Section 30.

1
1. Define each of the following terms:
a. Autocracy: form of government in which the ruler had total power
b. Proletariat: industrial class of workers
c. Bolshevik: group of Russian Marxists who supported a small number of committed
revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change
d. provisional government: temporary government
e. soviet: local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers which in some areas had more
power than the provisional government
f. New Economic Policy: small scale version of capitalism created by Lenin
g. USSR: Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central
government. Russia was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2. Describe the government style of Alexander III and Nicholas II.
Alexander III:

 Alexander III was in favor of the principles of autocracy. Anyone who questioned the
authority of the czar, worshipped religion outside the Russian Orthodox church, or spoke a
language other than Russian was considered dangerous

 To eliminate revolutionaries, Alexander III:

a. Imposed censorship codes on published materials and documents

b. Secret police watched schools and universities

c. Political prisoners were sent to Siberia (remote region in eastern Russia)

b. Alexander III did the following to establish a uniform Russian culture:

a. Oppressed national groups in Russia

b. Russia was made the official language with other languages being forbidden

c. Jews were made the target of persecution. Russian homes, stores, and synagogues
were looted and destroyed

Nicholas II
 Became czar and continued the tradition of Russian autocracy

 Nicholas II reluctantly promised more freedom after Bloody Sunday by approving the
Duma, but he dissolved it 10 weeks later

 Nicholas II made the decision to drag Russia into World War I, but they were unprepared
to handle the military and economic costs.
3. How did the Russo-Japanese War, the Revolution of 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”), and World War
I reveal the weakness of the rule of Nicholas II?
a. In the Russo-Japanese War, Russia and Japan competed for control of Korea and Manchuria.
After Russia broke a treaty amongst them, Japan attacked them at Port Arthur, Manchuria.

 The news of this loss led to a revolt in Russia

b. Bloody Sunday: O January 1905, 200,000 workers and their families approached the czar’s
Winter Palace carrying a petitions and he ordered his soldiers to fire on the crowd. Wanting to
make sure his people thought new freedom was being established, he approved the Duma
parliament.

c. Nicholas II made the decision to drag Russia into World War I, but they were unprepared to
handle the military and economic costs. Their weak generals and poorly equipped troops were
dominated by the Germans

4. Describe the causes and results of the February Revolution (March 1917)?
a. Causes

 Shortages of bread and fuel

 The wish to bring down autocracy and stop the war

b. Results

 Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne

 Leaders of the Duma established a provisional government (temporary government) with

Alexander Kerensky at its head

5. Why did the provisional government fail to win enough popular support?
Alexander Kerensky decided to keep Russia in World War I which angered the people, and also
lands were not distributed.
6. What was the Petrograd Soviet? How did it influence Russian politics?
• The Petograd Soviet was a soviet headed by Lenin and the Bolshevicks. In November 1917, the
Bolshevik Red Guards stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd taking over government offices
and arresting leaders of the provisional government

o Alexander Kerensky and his colleagues disappeared

7. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
8. Who seized power in the October Revolution (November 1917)? How did this change Russian
government?
The Bolsheviks overthrew Kerensky’s provisional govt.
Lenin’s radical orders:
  Distribute all farmland among the peasants
 Give workers control of factories
 Negotiated peace with Germany→ Russia came out of WWI, ceding a large part of its
territory to Germany.
9. Why was there a civil war in Russia from 1918 to 1920? Describe the two sides that were in
combat. Who won?
After signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia surrendered much of its land to Germany. This
humiliating treaty brought anger among Russians, and they objected to the Bolshevik policies and to
the murder of the royal family

White Army (anti-Bolshevik)

 Groups who supported return to czar’s rule
 Groups that wanted democratic govt.
 Socialists who opposed Lenin’s style of socialism
Received some aid from USA & other Western nations

Red Army (Bolshevik)

 Led by Leon Trotsky
 They crushed the White Army

10. Describe Lenin’s New Economic Policy.

“A small-scale version of capitalism”
 Peasants were allowed to sell surplus crops.
 Govt. controlled major industries, banks, and communications.
 Some factories, businesses, and farms operated under private ownership.
 The govt. encouraged foreign investment.

