Answer of Pro and Stat

INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
to accompany
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

THIRD EDITION
Morris H. DeGroot
Mark J. Schervish
Carnegie Mellon University
To the memory of Morrie DeGroot MJS
Reproduced by Addison-Wesley from files supplied by the author.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN 0-201-87999-9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VG 05 04 03 02

! " "! # $
%& " ' (" $) "
"
" # ""! " ' * ( #+ *#
(+

+ * , "
, * *
" "! ' ( * -" " "
* # """! " # " . +
* # ("+ + #! + * # /((" '
" + * " * #"
( * (- + #
"" ( ( "
( "" * ( * 0 " ( +
++ " * " " " "(" (
" * + #/+"! "
* " -" 1 " ! !
! ! !
! ! " 2 /( "! # *" #
++ 0 ++ ! ! !
!
! " # 2 " /
"
+ #/ (
" *3* .425. " ! " /( ! ! !
!
! ! ! ! " *" " # 6 7 "
6 ( 7
$/ * " $/
$ 6 7! + ( ""+ * ( #
$/ 8

' + " " * #9 (## , (!
: " ( * " #"+ * #+ " ;
" " # " " *+ * (# #
0 /< " .! " " # " 6* 7
" " *+ (# # 0 /<
" % "" # 0 /
# " "= " " # "= # " # ""! "
(# ++ +
" 0 / # " # " 0
*+ * * " >" . " 1/ ,< #
+ * # . * 6 !!7! # #/
?" * " ( ( - "Æ 6
!
7!
" # ( * * . 6! !7

. > " * > * " ' !
# " ; "

,! * 6 7 6 7 6 7 @ 6 7 " !
" 6 # 7 6 " 7 6 " 7
# ! * 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7 1! + ( #/*" * 6 7 6 7 6 7
( - ! 6 7 ' *"!

; " ( 6 7
4! (( " ! ) #
; 6 7 * 6 7 " *
- # ((+ - " " /+ ( # "
" "9! ! "
! * "9 ( A 6 7 6 7! *
* " # " ,! ' !
' ! *! 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 " * " 6 7 6 7 ,! 6 7 6 7

! * ! ! * * !

6 7 6 7 " 6 7 6 7
( - ! 6 7 ' *"!
! ; ! ( 6 7
4! (( !
) # ; 6 7 * 6 7 " *
- # ((+ - " /+ ( # "
67 1 " #"

6#7 1 " #" ! ! ! ! !
67 . # " " " #" !
! ! ! ! !
6"7 1 " #"
! ! ! ! ! " " #"

67 B" " #" ! !
67 ( ! # #* # A <

6#7 ( # # #* " #* "
! A <
67 ( # A < 64 7
6"7 ( ! A <
67 ( * ( 6#7 " " 6 7 A
1" ( . * 3.! ( . #" (" ( 1 #"
* 31! ( 1 #" (" ( .1 #" * # ! C
( .1 #" ,! ( 2 * +! ( 2 #" ("

67 ,
! A !

,
! A !

6#7 ((
!
,
A !

. -
@ # + ,
A D ! * /*

" #+ + ;! -
, "! - !
!

! A
"
67 (( !
A !

! - 6 #
7 ,!
(( # - @ #
D ! A ;

%- *+ <
A " # "
A " # *
A " # #! *! +

> /" -" 6 7 ! ! " "9 " A
A 67 D 6 7 D 6 7 > " 67 A " 6 7 A
' *
6 7 A

@ # # "! " # + " > "
A ! A 6 7 A ! * 67 A
67 ' " "9 " A ! 6 7 A 6 7 A

6#7 ' ! A 6 7 * " "9 6 7 A 67 D 6 7 !

A D 6 7! 6 7 A
67 ."+ ! A 67 6 7 .! " "9 !
6 7 A 67 D 6 7 !
A D 6 7! 6 7 A
@ # " " # " > *
6 7 > " 6 7 A ! 6 7 A
! " 6 7 A ."+
! 6 7 A D
A
?+ ! * * * 6 7 ."+
" ! 0 6 7 A
?+ ! * * * 6 7 * "9!

6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7
? + 67 # "
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A
' * (## * *

B++ 0 6 7 (+ ! * +
6 7 A 67 D 6 7 6 7 A D 6 7 A 6 7
6 7 + * 6 7 " 3 (# 6 7
* # ' ( " ((
! * 6 7 A 6 7 A ! " 6 7 A + (#
6 7 * " "9 * A (#
(## +! # (# ' 6 7 A " 6 7 A
@ # " " ## + ((! " #
" " ## (( > " 67 A !
6 7 A ! " 6 7 A > /" -" 6 7 ?+ 0 6 7 *
#
6 7 A 67 D 6 7 6 7 A D A

0" (##
6 7 D 6 7 A E 67 6 7F D E 6 7 6 7F
A 67 D 6 7
6 7
' ! * (" A 6 7 6 7 " * "
"9 ' *
6*
A
7 67 A 6 7 D 6 7
67 ( * 6
7 D6
7 "
0 6' 6

7 " " G
7 !
+ + 6* * *7
6#7 > " + #* * A
" A
+
* + + * # " + # 0 G
+
G! + #* *
A
67 > " > * " A #* A "
A 0

6 7 A A

6"7 ! (## +

"9! # ( !
( # ! ( # ! 1
+! A " A !

A

"

A

;*! "9!

A 6 7

"

A 6 7

> /*

A 6 7

, ! "- A

! # ! 6 7 6 7 A
' * *

6 7

2 ! "9! 0

,! (## ( .1 #" 6 D D
7 A # +
"
67 (## #" + 3. (## #" ( .
( .1 "9 ! (## * (##!
D A ! (## + * 31 (## #+
( 1 ( .1!
D A
6#7 (## # + (## ( .1 #"!

* # * + "(
( ( " "" . * (#
+" * # (( - "! # " " *
" "" " # * "

* (## * * ( ! (##
G

"= + 0 # ! " + "=
(( + " *
(+
(## * *
A

@ # (( +" 6 +"
H7
((
+" " A
D A A ! * (## " " "
* # +"
(## #+ ""3 #" +"
D D A A
. + (# # 0 / 2 * #
! (##
(# +( =(+ " ! ( * "- #
! * # ( * # (#
* (## G
! (## * (# =(+ G
*
67 ( (
< 6;"! 7! 6! 7! 6;"!
7! 6!
7!
6#7 .
0 / ;" " ""
#! (## G

( + " " ( G ( "+ " "! "
" (" ( " " * "+!

A "= "

* " - ! " * !
* " " 4 * * " -
* !
* " " ( #
((" " # * #

A
( ( - " ! I A
*
"= (# ! " * (/"! "= /

"= #
@ ( ( 3( " A
(#
* "= ( /
A (## * *
A
> ! A (# * "=
( " I A
!
(##
A

(# ( ( '
# # * "=
#! - # # *
#! " # # *
#! !
(#
(##
IEI
F
(# ( ( ' - (+ + = "=
J! - (+ + = J! " (+ +
= J! ! (##
A

I (# + * - '
. - - (! I + +
( " I + 1 +
( ! I I + * .
- - ( " 1 - ( !
(## 6II7I A

> + # " "" ! " "* " !
0" (## ( 67! 6#7! 67 ( (## -!
- ! # " (## ! # "

"

" * "" ( " K L ((
# + # +

> + (! " ( * +
;! # + # #
/
!

A !

! +

A D ! * #
@ ( ( # 6 "" (7
## #

A
# # "! (## *

*

I

# 6I I7 A ! +

(# ( " ( 2 (!

( (

* "9 ! (## A

(# # ("! " 0 /
D

"9 ! (## * *

D 6
D 7II
A

I

(# # ("! " 0 / 1
"!
"9 ! (## * *
A 6
6
7I

7II

(# + / # * +
* # ("
#
((
2= "! *" * * +

* "9 ("! <

:: " :: :

?( "! *!

* # "! <
::: :! :::: :!
! # * + * "9 ("

D
> (

( # 6""7
+ ##
#
# # # * " ##

# # C
##!
! (## * *

A
A

@ (

( # 6""7

(( +(
# # #

" # # C ((!
! (## * *

A

A

* ""+ +( * . !
# *

+ ( - " # " #

* + ( " 6 " * #
+ 7 (## * *

D
A

D

A

;! * * "+" ## # +(
(##

D

A

I
I
D
A D
I6
7I 6 7I6
D 7I

I D
A 6 7I6
7I
D
A 6 7I6
7I 6
D D 7

I

A 6
D 7I
A
D

I6
D 7I
67 ' * (

6 D 7 " (" 6 D 7 # # ! * # ""

6#7 ' * ( 6 7 " (" 6 7 # # ! * # ""

67 ' - (##
* *
"+" (##
! - *

A

6#7 # + # ' +(
! * (# - ;! #
(# # +

( .! 1! ! " % # * + ( "/
* # (" #
( . * "! # *
+
( "/ * # " # (
. ! ( 1 * "! # * +

( * # " # ( 1 .

( ! # * + (

"/ * # " # ( ! -

(##

* + "
* + *

" +
" !
* + * "

- ! - *

, "( * ! *

( 6 7! * # * A

# #* " " D D A ( 0 0

D ) " ) * - *" #
*" # ! " ( ) *" # " - ) D D A
" * (+
) 0! 0
D
.! 0 (" (
# ) #* ) + # * ! "
) " * * * ! # #

D
# 0<

> " ,
A ! * (

D A
D

+ " 0 D !
A 4*

A

,
A
D !

D
6 D 7
A
6 7

* "

A
! * /*

6 D 7 A

6
7

> ( # " 6

7 # D > " ( D + "
6
7 0 + " 6 7

6 D 76 D 7
A 6 D 7

A

D

A

D

A D

D

D

4*! (( "

D

D
A

/ - # 0 + " 6 7

$ Æ + "! " "" "-
"# " * . +
" /! " # /((" 6+ * 7 * "
"# ( + + Æ

> ( " # +"

( +" # * " Æ

A !
!

