Professional Documents
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GEIMS: FPFF: COURSE MATERIAL
COURSE CONTENTS
MODULE:
2. THEORY OF FIRE.
3. FIRE PREVENTION
- Fire Prevention Principles.
- Ship constructions arrangements.
- Safe practices.
4. FIRE DETECTION
- Fire and Smoke Detection Systems.
- Automatic Fire Alarm.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES
OBJECTIVES
On completion of this course the Trainee will be able to: -
- Minimize the risk of Fire onboard.
- Action to be taken in case of Fires.
- Maintain & state of readiness onboard to respond to emergency situations involving Fires.
- Fight and Extinguish the Fire.
- Use all Fire Fighting Equipments correctly.
- Knowledge of Routes and Exits and Emergency escapes.
- Knowledge of Emergency Alarms.
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- SHOUT
- RAISE THE ALARM
- MUSTER THE CREW
- STOP SPREAD OF FIRE
- CONTROL & CONTAINEMENT
- FIGHT THE FIRE
It seems very simple but the frequency of serious Fires and the incidence of ship losses by Fire
is higher than any other cause.
The problems of Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting on board ships need more systematic and
organized approach to Fire Fighting techniques including the correct use of equipments and
more effective Fire Fighting drills.
There is a general need to enhance and upgrade the standards of training, to improve
management skills in organization of Fire Fighting and to enhance the understanding of Fire
prevention measures onboard.
Investigations in the causes of accidents have revealed that the great majority of accidents
results from Human weakness, even those which are attributed to technical failure usually reveal
some Lapse in the man supervision of the machine. Perhaps by inadequate design, maintenance
or operation. Major causes of accidents have been categorized as: -
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Chapter 2
THEORY OF FIRE
When three elements are together as per required ratio they produce .MCR.
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FIRE:
Fire is a chemical reaction of burning substances with oxygen with emission of heat, light, and
flame. (It produces heat and light).
Full Form of Word “Fire”
F - Find/Feel
I - Inform/Investigate
R - Restrict/Rescue
E - Extinguishments/Evaluate
1. Find:
- Type of Fire
- Place of Fire
- How long
- Any Casualty/Trapped
3. Restrict
- By removing Oxygen — Smothering
- By removing Heat — Cooling
- By removing Fuel –Starving
- By cutting MCR - 1nhibiting (B.C.R)
4. Extinguishment
Use proper Extinguishing Media, (Must know reactivity of extinguishing media on burning
substances)
Always keep “A” Group Fire aboard this Fire can be ignited with switches on completion of
work Fire can be extinguish with switches. It is called wanted fire. This fire provides various
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services to man such as Fire for cooking, for Power, Energy, and Locomotive. (For travel to
Moon and Back to Earth etc.).
UNWANTED FIRE:
This Fire must be prevented aboard as name is given unwanted, uncontrolled which burn down
dwelling of man, his work places, forest wealth and cause of death.
SOURCES OF HEAT/IGNITION
A source of ignition is required for combustion to occur Fire Prevention and extinguishments
depend on the control of heat or heat energy source. Heat energy can be produced: -
- Chemical Heat Energy: - Exothermic Reaction, Decomposition,
Combustion and Spontaneous Combustion.
- Mechanical Heat Energy: - Friction.
- Electrical Heat Energy: - Sparks, Heat Conductors.
- Nuclear Heat Energy: - Molecules, atoms and Ions.
Fire can be extinguished by removing of anyone of the elements. By removing heat (Cooling),
By removing Fuel (Starving), By removing Oxygen (Smothering), and By removing or Stopping
M.C.R (Inhibiting/Breaking Chain Reaction).
Radiation is responsible for the spread of fire to lesser but significant degree due to its high
temperature leading to evolution of vapour from the other material in the vicinity thus increasing
the flame.
Convention Currents carry the Heat to Spaces far away from the flame, while Heat, in the course
of time, gets conducted within and through the material and raises its temperature.
Conduction transfer of Heat within substances from high temperature, by direct contact between
the particles of solid. By means of elastic waves, Heat energy is passed from one molecule to the
next.
When a fire occurs in an enclosed space the hot gases rise to the ceiling, where they spread out
to from a hot layer (Incipient Phase of Fire). As the fire proceeds, this layer increases in depth
and temperature keeps on increasing (Free Burning Speed). When all of the available oxygen
has been consumed the fire dies down to a smoldering mass with the atmosphere above
consisting of combustion gases and unburned vapours at or above their ignition temperature. If
fresh air finds its way to the compartment through any opening, the unburned vapour bursts into
flame with almost explosive force. This phenomenon is termed as flash over and it gives new
life to the dormant fire leading to a much greater catastrophe.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
Fire classifications are generally A, B, C, and D. Their are currently two standards, defining
classes of fire according to the nature of the material undergoing combustion, as follows
Class ‘B’- Fire involving liquids or Class ‘B‘- Fires in Flammable liquids. Oils,
liquefiable solids. greases, tars, oil based paints, lacquers and
flammable gases.
Class ‘C’- Fire involving Gases. Class ‘C’- Fires, which involve energized
electrical equipment where the electrical non-
conductivity of the extinguishing medium is
of importance. (When electrical equipments
are de-energized, extinguishers for class A or
B fires may be used safely.)
