n i t i a l l y u n i f o r m a x i a l flow.
U e i = 1.0, K e i = 3.0, S i = 3 . 3 6 .
.--e = Const, Ke = c o n s t ; - U e = v a r i a b l e , K e = const;
” Ue = c o n s t , K e = variczble.

48
f

.A p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t h i n d e r s t h e
a c c e l e r a t i o n of v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s . I t may e v e nk e e pt h e
v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t and s u p p r e s s t h e
developmentofextremevelocitypeaksintheaxialvelocitypro-
file, thusstabilizingthe vortex f o r c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e .
However, i n such cases, t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s shows a
d i v e r g e n to s c i l l a t o r yb e h a v i o r ,a n de v e n t u a l( i m p l o s i v e )f a i l u r e
m u s tb ee x p e c t e d .N e g a t i v ee x t e r n a lc i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t sl e a d
to furtheraccelerationofthevelocity on t h e a x i s and t o
earlier f a i l u r e .

5.3 Type 3 Vortex Flow

A type 3 vortexwithinitiallyuniformaxialflowandzero
e x t e r n a l g r a d i e n t shows a v e l o c i t y r e t a r d a t i o n on t h e a x i s which
leads t o eventualstagnationthere andan i n n e r regionof
reversed a x i a l f l o w s u r r o u n d e d b y a n a n n u l a r r e g i o n w h e r e t h e
a x i a lv e l o c i t ye x c e e d st h ef r e e s t r e a mv e l o c i t y .F a i l u r e
e v e n t u a l l yr e s u l t s .F i g u r e5 . 5p r e s e n t st h er e s u l t so fe x t e r n a l
a x i a l v e l o c i t y and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s on t h i s flow.
A positive external axial velocity gradient causes further
decelerationofthevelocity on the axis andan earlier f a i l u r e .
A negativegradientacceleratesthevelocity on t h e a x i s and
may r e t a r d f a i l u r e f o r a significantdistance.
A positive external circulation gradient has the same e f f e c t
as a positive velocity gradient, and i t u s u a l l y l e a d s v e r y
q u i c k l y t o a dro? i n t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s and t o f a i l u r e . A
negativeexternalcirculationgradient,ifstrongenough, will
accelerate t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s and lead t o i m p l o s i v e
failure.

5.4 Type 4 Vortex Flow

A type 4 vortexwithinitiallyuniformaxialflow and z e r o e x t e r n a l
a x i a l v e l o c i t y or c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s shows i n c r e a s i n g v e l o c i t y

49
 5

2
UaX

-1

-2

-3
F i g . 5.5 Development of v e l o c i t y on the a x i s for t y p e 3 flow
under different external axial velocity and c i r c u l a -
t i o ng r a d i e n t s .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w .
Uei = 1.0, K e i = 7 . 0 , S i = 7.85.
-Ue = const, K e = consti- U, = v a r i a b l e , K e = c o n s t ;
--Ue = const, K e = variable.
on t h e a x i s a n d , e v e n t u a l l y , i m p l o s i v e f a i l u r e o f the inner
c o r e . The e f f e c t o fa p p l i e de x t e r n a la x i a lv e l o c i t y and
c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s i s shown i n F i g . 5 . 6 .

A positive external axial velocity gradient initially causes

slowergrowth,ordecsleration,ofthevelocity on the a x i s
b e f o r e Uax a g a i n rises s t e e p l y and f a i l u r e o c c u r s . A negative
externalaxialvelocitygradient,whilesteepeningthe rise i n
v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , may r e t a r d f a i l u r e f o r a considerable
distance .
A positiveexternalcirculationgradientcan stabilize
t h e f l o w f o r some distance.Again,however, a divergent
oscillationappearsin t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , l e a d i n g t o
e v e n t u a lf a i l u r e . A n e g a t i v ee x t e r n a lc i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t
leadstoquickacceleration of the v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s and t o
earlierfailure.

50
 4

Uax
2

I I I I 1
0 ' 1 I I 1 I
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
X

F i g . 5.6 Developmentof v e l o c i t yo n t h e a x i s f o r t y p e 4 flow

under different external axial velocity and c i r c u l a -
t i o ng r a d i e n t s .I n i t i a l l yu n i f o r ma x i a lf l o w .
U e i = 1 . 0 , K e i = 15.0, S i = 16.81.
-Ue = c o n s t , K e = const;- U e = variable, K e = const;
" U e = const, K e = variable.