> /" # + " ( #9 * (!
! "

Æ

> " "" # +C #< !
" ! "
* "

+ " ( . 0

/! " ( ! (## A

* +
) 6 A 7 +

# (# 0 / ! (## * *

(# " ' # ((
+ "! # (( * " - #
(( (( - # (( * " # ((
# ( ( ( 0 # "=
+ # ! !
! ! ! ! ! * I A I 0 #

I6 I7
- # * + (( * + " !
# * # (( 6I7 ! " (##

6I7 A I
6
7
6 7

* "#+
" (
*

"#+
"
"
( "+" # "
" * "#+ " (!
"+" # " (" * # * !
! # * "#+
" (
"+"
#
" " " "+" # " ! - (##

* "#+ " (

* "#+
( " ( + 4 * *
* !
* "# + ( "
( + ! (## * "

I I
6I7 6 I7
A
I

6 I7

* "#+ " ( ( .!

1! ! " % * "#+ " ( . " "!
( 1 * "! ( # "! " ( % + "
;*! I * ++ ( " I
* "#+ " ( " ! (##
* "

I A
I6 I7

I

' * " "+ + # * ! (# +3

# > " (## ( +
! (## * "

III
A I

> " * " ( # ! * /*

A
> " +! #
+ "
, A
! * " /* ((
"
, A D " #
* *

6 D D 7 A

6 7

*

D D
A
@ A
A " A D >
6 D D 7 A 6 D D 7
* " A ! * /*

6 D D 7 A

6 7

* D D A

2 + " 6 7!
# D " (( # #

6 7

' 6 7!

A A !
A ! "
A !
6 7!
D D
A
" D D A
.!

A

! 6 7 #

*

D D
A

" * ( + (# ((
(## # # ' 0 + + "
+ + ( * # + " * +" #/+"!
# + # ++ " * ++" #

@ # ( * A
> * 6 7 >
(( " @ ( ( (
"
* - - " " ( ! " - (
! " " - (
. (
" " # " *
,! * ( ) - * * * "
4! ! * * + ! "+ +
" * (" * " 4! ("+ !
* + " ( !
"+ + " * " ,! ("+ !
( + " + + I * "

I 0 / ( ( (! *
6 7 A I A IIII

I
II
II
I
( 6 7 # ("

6 7 A

( (" "=! # 0 ! * "#+ ( (
0 / ' (! ( ( *" "= (#
-3" ( " * +" "
4! ( 6 7 A * ( )
+ - " " ! * * "
, ("+ ! * ( ) "
* " + * + * , # ("+
! I * + + " +" !
6 7

I
6I7 II
6 7 A
I A 6
I7 6I7
I
2 +! * * ( 6 7

6 7 A

(" + ( ( ( -3" #
4! (# ( * ! 6 7 A .((+
! * #

A A
@ ! ! " " " " ## *((

* 6 7 (( ##
*(( ."+ ! * ( (##
67 D 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 D 6 7
(## ( (( ## 3
# (( " ! "
6 7 A D D

D A
. ,+ ! 0" (+ D D , + ! * !
(+!
A
P1
B
P4
P6
P7
P2
P5
P3
,+ < ,+
A !
A
A !
A
A !
A A !
A A !
A A !
A A
! D D A

+ (# *
A > /" -" 1 0 6 7
! 0
A
D A

% - (## + * (( (##
(-" + (# ! *
A !
A
D A

! (## + (( A
@ " " # "! " * #
"! " " # # " "" (##
6 7 " * (( 0 6 7 * "
" # * # * " # #! #!
* 6 7 A ! 6 7 " 6 7

* " " # # ! 6 7 A
!
6 7 " 6 7 ,! * "
+! * # (# ! 6 7 A >
#" 0 6 7! * # "" (##!

6 7 A

@ " " "! " ! "
" ("+ ( ! 9! " ! (
(## " * # " 0 6
7 > 6 7 # ((+ 0 6
7 *
" " " ( ! 9!

" "! * 6 7 A 6 7
A
# #" 4! * "
" "
9 9 " ! *
6 7 A (## #

#" * 4
* " " "
! 6 7 A
(## "

# #" * ' " # "! *! 6 7 A (#

" " * # ,! # (#!
6 7 A ! (## * *

D D D

D D D

' (# (
(! #
("
!
# ("
@ A . "" !

A ! +
A
* (" (!
* ("!
(" ( ! " ("
(
*
(" ! "
* (" ;! I A (# ! "
(" ! (## A

" + ( " * " * # (" '
" ( + - " ( 6 A 7! A
( *
" * + ;! (# !
! ! !
A
" A
! "" (## (##
"

( + - " (! *

' * *

A 6 7 A
6 7 A
A

;*! ! * A ;!

A
6 7

> /*

A

;!

A

;*!

! ! #
!

A
E 67F A
6 7 A 67

' * *

A
6 7

4! # " +

6 7 A E6 7 F A

* + " "/ , A !
* +

* " * # ;! *

A

+ * " "
"" ,+
""
150
(65,150)
100
Electric
50
(200,15)
0
0 50 100 150 200
Water
,+
< B+ * " "

+
A

(##

A

67 D (# ( " # " ( "+

D
"* ! (## * # - (

6#7 D * " # ( - D ( "+

D D D
! (## A 6 D 7
( # # (# ! * # # "*
+" ;! * 67

* + ( * " " * # ("

* + " ( " + ( !
(## " ( * " "

A

1 " ( " "! + ( + "
;! (## A D 6 7 A

* + - ( * " " * # ("

* + " ( " + (
(## " ( * " "

A

1 " ( " "!
+ ( + "
;! (## A D 6
7 A

' ( #+ ! #+ # " ;!
" "9 ! " * # "9 " A
, ,+ ! (##
D D .!
6 7 A D D D
6 7 A D
1 #/+ "* (## + ( *! ( !
* # ""

(
" - ( #+
( * # " 6 7
+ (! " ;! * # " +
(! 0" 4* " ( #+ 6
7

* # " 6 7 !
6 7 !

6 7 ! ;! + ( * # " *+

# <

D

A

D
A
# 6#7 ;! ( * # " + ( "
#+ ! " * # "
67 ' " *+ # #! #* (
# *+ # # # *+ 3
# ! # # *+ # #
#* ( # *+ # #
*+ #! # D A
# # "
# (# # *+ # !
#

* #
6#7 @ " # "#" (# , "! ((
( +! A D
A A D A 6 7 A
! ( , "! (( (!
A
A D A D A D
( #

67 ! * /* D ! A D A
A
! A D
D 6 7 *

D 9 # #
D /
!
D

6"7 1 ( 6#7! ( + *+ # 6 7
" 6 7 ( # *+ #
' (

67! * (" # *+ # * ( + 6 7 #

D
! (## +

D
A 6
7I6
D 7I

I6

D 7I

67 (## ( + * ( 6"7

' ( " (+ ! " (## # 9
/ (## * ( + * " "# ""
" * "" ( " K & (L ( (
# + # " (## * "" (

' (!
" " (## + # " * /* "
"

' ! A " 6 7 A 67 6 7 A 67 6 7

A ! * 6 7 A ! 6 7 A
A " 6 7 A ! * 6 7 A 67
@ " (( ( #" ( ! A

! # ( #" (
6 7 A

6 7 A
6 7 A

6 7 A

"" (## (" (##!

@ # " # "* "*! " # # #
"* "* A
6 7 A D
6 7 A D D D
6 7 A D D D

6 7 A
D D

"" (## (" (##!

6 D 76 D
7

6 D 76 D D 76 D D
76 D D 7
(# ( + " (##
# * '! # ! + #"
" +! " " + # " +! (## * #
+
*< @ # " " +
# "! " # #" " + "
0 /#"!
67 A 6 7 A .! 6 7 A
"" (##
6 7 A
A

> /* 67 A " 6 7 A
! 6 7 A
A

'
* " 6 7 A 67 A ! *
6 7 A A

67 ' " # "! " 0 / # "
" " "! 0" (##
6#7 > /*! * #+ "! " " # "! "
= (## >
6# " "7 A 6 7 6 7 A A

. ! " (## - ! "
# (## - A

' +
(! *
A

A A
A
D D

A A

A

D D

A
A
A

D D

(## *+! * (##!
" @ A " A A 6 7
" A 4* (( " 6 7
6E F7 A 6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 A 67 D 67 67

4*! "" " + " + 0 # 67 #
6 7 A 6E F7 A 67 D 67 67

67 67
A 67 D 6 7 6 7

4 " ! * " " "(" (" "
"(" " " " " # "" " "3
(" # (( "+ * " 3# "
" ( . + " "" ! " * *
*" " * " " "(" "
" "(" + * + " + "#
/* - (
1) (
( " # " " + /* ( + 1
( " ( " + ' * ++
1 ( + * #( ! + # * +
' "" " " "("! #/
+ * #( *<

" " "(" (+ H

! "

+ " (

" * "" ( " K ) # L ( #
" ( "
" # ++ (#

' 6 7 ! 6 7 A 6 7 > (
6 7
6 7 A 6 7
A 6 7
6 7
A 67 6 7 D 6 7
6 7
A 67 6 7 D 67 6 7
6 7
A E 67FE 6 7F
6 7
A 67 A 6 7

6 7 A E6 7 F A 6 7
A E 67 D 6 7 6 7F
A 67 6 7 D 67 6 7F
A E 67FE 6 7F
A 6 7 6 7
# ! " 67 A ! * 6 7 A ;!

6 7 A A 67 6 7
(## * # + " (##
* 6 7
(## # * 6 7 A (##
*
(## * * - A ! " (##
* * " A
(## * *
! !
D
6 76
7 A

@ # ! " # @ #
" ! A
67 > * 6 7 > ( (## "
"("! * 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 ;
6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 A D A

6#7 > * 6 7 > (" 6 7 A
( 67 ! 6 7 A 6 7 A
! 6 7 A
A

(## # * # 0 (-" !
(## # * # 0 (# A
(##
* # 0" + (
!
(##
* # 0" ( 6
7 A

(## # * # 0" ( A

(## " * #

A A

"" (##
D D

D D D D

67 > " (## * " " * #
(## " * #

A

"" (## D D
6#7 * "= ( ("" " 67
* "= ( ("" ( 67 " ( 6#7

67 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6 7 A
A

6#7 "" (##

6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 A
D D
A

(## #+ ( 0 ( * ( (
" " ( " 6 76 7 0 ( (!
"" (## 6 76 7
(## ( * ( " 6 7 !
(## ( * ( " 6 7
'
( "! (## ( * ( " 6 7
' " # *
6 7
6 7

+6 7 + 6
7
+6 7 +! - 0
+6
7

+6 7
( ""
" (## * * >" ! * (##
* * ! -! ! " + ! " (##
(## * * + + 6 7 (## * * - +
0 (##
* - + . ("

(

! (##
! (## * *

+ " + "
! ( 1 +

(##! * # ! * 0

. " * (# (" + ++ # ("! +"
* * + # + , ( *!
+ ("! * >" + * ! -! !
+ ! (## * * # " " # +
(## * * ! -! ! " + ! " +
(## ' *! * #

' # * * 0 * * #" -
' " + # - " * # ! - *+
"(" < 6 7 - *! 6
7 - *! 67
" *! 67 " *! 67 " *
(## - +

A

@ " # + # # * " +
(# - " * "= *< 67 '
+ - * * (## 67 ' # "
+ - *! " #0 + # (##

" * # - * A > " ! "

+ # * #++ + ' =! #

* + * + +! " (## * #0 +
# + 6 7 ! # "+ * * * ! *
#

6 7 A D
6 7
6 7 A

" " + (# (## + * #
- # ) - *! " *! " *! ! "
(## , + # - *! # "
- *! " * (##

A

;!