Class ‘D’-Fire Involving Metals Class ‘D’ –Fire in Combustible Metals such
as magnesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Sodium,
Lithium and Potassium
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CLASSIFICATION:
Extinguishers are classified according to the type of extinguishing medium they contain. At
present the types of extinguishers and the uses of which they are recommended are as follows: -
Substances, which are used for extinguished fires, are termed as Fire Extinguishing Agents.
Substances, which is used for extinguishing fires on board and their effects/ process.
- Water Cooling
- Sand Smothering
- Steam Smothering
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WATER
Water is a coolant having a large capacity for absorbing heat far in excess of any other
commonly used medium. As it extracts heat from the burning substance it turns into steam,
which gives smothering effect. It may be applied in a solid jet on class ‘A’ fires involving solid
materials such as Wood, Paper and Fabrics achieving deep penetration to the seat of fire. A fine
spray can be used in extracting heat from the flames from the burning liquids without seriously
disturbing the surface of the liquid. Water spray curtains are used to protect the front of the
superstructures facing the cargo tanks from deck spillage fires. Water spray curtains generated at
nozzles of hand held hoses are also effective for protection of the fire fighters. Water is also
having some advantages and some disadvantages: -
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
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FLAMMABILITY: -
The ability of a substance to burn vapours given off by a flammable material can burn when
mixed with air in the right proportion in the presence of an ignition source.
BURNING SPEED: -
Low Speed— Combustion Process (Burn Slow)
Sub Sonic Speed — Deflagration (Flame)
Super Sonic Speed — Detonation (Explosion)
Speed of Sound — 332mtrs/Sec
FLASH POINT: -
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapours to foam a flammable
mixture near surface of the liquid. (Fuel having flashpoint above 60°C are generally used on
board ships).
IGNITION POINT: -
The lowest temperature to which a flammable substance must be heated for it to ignite.
AUTO IGNITION: -
Ignition of flammable materials without the help of external heat. When the material has been
raised to a temperature at, which self sustained combustion occurs.
FLAMMABLE LIMITS: -
FLAMMABLE RANGE: -
The range of flammable concentration (% by volume) in air between the lower and upper
flammable limits.
BOIL OVER: -
A phenomenon produced when water falls on oil that is at temperature close to or higher than
the boiling temperature of water (100°C). Water gets converted into steam and rises with
particles of oil in the form of a cloud, which gets ignited instantaneously in an extremely
dangerous manner; such an occurrence can spread the fire and cause injuries to persons nearby.
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CHAPTER 2 B
Ships shall be provided with fire pumps operated by power, number of which shall
depend upon the type and size of the ship
Each capable of delivering at least one jet of water simultaneously from each of any
two fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles at specified pressures.
Discharge capacity is dependent on the size of the ship but should not be less than
3
25m /hr.
Any fire pump shall, when discharging the specified quantity of water through adjacent
fire hydrants in any part of the ship from specified size nozzles, be capable of maintaining the
specified pressure at any hydrant.
Fixed, self-priming and independently driven and with a separate section line needs to
be provided if fire in one compartment could put all the fire pumps out of action.
Pump capacity shall not be less than 40% of total capacity of all the fire pumps and in
any case not less than 25 m3/hr. (i. e. similar to that of fire pump) while maintaining a
minimum pressure of 2.5 bar.
Total suction head shall not exceed 4.5 m under all likely service conditions.
Any diesel driven power source for the pump shall be capable of starting with hand
cranking at O˚ C. Service fuel tank capacity for at least 3 hours on hull load and reserve fuel
for additional 15 hours. Hand cranking, or approved type of alternative means for starting at
least 6 times in 30 minutes, and at least twice in the first 10 minutes.
Not to exceed 18m. in length, or 27m for exterior use and cargo spaces for vessels of
moulded breadth of 27m. or more.
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Provided with couplings and other fittings and with plain nozzles or dual-purpose
nozzles.
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Other than those required for machinery spaces, one for each 30m. Ship length, or part
thereof; but in no case less than five in a ship above 1000 tons and over and not less
than three in a ship under 1000 tons.
One spare Complete with coupling and nozzle.
Hydrant valves of screw lift type or cocks fitted to water service pipes.
Located so that hoses can be easily coupled.
Number and position of hydrants be such that at least two jets of water not emanating
from the same hydrant, one of which should be from a single length of hose, may reach
any part of the ship normally accessible to passengers or crew and any part of any cargo
space when empty.
In machinery spaces, at least two hydrants, one on port side and one on the starboard
side.
Isolating Valves to separate the section of fire main within the machinery space
containing the main fire pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main shall be fitted in
an easily accessible and tenable position outside the machinery spaces.
Drain Valves or cocks to be provided on fire main for use in frosty weather, so that no
water remains inside and freezes, thereby blocking the water flow.
A 1.5 Nozzles:
12mm, or 16mm, or 19mm diameter nozzles to supply quantity of water as required.
Jets/spray type with a shut off facility.
One for each hydrant.
