PIV-based surface pressure and

aerodynamic loads determination on a

transonic airfoil

April 3, 2008 A. Ashok, D. Ragni, B.W. van Oudheusden, F. Scarano

1
Overview

• Introduction
• Purpose
• Theory
• Experimental investigation
• Results
• Conclusion

April 3, 2008 2
Conventional Loads determination

• Force balance (Forces and Moments)

• Pitot tube (Cp c l) Pitot static tube

• Wake rake (Pt cd)

Wake rake

April 3, 2008 3
PIV-based Loads determination
• Conservation of momentum in integral form
• Contour integration
• Incompressible flow Casimiri et al. (MSc. Thesis, TU Delft)

April 3, 2008 4
Purpose of the current investigation

• Obtain aerodynamic force coefficients from PIV-based

loads determination in a compressible flow
• Obtain the surface pressure distribution

April 3, 2008 5
Velocity to pressure

• Inviscid shock free flow is isentropic Space marching

∂p ∂p
• Velocity field to pressure field ∂x
& ∂y
known

• Isentropic flow
γ
p ⎛⎜ γ − 1 2 ⎛ V ⎞ ⎞⎟ 2 γ −1
= 1+ M ∞ ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ ⎟
p∞ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎝ V∞ ⎠ ⎠ p known

• Euler equations p unknown

∇p γM ∞ 2
= ∇ ln( p / p∞ ) = − 2 γ −1 ⋅ (u ⋅ ∇)u van Oudheusden et al., Lisbon 2006
V∞ + 2 M ∞ (V∞ − V )
2 2 2
p

April 3, 2008 6
 Forces from contour integral

NB: ρ is a variable

d ' L = ρ (u v )dy − ρ (v v )dx + ρ (u ' v ')dy − ρ (v ' v')dx − pdx

• Flow statistically stationary (RANS)
d ' D = ρ (u u ) dy − ρ (u v ) dx + ρ (u ' u ')dy − ρ (u ' v ')dx + pdy • Inviscid (Euler)

Drag coefficient computation is susceptible to errors – more robust method for Cd possible

April 3, 2008 7
 Drag Coefficient
U∞ PIV Wake rake

Assumptions:

• Conservation of mass (x direction only)

• Total pressure constant along streamlines

• Negligible contribution of the Reynolds

stresses

ρ , pt ∞
II : p 2 , pt2 I : p1 = p∞

⎡ γ −1
⎤
1
2 ⎡ ⎡ γ −1 ⎤⎤
1
2
⎛
⎢ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎥
p ⎞ γ ⎢ ⎢ ⎛p ⎞ γ ⎥⎥
⎢1 − ⎜ p ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢1 − ⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⎥⎥
1 γ −1
⎢⎣ ⎝ t2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎜⎝ pt2 ⎟
⎠ ⎥⎥⎦
Compressible
⎛p ⎞ ⎛ pt ⎞ γ
⎥ d ⎛⎜ y2 ⎞⎟
γ
cd = ∫ 2⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ 2 ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎣ drag coefficient
⎜ pt ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎤ 2⎥ ⎝ c ⎠
1 1
⎝ p∞ ⎠ ⎡ γ −1
⎤ γ −1
⎝ ∞⎠ ⎢ ⎡ ⎛p similar to “Jones”
2
⎛ ⎞
⎢ ⎜ p∞ ⎟ ⎥
γ ⎞ ⎥γ
⎢ ⎢1 − ⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⎥
⎢1 − ⎜ p ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎜⎝ pt∞ ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ t∞ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎢⎣
⎠ ⎥
⎦ ⎥⎦
April 3, 2008 8
 Experimental facility • Blowdown wind tunnel Run time ~ 300 s

• Test section 280 x 250 mm2

TST-27 “Transonic-Supersonic wind tunnel” • Mach range 0.5 – 4.2

• Reynolds range 20*106 – 60*106 1/m

Reservoir Throat Test section ‘Choke’ section Diffuser

April 3, 2008 9
Experimental setup (1)

April 3, 2008 10
Experimental setup (2)
Shadow regions

Plus 4 degrees

Minus 4 degrees

• Difficult Optical access

• Non-homogeneous seeding

April 3, 2008 11
Experimental conditions

NACA 0012 (chord x span) 100 mm x 100 mm

(thickness) 12 mm
Mach number 0.6 - 0.8
Angle of Attack 0° - 8°
Total pressure 1.9 bars
Total temperature 270 K
Reynolds number 2 ⋅ 107 1/m

April 3, 2008 12
 PIV Parameters

• Laser: Quantronix Darwin Duo

• Double pulsed Nd:YLF @500 Hz
• 30 mJ/pulse
• Δt = 3-6 μs (small–large FOV)

• Camera: Photron Fastcam-SA1

• 12 bit CMOS sensor ; 1024x1024 (20 μm)
• 60 & 105 mm lens (f# = 2.8)

• Seeding: DEHS Pivtec part 39

• Oil droplets D ~ 1 μm

April 3, 2008 13
Superimposed
Velocity field
Mach: 0.6 AoA 4º
Pressure side Suction side

April 3, 2008 14
Results
• Pressure field Mach: 0.6 AoA 4º
Isentropic Euler

April 3, 2008 15
Results (Leading edge zoom)

April 3, 2008 16
Surface Pressure Coefficient
Cp PIV suction side
Cp PIV pressure side
Cp from PIV
leading edge zoom * Cp orifice suction side

* Cp orifice pressure side

April 3, 2008 17
Results (Wake)

Pt/Ptinf
April 3, 2008 18
 Drag coefficient

Mach 0.6
AoA 4
PIV Mach Alpha Cd Cd
[deg] (PIV) (Wake rake)
Wake rake 0.6 1 0.0081 0.0085

0.6 4 0.0106 0.0112

0.6 6 0.0219 0.0310

Drag coefficients from PIV and wake

Variation of the drag coefficient with stream wise location

April 3, 2008 19
Conclusions

• PIV performed on a transonic airfoil

• Pressure field obtained from velocity field
• Surface pressure obtained from PIV shows good agreement with
the pressure orifices
• Typically 10% error: suction side
• Typically 5% error: pressure side
• Drag coefficient:
• Wake rake and PIV agree to within 5% at small angles (<6º)
• Diverges at larger angles

April 3, 2008 20
Challenges Ahead

April 3, 2008 21
Questions

April 3, 2008 22
PIV-based surface pressure and
aerodynamic loads determination on a
transonic airfoil

April 3, 2008 A. Ashok, D. Ragni, B.W. van Oudheusden, F. Scarano

23