11. What was the purpose of reorganizing the former Russian Empire by creating the USSR?
How was the USSR organized?
Bolshevik leaders saw nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty, so to keep nationalism in
check Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central government

In 1922, Russia was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in honor of the councils
that helped launch the Bolshevik revolution

12. How did Stalin secure power in the USSR after Lenin’s death?
As general secretary of the Communist Party, he began to move his supporters into position of
power.
o Trotsky was exiled, which left Stalin to wield absolute power

Section 30.2
13. Define each of the following terms:
 a. Totalitarianism: a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of
public and private life
b. indoctrination [p. 874]: instruction in the government’s beliefs
c. propaganda [p. 875]: biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain
beliefs or actions
d. censorship [p. 876]: removal or withholding of information from the public by a controlling
group or body
e. Great Purge: Campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin’s power.
f. command economy: system in which the government made all economic decisions
g. Five-Year Plans: set impossibly high quotas (numerical goals) to increase the output of steel,
coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, consumer good production was limited which
meant shortages in food, clothing, homes, etc
h. collective farms: government-owned farms which the government seized from citizens in the
USSR

i. kulaks [p. 878]: class of wealthy peasants who was against collective farming and were
eliminated by Stalin
14. Study the key traits of totalitarianism [p. 875].
15. Describe the actions taken by Stalin to transform the USSR into a totalitarian state:
a. police terror: Police in totalitarian states were there to enforce central government policies, rather
than to protect citizens. They intimidated and spied on them
b. Great Purge: Stalin turned against the Communist party and began the Great Purge. Thousands of
Bolsheviks were excited and/or sent to labor camps for “crimes against the Soviet state”
c. propaganda through art and literature: Spread propaganda to sway people to accept certain
beliefs or actions
 Media such as music, film, and art was not allowed to exist without permission of the
state

 People who suggested that this propaganda was false would be severely punished
d. Censorship: Many writers suffered from censorship due to Stalin because Stalin did not tolerate
individual creativity against the views of the state.
e. education and indoctrination: In schools and universities, people learned the virtues of the
Communist parties and whoever questioned these virtues would face imprisonment or lose their
jobs (teachers)
o Teachers stressed the importance of sacrifice and hard work to build the Communist state.

o Relied on indoctrination to glorify the leader and his policies and also to express to
citizens that their loyalty and support was required

f. religious persecution: Used “enemies of the state” (members of ethnic or religious groups) to
explain things that went wrong
  Forced to live in certain areas and subjected to campaigns of terror

16. Describe the objectives of the first Five-Year Plans.

Five-Year Plans: set impossibly high quotas (numerical goals) to increase the output of steel,
coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, consumer good production was limited which
meant shortages in food, clothing, homes, etc.

 The Soviets were able to make substantial economic gains with this system and when
they tried it again it was successful.

17. Describe the successful and unsuccessful aspects of the Five-Year Plans.
Impressive economic results were seen, but the negative side of it was that people faced shortages of
housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods.
18. How did Stalin change Russian agriculture by the creation of collective farms? How did he
deal with kulak resistance?
a. The government believed that the modern machinery in these farms wild boost food production
and reduce the number of workers

 Collective farming ended up working greatly

b. He dealt with kulak resistance by taking control of kulak land and equipment, and then
liquidating them

19. How did daily life under Stalin’s rule change rule change the lives of women in the USSR?
a. The Bolshevik revolution made men and women equal, and after Stalin became dictator women
helped the state-controlled economy prosper

b. Women joined force labor under the Five Year Plan, working in same jobs as men

 Women prepared for careers in engineering and doctors, making up 75% of Soviet
doctors

c. Women had to deal with having full time jobs and with housework/childcare seeing as
motherhood was a patriotic duty in totalitarian regimes.

