Diskripsi Singkat (GBPP)

Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang:

1. Pengenalan umum (permasalahan dan aplikasi mekanika
tanah),
2. Tanah dan proses pembentukannya,
3. Sifat indeks (kadar air, berat jenis, berat satuan, angka pori,
derajat kejenuhan, analisis ukuran butir, batas Atterberg)
4. Klasifikasi tanah (BS, ASTM, AASHTO),
5. Pemadatan (laboratorium & lapangan, kontrol kepadatan),
6. Tegangan dalam tanah,
7. Rembesan (permeabilitas, uji permeabilitas laboratorium &
lapangan; tanah berlapis/anisotropis, flownet, tekanan
rembesan, rembesan pada bendungan tanah, filter),
8. Pengenalan kuat geser tanah.
Contoh soal
1. Butiran tanah tinggal dalam saringan no. 4 = 91% atau lolos
saringan no. 4 = 9% dan hanya 4% lolos saringan no. 200.
Koefisien keseragaman Cu = 8, koefisien gradasi Cc = 4 dan
indeks plastisitas PI = 3 %

- Tanah yang tinggal dalam saringan no. 4 = 91 %, maka tanah 

kerikil (G).
- Karena lolos saringan no. 200 = 4%, maka harus diperiksa
gradasinya. Diketahui Cu = 8 > 4 dan Cc = 4 > 3, maka tanah
bergradasi buruk (P)
- Tanah termasuk klasifikasi GP
Contoh soal
2. Butiran lolos saringan no. 200 (0,075 mm) = 65%; batas cair LL
= 40%, dan batas plastis = 22%.

- Tanah lolos saringan no. 200 = 65% > 50%, maka termasuk
berbutir halus.
- LL = 40% < 50%, maka harus diperiksa PI-nya
- PI = LL – PL = 40% - 22% = 18% > 7%,
- Menurut grafik plastisitas tanah adalah CL.
Contoh soal
3. Butir tanah lolos saringan no. 200 = 51%, batas cair LL = 53%,
batas plastis PL = 40%, tanah anorganik
Contoh soal
4. Hasil uji lab : LL = 41% dan PL = 14%. Hasil analisis saringan:
No. Saringan % butiran lolos
4 100
10 92,9
40 79,4
200 59,1
Klasifikasikan tanah menurut: USCS
Example :

Soil A : Cu = 34, Cc = 1.6, fines 0 % , gravel : sand = 76 : 24

Soil B : Cu = 800, Cc = 0.25, fines 34 % , gravel : sand = 41 : 25,
LL = 26 %, PI = 9 %
Soil C : fines 95 % , LL = 42 %, PL = 24 %, PI = 18 %
Soil D : Cu = 1.8, Cc = 0.95, fines 8 % , gravel : sand = 4 : 96
LL = 25 %, PL = 19 %,
Soil E : fines 75 % , LL = 40 %, PL = 20 %, gravel : sand = 35 : 65

Find classification of these soils (USCS)

Cu = D60/D10
Cc = D302/(D10*D60)
Soil Classification (Bristish Standard)
Klasifikasi : pengelompokan tanah berdasar karakteristik material
(gradasi butir dan plastisitas), tidak tergantung kondisi lapangan

Kelompok tanah  group symbols :

Huruf pokok
Huruf diskripsi/kualifikasi

Huruf pokok :
G = gravel, S = sand,
M = silt, C = clay atau F = fine-soil (fines)
Pt = peat (humus/gambut)
L = low plasticity
Huruf diskripsi/kualifikasi I = intermediate plasticity
W = well graded H = high plasticity
P = poorly graded : V = very high plasticity
Pu = uniform graded E = extremely high
Pg = gap graded plasticity range
O = organic
Soil A : Cu = 34, CZ = 1.6, fines 0 % , gravel : sand = 76 : 24

 Coarse fraction = 100 %  GRAVEL / SAND

 Gravel : sand = 76 : 24  GRAVEL (G)
 Cu = 34 > (4 - 6)
well graded (W)
CZ = 1.6  (1 - 3)

 Soil A : GW = well graded sandy GRAVEL

Soil B : Cu = 1.8, CZ = 0.95, fines 3 % , gravel : sand = 4 : 96

 Fines = 3 %  coarse grained soil

 Gravel : Sand = 4 : 96  SAND (S)
 Cu = 1.8 < (4 - 6) poorly graded
Cu = 1.8  uniform
CZ = 0.95  ( 1 - 3)

 Soil B : SPu  uniform slightly silty SAND

Soil C : Cu = 800, CZ = 0.25, fines 34 % , gravel : sand = 41 : 25,
LL = 26 %, PI = 9 %

 Fines = 34 %  coarse grained soil

 Gravel : Sand = 41 : 25  GRAVEL (G)
 Fines = 34 %  (15 - 35 %) very silty/clayey  use 
plasticity chart :