5 . 5A v o i d a n c eo fS i n g u l a r i t i e s

Table 5 . 1s u m m a r i z e st h er e s u l t s o f s u b s e c t i o n s 1 through 4 .
Note t h a t t h e e f f e c t s of g r a d i e n t s s u p e r i m p o s e
on t h e r e s u l t f o r
z e r o g r a d i e n t s , and t h a t the n e t r e s u l t may be an i n i t i a l
decrease and l a t e r i n c r e a s e i n v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s , f o r example
( a s i n some cases 4 w i t h a p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y
gradient) .
M a t e r i a lp r e s e n t e dh e r eh a s shown t h a t (1) t h e c o r e flow i s
m a i n l yr e s p o n s i b l ef o re v e n t u a lf a i l u r e , and t h a t ( 2 ) t h ec o r e
flow i s e a s i l yi n f l u e n c e db ye x t e r n a lf l o wc o n d i t i o n s . I t is
thereforeobviouslypossible t o influencethedevelopment of
a l l v o r t e x t y p e s by a p p l i c a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y or
c i r c u l a t i o ng r a d i e n t s . A q u e s t i o n of p r a c t i c a li m p o r t a n c e is
whethersuchgradientscanbeused to stabilize vortex flows
which are i n i t i a l l y o f u n s t a b l e t y p e . The s i n g u l a r i t y a n a l y s i s
of Sec. I11 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e .

51
 Table5 i1
Behavior of Vortex Flaws

Separating swirl parameter 0 $1

Type (uniform initial

axial flow)
I la
I
I
lb

Initial development for zero I

external axial velocity and
I
circulation gradients:
Velocity on axis decreaaes
I
increases
I decreases increases
I
Positive external axial
velocity gradient causes
additional II ' I
acceleration

I
acceleration
(later:
deceleration)
decel.

I
I
(Modest) positive external
circulation gradient causes I
additional accel. decel. deceleration decal. deceleration
I

Permanent s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f f l o w i n i t i a l l y o f t y p e l b by
external axial velocity or circulation gradients can be achieved,
a s e v i d e n c e d by F i g . 5 . 3 andsupportedbyexperimentalevidence.
A s a f u r t h e re x a m p l e , Fig. 5.7 d e m o n s t r a t e st h er e s u l t of
a p p l i c a t i o n of a v e r y small p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y
g r a d i e n t on i n i t i a l l y breakdown-unstabletype l b v o r t e xf l o w .
The g r a d i e n t w a s a p p l i e d a t .X i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y of
the failurepoint,transformingthevortexinto a breakdown-
stable l a t y p e .

I t h a sa l r e a d yb e e n said (Sec. I ) t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n of the

p a r a b o l i cs y s t e m (1) t o s u b c r i t i c a l v o r t e x f l o w (S > S1) i s open
t o criticism, b u t r e s u l t s a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s b e l i e v e d t o d e s c r i b e
t r e n d sc o r r e c t l y . The f o l l o w i n gd i s c u s s i o n of behaviorof flows
i n t h e s u b c r i t i c a l r e g i o n i s based on t h e p a r a b o l i c s y s t e m a n d
referstobehaviorofcorrespondingsolutions.

S i n c et h ep a r a b o l i cs y s t e m exhibits s i n g u l a r i t i e s (S1, S a ,

52
 0.8 -

0.6 -

Uax
0.4 -

I
0.2 -

I
0- .A L.:., .. . ." L&L" 1 I I I
0 0.01 0.02 0.03x,! 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
X
Fig. 5 . 7 Preventionofbreakdown of type lb f l o wb ya p p l i c a t i o n
of a s m a l l p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t
beginning a t Xo. I n i t i a l l y uniformaxialflow,
S i = 1.402.