6 7 A
A 6
7 A

@ " " # "! " * #
"! " " # # " > "
6 7 > (( 0 6 7 * " " #

* # (## + " # * # * #! *
6 7 A 6 7 ! 6 7 A 6 7 " 6 7 A 6 7 *
" " # # 6 7 A 6 7 ! 6 7 A 6
7
" 6 7 A 6 7 ,! (# ! 6 7 A !
"" (##
6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 6
7 6 7
( "(" ! * ( #

6 A 7! *
6 7 A 6 7 6 7
> ( # *+ (

" ;! *
*
6
7 A 6 7 6
7 6
7
(( 6

7 -" * A * " A
> * 6
7 -" * A
D > +! * A D
!
A
' *
6
7 A 6
7 6

7
+
* A ! *
" (
6
7 A 6 7 6
7
, !

A
! " ( (
6

7 A 6 7 6
7 6
7
' * *
6
7 A 6 7 6
7E 6
7F A 6 7 6
7
! * * "(" * *

A ! "(" *
D A # "(" *
C A 6! * A A 7! " +
( ! "(" +" * A A

, K L "! * " ( "("
6 7 A 6 7
"9 # " ' "("!
6 7 A 6 7 6 7
*
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7
6 7
, KL "! 6 7 A 6 7 "9 #
" > ( "(" !
* ( # ! ! ! 6 7 A 6 7 6 7
> " # "
,
A ! * 6 7 A 6 7 # !
4*!

" # ! !
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 > " ( # " "

6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6

7
'
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6
7
> " 6 7 A 6 7 "9 # " "
" " + " 0 (##

! * /*
6 7 A 6 7 6 7
#+ * 0 6
7 ( 6

7 "

, K L "! * " " "(" + " *
( 6 7 A 6 7 " " "(" + !
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 (
6 7 A 667 7
.!
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A 6 7
;! 6 7 A 6 7

, KL "! * 6 7 A 6 7! " * ( "

" "(" + ! * ( 6 7 A 6 7 6 7
> /*
6 7 6 7 A 6 7 6 7
# " 0 6 7 %" # " 0 # 6 7 "
( 6 7 A 6 7 + * 6 7 6 7 A 6 7 #
6 7 A 6 7 6 7

67 " "(" * (## 3
" (## (
+ (+ * (

A
A "= + (+
! (## + (+ * (
A

6#7 " "(" * (## 3
" (## (
+ (+ * (

A A
"= + (+
! (## + (+ * ( A

" * * "" " * 1) ((" -
0 ( (" (## (- ' * " "("
* ( (## #+ ( (## # #+
" #! # 1 " " #" (
" " ( + # " (# (
"
( +" * * " #+ "= ( (##
( + = C ( "+
* " " "= #9 (##

@ " " " "! "
"! " ! " " "
#"
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 A

6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 A

;!
6 7 6 7 A

6 7 A

> ( ( (# * @ #
+" */+ " @ # *+ "* @ #
" > " 6 7 A " 6 7 A 6 7 A @
# ( " > /" -" 67 > " 6 7 A
!
6 7 A ! " 6 7 A * (## * ( 67
*

67 A 6 7 6 7 A
D D A

+

! " (##
' ! *
6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
A
D A

' # 6 7 A " 6 7 A ;*! 6 7 6 7 "

6 7 6 7 A
! * *" 6 7 6 7! "

! # 6 7 6 7 6 A
7
' * * 6 7 A
6 7 A !
6
76 7
6 7 A 6
76 7 D 6 A
76
7 D 6 76 7
6 7 A
! * 6 7 6 7 , !
6 76 7
6 7 A 6
76 7 D 6 A
76
7 D 6 76 7
6 7 A ! * 6 7 6 7

@ " " "
6 76 7
6 7 A 6
76 7 D 6 76 7 D 6 76 7 A
' " # " " #" # "! (##
* ("" # # "" ( (

;*! " #" # "! (## +
! ( ( ' (! ! #+
" #+ "! # (##
" * # #"

"" (## 6 7 # " *<

67 6 7
67 6 7 D 64 7 6 4 7
A 6 76 7 A
6 76 7 D 6 76 7
' " # " + (" "+ (
! (## ( ( ! + (
! ' ! *! + ( ( !
(## ( ' *"! (##

( ( + * # / A !

# # " ((
"" (## 6@# 457 # " *<
6@# 7 645@# 7
6 7 645 7 D 6@# 7 645@# 7 D 6'" 7 645'" 7
A 6 76 7 A
6 76 7 D 6 76 7 D 6
76 7
67 @ " "9" ((! "
"9" ((! " # - (" +
0
6 7 6 7
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7

6 7 6 7

A A
6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6
7 6 7

6#7 ( (## # "" #" " ( 67<
6 7 A " 6 7 A @ " "" "
0

6 7 A
A

D
67 @ " ( (## * " ( (##

A

A

- A ! A ! A
! A ! " A

6#7 (## #+ " 0

6 7 6;" 7 A

A

67 ( (## *" * #

6 7
A A

6 7

! A A A
A " A (## #+ "
A

67 ' "! (## - " * # #"
6 7 ! ( (## * "
6 7
A
A

6 7

- A ! A ! A ! A

! " A
6#7 ' "! (## "" * # 0" #
" 6 7 ! "" (##

6 7 A

. 6 7 ! * + " 6

7 "-" >

* (" # * " 6
7

6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 A 6 7

6 7 A
6 7

A 6 7 6 7

* + " 6
7
1) ( (## 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 " 6 7 6 7 6 7 A ! * " -"
* 6 7 A
! * * 6 7 > /* 6 7 A 6 7 A " 6 7 A
6 7 A " "(" 6 7 A 6 7 A

> "+ (

"
( * -
( " ! (

6 7 6E F 7 6 E F 7

6 7 A 6
7

6 7 6E F 7 6 E F 7

' ! 6 7 A ! " ! ( (## + #
(+ # * ( #

> * * ( (## ( ( (## "+
0 6
7
(
(
(
(

# ( # * "
( - (
67 @ # ! " # * "
@ $ # * # " A
> (( 1)
" $ $
6 $ $ $ 7 A 6 $ $ 7 6$ $ $ 7
6 $ $ 7 6$ $ $ 7 D 6 $ $ 7 6$ $ $ 7
A 6 7 6
7 A
6 7 6
7 D 67
6#7 ' * ! ) * " ; ( (## #
* #
'

! (+ + / * ' ! *
(" 6 7 A
" 6 7 A
1)
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A 6 7

6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 6 7
D E 6 7F

A 6 7

D 6 7

> *" " "- 6 7 " ( , (!
6 7 A ! (+( *# (+!
6 7 A
A

D
* (## * ( 6 7
6 7 A

6 7

?+ # (

6 7 * #

(" (
# ( (## (
+
* * ! ( A
! " * +
6 7 *+ " + 6 7 * *+ #+ 6 7
A ! *+ * + 6 7 ! *+ " +
* #

>
@ #
#" ( " > /" -" 6 7 A
> "
6 7 @ # ( " , ! 6 7 A
!
6 7 A ! " 6 7 A ( " "(" +
! (## (# 0 ( * "
6 7E 6 7F " 0!
6 7 A
A

6 7 A A

6 7 A A

( " 1)
6 7 A
D
D
A
1) *
6 7 A
A

6 7 A
A

6 7 A A

' " -"
' * * 6$/ $ 7 " * * +
9- "+ * * " # +
2 "! " " /( 9- "+ *
"+ $/

" *+ ((! * #" "

< (( $/ + !
(## #+
( ! * (" !
D
D ! (( (#
+ !
, (!
! (## * # "
(( +" * " ("+ >""! "
' ! + (## >""! (## * # " ,"
(( (## * # " " ' ! (##
" * # " (( +" *
* - " ' ! (##
A "
A !
+ ' ! * ( 67 " ( 6#7 "
(( J $/ !
(*
* +!
! * + 0
, (!
! + *+ <

> $/ + *! "

(( $/ (( 0# ! " " +
. * # (( 0 +
! * * # " ! * $/ # +
! (## * # !
(" ((
( " " * $/ * (( 0# + *+
! * (" "" #/<
' ( +

(! $/ * (( 0#
# ! " + (" $/ ! (" 9- $/
$ " ""

$/

A

67 ' * ( (## # * +

A
D

D
A

6#7 *3( !

D D

A

D D

67 ! * +
6#7 6 76 7 A
67 (## * # " " 6 76 7
6 7 A "" (## A
" " >""! * - (

A

! * 67 " 6#7
67 , ! (## * # " ! *
6 76 7 A
6#7 , ! (## * # " ! *
6 76 7 A

@ A 6
7
67 * * # " ( > ( A 6
7!
(##
6#7 * * # " ( > ( # (+ #
+ 6
7! (##
67 * * # " ( A 6
7! *

' 6" *7
@ 2
@

2
67 6 76 76 7 A
6#7 6 76
76
7 A

?+ ! "

A

! * 67
" 6#7
@ A 6 7
67 * * # - ( > ( A 6
7!
*

6#7 * * # " ( > ( A 6
7!
*

67 ' "

A

* + # " * " "
6#7 * - * " " !