For ro /ro spaces at least three water fog applicators in addition to the required nozzles
A 2 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
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Recharging: Only refills approved for the fire extinguishers in question shall be used for
recharging.
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Provided with an induction type of air foam nozzle capable of being connected to the fire
main.
Portable tank containing 20 liters of foam concentrate with facility for connecting to
nozzle.
A 3 FIREMAN’S OUTFIT:
Ships to be provided with the required number of fireman’s outfit depending upon
size and type.
If more than one such set is carried, they shall be stored in widely separated positions.
(a) Protective clothing of material to protect the skin from the heat radiating from the fire
and from burns and scalding by steam. The outer surface shall be water-resistant.
(b) Boots and gloves made of electrically non-conducting material.
(c) Rigid helmet for protection against impacts.
(d) Electric safety lamp with a capacity to work for minimum three hours.
(e) An axe to the satisfaction of the administration.
A 3.2 Fire Proof Life and Signaling line made of copper or galvanized steel wire rope over
laid up to at least 32mm in circumference for firm grip when wet.
Smoke mask with connection for air supply from the outside atmosphere.
If in order to comply with the above requirement, an air hose exceeding 36 meters in
length is necessary, a self-contained breathing apparatus shall be substituted or
provided in addition.
OR
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Capable of working for at least 30 min. and provided with one face mask
Provision for automatic regulation of air supply to the wearer (85 liters per min. when
the cylinder pressure is above 10.5 bar). Means to by-pass pressure regulating valve to
increase the volume of air available to the wearer, if required.
Provided with a pressure gauge with an anti-bursting orifice in the high-pressure air
supply system to enable the wearer to read directly and easily the pressure of air in the
cylinder.
Adjustable safety belt or harness made of shrink proof material (fabric), capable of
ecure attachment or detachment by the wearer by means of a snaphook.
Legible instructions at each end of fire proof line for signals on a non-flammable plate.
Spare cylinders fully charged with capacity of at least 2400 liters of free air, except
here:
Ships carrying 5 or more sets the total spare capacity not to be required to exceed 9600
iters or if provided with suitable means of recharging, spare capacity per set to be at
east 1200 liters and total spare capacity not require to exceed 4800 liters.
Provided with audible warning device when & 80% of usable capacity has been
onsumed.
To enable water to be supplied from another ship or from shore to the fire main.
Every ship shall have at least one and stored together with a gasket, four bolts and eight
washers.
Fixed provisions to be made to enable such a connection to be used on both sides of the
ship.
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Shall have a flat flange on one side, and to the other have a permanently attached
coupling that will fit the ship’s hydrant and hoses.
PORTABLE EXTINGUSHERS
Acknowledgement: Notes and diagrams in this section draw heavily on the contents of chapter
4 of Part 5 of Marine Engineering Practice Vol. 1, FIRE FIGHTING EQIUPMENT AND ITS
USE IN SHIPS, by G. Victory and I. H. Owen; The institute of Marine Engineering publication.
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A charge of plain water can be ejected by piercing the sealing disc of the container holding gas
charge, usually 63 gm of liquid C02, the extinguisher being used in upright position .Threaded
cap three 2 mm dia. holes to release pressure before the cap can be fully opened.
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(Mechanical Foam)
The construction and operation are similar to that of the gas pressurized water type. The foam
solution is directed through a hose to a special nozzle, which agitates the mixture and induces air
in to the stream, thus forming a mass of small air bubbles i.e. foam. Threaded cap has three 2
mm dia. holes to release pressure before the cap can be fully opened.
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Carbon dioxide in liquid state at ambient temperature is stored in heavy-duty steel cylinder at a
high pressure. The means of operating fall into two classes, (a) piercing a disc and (b) opening
of a valve. Discharge from the piercing disc type, once initiated, cannot be stopped while that
from the valve type can be done at will. In a valve type there is a risk of a partially empty
extinguisher being returned to its stand and becoming a hazard to the next operator. In either
case, the liquid is discharged through a short flexible or swivel hose to a discharge horn, where
the liquid changes to gas and is spread evenly over the burning surface, thus excluding the air.
An internal pipe is fitted to ensure rapid release of liquid so that evaporation will not take place
in the bottle, as this would cause icing due to absorption of latent heat of the liquid causing the
formation of solid CO2.
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DRY POWDER
Dry powder is expelled by means of pressure when CO 2 gas is released by piercing the gas
cartridge. The internal gas tube is arranged to give a violent motion inside the container to
induce the powder into the discharge hose, which usually has a controllable nozzle.
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NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
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Inert gas:
A gas which having mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases such as flue gas
containing very less oxygen to prevent combustion. It is produce by Ships boiler. It is
combination of as follows:
Carbon Dioxide - 12 To 14.5%
Oxygen - 02 To 4.5 %
Sulphur Dioxide - 02 To 3 %
Nitrogen - About 79 %
Purging:
The introduction of inert gas into space to reducing oxygen (hydro carbon gas) concentration
below %, which not form a flammable mixture.
Static electricity:
It is produced by dissimilar materials through physical contact and separation.
Explosion:
The sudden release of high-pressure gas into the environment.
Inerting:
The introduction of inert gas in a space with the object of reducing the oxygen content to a level
at which combustion can not be supported.