S3, e t c . ) it w i l l n o t be p o s s i b l e t o go .fromoneflowtype to
a n o t h e rw i t h o u tf a i l u r eo ft h ec o m p u t a t i o n .I np a r t i c u l a r , it
w i l l notbepossibleto go from t y p e 2 , 3 , o r 4 flow t o b r e a k -
down-stabletype l a flowwithoutcomputationalfailure.
S t a b i l i z a t i a n w i t h i n a givenflowtypebyapplication of e x t e r n a l
axial velocity and/or circulation gradients i s anothermatter.
F a i l u r e may b e a v o i d e d f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e : and
permanent s t a b i l i z a t i o n a p p e a r s p o s s i b l e by a p p l i c a t i o n o f
specific external axial velocity and c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s
(Sec. 111). I n a p p l i c a t i o n s , stable v o r t e xf l o w sa r eu s u a l l y
required only over finite distances, and a p p l i c a t i o n of favor-
able external axial velocity or circulation gradients can result
inretardingfailurefor a sufficientdistance,as shown i n
p r e v i o u ss u b s e c t i o n s .
Stablemulti-layervortexflowsofhigh s w i r l S > S1 do
existinnature(certaintornados a n dw a t e rs p o u t s ) andcanbe
ger,erated i nt h el a b o r a t o r y( R o s e n z w e i g , Ross, Lewellen .1962).

53
T h e i r correct and f u l l t r e a t m e n t , beyond e s t a b l i s h i n g g e n e r a l
trends,appears t o r e q u i r e more t h a n a s o l u t i o n of t h e p a r a b o l i c
system (2.1) .

54
 VI. CONCLUSIONS

The c o m p u t a t i o n o f v i s c o u s . q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l v o r t e x f l o w s
a t l o w s w i r l values does not present any particular difficulities
and can be handled by methodswhich are o n l y s l i g h t l y more
complicatedthancomparablemethods ofboundary l a y e r computa-
t i o n .C o m p u t a t i o n a ld i f f i c u l t i e s arise a t high s w i r l values
due t o t h e a p p e a r a n c e of s w i r l - a n d p r o f i l e - d e p e n d e n t s i n g u l a r i -
t i e s which i n d i c a t e a f a i l u r e of t h e q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a l
approximation and appear t o correspondtophysicalaxisymmetric
'vortex breakdown'.
On t h e b a s i s o f r e c e n t o p t i c a l v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s in
v o r t e x breakdown f l o w s , a d i s t i n c t i o n h a s b e e n made i n t h i s
r e p o rn t i p a r t i c u l a rb e t w e e n' v o r t e xb r e a k d o w n ' ,' v o r t e xj u m p ' ,
and the ' v o r t e xb u b b l e s 'a s s o c a t e dw i t hv o r t e x breakdown. While
t h e v o r t e x breakdownand vortex bubble flow must be computed by
u s i n gt h e( e l l i p t i c )N a v i e r - S t o k e se q u a t i o n or t h e c o r r e c t
( i n v i s c i d )s u b s e tt h e r e o f ,t h ef l o wa p p r o a c h i n gt h e breakdown
canbecomputedby t h e( p a r a b o l i c )q u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a lv o r t e x
e q u a t i o n su s e di nt h i sr e p o r t . T h i s s e t hasbeen shown t o have
an i n f i n i t e number of d i s c r e t es i n g u l a r i t i e s . A ' v o r t e x jump'
i n thesenseofBenjamin's ( 1 9 6 2 ) h y d r a u l i c jump analogy may
occurdownstreamofthevortexbreakdownandvortexbubble. A
s o l u t i o n i n t h e jump r e g i o n m u s t i n c l u d e a propermatching
condition between t w o c o n j u g a t e f l o w s .

The p r e s e n t r e p o r t h a s p r e s e n t e d
(1) a na c c u r a t ea n de f f i c i e n t method f o rt h ec o m p u t a t i o n
ofviscousincompressiblequasi-cylindrical axisym-
metric s t e a d y v o r t e x f l o w ,
(2) a method f o ro b t a i n i n gt h es i n g u l a r s w i r l values
f o r a given vortex velocity profile combination
( a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e and s w i r l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e ,
or circulation profile),

55
 (3) r e s u l t s o fv o r t e xc o m p u t a t i o n sf o r a widerangeof
swirl p a r a m e t e r s , i n i t i a l p r o f i l e s , and e x t e r n a l
axial velocity and circulation gradients.