@ A

67 (## ! ! ! " ! * # (
6#7 0" (## * # (
67 0" (## * # (
"

' "

A

! * 67 " 6#7

67 ?+ (## " ! *

A

6#7 ' "

A

@ A (## ! " * # 0
( " ( +! / *
#
D

( (# < 6$$$ 7! 6$$% 7! 6$% $ 7! +
( " (## (# 6

D 7
+ (
"(" 6

7 "
! *
$/ * (## *
*+ ( * ("+ 6$$$ 7 " 6% % % 7 @ & "
# $ % ! 0 * 6&7 ( *
6$ 7 " 6% 7! * G
' 6$$$ 7 *! (
6$$% 7 ! * ' 6% % % 7 *! ( 6% % $ 7 *

* * ( # "+ (! * # # "+
( " # #! (# (("
$/ ! ! !
! ! ++ # " # # (# (
#
( "(" (
(!
* $/ .! # "* " "+ (! (##
"(" ;! (## '
" # # ! * + # (## *
+ " # # ! * * ! - * 6 7
' * * " #! * # * (## > ( * *
"* * " # * (## * + 6(##
7!
6(## D

7! +
6(##
7
" * 6
7 ' * *
" #! * * (##
G
" * ( * " * (## G ! " * 6 7 ' *
* " #! * " * ( # " * (## G !
* 6
7
> /" # " " - * (+
, " *! ( +( " ! (# =(+
" * (## G
# " " # *
( * =(+ " + "("! * *
+ * (## 6
7 A " * * + * (## G
+ (##! G
! (## , - *! ( +(
" (# =(+ " '""! " "
* * " * " + (## *
> ( (## " " ,
- "! * #
D
D
A

- " +

"(" #/ ' "
-"

'
$/ # "" # ""! ( (
+ "" $/ * (##
+ # ! (#
D + ' 6 A 7
!
D
* D * (## " * * (## A '
" ! *
! 6 D 7 6 D 7 *<

A

0 6
7 + ;!

!

, A ! 0 6
7 " ! * G

(## *+ + 9 " #

' + # "! " 67! 6#7! " 67!
+ #
" ;! A
' * A ! * 0 6
7
(## * * " " 67! 6#7! 67

A 6 7
6 7
' " ( + * ! * *
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
+ + # ! (## *+ !
+ (## *+ " " 67
' * " (# ( * + # ! ( +
# ;! # (" "#" !
* (## *+ * + !
+ # + (## *+ * +! * ("
" 67
' ! A A
" A D
A 6 D
7 ' " / ! *

' A
! A ! A D
! # 0 6
7!

A

' * "

! *
' A ! A
" A D
! # 0 6
7
A

A 6
7

6
7
1 # 6 7! * ;! ( +

(# # (" + #) (# (( #

+ # " + # "! + # * * " + # *
" #" ! " + # * * " + # *
#" " A ' D * 1) !
" " ' A D " ! A A
! 0"
(## + # 0 6
7 * A " A ! " *
' A ! 0"
(## + # 0 6
7 * A " A ' ! * # ("

D

(# # (" + #) (# > " + #
# - " " + # # " & # * "
+ # # "! " + # * " + #
# " A A ! " A A
! * 0 6
7
(## + # * * 6" # * # (7 ! (##
# * # ( -

@ 67 A
67 A 6 7 D 6 7 6 7

6 7 D 6 7 6 7 A 6 7

67 ( (<
$% %$
$$% %%$
$$$% % % % $

6#7 6$$% % % $ 7 A D A

6 7 A 6 7 " 6 7 A 6 7 ! * 6 7 D 6 7 A
;
6 7 67 6 7 6 7
6 7 A
! " 6 7 A 6 7 A

6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 A 67 D A 67

(## #+ # A

;! (##

#+ # -
" #0
A ;! 0" (## A

6 7 A 66 7 A A 1 ! # "("!

7

6 7 A 67 6 7 A E 67F
;! E 67F A ! 67 A
' * *
6 7 A 67 D 6 7 6 7 A 6
7 D 6
7 6 7 A
" * * # "("
4! 6 7 A # 67 6 7
@ 67 A 6 7 A 6 7 A ! 6 7 A ! 6 7 A ! # 0
6 7! A D
D E D D F D ! " A
6 A 7 A
E6 7F D
E6
7F D
E6 7F A
6 76 7 D
6 76 7 D
6 76 7 A

6+ 7 A

* * 6 7 *+ <
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
6
7 6
7 6
7 6
7 6
7 6
7
6 7 6 7 6
7 6 7 6
7 6
7
6 7 6
7

( (## ! *

A
@ ! ! " " " ( "

67 > * 6 7 > '"(" / (
(##
6 7 A D D E D D F D A
6#7 2 +! "(" (##
6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 A 6 76 76
7 D 6 76 76
7 D 6 76 76 7
A
+ *
# 0" " * - +
(## 6 7 ! (

6 # " #7 A I A

A 6 # * #7

6 # # 7 A

@ # # #

6
7 6
7

D A

6 7 A 61 #7 A D

- #! (# * # #
! "9! " (##

;! (## # * #

6( D ) A 7 *! A <
# #

6( D ) A * D 7 A 6( D ) A 7 6* D A 7

A 6 7 D 6
7 D D 6 7 A

@ " # " 6 A 7

6 7 A A A

6 7 A

A

A #

6 7 A A

A &
6 7 A +
;! # 0 6 7!

A
D &D

! 0" (##
A

@ # " # " 6 A
7 " 6 7 A

A A
A

"("! * 0 6 7 0" (##
6 7 A D D D

@ " *

* * - " *
- ! * (## ! # ( - " +

#0 *! * (## 6 7 6 !

7 ;!

6 7 A D 6 7! " 6 7 A (# " # " # +

- D

D

D

* * * - 6(##
7 ( -
6(## G7 " #0 * ;!
6 *7 A D 6 *7

" 6 *7 A
! * * - " * - ! (
- " #0 * ;!

6 *7 A D 6 *7
" 6 *7 A

! 6 *7 A
A

@ "

6 A 7 A 6 A A A A 7
A 6 A 7 6 A A 7 6 A A ,"& 7

A A

@ # ( ! " #

6 7 A 6 76 7
6 76 7 D 6 76 7 A

6 7 A 6 76
7 D66 76
7

76 7 D 6 76 7 A
6% B "7 A 6 766 7 76

7
A

67 A
D 6
76 7
6% 4 B "7 A 6 766 7 76
7 A
6#7 A
D 6 76 7

@ " ' " # 0" - ( " " ( !
( A
" -
- ( "

"! * (##
, ! '
" -

" ( ! * (##

;

6' 7 A 6'
A
7 6 A
7

A
A A

@ " #! "

+
6 7 A 6
7
6 7 A 6. +7 6. #7 A 6
7 6
7
;!
6 7 6
7
6 7 A A
6 7 6
7
67 @ " # "!

A
7
6 A

7 A 6
6

7

6
7
A A
6
7
A
D
D
6
7 D
D
D
D
6#7 0" (## (## #+ " * !

67 @ " # "

6 A 7 A A

6
7 A 6 A 67A 67 A 7
A

6#7 @ " " #"! " $ "
#"

67 A 6$ 7 A

A

0" (##
6$ 7 67

6$ 7
A

(## ( ! ! * # (" (

(##
* # (" (
! (## ! " ! * # (" (

' * (##
* # ("
(! * (+ * * # ("

A
(## * (-" * # (" ( E
6
7F
(##

* # (" (
! (## * (-" ! " ! * # ("

6
7
( ' * (## *

* # (" (! * (+ * ( * # ("!

A

6
7

(## " * #
67 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 A 6 76 7 D 6
76 7 A
(## " * # " " * #
67 6 7 A

;! 0" (##
A

1 ! (## ## *(3
( . # ! (## ##
*(( . ;! 0" (## A
. # # ( + (" *< ( # " 0
/ # 6 7! 6 7! 6 7 ' 6 7 6 7! 9 * (" !
( ' 6 7! 9 0 / (" ;! 9 ("
! " (## ( # " 6 7
E6 7 (F A 6 7

6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7

A A

D D

! (## * # "
* # 0" 9
* * + (## 9 * (" ! + 6 7! "
#

*<
+
D
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7
+
6 7
6 7

' " ( - + ! *+ * 0 *
(+ + <
7 # - + ! # " + ! # " + M
7 # - + ! # " + ! # " +
(## - 0 67 67 67 A (## " 0
67 6
7 67 A ! (## " * ( +
+ ' # -" * * # " ( - +
" ( - +
" ! * / * "! 0 * "

" " # " ( '
! *
A " A - " A
" A " ;!
A
! * 0 6
7 + # (## G
+ + #
' A
! * 0 6
7 (## - " -
*+ * 0
A 67 A

-
67 67 D
- A
67 A
67 67 D

;!
! 67 " - - '
! 67 " - -
67 "" 0 / (( ( 0! * ((
# # - (## ((+ - * *

6#7 ' ! " "9 " 6 7 A # * -
"" 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A 4! " @
" * /( *+ * "" ' ! *
/ "" + ( " +
( " "" ' ;*! !
* # * + * "" " *
A A ! * A " 6 7 A 6 7
6 7 A 6 7 " ! " # -
"" (( - ( " (## +
6 7
67 ' * " + ! * (

A

A 67 A 6 7 6 7 A

, A ! * / A ! - (" C "
A
"" (## - "" * # #
* - *
6"7 ?+
* ! *

A

A

* " # ! #

* * + (!
"+
67
A
D
! *
A D D D
'

! "
2 "!

!

;! * " #

67 ,
A ! - *

! * " A > ( A

+
(## #+
+ ! (##

6 7 # 0 6 7 A &! * & A

1 /+ (# " ( ! * -" A
! A ! A
! A ! A !
" A
;! ( 6 7 *<

6 7 G G G G
G G

"
, A ! (## #+

, A
! (## #+ " #

"" (## A ! !
! ! ! " ( #
# (## + #/ #/ ("+
A " A

(( (" " * (## " (" "
* (## ' " # " #" *
("! " # * # "# * (
A
" A 1 +! *! ' " # "
#"! ' * # "# * (
A " A , !
' A ! " ' " * 6 7 A 6' 7
## # "# *
A " A + # #/
#/ 6' 7 * # A
! "
# " # #" * # "# * (
A
" A
0" (## # " # # (## #/ #/
."" ( #
A
" A A A
2 "" ( #
A A " # *

67 ( 6 7 A &6 D 76 7 A * & 6 7 A ! &

6 D 76 7! * 0
! & A
6 7 A 6 D 76 7

A
6#7 6 7 A E6 D 76 7 D 6 D 76 7 D 6 D 76 7F
A
' * #/ A * * /

67 0 ! + 67 # (
&
' " (-" # (! # A 0

A 1 A ! # &

&

" * # " (## "# "
. + "# + " (! "
+ + * * + # "#

> ( 6
7 # ++ ("

A

A
A

(" (( ,+
4
3
0 1 x
,+ < ,+

67 A

6 7 A

6#7 A

6 7 A

67 A 6 7 A

(" (( ,+

−3 0 3 x
,+
< ,+

67 6 7 A 6 7 A

6#7 6 7 A 6 7 A

6 7 A
67 6
7 A

* ( 67 " # #" " (" #
( A ! (## A " (## + A
# 0

67 >
6 7 A

& A & A

! & A (" (( ,+
1 2 x
,+ < ,+

6#7 6 7 A

67

A ! " A ;! " A

6#7 6 7 A
! " A
;! " A

# #* " > *

!