Gas free:
When sufficient air has been introduced into it to lower the levels of any flammable, toxic or
inert gases.
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The only sure way to avoid the disastrous consequences of a Fire at sea is not to have one at all.
It is a moral responsibility of everyone on board to take all the necessary precautions to prevent
a fire from occurring.
Although safe working practices have been detailed below it is basically a common sense, and a
sense of responsibility (attitude) that matters eventually.
1. SMOKING
Fires are often caused by careless disposal of burning cigarettes ends and matches, or smoking
at prohibited places. Ashtrays and suitable containers must be provided and used where smoking
is permitted. Care must be taken to ensure that matches are fully ‘extinguished, and that the
cigarette ends are properly stubbed out. They must not be thrown overboard since these may be
blown back on board.
Conspicuous warning notices should be displayed in any part of the ship where smoking is
forbidden. Disciplinary action must be taken against the persons not obeying such
instructions.
Unauthorized persons must not interfere with electrical fittings. Permission should be sought
from the ship’s electrical officer or the responsible engineer officer before using and connecting
personal electrical appliances Notices should be displayed on the notice boards and in
accommodation spaces to this effect.
Appliances and fittings must be tested and maintained as per Rules and Regulations of national
and classification authorities.
Precautionary measures must be adhered to before commencing, during and after any of the
electrical item or distribution system is being attended to for repair or Maintenance.
Use of a faulty appliance, machinery, fitting or wiring should be stopped immediately and
brought to the attention of responsible officer
All electrical appliances must be firmly secured and served by permanent connections wherever
possible;
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Overloading of circuits must be avoided at all times to prevent damage to the fittings and
insulation;
All portable appliances, lights etc. must be isolated from the mains after use;
Use of portable heaters must be avoided at all times. However, only under special circumstances
in ports, such appliances may be used with appropriate precautionary measures, of preventing
contact or proximity with combustible materials such as furniture, carpets, floors, etc.;
3. LAUNDRY SPACES
Hand pressing irons must be switched off after use, and secured on suitable stand;
Clothing should be left to dry only in designated places. Drying of clothes in machinery spaces,
or close to heating appliances, radiators, etc. must be prohibited.
Contact of clothes with steam pipes, electrical appliances, etc. must be prevented at all times.
4. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
Dirty waste, soiled laundry, linen, rags, sawdust and other rubbish - particularly if it is
contaminated with oil or damp - is susceptible to spontaneous combustion if left on its own in a
closed space or a container. Risk of fire increases in proximity with paints and other volatile
liquids.
5. MACHINERY SPACES
Good housekeeping entails cleanliness, prevention of oil leaks, proper storage of combustible
materials, maintaining guards, and similar practices.
Suitable metal containers should be provided for storage and disposal of cotton waste or rags.
Such containers must be emptied at frequent intervals and contents disposed off in safe
manner.
Wood, paints, spirits, oils, greases and similar substances must be kept away from hot spaces
like boiler rooms, generator platforms, and purifier spaces. etc.
Engine room bilges and tank tops should be kept clean and free of oil and rags. Proper lighting
would help inspection and indication of leaks etc.
Particular care must be taken in carrying out maintenance work on lubricating, hydraulic, and
fuel oil equipment and system to avoid accidental release of oils under pressure.
Possibility of oil drips on hot surfaces (exhaust trunking, steam pipes, heaters) must be
eliminated through repositioning oil lines or providing appropriate guards as far as
possible.Welding and gas cutting work must be carried out with great care at all times. Similarly
grinding and metal cutting work needs to be carried out with appropriate precautions against.
Occurrence of fire.
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Particular care must be taken when filling a tank, which has its sounding pipe in cue machinery
spaces; ensure that the weighted cock on the sounding pipe is closed all the time. Similarly,
transfer of oils and bunkering operation where there is a possibility of overflow within the
machinery spaces must be carried out with utmost care.
Where potable lights are needed to provide adequate illumination, they should be clamped or
otherwise secured in position, not hand-held with leads kept clear of the working area and
protected from chaffing.
6. HOT WORK
Welding and flamecutting elsewhere than in the workshop should generally be subject of
a ‘permit to work’.
Only competent persons should be allowed to carry out welding and hot work. Equipment must
be checked carefully before use.
Welding and flamecutting must be properly supervised at all times. Suitable fire extinguishers
must be kept nearby for any emergency.
Before commencing any kind of hot work, check must be made to ensure that there is no
combustible material (solid, liquid or gas) at, below or adjacent to area of work. Similarly, when
working on bulkheads, ceilings and similar locations one must ensure that the other side is clear
of combustible materials, cables, pipelines and other services which might be affected by heat.
Utmost care must be taken while working in tanks, pump rooms and enclosed spaces.
Suitable screens/nets must be erected to prevent falling of hot metal in open tanks, hatches, etc.
7. GALLEYS
Fire in galleys and pantries occur due to spills of oil and fat on hot surfaces, or oil leaks from
pipes and container-
Electrical equipment with loose/faulty connections, switches, broken insulation and similar
defects must not be used until the fault has been rectified.
Ovens, burners, hot plates should be shut off when cooking is finished.
