Basic Latin Grammar:

1. Verbs
I. Principal Parts
1st Principal Part: forms infinitives
2nd Principal Part: forms present, imperfect, and future active and passive tenses
3rd Principal Part: forms perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active tenses
4th Principal Part: forms perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses
II. Forming Infinitives & Participles
i. Infinitives
Active Passive
Present 2nd Principal Part Infinitive - (-re) + -ri/-i
Perfect Infinitive - (-re) + -isse 4th Principal Part + esse
Future 4th Principal Part + -ur-
i. Participles
1. Present Active - 2nd PP - (-re) + -ns/-nt
2. Perfect Passive - 4th PP
3. Future Active - 4th PP +-ur-
III. Conjugating Tenses
Present Active: translated as 'verbs' ex. laborat=he/she/it works
o mus
s tis
t nt
Present Passive: translated as 'is verbed' ex. laboratur=he/she/it is worked
or mur
ris mini
tur ntur
Imperfect Active: translated as 'verbed' ex. laborabat=he/she/it worked
bam bamus
bas batis
bat bant
Imperfect Passive: translated as 'was verbed' ex. laborabatur=he/she/it was worked
bar bamur
baris bamini
batur bantur
Future Active: translated as 'will verb' ex. laborabit=he/she/it will work
1st & 2nd 3rd & 4th
Conjugation Conjugation
bo bimus am emus
bis bitis es etis
bit bunt et ent
Conjugating Tenses (cont.)
Future Passive: translated as 'will be being verbed' ex. laborabit=he/she/it will be being worked
1st & 2nd 3rd & 4th
Conjugation Conjugation
bor bimur ar emur
beris bimini eris emini
bitur buntur etur entur
Perfect Active: translated as 'have/has verbed' ex. laboravit=he/she/it has worked
i imus
isti istis
it erunt

Perfect Passive: translated as 'has been verbed' ex. laboratus est=he/she/it has been worked
4th PP+
sum sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect Active: translated as 'had verbed' ex. laboraveram=he/she/it had worked
eram eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Pluperfect Passive: translated as 'had been verbed' ex. laboratus erat=he/she/it had been worked
4th PP +
eram eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect Active: translated as 'will have verbed' ex. laboraverit=he/she/it will have
worked
ero erimus
eris eritis
erit erint
Future Perfect Passive: translated as 'will have been verbed' ex. laboratus erit=he/she/it will
have been worked
4th PP +
ero erimus
eris eritis
erit erint
 IV. Deponent Verbs
i. deponent verbs are verbs that are passive, but you translate actively
1. conor
2. sequor
3. egredior
4. ingredior
5. etc.
V. Irregular Verbs
i. irregular verbs, are verbs that are not conjugated like other verbs.
ii. They include the words:
1. sum, esse, fui
2. possum, posse, potui
3. eo, ire, ivi
4. volo, velle, volui
5. nolo, nolle, nolui
VI. Imperatives
i. do imperatives
1. infinitive - (-re) = singular
2. infinitive - (-re) + ite = plural
ii. don't imperatives
1. noli + infinitive = singular
2. nolite + infinitive = plural
VII. Subjunctive
i. Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive
1. to form the hortatory/jussive subjunctive you have to change the stem vowel
a) Clem - First Conjugation 'a' > 'e'
b) Steams – Second Conjugation 'e' > 'ea'
c) Clams – Third Conjugation 'ē' > 'a'
d) (in) Siam – Fourth Conjugation 'i' > 'ia'
2. adding 'ne' in front of the present subjunctive is translated as 'don't let ____'
ii. Forming
1. Present Tense (use above formation and add endings)
2. Imperfect Tense infinitive + endings
3. Perfect Tense - (-re) + -ri + endings
4. Pluperfect Tense -(-re) + isse + endings
2. Adjectives and Adverbs
I. Degrees
i. positive- normal
ii. compatative- more
iii. superlative- most
II. Forming Adjectives & Adverbs
i. positive (adverbs only) translated as 'adverbly'
1. -us/a/-um > -e
ignavus > ignave
ignorant > ignorantly
2. -is/-e > iter
fortis > fortiter
brave > bravely
ii. comparative translated as 'more adjective/adjectiver'
1. adverb > nom. sing. of the adjective
2. adjective > drop ending, add -ior
ignavus > ignavior
ignorant > more ignorant
 iii. superlative translated as 'most adjective/adjectivest'
1. adjective > add -issi- in between root and ending
2. adverb > drop the original ending off the superlative of the adjective, and add -e
III. Irregular Adjectives/Adverbs
i. bonus/melior/opitimus – good/better/best
ii. malus/peior/pessimus - bad/worse/worst
iii. magnus/maior/maximus – big/bigger/biggest
iv. multus/plus/plurimus – much/more/most

3. Nouns
I. Cases
i. nominative – subject/complement
ii. genetive – possesion/part of
iii. dative – indirect object
iv. accusative – direct object/object of a preposition
prepositions that accompany the acc. case
a) ad
b) per
c) prope
v. ablative – object of preposition
1. means
2. manner
3. time
4. place where
5. seperation
6. accomplishment
vi. vocative – direct address, person's name set off by comma
vii. locative – location
1. genetive ending
2. for cities, towns, and islands
II. Distinguishing Declension of Noun
The genetive ending of a noun will tell you what declension it is.

Case (S)* 1 (F) 2 (M) 2 (N) 3 (M) 3 (N)

Nominative a us, er, r um - -
Genitive ae i i is is
Dative ae o o i i
Accusative am um um em none set
Ablative a** o o e e
Case (P)*
Nominative ae i a es a
Genitive arum orum orum um um
Dative is is is ibus ibus
Accusative as os e es a
Ablative is is is ibus ibus

4. Grammar
I. Indirect Statement
i. formed with 'perceiving verb' + infinitive + subj. acc.
ii. Caesar putat se esse optimum
PV SA Infin.
• Translated as 'Caesar thought he was great.'
II. Indirect Command
i. command word + subjunctive
ii. Caesar imperavit milites ut peterent
CW subjunc.
• Translated as 'Caesar ordered his soldiers to attack.'
III. Purpose Clause
i. 'ut/ne' + subjunctive
ii. usually has an introduction
iii. translated as 'so that/in order to'
IV. Result Clause
i. 'ut/ut non'
ii. translated as 'So _____ that....'
V. Causal Clause
i. 'cum' + subjunctive
ii. translated as 'since....'
VI. Circumstantial Cause
i. 'cum' + subjunctive
ii. translated as 'when..'
VII. Ablative Absolutes
i. word in ablative case, set off by comma
ii. translated as 'Since...' 'Having done...' 'After being done...'