!
' A

!

!

> " * # * "- '

! # (##
* # 0 ' * *
6' A 7 A

6 7 A

A

6' A 7 A 6 7

A

6' A
7 A 6 7

A

6' A 7 A 6 7

A

6' A 7 A 6 7

"# " + ! ("
# + ;!

6 7 A

67 >

6 7 A & (6
7 A & A

! & A

(" (( ,+
,+ < ,+

6#7 6 7 A (6
7 (67
6 D 7 A ! & 6 7 A

67 >

&
6 7 A A
& A
6 7

& A
(" (( ,+
0 1
,+ < ,+

' " # " + 6 7 # # + + # "
A ! " 0 ' ! !
(" # + "! ! # # +

6#7 6 7 A 6
7

6 7 A & 6 7 A

> -" " ' " " " # ' . 67 A 6' 7
' ,+ ! (+ ! ' 6 7 6
7 A 6 7
> " "" # +!
!
" '

!
. 67 A
6 7 !

! (! 6' 7 A

" " 0 (" 3
( " -" #/

" . 6 7 ' 9 ( A 6 A 7 A ! " 9 ( "
A " / " ,+

1.0
•
0.8
0.6
F(x)
0.4
•
0.2
0.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
,+ < %

" (( ,+
1
0.8
0.6
0.2
−2 0 1 4 x
,+ < %

; 6 A
7 A

A
! " (( ,+
1
0.75
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
,+ < %
# # " = -+ " # #+ * # = -+

67 9 ( A . 6 7 . 6 7 A
6#7 " A . 6 7 A
67 " A . 67 A

6"7 9 ( A ! 6 A 7 A
67 . 67 . 67 A
67 . 6 7 . 67 A

6+7 . 67 . 6 7 A

6 7 . 6
7 . 6 7 A
67 . 6
7 . 6 7 A
697 . 67 A
6/7 . 6 7 A
67 . 67 . 6 7 A

. 6 7

6 7 A A

6 7 A " A (" (( ,+
0 3 x
,+ < ,+
6 7 A
. 6 7
A (6 7 !

6 7 A (" (( ,+
3 x
,+ < ,+
' " # " + (" ( #"" * !
" - " 0
" (( ,+
6/ 0 7 (## / * " 0 " + (##

. " 0 A 0 0
. "
" (" ,+

6' A 7 A 6 7 A " 6' A 7 A 6 7 A
.! ' "#
#* ' A " ' A ! * (##
! . 67 * #
*
" (" ,+

F(x)
1
-2 0 8 x
,+ < ,+

F(z)
0 1 z
,+
< %
-" 0 . 67 * * /* "! * . 6 7 A "
A M AD M 6 7 A M A
D
0 . 67 A 6 7
. ! * . 6 7 A "

A M
A M A
0 . 67 A

2 +! * . 6 7 A "
(6 7 A M A +67M A D +67
0 . 67 A D +67
5B (## + 0 ?+ ( !
0 "# E

F

A

! 5B (##

F(y)
1 •
0.6
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 y
,+ < %
?+ # # (## #/ #/! * ( " .

# "# * ( "
> -" - . 6 7

! . 6 7 ! " . 6 7 - * " "

. 6 7
! 0 " ! * "

# "# " " ( "
(+
H
" 9 (" " " (
" # (" ' ( " * (##
+! * #

67 @ (" + # & +
!
+ ("
& A ! & A

6#7 6 ' 7 + (" ( + * +
"" ,+ + (C" * 6 D
7
A +
G
+ A 6 ' 7

* " # + *+ #<
67 " * #<

6#7 #<
67 (( #<
6"7 6! 7! 6 ! 7! 6
!
7! " 6! 7<

1.0
0.8
0.6
y
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
,+ < B+ *
67 6 ! 7! 6
! 7! 6! 7! 6
! 7! 6! 7! 6!
7<

67 ' * 6 7
(# ( 6 7! * # &
# 0 ! * & A
6#7 6
7 A 6 7
A

67 6 A 7 A 6 7 A

6"7 * " # + 6 7 *+ (< 6

7! 6
7! 6
7!
6 7! 6 7! 6 7! 6! 7! 6! 7! 6 ! 7! 6 ! 7! 6 !
7! 6
! 7! " 6
!
7

67 6 7 A & A
& + # !

* & A

6#7 + * + "" ,+
y
0 1 2 x
,+ < B+ + 6#7
6 D '
7 A 6 7
""
+
A

A

67 + * + "" ,+

1
1
2
0 2 x
,+ < B+ + 67

'
A
A

6"7 + * + "" ,+
,+ < B+ + 6"7
6 7 A A

67 (## 6 ' 7 * A 9 "#
67 1 / + A ! * -" ( #*
.! ( # 3 ! (
"" + ,+
1 y
y = 1−x2
−1 0 1 x
,+ < ,+ 67

;!

6 7 A &6
D 7 A &

! & A
6#7 '+ " "" + ,+

A 6 7 A
6 D 7 A

""
+

−1 0 1/2 1 x
,+ < B+ + 6#7
67 + * + "" ,+

y
y=x+1
1
−1 0 1 x
,+
< B+ + 67
6' D 7 A 6 7 A 6 7
"" ""
+ +

A 6 D 7 A

6"7 (## 6 ' 7 * A 9 "#
67 + "" + ,+

! " 9 ("
y
1 4y + x = 4
4 x
,+
< ,+
# ! #

6#7 (## 6 ' 7 * #+ # (( #
!
E6 ' 7 F A A 6 7 A -

67 6 7 * # 0 (## 6! 7 " 6! 7 "
(## ( ( 0 " "" +
,+
(## ( * # ( 0

(0,1) (1,1)
(0,0)
1/4 (1,0) x
,+
< ,+ 67
6 D
D D 7 A
(## *
"" +! + ( !

A D D 6
7 A

6#7 + * + "" ,+

,+
< ,+ 6#7

6 D ' 7 A D
D D 6
7 A

67 9 " " *3"=# + +! 9 "3
# " ' !
6
" '
7 A 6
" '
7 A

D
A
. 6

7 . 6
7 . 6
7 D . 6 7 A

6#7
6
"
' 7 A 6
"
' 7
A . 6 7 . 6
7 . 6
7 D . 6

7
D
A

A
67 ! . 67 A " . 67 A ,
!
. 67 A

. 6 7 A
6 D 7 A
6 D 7

6"7 > 6 7 A " ' + *

1 . 6 7 6 D
7
6 7 A A
1 1

y
4
0 3 x
,+
< ,+ 67
67 + * + "" ,+

6' 7 A 6 7 A 6 D
7 A

""
+
(## (
(( # +!
9 (" " ' + " = + #
+
!
! 9 ("
6 7 A

" !
*
67 6 7 -"

6
7
(67 I A (67 (6
7 A (67

* - 0 * (* ( (6

7 +
+ " #
6#7 > ( 6 A 7 # ++ 6 7 <
6
7 (67 A
6 A 7 A
I

" + " * + (# / "
6 7 2 6 72 67 6 7 ( 6 7 ! # ")
"" C " " 6 7 ( 6 7 A >
* + (") # ( ! 6 7 ( * 6 7 67
# + 6* " ( " 7! - "
;! " "(" 6 7 ( 6 7 #
+ 2 ! 6 7 A 2 6 72 67 6 7 6 7
* " + Æ "("! # Æ
#* * (

9 (" + * " ( " ! !
+ * 0 + ! &
! ! + * 0 +
! 2 0 +
A E6 76 &7F + (") " '

!
6 7 A
*!

& !
67 A &

*

67 , A
! *
6 7A

6 D 7 A 6
D 7
6 7 A

! A
! *
67 A

6 7 A 6 D 7 A 6 D 7

6#7 " ' "(" # 6 7 A 6 7 67 (#
"
67 ,
*
6 7A 6 7 A

.! 6 7 A "

! !

67 A 6 7 A

.! 67 A "
6#7 " ' "(" # 6 7 A 6 7 67 "
67 >

" '
A 6 7

A 6 7 67

A 6 7 67 A 6 7 '

! # "- "(" * ! ("

!
* + "("
> *! * + # ! # + *<
" # " ' "("! "

"(" *

'
"(" ' ! * * #
"("
67 + * 6 7 3C "" + ,+
' #
y
1
−1 1 x
,+
< ,+ 67
(# -" ;! 6 7 A
" , *
6 7
6 7A 6 7 A

! # / (# ' -"
' ;! 67 A " , ! *

67 A 6 7 A 6 7

6#7 " ' "(" # 6 7 A 6 7 67

67 " ' "("!
6 7 A 6 A " ' A 7 A 6 A 7 6' A 7 A

6#7 6 A ' 7 A 6 7 A A

67 6 ' 7 A 6 7 D 6
7 D 6 7 D 6
7 D 6 7 D 6
7 A
67 " ' "("

!
6 7 A 6 7 67 A 26 7267 A
*
6#7 " ' (## 9 "#! 6 A ' 7 A
67 " ' "(" " # * (## "#!
# 6 ' 7 A 6' 7 6 A ' 7 A ! * 6
' 7 A

6"7 6 D ' 7 A 6 "" + / 7

A 6 7 A

y
2
0 1 2 x
,+
< ,+ 6"7
6 7 A " + " 6 7 # " 0 67 " +
6 2 6 7 A
" 2 67 A (677! * " ' "("
. + 6 7 # " 0 67 " + * 6 7 !
6 7 " +! +! ( " ' # "("
64 " ((" ( " 6 7
7 , (! 6 7 0 67 * * 6 7 A 2 6 72 67
6 7 A " 6 7 A ! # 2 6 7 " 2 67 ;*!
6 7 A ! # 2 6 7 A 2 67 A " !
C 67
67 6 7 + " ! * 6 7 A
" " 6 7 A " 4!
!