Fire blankets and extinguishers must be kept readily accessible at all times.
Reference: The DOT (UK) Code of safe working practices for merchant seamen. PPC100995
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Any required fixed fire detection and fire alarm system with manually operated call points shall
be capable of immediate operation at all times.
- There shall be not less than two sources of power supply for the electrical equipment used in
operation of the detection and fire alarm system, one of which shall be an emergency source.
The supply shall be provided by separate feeders reserved solely for that purpose. Such feeders
shall run to an automatic change over switch situated in.
Detectors and Manually operated call points shall be grouped into sections. The activation of
any detector or manually operated call point shall initiate a visual and audible fire signals at the
control panel and indicating units. If the signals have not received attention within 2 minutes an
audible alarm shall be automatically sounded throughout the crew accommodation.
- The control panel shall be located on the navigation bridge or in the main fire control station.
- The fire detection system shall not be used for any other purpose except that closing of fire
doors and similar functions may be permitted at the control panel.
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
Manually operated call points shall be installed throughout the accommodation spaces and
control stations. One manually operated call point shall be located at each exit. Manually
operated call points shall be readily accessible in the corridors of each deck such that no part of
the corridor is more than 20 meters from the manually operated call point.
INTRODUCTION
An automatic fire alarm and detection system is required to be installed in the machinery,
accommodation, and cargo spaces of different class of vessel as per the stipulated regulations.
Automatic fire detectors operate on various principles
• Heat Detector operating at a rate of rise in temperature reaching a set limit (Rate of rise).
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DETECTORS
Our sensory apparatus is in fact, acting as a complete fire detection system and a very efficient
one too. However, it is now possible for us to adopt a equipment (fire detectors) which can carry
out such functions in absence of human senses and thus provide a vigil all the time.
Fire Detectors
TYPES OF DETECTORS
SMOKE
- IONIZATION SMELL
- OPTICAL - SCATTER SEE
- OBSCURATION SEE
HEAT
- CONSTANT TEMP. FEEL
- RATE OF RISE FEEL
FLAME
- 1NFRA RED SEE
- ULTRA VIOLET SEE
PRINCIPLES OF DETECTION
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OPTICAL DETECTOR: - Sensitive only to large & visible particles which give smoke its
characteristic appearance.
For smothering is achieved by diluting the oxygen content of the atmosphere in the
compartment from normal 21% to a level, which is insufficient to support combustion. For most
substances this is in the range of 11 % to 16%, but for smoldering solid combustible materials a
further reduction may be necessary to achieve complete extinction.
Carbon Dioxide gas is also having some advantages and disadvantages.
ADVANTAGES
- It is non-corrosive.
- It is cleanest extinguishing medium.
- It is not subject to deterioration in quality with age.
- It is always available.
DISADVANTAGES
For this reason CO2 is unsuitable as an inerting medium in cargo oil tanks and pump rooms.
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TYPES OF FOAM
1) CHEMICAL FOAM
Required minimum: - Two type of foam compound after mixing with chemical reaction. It
produces Foam and Co2 gas. CO2 is used to eject foam from extinguisher. Produced by
portable/mobile extinguishers.
2) MECHANICAL FOAM
To produce mechanical foam compound, water and air are required. It is produced by
potable /mobile extinguishers, Foam applicators, Fb-5X, Fb 10, and foam monitors.
3) EXPANSION RATIO
1. Low Expansion (8 to 12:1)
2. Med Expansion (12 to 150:1)
3. High Expansion (150 to 1000:1)
High Expansion: - This foam is produced by high expansion Foam Generators. Used only in
enclosed spaces. As Engine room, Cargo holds required steel trucking to pour the foam in the
compartment. This foam is giving smothering effect. This foam can not be thrown on a distance
very light in weight. One or two vents required opening condition
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• Capable of delivering foam to the entire cargo tank area, and into any of the cargo
tanks with ruptured deck.
• Rate of supply not to be less than 0.6 liters per min. per sq. m. of the cargo tanks
deck area or similar requirements.
• Sufficient foam concentrates for supply for at least 20 min of foam generation for
ships with IGS or 30 min of foam operations for ships without IGS.
• Provision of foam monitors, both on the port and the starboard front of the poop
accommodation, each capable of delivering at least 50 % of the required rate
for foam solution. The capacity of each monitor to be at least 3 liters of foam solution
per sq. m. of deck space area.
• The distance from the monitor to the farthest extremity of the required area shall not
be more than the 75% of the monitor throw in still air conditions.
• The capacity of an applicator to be less than 400 liters per min. with a throw of not
less than 15 m in still air condition. The number and position of foam outlets
to such that at least two applicators can be directed on to any part of the cargo tank
deck area.
Markings of Extinguishers
1. Each extinguisher should be clearly marked with the following minimum information.
5. Approval Details.
7. Year of Manufacture
9. Test procedures.
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1. Sodium Bicarbonate
2. Potassium Bicarbonate
• WATER
• FOAM
• GASES
• BI-CARBONATE
• DRY SAND
• POWDER GRAPHITE
• SODA ASH
• LIME STONE
To enable water to be supplied from another ship or from shore to the fire main. Every ship
shall have at least one and stored together with a gasket, four bolts and eight washers.