Section 31.2
20. Define each of the following terms:
a. coalition government: when no single party won a majority and several parties formed temporary
alliances to form a parliament majority.
b. depression [p. R-66]: a severe and prolonged contraction in economic activity.
c. Great Depression: the severe economic slump that followed the cp;;a[se pf the U.S. stock market
in 1929.
21. Why did coalition governments tend to be short-lived [de corta duración]?
 The coalition government tended to be short-lived because the parties joined for the period of time
necessary to form a parliament majority and win.
22. What was the major problem with the German currency (the mark) in the early 1920s? How
was this related to inflation?
Germany had to pay the expenses of war, so they started printing money. This paper money steadily
lost its value. Germany kept printing money, until the value of the mark fell sharply, and severe
inflation set in
23. Describe the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
France and Germany made a treaty saying that they would never make a war against each other, and
Germany would agree to respect the borders.
Later on, came the kellogg-briand peace pact, which was an agreement on which almost every country
in the world signed
"They pledge to renounce war as an instrument of national policy"
24. What are the basic features of a depression (consumer spending, production levels, salaries,
prices, unemployment)? [See page R-66.]
During a depression, consumer spending, production levels, wages, prices and profits fall sharply.
Many business fail, and many workers lose their jobs. The Americans were unemployed. Americans
in the thousands took to the roads and rail in search of gainful employment.
Section 31.3
25. Define each of the following terms:
a. Fascism: militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obendience to its
leader
b. il Duce [p. 911]: term of “leader” when Mussolini took power
c. Nazism: german brand of fascism
d. swastika [p. 912]: Hooked cross used as symbol for Nazis.
e. Lebensraum: Living space needed for Germany
f. der Führer [p. 912]: term of “leader” when Hitler rose to power.
26. Identify the major characteristics of fascism?
a. Cultural: censorship, indoctrination, secret police
b. Social: Supported by middle class, industrialists, and military
c. Basic Principles: authoritarianism, State more important than individual, Charismatic leader,
action oriented
d. Political: Nationalists, Racism, one-party rule, supreme leader
e. Economic: Economic functions controlled by state corporations or state
27. How is fascism similar to communism? How do they differ from each other? Similar because both
systems were ruled by dictators who allowed only their own political party (one party rule). Both
denied individual rights. In both the state was supreme. Neither practiced any kind of democracy.
Different because fascism had no clearly defined theory or program like communism did. Fascists
also didn’t seek a class-less society, they believed that each class had its place and function. Also
fascists were nationalists and communists were internationalists, hoping to unite workers worldwide.
 28. What economic and political conditions led to the rise of Mussolini in Italy? Bitter disappointment
in not winning large territorial gains at the Paris Peace Conference. Rising inflation and
unemployment also contributed to widespread social unrest. To more and more Italians, democratic
govt seemed helpless to deal with the country’s problems so they wanted a leader that could take
action.
29. How did Mussolini rose to political power “legally”?
a. The King decided that Mussolini was the best hope for his dynasty to survive
30. As head of the Italian government, what totalitarian actions did Mussolini take to strengthen his
power and bring Italy under his control?
a. Jailed his opponents, forced radios stations and publications to publish only Fascist doctrines,
allied with Industrialists and large landowners to sought control of economy.
31. Describe the views that Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf in the following aspects:
a. racial superiority: Germans were Aryans (Master Race); Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were inferior
b. the Treaty of Versailles: Declared it an outrage and vowed to regain German lands
c. lebensraum and conquest: Germany was too overcroweded and needed more space-> conquering
eastern Europe and Russia
32. How did Hitler rose to political power “legally”? Conservative leaders advised President Paul von
Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor thinking they could control him and use him for their
purposes.
33. What were the roles of the Schutzstaffel and the Gestapo in Nazi Germany?
a. It was loyal only to Hitler; arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies.
34. How did Hitler reduce unemployment in Germany?
a. He put millions of Germans to work in constructing factories, building highways, manufacturing
weapons, and serving in the military.
35. As head of the German government, what totalitarian actions did Hitler take to strengthen his power
and bring Germany under his control?
a. Used the press, literature, and other things as propaganda tools
b. Books that didn’t agree with Nazi ideas were burned (Montag and Granger tried to kill the
mechanical hound but FAILED!)
c. Churches were forbidden to criticize the govt. and Nazis
d. Schoolchildren had to join the Hitler Youth (for boys, and female porn stars!), or the League of
German Girls (Chris Hansen was also permitted to attend so he could teach them how To Catch a
Predator)
e. He also twisted the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche to support his use of brute force