6 7A 6 7 A A

.! 6 7 A * !

67 A A

.! 67 A * ! + "# # " ' "3
#
6#7 6 7 A 6 7 67 " ! * " ' "("
67 6 7 ,+
! " *
y
1
x2 + y2 = 1
−1 1 x
−1
,+
< ,+
6 7 A " " 6 7 A " 4! (# +

, ! 6 7 #* 6 7 "

6 7 ;! !

6 7A A 6 7

.! 6 7 A * 1 ! " # ' * +
("
6#7 6 7 A 6 7 67! " ' "("
" * " ' "#
" # " * " ! * " ' "
"# + * " (
@ " ' " * (! " #
$ " ' (" 6! 7 " "("
! 9 (" " '

! !

6 7 A
*
> 6 ' 7! * 0 (## ( 6 ' 7
"" + ,+
9 (" " ' 0!
y
60
10
0 10 60 x
,+
< ,+
(## 0 6 "" +7 "" + !
0" (## A

?+ 9 (" " ! * 9 (" " '
+ * " ( " ! (
" ;! " ' "("

> "+ " "# + " #! (
* "+ (##! (( / (( *
# (+ # ( " * "" *3# .!

(" "" " " "#
+ ' A + " "# + ' ! #
* ") * ( *
6 1 ("7 #+
( " "# " (## ' A
.! " "# # 9 / "# ' (!
" (## # " " () " " (") *
(## " () " (") .! # " (
" * " # 9 / +

> #+ # -"+ + (" ' * 6 7
E6 7 6 7 F ! + (" ' ! !

A
6 7

67 A A

" * " (" + ' A 9 (" +
(" 9 "

2 6 7 A
6 7
6 7 6 7 !
*

67 > 687 A D
D A !
6487 A 68 " 47 A A
687
6#7 * * " "
" + " >
6$ 7 A D D D A

!
6$ 7 A 6
" $ 7
6$ 7

A
A

9 (" " ' ( ( " * /
" 9 (" " ' ! 9 (" <

6 7

6 7 A
*
' # ,+
(# #*
" !

6 7A A E 6 7 F

(1,1)
(−2,−2) S (4,−2)
(−5,1)
,+
< ,+
67 ' *
"
E 6 7 F
D E 6 7 F
6 7
2 6 7 A A E 6 7 F
6 7
6#7 > A
! * ( 67

D
2 6 A
7 A

*
!

6' A
7 A 2 6 A
7 A A

D

67 , + ("

67 A 6 7 A &

D

! " ! " (" : + ' A

6 7 D
2 6 7 A A
67 D

' " # " * " "
" ("
6#7 > ' A
! * ( 67

D
2 A
A
*
!

' A
A 2 A
A

67 9 (" 6 7 + # 0 6 7 " + (" 67 * +
( ;! " *
2 6 7 A
6 7
A
67 6 7 +6 7
6#7 > ' A ! * ( 67

A A 6 7 +

2
*
!

A A + + +
A

' A A 2

6 7 A " + * " ( " " 6 7 #
" 0 67! * 2 6 7 A & 6 7 " 2 67 A ! * " ' "("
" # , ! + (" 67 # (( 2 67
' *"! 67 # ;! N "#
E F "

67 A
*
67 " ' "("! " (" ' +
+ (" 67
6#7 " ' "("!
6 '
A 7 A 6 '
7 A 67 A

9 (" " ' ( " + * ,+ '
,+ (# #* "
;!
!
y
0 2 x
,+ < ,+

7
6 7A 6 7 A 6

67 ' *
"
!
6 7

2 6 7 A A
6 7
6
7
6#7 > A
! * ( 67

2 A
A 6 7 !

*
!

'
A A 2 A A

67 *
6 7 A

6#7 , + (" '

67 A

6 7 A 6 D 7

;! " !
2 6 7 A

D
D
> ' A ! *
2 6 A 7 A

D

;!
6 ' A 7 A 26 A 7 A

67 , + ("

6 7A 6 7 A

D

;! "
2 6 7 A

D

D
> A ! *
2 6 A 7 A
D

;!
6' A 7 A 2 6 A 7 A

@ ' " 6' A 7 A 6' A

7 A
'
"# " "# ' " ;! 9 "#
" ' " "#! "#" ' ! 9 (G(" " '
*<

A A "

6 7 A A A
"

*
67 ' * !

6 7A 6 7 A D

" 6 7 A *
6#7 , A
" *
6' A A 7 A 2 6 7 A 6 7
6 7
;!

' A A A A A

D

@ ' A " #" * " " ' A #"
6' A A 7 A " 6' A A 7 A ' ! "#
" "# ' " ;! 9 "# " ' "
"# "#" " ( ' + A

A
2 6 7 A A
*
+ (" 6 7 + ! " 9 (G(" " ' 6 7
A 6 72 6 7 ! *

6 7 " A
6 7 A 6 7 " A
*
, ! A
6' A 7 A 67 A 6 7

;!
6' A 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 A

6 " # "" # + (" 6 7 # (
A
7
' * * " (" : + ' A !
26 A 7 A 6 6' A 7 7 A 6
7 A
6 7

@ . # " ' # " ! * *! A !

6' 7 A . 6 D 37 . 6 37 A
3 6 7
* * 3 0 *
6' 7 6 7
6' 7 A 6 7 6 7
!

67 A 67! " 6 7 6 7 A

67 9 (G(" " ' (" 672 6 7
6 7 A
6
7 (67 I " A !
*
+ ( #" # ++

6 7A
6
7
(67 A

I
A
6#7 " (" ' + A 9 (G(" 67
2 67 A
6
7 (67I A (67
6 76
7

67 " (" ' + A 9 (G(" 6 7
2 6 7 A
6
7 (67 I A (67
6 76
7

6"7 * " (")
2 6 7 (67
2 67
A (67 A
+ (" * #
! * " / +

(+ H " ( " "(" " #
( ( 1 ! # " 1 ! + ((
"" (( ( " # " ' ++
+ " 1 6" 7 " # /(("

67 >
6 7 A &

+ # 0 ! * & A
6#7 , "
6 7 A

6 7 A 6 D D 7

67 " (" + A " A !

2 A A
A A D

!

A A A
D A

67 ,! + > " ( & 6 7 * (

* "" " * (# ( ( 6 7! 6

7!
" 6 7 1 ! - " * +
+ ' !
&E
F A & & A
& 6
7

' ! +
&E

D F A &
& D & A & 67

,! (# 6 7 ( ((+ #* 6 7 " (3
+ *<
6 7 (
6 7 6 7
6 7 6

7
6 7 6

7
6 7 6 7
+ (# 6 7 ( + &! & A
6#7 + 9 ( 6 7 + # + & A 6
7 " 67 " +
# #
6 7 A
6 7 6 7 6 7!

6 7 6 7 6 7
67 " (" + A " A 9 (G(" "
A A <
2 6 7 A

6 7 !
*

(" " # ( 9 " (+ *
* #/
67 >
7 A &
6

+ # 0 ! * A ' " "!
+ *" 0 (67! & A (67
6#7 , ! !
6 7 6 7 A (E6 D 7F

' " "! " ! 6 7 A (6 D 7

67 ' ( + +C " # ! ! " "("
# 9 (" 6 7 # " 0 67M ! 6 A
7
6 7 A 6(6 77 A 6
(6 776 (6 77
' *
6 A
A 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 A (6 7 A

,
* " # #" * ( + "(" ! "
# + - + 9 ("
6 7A 6 7

+ " ("
6
7
2 6 A
A 7 A
6
7
" - + (##
6 A
A 7 A 26 A
A 7

' " "! (## (
9 (" 6 7 #
A A

* 6 7 A 6 7 ;! (## # * #

0 #
67 ( 6
7 D 6
7 D 6
7 ( "
* ( 6

7 ;! ( " * #
( ! ( ! " (##!
6
7 A

6#7 ( & D D ( " * + 6! !
7 ;! ( ;*! ( !
* " +! ;!

( * ! " (##! A
67 (##
"(" ( * (( ("
!

"" (## " 0

6#7 (##
"(" ( * (( ("
!

"" (## + (( " 0 6 7

!

(## ( * (( 6 7

" # " " ( ! (## (
# * # 0 ( 6 7! " (##
# *
# 0 ( E 6 7F ;! (##
# * # 0!
* (- ! E 6 7F
"
(## ( # * 6! #7 A 6 7
# "("! (## # *
6! #7 6 7 ! 0" (##

6 7

, + ! " # ' ' "! * (" 26 7
! " 9 (" ' ' + A

! A
!
46 7 A 26 7 26 7 A
*
9 (" " ' ' ! !

(6 7 6 A
7
6 746 7 A
I
*
9 (" ( " " + ' *"!
# + A
67 , 6 A
7 + 9 (" ' '
2 6 7 A 6 746 7 A
(6 7 A (67

I
I
6#7 , 6 A
7 " (" : + ' A 6 A
7
6 746 7 (66 77 !
2 6 7 A A
2 6 7 *

67 A A
! * /* "#
"#! " A

6#7 > /* 6 A 7 A @ A 6 7 < A 66 7 7 A
;*! ! 6 7 A (# 9 ("

+ (" /
(6
0 7! 0 " " " +
/ A 0 * (" 0 (60 7! / 9 (" 6/ 7 0
0 (60 E
D
D D F7 # ( + 9 (" #" # ++ 0

67 A
0 (60 E
D D D F70 A

6
D D D 7
;! * (67 A I

" ("

/ + A 6 7
2 60 7 A
6
D D D 7 0 (60 E
D D D F7

0
"("! 9 (! ("! (G("
6 7 A 6 7 6 7
* ( (" ' * + * #
9 (! ("! (G(" 0 6 7 6 7! * " *
/ "("

@ 46 7 # + 9 (" " ! " 4 67 # + ("
46 7 A 6 7
4 67 A 6 7
6 7
2 6 7 A
4 67
"
46 7
2 67 A A 64 6 7 7 A 2 6 7
4 67
@ 6 0 7 # 9 (" 6 / 7 @ 6 7 # + 9 ("

6 7 " (" + 6 7 A 6 7
" "
6 0 70
A 26 0726 0726 07 6070 A 26 07 26 07266 077 607 0
6 7 6 7

."+ 1) " #! + 2 60 7 ?+

(- ! * +

0 (60 7 6
D D 7 0 (60 6
D D 77

A 6
D D 7

0 (60 6
D D D 770

A 6
D D 7 6
D D 7

A

6
D D D 7 6
D D D 7
9 (" 6 7 # (" 9 (" 6 7 "

6 7 A

6
D D D 7
6 7 6 7 6 (+ 7 " (" "
#
67 > # A " A " (" ("
2 6 7 A
6
D D 7 A

6
D D D 7 6 D 7

6#7 " (## * * + (" #

A

6 D 7

6 D 7 A
' ( ! * (" + (## 6 7 A 4* *
#" * # + ! " ! * /
(## " # +

. # " (( " # ""
"" ( # + ( " (("
(## * ( ( ( "+
( #- " * * " " "

A 6 7 ! * " 6 7
(" '
267 A 6E F
76 7
A 6 7

, (# ! * *+ A <

(## * ( 267 *<
2 6 7

' ,+

y
(1,1)
y = x(2 − x)
0 1 2 x
,+ < ,+

!
67 A 6' 7 A E 6
7 F A 6
7
A 6
D 7 A E6 7 F
# #
A 6 7 D 6 7
# #
A 6 7 D 6 D 7

A D

#
A
' * !
67
267 A A

6 7

A "+

> A ! * A " *
A
* A !
!
A 6 7 "
A 6 7

!