Gasket of any material suitable for 1 N/mm2 services. Fixed provisions to be made to enable
such a connection to be used on both sides of the Ship shall have a flat flange on one side,
and to the other have a permanently attached coupling that will fit the ship’s hydrant and
hoses. It is designed for 1 N/mm2 services (10 bar).
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FIRE PUMPS
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1. Carbon Dioxide For engine room, pump room, cargo holds, and paint stores
3 Sprinkler systems For Accommodations engine room, cargo holds and paint
stores. (For Accommodation /Working Spaces. Automatic
water spray system) (For engine room, cargo holds and paint
stores high pressure water spray system is used)
4. Foam (Low Expansion) For Open Area (Deck) and cargo tanks (Tankers)
5. Dry Chemical Powder For Gas Carrier (LPG and LNG Tanker)
CO2 is very cleanest extinguishing media having some advantages. It is non-corrosive, does not
conduct electricity, leaves no residue, dilutes O2 to lower percentage. It does not deterioration
with age and always available, cheaper than all gases.
Co2 is having some disadvantages also. It is highly asphyxiating and slightly toxic, if
concentration of 9 % would produce unconsciousness within few minutes, cannot be used in
open spaces (no effect). It has little cooling effect and there is consequently danger of re-ignition
if air is readmitted to the compartment too soon after the fire. When discharged particles of solid
carbon dioxide are normally present and can generate sufficient Static charge to produce an
incentive spark which could ignite inflammable atmosphere such as may be found on ships.
For this reason Carbon Dioxide is unsuitable as an inerting medium in cargo oil tanks and pump
rooms. Before flooding Co2 in engine room makes sure no body is in the compartment. Close all
vents, stop running machinery, and eject entire Co2 in one lot by group release arrangement.
There are two levers to operate them as per the instruction and as per serial order, entire Co2
will go in the compartment in one shot.
High Expansion Foam is produced by High Expansion Foam Generator, which produce up to
1500 liters from 1 ltr of foam compound. Very less quantity of water is used so this foam will
not allow oxygen to enter in this compartment. When foam is being filled in the room at least
one or two vents from top required to be in open condition.
There are two types of foams, one Chemical foam and second is mechanical foam. Chemical
foam is being phased out by administration & mechanical foam is used, nowadays, it is very
good extinguishing media. This foam is also having some percentage of water. Same is changed
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into steam, because Fire is also having temperature. Steam is having smothering effect to dilute
O2 below required level for flame.
Advantages:
• Can spread all around the space and provide lasting cover (smothering)
• Can be rapidly started and used.
• Can be fixed to existing ventilation ducts.
• Persons can walk through the foam before being asphyxiated.
• Unit can be used for extracting smoke.
• Very less maintenance is required.
Disadvantages:
• Cannot be thrown at distance. Not suitable for use in open spaces or for space under slight
pressure.
• Large steel trucking is required.
TEAM FORMATION
1. Persons without any specific duty shall muster with support team.
2. Supernumeraries muster on the bridge.
MUSTER STATION
Muster station depend upon type and size of ship (Location).
1. All team leaders must be capable of carrying out task assigned to any member of team.
2. The team leader should muster their teams and give report to control station.
3. Team leaders should never get so involved in actual operation that control on team
members is lost.
4. Team leader must ensure that his team is well trained and that the members have confidence
and know each other’s capabilities.
Bridge team is responsible for command and control through proper assessment of the situation
appropriate action and maintaining communication (Internal and External) -
- Master will be over-all in charge.
- Ensuring that an efficient muster of all personnel is carried out.
- Stop Engine/ Stand By, Turning as Necessary.
- Record Keeping.
- Organizing a search party for any missing personnel.
- Pass message to Owner, Company, Nearest Vessel or Port about the emergency.
- Internal communication must be operational (kept on).
- Issue Walkie-Talkies, Radio-sets to all muster stations.
1. Both emergency teams will put on fireman’s outfit and stand by.
2. Accounting team members and reporting to the command center.
3. Taking action as directed.
4. Maintaining feedback.
5. One party will be in operation and second will stand by. When first team is tired the
second team will take over the duty and start extinguishing the fire. First team
will stand by.
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- When the support team is busy with life-saving appliances both teams will start
supplying extinguishing Medium if no casualty.
- Both teams will start extinguishing fire-by-fire fighting methods.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
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13. Prevent oil leakage on hot surface and proper storage of combustible materials.
16. Suitable screen (Asbestos Sheets) must be used to prevent falling of hot metal.
18. Never put wet cloth on the electrical motor or lamp shade
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Fire Drills are to be carried out regularly in accordance with National regulations.
OBJECTIVE:
• To prepare a trained and organized response to situations of great difficulty which may
unexpectedly threaten loss of life at sea.
• Trained the crew on how to operate the extinguishing medias and their effect on
burning substance.
• An abandon ship drill and a fire fighting must be held within 24 hours of leaving port
if more than 25% of the crew have not taken part in drills on board the ship in
previous month. As soon as possible, but not later than two weeks after joining the
ship.