The n u m e r i c a l m e t h o d o f i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e v o r t e x e q u a t i o n s
i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e methodofweightedresiduals. The
p r e s e n t method u s e s e x p o n e n t i a l s i n b o t h t h e a p p r o x i m a t i n g
expressions for axial velocity and c i r c u l a t i o n and a s w e i g h t i n g
functions-. It i s f o r m u l a t e df o ra r b i t r a r y N andcanproduce
quick qualitative studies for N = 1 o r 2 , o r more a c c u r a t e
r e s u l t s. f o r N > 2 . The r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d were f o r N = 3 .
Computation of a m u l t i t u d e o f v o r t e x f l o w s h a s b e e n e f f i c i e n t
and v i r t u a l l yt r o u b l e - f r e e . I n e x p l o r a t o r yi n v e s t i g a t i o n ss u c h
as t h i , s oneand i n more d e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s of f l o w s ,t h eu s eo f
N-parameter i n t e g r a l m e t h o d s a p p e a r s t o h a v e d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s
and much p o t e n t i a l . The s i n g u l a r i t i e s of a g i v e nv o r t e xv e l o -
cityprofilecombination were found by i n t r o d u c i n g i t s d e s c r i b i n g
parametersintothe set ofequationsfortheparametergradients
anddetermining the s w i r l p a r a m e t e r s f o r w h i c h t h e s y s t e m
becomes s i n g u l a r( a n d the gradientsinfinite).

Major r e s u l t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n were a s f o l l o w s :

(1) The e q u a t i . o n so fv i s c o u sq u a s i - c y l i n d r i c a li n c o m p r e s s i b l e
vortexflowhaveaninfinite number o f d i s c r e t e s i n g u l a r i t i e s .
These s i n g u l a r i t i e s a r e b e s t c a t e g o r i z e d i n terms of t h e s w i r l
p a r a m e t e ro fa ne q u i v a l e n tc y l i n d e ro ff l u i d i n rigidrotation.
For given vortex velocity profiles, the singular s w i r l parameter
values canbecomputed todetermineflowbehavior,orresults
such as t h e p r e s e n t c a n b e u s e d as g u i d e l i n e s .

(2) The s i n g u l a r swirl parameters S1, S2, . . . a p p e a rt o

correspond t o t h e c r i t i c a l v a l u e s j I n /2 of t h e s w i r l parameter
i n t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e e q u a t i o n o f i n v i s c i d f l o w w i t h initial
r i g i dr o t a t i o n . (The r e g i o n so fv a l i d i t yo ft h ev i s c o u s and
i n v i s c i d sets o v e r l a p a t and n e a r t h e a x i s , b u t t h e v i s c o u s
q u a s i - c y l h d r i c a l s e t becomes i n v a l i d w h e r e s t r e a m s u r f a c e s

56
expand o r c o n t r a c tr a p i d l y . ) The e x a c tv a l u e s of S1, S2' ...
are p r o f i l e - d e p e n d e n t .
(3) At e a c hs i n g u l a r i t y , a l l d e r i v a t i v e s become i n f i n i t e i n
magnitudeand reverse t h e i rs i g n s . The r e s u l t i s c o n t r a s t i n g
b e h a v i o ro fv o r t e xf l o w s on b o t hs i d e so ft h es i n g u l a r i t y .I n
p a r t i c u l a r , as t h e f i r s t s i n g u l a r i t y S1 i s c r o s s e d frombelow
(increasing s w i r l parameter),thetendencyto.decelerationof
t h e v e l o c i t y on t h e a x i s ( a n d - e x p a n s i o n o f stream s u r f a c e s )
changes t o o n eo fa c c e l e r a t i o n( a n dc o n t r a c t i o n ) .
(4) For s w i r l p a r a m e t e r s less t h a n a d i v i d i n gv a l u e So < S1,
v o r t e x f l o w s show smooth viscous decay of a l l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s
t o t h es u r r o u n d i n gf r e e s t r e a mv e l o c i t y( t y p el a ) .F o r swirl
p a r a m e t e r sg r e a t e rt h a n S i n c r e a s i n g l yr a p i dd e c e l e r a t i o n on
0'
t h ea x i sd e v e l o p s ,t h e swirl paramter S ( X ) i n c r e a s e s f u r t h e r ,
and t h e c o m p u t a t i o n f a i l s when t h e s i n g u l a r i t y S ( X ) = S1 i s
r e a c h e d( t y p el b ) . So i s p r o f i l e - d e p e n d e n t and a p p e a r st o
correspond t o t h ed i v i d i n gv a l u e So = f o ri n v i s c i df l o w in
initially rigid rotation.
(5) E x t e r n a lg r a d i e n t so fa x i a lv e l o c i t yo rc i r c u l a t i o nc a n
a f f e c t t h e s w i r l parameter S ( X ) and correspondingflowbehavior
by e i t h e r s p e e d i n g t h e approach t o a s i n g u l a r i t y o r by a v o i d i n g
i t a l t o g e t h e r . I n p a r t i c u l a r , breakdown-proneflowsoftype lb
w i t h S ( X ) > So c a nb et r a n s f o r m e dt ot y p el a ,w h i c h w i l l not
break down. A t . t h e d i v i d i n g p o i n t So, t h ee f f e c t o fa ne x t e r n a l
c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t reverses.
(6) Each new s i n g u l a r i t y f i r s t e n t e r s a t t h e a x i s and s p r e a d s
outward a s S i s i n c r e a s e d . ' This l e a d s t o a l t e r n a t e l y d e c e l e r a -
t i n g and a c c e l e r a t i n gl a y e r si nt h ea x i a lf l o wp r o f i l e s . Thus
f o r S3 < S < S 4 ( t y p e 4 f l o w ) ,f o u rl a y e r se x i s t :a c c e l e r a t i n g
c o r e - f l o w ,a d j a c e n td e c e l e r a t i n gl a y e r ,a na c c e l e r a t i n gl a y e r
n e x t , and a d e c e l e r a t i n g o u t e r l a y e r . I t d o e sn o ta p p e a rt h a t
breakdown-stablevortexconfigurations are p o s s i b l e u n d e r these-
c o n d i t i o n s f o r S > So, u n l e s s e x t e r n a l a x i a l v e l o c i t y and