267 A E6 7
F A
6 7 6 7 A

6 7
' A D ! A 6 7 " A !
$ %

267 A 6 7 A

#* "
" ' #*
" ! *

!

267 A
A
A 6
7

67 ' A ! 6 7! 6 7 .!
A " A
;! !

267 A 6 7 A A

6#7 ' A ! 6 7! 6 7 .!
A " A ;!

267 A 6 7 A

67 ' A ! 6 7! 6 7 .!
A " A
;! ! 267 A 67
A

. ( ! ( .! A " A

! !
267 A 6 76
7 A
(6 7
" 67 ("+ (" 267 !

67 A

26"7" A

" " A

> /* " " # ' A 6 7 * # > "
' A 6' 7 A ' ' A 6 7 A
' * ' A

,
! "
.6 7 A

6"7" A
" " A

! # (## + ! * /* ( A . 6 7 A *

"# E F ( "#! * /*
' A
( * 0" (" + ! 0"
' A
( A
6 7 A 6
7
> (## + * -" " " !
!
67 A

26"7" A

6
" D 7" A
6 D 7

# " # + 67 A " +
6 D 7 A M D
A M A D 6 D 7

! * " + "(" ("3" # " ' A
E D 6 D 7 F
A

@ "# E F! " . # " @ . 67 # "-"
. 6 7 %- ' A . 6 7 > " * 6' 7 A . 67 ! ,!
(( 0 . 6 7 A . 67 ' " . 67
"# 6 . 677 A . 67 4! (( . 6 7 A . 67
E 7 E F * ! " (( . 6 7 . 67 . 6 7
" . 67 A . 67 2 + 6 . 677 A . 67
0 A " * " " (" %
26"7 A 6 "7" A
(6
"7"
"
@ ' A & D A 6 7& . & 6 (+(
*# (+7 " & (" '
267 A 6E F&7& A E&6 7F 6 7&
' 6 7& " & D & D ! 2 ("
"# E& D & D F ' & ! "# ' *" #
E& D & D F ' & A ! "# ' "+ ! ! 6' A 7 A

# "Æ! " * "" $ #/
" ( + # " + '
* " " 8# " ! + # "
! "(" " # # " ( 0
"#" # (+ ' " ! " 8# "
*+ (<
! " # "# "# "(" +
" #

! " 9 (" # "# 9 (" *
"(" " #
' ! " 9 "# ( " ( "
( " #
' ! " (" " "#

9 (" "
6 7A ! !

*
1 0 6 7! (" '
267 A 6 0 0 70

+" ( 0 " 0 ! (
0 " *

267 A 0 A

,
+" ( 0 " *
267 A 0 A

@ # (" ' A D " ! " / A '

A
0 * "
(" /

0
0
!
260 7 A
6
0 7 A 6 0 7
0 !
*

<

A
A
A
, ! * A
(" % *
>

1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1 A

5 A "

A "

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1
! ! 9 (" ' '

'

26 7 A

5
A A

. "! / A

N " O 3
3 #* *
" *
0
A 0
A
0
!
1 1

1 10
A "
5 A " A
1 1
0 0
0
1 10
, 0 9 (" N " O

26 0 7 A 0

5 A 0D

0 0 0
' * + (" N
2 6 7 A 26 0 70 A
6 7

. " ' A

N " O 3
3 #* *
" *

0
A 0
A
!
$ %
0
5 A "
A
+ * (" 6/ ' 7 ( ,+
,
0
y
(1,1)
yz = 1
T
,+
< + * (" 6/ ' 7 (
9 (" N " O
26 0 7 A 60 7 5 A 60 D 767
' * 0 + (" O
2 60 7 A

26 0 7 A 60 D 7

.! 0
2 60 7 A

60 D 7
26 0 7 A
0
1 0 6 7 6* + 7!
260 7 A 60 " "7 " 0

;*! +" ( 0" " ! 0 (
0
" 0 " *

260 7 A
0 " A 0

, 0
+" ( 0
" " *

260 7 A
0 " A 0 6
0 7

@ / A (" O
60 7 A
(60 7 0 !
0
" O "("! 9 (" " O
6 07 A
(66 0 77 ! 0 !
*
' * * 0 6 7 (" ' A A D /
267 A 6 0 0 7 0

+" ( 0 " 0 !
(66
0 77 0 A (67

267 A

.!
(66
0 77 0 A
(67

267 A

>
6' 7 A 6' 7
A 6.
# 7
A 6 7
4! 6 7 "
6 7
+6 7 +6 7
+6 7

+6 7

!

""
' * * 9 " ' " ' !
6 7 A E. 6 7F E. 6 7 . 6 7F
. 67 A + "#! *

6' ' 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7

6' " ' 7
A 6' 7 6' " ' 7
' * * (" '
67 A E . 67F
! 6' 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 .! # !
6' " ' 7 A 6 7 6 7
!
6' " ' 7 A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7
0" (## 0

.
# D .
# A D

" # " # + 0 "

(" 4 67 * * "" ( !
6* 7 A 4 67 A
6
7 6 7

A
6 7 D 6
76 7
' "# E F! D 6 7 "#

E D F ! "# E F ' *
" ( "# E F!
" # * 9 "# " (

"# E F
4! * + ( * ! + (
* # * ! * + " ( "#
E F! / A * * "# + " (
"# E F
(" 4 67 * * + ( ! (" 60 7 / A *

260 7 A 4
0

(" 260 7 " # "" - (( (

,*+ + ! *

67 A 6.
# 7
A 6
# 7 D 6.
# 7
A
6 7 D A
6
7
! !
267 A
6
7
6
7
A
6
7 6 7
' "#! (" ' ("
+ * ! + (
,
# *
6' ' 7 A E 6 7 6 7 F
A E 6 7 F E 6 7 F
A 6' 7 6' 7
! ' ' "(" # "- +
' + ! &
+ 9 (" "
6 7 A &26 7 6 7
+ 9 (" ! "
6 7 A & 46 7 6 7
"! ! ( 6 7 *

6 7 A 6 7 6 7
' * * # " !
6' " ' 7 A 6 7

A 6 7 6 7

A 6' 7 6' 7
! # "-! ' " ' "("

4 * 2 6 7 A
+ " > " 6 ' 7 6/ * 7! * / A ' "
* A ' 9 (" 6 ' 7
(6 7 67 !

6 7 A
*
A 0 " A 8#

5 A "
0
A

9 (" 6/ * 7

260 7 A 60 7 A (60 7 67 A (60 7 67 0
" ((( * * / " * "(" '""! *
+ 260 7 ! * # + (" / ! 2 60 7 A (60 7! 0
67
> " 6 ' 7 6/ * 7! * / A ' " * A ' 9 (" 6 ' 7
6 7 A
67 !
*
A 0 " A 8#

0
5 A " A

9 (" 6/ * 7

260 7 A 60 7 A 0 67 A 0 67
" ((( * * / " * "(" '""! *
+ 260 7 ! * # + (" / ! 2 60 7 A 0 ! 0

> " / "
. 60 7 A 6/ 0 7 A 6/ A 7 6 0 7 D 6/ A ' 7 6' 07
A 6 0 7 D 6' 0 7

+( ,+

F(z)
.8
.6
.4
.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
,+ < &( "

@ # - * 6 7 " ' "("!
" "# / A D ' + A "# D ' !
*

(" 60 7! " " . 60 7 1 * (## " /
. 60 7 6 7 4 *+ " + 0 ! . 60 7
A !

(" / # " # "=+
" # 60 7 6 7
. 6 7 " "=# * ( ( A ! ! "
!
F(x)
0 1 2 x
,+ < &( "

!

. 6

7

6 7 A
!

*
6 7 * ( A ! . 67 A 6 7 A ;!

6 7 A

(6 7 A

' * (6 7 A
" A +
" "# 0! * 0
,+ ! * 0" (##!
67 6 "# #

7 A 6
7 D 6
7 D 6
7 D A
A

&67 6
7

x2
0 1 x1
,+ < B+
6#7 1 ( 67! 6 7 A

! 6 ""7 A

6 D 7 A
6 7 6 7 D 6 ""7 6 ""7
A D

A
D

@ 6 7 " " ! " (
(+ ! " " (
(+
6 7 A 6 (+ 7 A 6 7 A 67 6 7 A E . 6 7FE . 6 7F
;! 6 7 A . 6 7 E D . 6 7 . 6 7F
@ " / * " * ( ( 6 A
7 A ;!
67 A
6 7 A

@ ' " ' A
A 67 " A

67
.!
! !