LL = 26 % above-A line  C
PI = 9 % LL < 35 %  L

 Soil C : GCL = very clayey GRAVEL (clay of low plasticity)

Soil D : fines 95 % , LL = 42 %, PL = 24 %, PI = 18

 Fines 95 %  SILT/CLAY
 Use Plasticity chart
LL = 42 % & PI = 18 %  above-A line  C
LL = 42 %  (35 - 50 %)  I

 Soil D  CI : CLAY of intermediate plasticity

Note :
1. If detail is not required  liquid limit in plasticity chart  2 parts
 L or U (I, H,V, E)  U = The upper plasticity range
2. First letter  dominant soil fraction  name of soil
Example :
SW = well graded SAND
SCL= very clayey SAND of low plasticity
CIS = intermediate plasticity sandy CLAY
MHSO = sandy organic SILT of high plasticity
3. Classification (symbol)  suggested  sub-group symbol if
possible
4. Symbol “F”  could be used when clay (C) or silt (M) is not an
important consideration.
5. The presence of COBBLES (Cb) & BOULDERS (B)  presented
using “+”
GW + Cb : well graded GRAVEL with COBBLES
B + CL : BOULDERS with low plasticity CLAY
 SOIL DESCRIPTION
 detail materials & characteristics of soil mass

Example of soil description at field :

 Dense, reddish-brown, subangular, well graded, gravelly SAND
 Dense, brown, heterogeneous, well graded, very silty SAND and
GRAVEL with some COBBLES.
 Stiff, brown, closely fissured CLAY of high plasticity London clay.
 Spongy, dark brown, fibrous PEAT
 AASHTO Designation : M - 145 (1982)
Coarse grained soil  > 0.075 mm
Fine grained soil  < 0.075 mm.
Granular soils : fine fraction < 35 %
Silt - Clay materials : fine fraction > 35 %
Soil  classified into groups and sub-groups

Granular materials :
A–1  A-1-a
A-1-b
A-3
A-2  A - 2 - 4, A - 2 - 5, A - 2 - 6, A-2–7
Silt - Clay material :
A - 4, A - 5, A - 6
A - 7  A - 7 - 5, A - 7 - 6
Highly organic soil (peat)  visual identification
A - 8  not suitable for embankment/subgrade
 AASHTO Soil Classification System

 The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed

by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials,
 It is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-
aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes.
 The classification system was first developed in 1929, but
has been revised several times
GROUP INDEX
Group-index = (F - 35) 0.2 + 0.005 (LL-40)+0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
F = % fine fraction (percentage of material < 0.075 mm)
LL = liquid limit
PI = plasticity index
 For negative group index  reported as nil
 Dinyatakan dalam angka bulat terendah
 using group index chart :
Fine fraction  LL  PGI
summation
PI  PGI
For group index from A - 2 - 6 & A - 2 - 7  use PI only.
Example
Group-index = (F - 35) 0.2 + 0.005 (LL-40)+0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
F = % fine fraction (percentage of material < 0.075 mm)
LL = liquid limit
PI = plasticity index

a) Soil A - 6 , F = 55 % , LL 40 % , PI = 25 %
Group index = (55 - 35) [0.2 + 0.005(40 - 40)] + 0.01
(55 - 15) (25 - 10) = 4.0 + 6.0 = 10

b) Soil A - 2 - 7, F = 30 %, LL = 50, PI = 30
Group index = 0.01 (30 - 15) (30 - 10 ) = 3
Application of group index :
1. For evaluation in groups „clayey granular material‟ & „silt-clay material‟
a) Group A - 1 - a, A - 1 - b, A - 2 - 4, A - 2 - 5 & A - 3 satisfied for subgrade
when good drainage and good compaction.
b) A - 2 - 6 & A - 2 - 7 (clayey granular) and silt clay (A - 4, A - 5, A - 6, & A -
7)  require subbase layer or increasing base course thickness.
c) Dianggap % F minimum kritis 35 %, dengan mengabaikan plastisitas
15 % affected by PI > 10
d) LL  40 %  critical
e) PI  10 %  critical
f) non-plastic soils  group index  0

2. No upper limit of group index, evaluation : F, LL & PI

3. With good drainage and good compaction  supporting value for a subgrade
material  dianggap berbanding terbalik terhadap group index.
 group index = 0  good subgrade material
 group index = 2  bad
Contoh soal
5. Hasil uji lab : LL = 41% dan PL = 14%. Hasil analisis saringan:
No. Saringan % butiran lolos
4 100
10 92,9
40 79,4
200 59,1
Klasifikasikan tanah menurut: AASHTO

- Dari Tabel, karena butiran lolos saringan no. 200 = 59,1% > 35%,
maka tanah termasuk lanau atau lempung
- LL = 41%  A-5 atau A-7.
- PI = 27% dan PL = 14%  A-7-6
- GI = 12,44
- Jadi tanah termasuk klasifikasi A-7-6(12)