Model Theory

The following equation describes the energy transfer to each of the two individual
streams:

where
Q - Energy Transfer - this is calculated either using the Log Mean
Temperature Difference or the Effectiveness method, which are described
below.
m - Mass flow of the stream
Hin - Enthalpy of entering stream
Hout - Enthalpy of leaving stream - this is the value that is then used to
determine the temperature of the outgoing streams.

Using the stream enthalpies in the energy transfer calculations ensures that the
variation of specific heat with temperature is taken into consideration.

Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

This method uses the following equation to calculate the energy transfer between the
tank contents and the heat exchange fluid:

where
Q - Energy Transfer
U - Overall coefficient of Heat Transfer
A - Area available for Energy Transfer

- Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

For Counter Current Flow and

For Co-Current, or Parallel, Flow and

Notes:

1. The user may input a LMTD correction factor to correct for the
different Heat Exchanger flow geometries. These correction factors are
available in most references on Heat Transfer theory, and should be available
 from specific heat exchanger suppliers. Alternatively, the user may use the
Effectiveness method to determine the heat transfer.

The unit uses an iterative technique to determine the LTMD of the unit. This is then
used to calculate the energy transfer between the two streams.

Reference

Perry, R.H., Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw Hill Inc, 6th Edition,
1984.

Effectiveness Method

In this method Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, ε, is defined by the following equation:

Where:

Qactual is the Actual amount of energy transferred between the streams; and
Qmaximum is the Maximum possible energy transferred if the fluid with Cmin =
Mass * Cp experienced a temperature change equal to the difference between
the temperature of the entering hot and cold fluids:

Therefore, to obtain the Actual energy transferred in the heat exchange, the value for ε
must be found. This varies depending on the heat exchanger layout and can be
determined from two dimensionless ratios:

Number of Transfer Units (NTU)

The Number of Transfer Units is indicative of the size of the heat exchanger and is
defined as:

U - Overall Heat Transfer coefficient;

A - Heat Transfer Area; and
Cmin = Mass * Cp for the fluid with the lowest value for this value.

Note: The maximum value of NTU allowed within SysCAD is 5.5, as this
corresponds to the limit of the correlations.

Energy Capacity Ratio

Both fluids involved in the energy transfer have a value for Energy Capacity, C =
Mass * Cp. We define Cmin and Cmax as the values with the minimum and maximum
Energy Capacity values. Please note that Cmin is not necessarily the fluid the smallest
value of Cp.

Then

Using these 2 ratios a number of Heat Exchanger Effectiveness relations have been
derived for heat exchangers with various flow geometries. These are described in the
table below:

Flow Geometry Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relation

Parallel Flow

Counter Flow

Cross Flow - Mixed where and

Cross Flow -
Unmixed and n = NTU − 0.22

Shell and Tube

One shell pass, 2,4,6,
etc tube passes. where

and B = e − NTU * A