• Any defects or deficiencies revealed during drills and the inspections, which
accompany them, be made good without delay.
Fire control plans chart/ booklet for assistance of shore side fire fighting personnel.
Located/Positioned for ready access at a well illuminated position with due consideration
to the effects of any expected fire in marine environment.
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Duplicate copies kept on the bridge and exhibited for guidance of master and officers.
Gives information about all fire fighting equipments, control station, bulkheads, fire
alarms, fire detection system, sprinkler installations, fire men’s outfit, means of access to
various compartments and decks in the ship, ventilation systems, master control, fan
controls, dampers, Vents, location of international shore connection & all means of
control.
FIRE WATCH
After extinguishing fire one party is kept on watch/inspection, incase reignition of fire takes
place.
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Action to be taken in case of fire informing to control station. First we have to find type of
fire, place of fire, how long and if any body trapped, then inform control. Restrict the fire
by stopping Air/Oxygen, cooling, starving, and cutting molecular chain reaction.
2. FIRE FIGHTING:
The word “Fire” itself guides us to a logical action as the success of the entire operation
depends upon leadership (Command, Control, Co-Ordination and Communication).
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F - Find/Feel
I- Inform/Investigate
R - Restrict/Rescue
E - Extinguishments/Evaluate
FIND
- What is Burning?
- Where is it (Location)?
- How long has it been burning?
- Any one trapped?
- Where is it likely to spread/Special Circumstances/Dangers?
RESTRICT
EXTINGUISHMENTS
Use proper Extinguishing Media, (Must know reactivity of extinguishing media on burning
substances)
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Fire Hoses
Introduction
Fire hoses is one of the basic elements of a fire fighter’s equipment it is necessary to convey water
from either open water supplies or pressure supplies e.g. hydrants to a fire. In areas where water is in
short supply, hoses may be required to relay water long distances and special large diameter hose is
carried on certain “special” appliances for this purpose.
In this part, various types of hose in general used by fire brigades are described. Broadly falls in two
categories according to its main use. “Delivery hose is laid from the delivery side of the pump to the
incident and water passing through it is always at a pressure greater than the atmosphere. –
“Suction” hose is connected to the suction side of the pump and water passing through it can be
either above or below atmospheric pressure.
Delivery is further divided into unlined hose and lined hose. Very few unlined hoses are still in use.
It will all be gone in a few years.
Suction hose includes various types of armored hose so constructed as to withstand external
atmospheric pressure.
Hose is made of synthetic yarns, especially polyester and nylon, which have extra strength, and
made of closely woven flax, canvas or other approved material.
Provided with the couplings and other fittings and with plain nozzles or dual purposes nozzles.
Hose diameter should not be less than 64mm if unlined or 45mm. if lined.
Hose are three types Canvas hose, Rubber hose and Nylon hose.
Minimum fire hoses required on board - five in nos. plus one fire hose as a spare. All the fire hoses
should have coupling on both sides.
On board cargo ship after every 30mtrs length of ship must have one fire hose. (In case length of
ship is 300mtrs that vessel must have 10 fire hoses) one spare complete with coupling and nozzles.
Fire hose not to exceed 18mtrs for internal use OR 27mtrs for exterior use and cargo spaces for
vessels of moulded breadth of 27mtrs or more.
Care of Hoses
1.The roll
In this method the hose is laid out flat on the surface and a start is made at the female coupling end
(see Fig. 2.10 left). The coupling is doubled down on the hose, which is then rolled up until the male
coupling is reached. A hose-strap is finally passed through the canter of the roll and secured behind
the male coupling (see Fig. 2.10, right). The correct method to run out a roll is to grasp the lugs of
the female coupling with both hands and the hose then rotates as it is run out (see Fig. 2.11). Rolled
hose should always be stowed on edge as shown in Fig. 2.10; right.
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Fig. 2.10 Left: The method of starting to roll a length of hose with instantaneous couplings. Right:
the roll of hose completed and secured with a hose strap
Fig. 2.11 Correct method of holding a roll of hose with instantaneous couplings for running out.
2. Dutch roll
The hose should be laid out flat on the surface and the female coupling should be drawn back along
the hose towards the other end so that the female coupling lies on top of the hose and about 1m short
of the male coupling (Fig. 2.12). After the upper layer has been arranged exactly over the lower layer
the hose is rolled up from the bight so that the couplings come together on the outside of the roll.
To run out hose made up in this manner, both couplings are held and the roll is given a push when it
will roll out and uncoil itself leaving a long loop of hose. The male coupling can then be attached to
the pump or stand-pipe and the female coupling taken towards the fire.
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3. Flaking In this method the hose is doubled back and forward on itself and is subsequently
secured at the centre of the folds (Fig. 2.13(1)). This method is now only used in HLLs.
Fig. 2.13 Sketch showing (1) flaked hose and (2) hose made up on a figure- Of-eight.
4. Figure of eight
This is a variation of flaking avoiding the sharp bends. It can be used to store hose but takes up more
room than when flaked. (See Fig. 2.13(2).
