Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract: To ensure efficient and reliable supply, considered NEPLAN. NEPLAN will carry out load
smart grids employ real time system state balancing depending on real time data inflow from
estimation. The regulators on one hand have main sub-stations and synthetic curves to work out
harped-upon utilities for meeting SAIDI and SAIFI the actual system flow conditions.
figures, they are also stringent to approving CAPEX
for expenditure in making grid smart. Therefore in The goal is to optimize future network
Indian context it is very essential that we manage reinforcements without compromising network safety
the distribution grid with inbuilt intelligence for and power quality.
managing power distribution, planning & CAPEX
requirements and analysis. SOLUTION OVERVIEW
The approach paper describes smart real time T he major challenge would be continuous
collection of large chunk of data from MV and
monitoring system which will determine all line load LV network, processing it into information and
flows, transformer loads and bus voltages in the reacting to it. Proposed below is a solution overview
entire MV network at repeated intervals (possibly for Smartgrid.
every 10 minutes), thus providing an unprecedented
amount of information about the actual network
state.
Hourly energy sales, remotely read customers Development of Synthetic load curves for small
This data can be imported via sms or dial-up lines consumers
and stored in database. The measurements should Dimensioning MV feeders where the only
be checked for validity through rules engine and information available is energy sales at peak load at
sent to the database after 72 hours. feeder heads is a well known challenge. The
approach would be -
The data will mainly contain hourly sales i.e. 1. Divide customers into different unique
kwh/hour. This may be used as an estimate for categories, it is proposed to have as
mean load in that specific hour. Power factor if not many categories as possible
measured, can be taken into consideration by
2. Convert the annual energy sales Q per
category to peak load Pmax, using
Velander’s formula:
Pmax [kW] = A * Q [MWh] + B * √Q
Where the parameters A and B are
determined statiscally for each
category or from up to date load
measurements
3. Convert Pmax to apparent peak power
Smax, assuming a mean cos(phi) for the
load
4. Calculate ∑Smax of apparent peak
power for all categories and
substations on feeder
5. Since individual peak loads do not
occur simultaneously, ∑Smax will Figure 2: Synthetic load profiles for ‘Bank &
exceed peak load measured at feeder Insurance’
head, Smeasured head.
6. Consequently, substation loads are Finally, hour-by-hour values will be then transformed
downscaled by a factor k = Smeasured /
into 10 minute values by interpolation for
∑Smax
comparison with measurements.
The peak loads so calculated per category,
should be transferred to synthetic load curves. Network Model Development & Calculations
The synthetic load curves are then fed into Continuous network state estimation
Smartgrid database to give substation line and From the information imported to Smartgrid data
feeder loads. base, full model including loads and generators is
built.
From peak load Pmax to Synthetic laod curves
The calculation engine proposed here is NEPLAN®.
Load curves should be developed for each of the
NEPLAN® calculates load flow using load
categories as below. balancing, which means that diversity factors of
the synthetic load curves are adjusted to meet
Representation can be made based on power or current measurements.
different seasons. Some of the seasons may
be several weeks long or just a few days for Calculated flows and voltages are returned to
example festivals to give best possible Smartgrid where the ‘virtual’ measurements
representation. This gives an hourly load of are stored alongside real measurements with a
P(t)=Pmax·Profileday(t)·Profileseason(t)·Profileyear(t) tag identifying them as virtual.
A large number of actual load curves should be Should calculations on single feeders or
analysed by category and season. Synthetic primary substations fail for some reason; the
curve has been defined for workdays, system will notify the operator but continue
saturdays, Sundays and holidays. See calculations on remaining part of the network.
example below:
Off-line analysis
The ‘high’ curves represent workdays; the ‘low’ Smartgrid database can transfer all the
curves are Saturdays and Sundays. The network information to NEPLAN in a project file
profiles show a clear variation over hours, containing the entire network details including
week days and seasons. loads and generators - for any point back in
time.