Section 31.4
36. Define each of the following terms:
a. Appeasement: giving in to an aggressor to keep peace
b. Axis Powers: the countries of Germany, Italy, and Japan
c. Isolationism: the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided
 d. Third Reich: Hitler announced to his advisers his plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia
into the Third Reich, a.k.a. German Empire
e. Munich Conference: Meeting concerning Germany's occupation of portions of Czechoslovakia
in 1938; after receiving Hitler's assurances that he would take no more land, Western leaders
agreed to the division of Czechoslovakia.
37. How did the Japanese government change when the Great Depression struck the country?
Who took control of the country? Why was the emperor kept in “power” and what would be
his role? When the Great Depression struck in 1929, many Japanese blamed the government.
Military leaders gained support and soon won control of the country. Militarists did not want to
establish a new type of government but to restore traditional control of the government to the
military. The militarists made the emperor the state of power: Emperor Hirohito. Keeping him as
head of state won popular support for the army leaders who ruled in his name.
38. How did the leaders of the new Japanese government plan to solve their country’s economic
problems? How did the annexation of Manchuria serve as an example? The Japanese saw
Manchuria as an area rich in iron and coal. They decided to seize it, despite objections from the
Japanese parliament. With the annexation of Manchuria, Japanese engineers and technicians began
arriving in large numbers to build mines and factories.
39. Mussolini’s aggressions: the Italian conquests of Ethiopia and Albania
a. Ethiopia: Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. Ethiopia’s spears and
swords were no match for Italian airplanes, tanks, guns, and poison gas. The Ethiopian emperor,
Haile Selassie, urgently appealed to the League of Nations for help. Although the League
condemned the attack, its members did nothing. Britain continued to let Italian troops and
supplies pass through the British-controlled Suez Canal on their way to Ethiopia. By giving in to
Mussolini in Africa, Britain and France hoped to keep peace in Europe
b. Albania: less than six months after the Munich Conference, Mussolini seized Albania
40. How did Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles regarding the demilitarized zone of the
Rhineland? How did France and Great Britain respond to Hitler’s action on the Rhineland?
Why did they give that response? Why was Germany’s remilitarization of the Rhineland a
significant point toward war? The League’s failure to stop Germany from rearming convinced
Hitler to take even greater risks, invading Rhineland. France and Great Britain urged appeasement,
giving in to an aggressor to keep peace. They were unwilling to risk war. This strengthened Hitler’s
power and prestige within Germany and the balance of power changed in Germany’s favor. Also, the
weak response by France and Britain encouraged Hitler to speed up his expansion.
41. Anschluss: Hitler’s annexation of Austria.
a. The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss, or a union between Austria and Germany. Many
Austrians supported unity with Germany, so Hitler sent his army into Austria and annexed it.
France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence.
42. What demand did Hitler make regarding the Sudetenland in 1938? How was the issue solved
in the Munich Conference? Since the Germans in Sudetenland felt pro-Nazi feelings, Hitler
demanded the Czechs to give them the land. They refused and asked France for help. In the Munich
Conference, the British prime minister Neville Chamberlain believed that he could preserve peace
by giving in to Hitler’s demand. In exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia’s new
borders.
43. 1939: Hitler’s conquest of Czechoslovakia. Less than six months after the Munich meeting, Hitler
took Czechoslovakia.