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d. Mildew Mildew is not the problem it was and any mildew found on modern hose has probably
developed on dirt and dampness on the surface and can be wiped off easily without affecting the
hose-cover. The pores will usually develop on hose lying wet for an extended period of time e.g. in
an HLL. Crews should be careful not to distribute the pores when removing the hose and, as stated
before, washing or wiping with a damp cloth will be enough to get rid of it.
a. Care
Despite the advances in the construction of hose and the subsequent elimination of a number of the
old causes of damage, firefighters should still take the trouble to avoid any maneuvers or procedures
which could leave hose open to damage. Although modern hose resists abrasion, chemicals, mildew
and shock lack of care in these areas could cause damage and hose could fail at just the time that a
firefighter needs the water most.
Usually (1) and (2) are found on pumping appliances and (3) and (4) on special vehicles such as
HLLs.
emanating from same hydrant one of which shall be from a single length of hose may
reach any part of ship.
- In Machinery spaces, at least two hydrants one Port and one STBD side shall be provided.
• TYPES OF NOZZLES
1. Control Nozzles
2. Uncontrolled Nozzles
o Control Nozzles: Fireman able to control the output of the nozzle from fine spray to jet or stop
the out put.
• SIZE OF NOZZLE:
- 12mm, 16mm and 19mm diameter nozzles to supply quantity of water as required.
- One for each hydrant.
- For Ro-Ro spaces at least three fog applicators in addition to the required nozzles.
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• Permanently stowed in a prominently marked watertight enclosure outside the deck house.
• Located/positioned for ready access at a well illuminated position with due considerations to the,
affects of any expected fire, and marine environment.
• Capable of being easily opened.
• Kept up to date with latest alterations.
• Duplicate copies kept on the bridge and exhibited for guidance of master and officers.
The enclosure is to be red and location to have sign of not less than 297 x 400 mm with red ship
silhouette on white background. If the enclosure is not adjacent to the gangway, there should be
appropriate guide signs to help the shore personnel to find the enclosure
A general arrangement plans showing clearly for each deck the following:
• Sprinkler installations
• Firemen’ s outfits
• Position of dampers and identification numbers of the ventilating fans serving each section of
the ship
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fuel transfer pumps oil fuel unit pumps and other similar pumps;
• Means of closing all skylights, doorways ventilators, annular spaces around funnels and other
openings to such spaces;
• Means to permit the release of smoke from machinery spaces;
• Valve or cock (quick closing ) Every pipe connected to any oil fuel or lubricating oil storage,
settling, or daily service tank not being a double bottom tank, which if damaged would permit
discharge of the contents so as to cause a fire hazard.
Such means to be capable of being operated from outside the said spaces and which would not
be made inaccessible by fire within such spaces. The controls shall be capable of stopping such
machinery or pumps in the event of file in such spaces.
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FIRE PLANS
All new and existing ships are required to be provided with ‘Fire Control Plans’ (or a booklet) for
assistance of shore side fire-fighting personnel.
The enclosure is to be red and location to have sign of not less than 297 x 400 mm with red ship
silhouette on white background. If the enclosure is not adjacent to the gangway, there should be
appropriate guide signs to help the shore personnel to find the enclosure
A general arrangement plans showing clearly for each deck the position of the control station, the
sections of the ship which are enclosed by fire resisting bulkheads, together with the particulars of
fire alarms, Fire detection system, the sprinkler installations, firemen’s outfits fire extinguishing
appliances, the means of access to various compartments and decks in the ship, the ventilating
system including particulars of the master-fan controls, the position of dampers and identification
numbers of the ventilating fans serving each section of the ship, the location of the international
shore connection and the position of all means of control.
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Functions: -
• Visual Test
• Gauge/Leak Test
• Warning Whistle Test
• Face Mask Test
Weight of BA Sets
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Three Pulls
We Are Coming Out Come Out
(By Officer-In-Charge)
Fireman’s-Out fit:
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1. Breathing Apparatus
2. Safety Lamp (It Should Work - Minimum 3hrs.)
3. Fire Proof Life Line (With Snap Hook)
4. Fire Axe (Insulated Handle)
5. Gloves and Shoes (Non Conducting)
6. Rigid Helmet
7. Set of Protective Clothing (Fire — Resistant and Water Proof)
Calculation of Time
Note: For the safety of fireman increase safety margin, decrease working duration.
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1) BUFFER
2) CYLINDER VALVE
3) AIR CYLINDER
4) CYLINDER BEND
5) BACK FRAME ASSEMBLY
6) WAIST BELT ASSEMBLY
7) RIGHT SHOULDER STRAP
8) LEFT SHOULDER STRAP
9) MAIN CONNECTION
10) H.P. LINE CYLINDER TO REDUCING VALVE
11) PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
12) H.P. LINE FROM REDUCING VALVE TO PRESSURE GUAGE
13) PRESSURE GUAGE
14) WARNING WHISTLE ASSEMBL
15) LOW PRESSURE LINE FROM REDUCING VALVE TO DEMAND VALVE
16) POSITIVE PRESSSURE DEMAND VALVE
17) BY PASS VALVE
18) RESET BUTTON
19) SPEECH DIAPHRAGM
20) EXHALATION VALVE
21) FACE MASK
22) HEAD HARNESS
23) NECK STRAP
24) INNER MASK
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