57
c i r c u l a t i o n g r a d i e n t s are a p p l i e d .

(7) The s i n g u l a r i t i e s are c o u p l e dw i t he x p l o s i v e ot implosive

expansion,respectivecontractionofthe stream s u r f a c e s , and
the parabolic viscous subset of t h e N a v i e r - S t o k e s e q u a t i o n s u s e d
i n t h e p r e s e n t work.becomes invalid and should be r e p l a c e d b y
t h e i n v i s c i d e q u a t i o n s of r o t a t i n g f l o w or b y t h e f u l l Navier-
Stokes e q u a t i o n s v e r y close t o and a t t h e s i n g u l a r i t i e s (Bossel
1 9 6 9 ) . These sets p e r m i tc o n t i n u o u ss o l u t i o n sf o r a l l S. The
r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e are v a l i d almost t o t h e p o i n t of
computationalfailurein most cases s i n c e stream s u r f a c e a n g l e s
remainof theorderof a few d e g r e e s f o r t y p i c a l core Reynolds
numbersof order 1 0
4
.
(8) N o q u a l i t a t i v ed i f f e r e n c ee x i s t si nt h eb e h a v i o ro ff l o w s
of same t y p e b u t h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s (i.e.
uniform i n i t i a l a x i a l f l o w , 1 e a d i n g . e d g e v o r t e x , t r a i l i n g v o r t e x ) .

58
 APPENDIX

Coefficients in the ordinary differential equations(2.5):

N
A
n ,k = 1 aRSl,k
R=l
+ 'eS2 ,k + 'axS3,k

R=l
N
ck = 1
R=1
aRS7,k + 'eS8,k + 'axS9 ,k

N
Dk = 1
R=l
aRS4,k + 'eS5,k + 'axS6 ,k

N
Ek = 2
R=l
bgQ1, 412 + KeQl ,512

Fk = f n-1
anTl ,k + 'eT2,k + 'axT3,k

N
-B
n,k = 1
R=l
aRQl;l + 'eQ1,2'aXQ1,3

59
 N
-
Ek = 1.
R=l
aRQ1,4 + 'eQ1,5 + 'axQ1,6

n=l

These c o e f f i c i e n t s involvepresentvaluesof t h e parameters

an b n f and of U ax , Ue, and Ke. They m u s tt h e r e f o r e be c a l c u l a -

ted anew a t each s t e p . However I t h e numbers Q I S I T , 's I and ?
a r e c o n s t a n t s which a r e determined onlyonce a t t h e beginning
of t h e computation. I t i s c o n v e n i e n tt od e f i n e them i n terms
of o t h e rc o n s t a n t s Z , P I and R. The f o l l o w i n g numbers a r e a l l
f o r g i v e n R andn. The i n d e x k r u n s from 1 to N + 1.

Let

60
Then

For the Q's and R's the index m= 1, 2, 3:

61
Then

- - i = 1, 2, ... 9
i' ,k - *l,i + 'kRl,i

62
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