IEE Wiring Regulations

Designing an electrical
installation
Assessment of general characteristic
Purpose and intended use of the building
and the type of construction
Maximum current demand
Compatibility
Maintainability
 PROTECTION AGAINST
ELECTRIC SHOCKS

Direct Contact

An electric shock result from contact with

a conductor which forms part of a
circuit and would be expected to be
live.
DIRECT CONTACT
L
N
 PROTECTION AGAINST
ELECTRIC SHOCKS

Indirect contact

An electric shock is received from contact

with something which would not
normally be expected to be live but
has become so as a results of a fault.
INDIRECT CONTACT
L
N

E
 PROTECTION AGAINST
ELECTRIC SHOCKS
Protection against direct contact
The insulation of live parts
The provision of barrier, obstacles or
enclosure to prevent touching
Placing out of reach
 PROTECTION AGAINST
ELECTRIC SHOCKS
Protection against indirect
contact
Making sure that when a fault occurs the
supply being cutoff within a safe time
using
An over-current protection devices
A residual current devices (Current operated
trip switch)
 Protection with over-current
Earth fault devices
loop
L
N
Fuse/
MCB

Substation
earth
Protective
conductor
 Earth fault loop impedance
Phase conductor impedance
T/F leakage impedance
T/F earth resistance including protective
conductor
Resistance of the earth
Resistance of the consumers earth
electrode
Protective conductor impedance
Fault impedance
Fixed and portable equipment

Portable equipment Fixed equipment

Should disconnect the Should disconnect the
supply within 0. 4 s supply within 5 s
Operation criteria for a fuse
Fusing current < Fault current
Fusing current
For a portable appliance fusing current for 0.4 s
operation
For a fixed equipment fusing current for 5 s
operation
Fault current
= Nominal voltage / Earth fault loop
impedance
 Fusing characteristic

5 sec operating time for

a 30 A fuse = 130 A
Maximum allowable
earth fault loop
impedance = .....
 Over-current
A
0.1Ω

240V B 50Ω
0.1Ω
C
5A wire
CALCULATE
•Normal current in the circuit
•Current when B & C are short circuited due to a fault
•Current when there is a direct short circuit between A & C
Over-current and short circuit
current

Over-current: current higher than that

is intended to be present in the system

Short circuit current: Occur under fault

conditions and may be very high
 Protection against overload
current

Overload current should be interrupted

before a temperature rise cause
damage to the insulation, joints etc.
Devices that can be used:
Semi-enclosed fuses
High breaking capacity fuses
Miniature and moulded case circuit
breakers (MCB and MCCB)
Selection criteria of the protective
device for overload
Protective device .. Nominal current (In)
Operating current (I2)
I2 > In
Cable ... Current carrying capacity (For the
smallest cable Iz)
Designed current or load current (Ib)
Ib < In < Iz
I2 < 1.45 x Iz
 Semi-enclosed fuses
Rated current (In) – value of current
which the fusing element can usually
carry without melting
Minimum fusing current (I2) – minimum
value of the current at which the fuse
element melts
Fusing factor = I2/In ∼ 2
In2 ∝ d3 ( d – diameter of the fuse wire)
 HBC fuses
HBC fuses has quenching materials
inside to quench the arc produced
during the breaking process
Breaking capacity --- 10 – 20 kA
Filling
powder

Fusing element
Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
MCB is fitted with
Magnetic coil – for very
fast operation under
short circuit
Bimetallic strip – for slow
operation for overload
currents
Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
3
10

2
10
Time in sec for TMS = 1

1
10

0
10

-1
10

-2
10

-3
10
0 1 2
10 10 10
Current as a multiple of plug setting
Moulded case circuit breaker
(MCCB)
Rating can be
adjusted
Protection against short circuit
Fault current is very high
Breaking capacity of the protective
device > Fault current
The fault current protection system must
operates before there is damaging
increase in conductor insulation
temperature 2
A
Time to damage a cable t ∝ 2
I