267 A

D
67
" 267 A *

. 6 7 A (6
7 ! # (## + ! . 6 7 *
"# E F !
' A . 6 7 A 6 (6
77
* "# E F
' + # " / "# E F! /
"# !
' A E . 6 7F A (6
7
* "# E F

! "= *"! "! ! *

2 67 " 6"7 9 (" " ' ( + * " (
! 67 " 6"7 (# " ' #+ "("
" ! # +"" #+ " 0 67 ;! " '
"(" 67 " 6"7
0" (## (## "" ,+ !
y
1
2
A
0 1 x
,+ < ,+

A 67 A 6 7 67 A A

(# ! # * * ,+
"" + * D A ;! 0" (##
A
,
6 7A
6 D 7 A D

! A

6 7 A D A

,!
6 7
6 D 7
2 6 7 A A
6 7 D

60
15
0
10 60 A
,+ < ,+
6 7 A 6 7 26 7 A

;!
67 A 6 7 A +67

"
26 7 A 6 677 A +6

7

" ' "# + * ,+ +
y
2
−1 1 x
−1
,+ < B+

" ( 0" ! - ( "
0" ! "
6' 7 A

, ! 6 7! " "# ' + A *
# "# E D F ;!

D !
2 6 7 A

*

6 7 A 0 A D A 6 7

67 A 0 A 6 7

60 7 A A 0 0

6 0 7 # " 26 7460 7 * / "(" "
# " ' ;! 0" " (## "
(## 6 ' 7 , ! * C 9 + +
(" 460 7 0 ! # " + 9 ("
" ' # ( 26 7 A
! !

A

6 ' 7 A

+ + " ,+
y
1
0 1 x
,+ < B+ +

6 7 A
(66 D 77 ! !
*
.! A 67 " A 6 677!

7 6
5 A
7 6 A 7
!
7 (677 6 ! 7 !
266 77 A 667 E 6F77 5 A
*

1 2 # ((( " 6 + 6 7 " (
((( +! * ( " ) "("
;! A 67 " A 7!

7 6
5 A
A 7
!
266 77 A 667 77 5 A
67 6 ! 7 !
*
" ' "(" # 6 7 +! + ;*! #
( " ) "("
;! 6 7 A .6 7 A (6 7 ' *
26 7 A
6
76(6 7 (6 77 (66 D 77
.! + (" '

2 6 7 A
6 (677 (6 7
;!
46 7 A
6
76(6 7 (6 77 (6 7
6 (6
77
' 0 6 7! 46 0 7 " 0 ' !

A
" . 6 7 A ! 6 7!
46 0 7 A
E6 D 0 7 0 F 0 6 D 0 7 A
6
0 D 0 D 0 7
;! (" + ! !

4 67 A 46 0 7 0 A
6 7

67 @ # + (" ' > ((

6 3 ' D 37 A 6"7"
3 67

6#7 , !! * ((

6! "7"
3 6! 7

?+ ! * ((

6 3 ' D 37 A 6! "7"!
3 6! 7!

67 /+ (( ( 6#7 (( ( 67! * #
6 3 ' D 37
6 3 ' D 37 A
"
6 3 ' D 37
66!77!

A 2 6!7!

67 @ ' A ' A " / A A "
A 0 8# # 9 (" 6' / 7
26 0 7 A (6 6 0 77 A (6

D 0 7
" 0
6#7 + (" /
(6
D 0 7 A
(60 7 (6
0 7 A
(607 0 !
(60 7 0
" (" ' A + / A * * 0 A !
2 6 7 A
(6
7
67 @ ' A * ' A " * A A "
A 8#

5 A "
A

9 (" 6' * 7
26 7 A (6 7 A (66 D 77

6"7 + (" *
(66 D 77 A
A
6 D 7 6 D 7
" (" ' A + * A * * A !

4 6 7 A (6
7
67 " (" 2 ( 6#7 ((" # " (" + /
! ! " (" 4 ( 6"7 (("
# " (" + * ! !
6 7 " "*
,+ 2 * * ! + ! "= +
"= " "#

Boundary of |x1-x2|<0.1
Boundary of |x1/x2-1|<.1
4
3
x2
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
x1
,+ < 1" * + * "

' ( " # "(" "#
" # * " # * "# *
(( 6 7! " + 6 7! " " 6 7 ,
! ! ! 0! "# "
# 2 " " # " " "#

D
6 7 A 6 7 A A

6 7 A

6 D
D D 7 A 6 76 7 A

6 7 A
# " !

6 7 A

D
D
D
D
A

+ *" " 0 (## ! (#
" (## *<
6 7

G
G
G
G

' * 6 7 A
D D D A
" 0 (##<

(( *3 *"M
(( 3 *"M

(( 3 *"M

(( 3 *"
! (# ' " (## *<
267

G
G
G
G

6' 7 A

D D D A

A
A

A
" A

+67 A + -! "
6' 7 A

A

' " ( * / #/! "#

E F ' ' " + + (! ' A !
6' 7 A 6 7 A

6 7 D A

- "# E

F! (" -

- !

6-7 A

*
α
0 1 x
,+ < ,+

.! ' A 6-7 ! - A ' " - A 6 D 7 .
- 6

7! ' ! !
(" '
267 A 6 7
A
D 6 D 7

(") ' " ' * " , + "#! (" '

6 7
2 6 7 A
*
!
6' 7 A
6 7 A

D
(" '

2 67 A
*
!

A

6' 7 A

D

' * (## + 9 "# . 6 7 . 6 7
9 "# " ( "#
E F . 6' 7 " . 6' 7 +! "#
# * # "# " + " (
"# E F ! E. 6' 7F " E. 6' 7F * # 0
"
@ A 6 A 7 6 7 A D 6 7 A
D , /3! * "
6 7 A 6 7 A +
D A " A (
A " A ! ( A

(

A ! /3 ( (
, ! * " +
67 > " / ) * " <
A " /
A " ") /
A
" /
A
" ") /
* ") /* ) * ! *
* " (" "
/ *
> ") * > " * 67 " 67 "
* " 67 " 67 " * ' 67!
* * + #
' 67! * * + # ' 67! #"
* ( * 6 7 " (

(
+ /

" * +"
! * 67 (
" "+ ' 67! ( * # "! " *
/ * ( #/
(

+
1 + / * *
!
+ * ! 67 * "+

6#7 ' ( (

! + (! #
" ( ! #*
(" 9 ( 67 # * (
# ! "
#
(" # 6 7 ! ( #/ * ! (

" ( "" 67
+" * (( / (
67 ( 6#7 ( * + "
(! ( #/ " / "" (- =
""
( A
" A ! (" (
6 7 A A
(
A

1
(" (" " #
" " # "(" " * " (
+ " " # . + " !

" # ' 0 6 7 " ' E 67 F ,
! * /* 67 A 6 D 7
A
! 6' 7 A

6
D 7 A
6 7 6 7 D 6 7 A
67 67 D A

E6
D 7 F A 6 D D D
7
A 6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
D
6 7 6 7
! " "("!
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A

! # ( # * <
6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 6 7 D
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
.! "# E F! 6 7 A "
6 7 A
A

;! "" (

+ ' " ' "("! 6' 7 A 6 7 6' 7 .!
6 7 A
" 6' 7 A ! 6' 7 A

, A
! ' A # * 6! #7! " ' A *

6' 7 A 6' A 7 A 6 7 # # *

6! #7 ' D D '! "

6' D D '7 A 6' 7 D D 6' 7 A
6 7

@ A 9 ( ( + " A 9 (

! A
!
6 7 A 6 7 D 6 76 7 A

( (

9 ( D D ! "
6 D D 7 A 6 7 D D 6 7 A
6
7
, A
! A
+ #) "#" ( + "
A
(

6 7 A
D A

. - ( + ! + #) * # & ! " ( * #
6& 7 ! " # + * ( + #) * #
& "("!

6& 7 A & 6 7 6 7 A &

' * (

6 7 A
A

' A ! 6' 7 A 6 7 A

,!
6 ' 7 A 6 7 6' 7 A

> /* 6 7 A
' A
! 6 ' 7 A 6

7 A
6 7
A
6
7
67 (## A
! * ("
" (" # A

6#7 # * # #" 0 # 6
- "7 ! (" #
A
> (" ' * ( 67
6 7 A
A !
6 7 A 6 7 D D 6 7 A

67 > " (" A D * "#
E
F " "# E F > * D
* A "# E F " A
"# E F @ # (" A
! "
0 ( ,! (
60 7 6 0 7 A
0 " 0 !
*
> " + 0 -" * #
( E
F , ! * + 0
D , ! * + 0 D ,
!
* + 0 + +

D !
26 7 A !

6#7 > " + 0 , ! "
.6 7 A
6 7 D 6 D 7

" "+ ( # 0 #*
" ! * ( . 6 7 A " . 67 A ! *
0 + + . 6 7 A " + + 0" "
A
! 5B

1 " # "
" # "("

> " 6 7 A 6 D 7
A
> -"
6 7 A
A

56 7 A 6
7 A

( " 6 7 * " " , ( +
* -"

6 7 A

D D D A

! 56 7 A 6 7 E 6 7F A A

(" "#

!
6 7 A
*
! 6 7 A D "

A 6 D D 7

6 7 A
A
6 7
' * 56 7 A 6 7 E 6 7F A 6 7
E 6 7F A 6 7 A 6 7 8 A 56 7 D E 6 7F 8 A 9 D 8 8
E6 &7 F A 6 7
& 6 7D & A 56 7DE 6 7F
&8 D & A 9 D 8
&8 D & A 9 D68 &7
6 7 A 6' 7 6 ' 7 A !
E6 ' 7 F A 56 ' 7 A 5E D 6' 7F
" ' "("! *

E6 ' 7 F A 56 7 D 56' 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7
67 " ' "("! 56 ' 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 A D A
6#7 56
' D 7 A
56 7 D 56' 7 A 67 D 67 A
" ("

& !
6 7A

;!
6 7 A &

#
6 7 A &
-
! 6 7 # 6 7 " ! 56 7 "

6
D 7
! "
A 6
D 76
D 7 !

56 7 A 6
D 76
D 7 6
D 7 A

( Æ ( ! A

! ! A ! " ! A

67 > /* " ! * "

* + "# E F A
!
* /*
D
6 7 A

6 7
56 7 A

6 "#7 , A ! *

6 D 7
A " 6 7
A A " A , A
!
* 6 D 7
A " 6 7
A
A " A
6#7 @ A ! " A ! "# "#
E F! " "# E
F
( ' A D D > " -" 0
' .

! (" ' * # *

267 A D '
+! "
67 A
6
7 D 6 D
7

6
7 A " 6 7 A ! * /* 0 +
+ 67 A ! * -" A

5B

++ 6 +7 ++ ( "" +
" ( 6 7 ' " *
( * " # ( "# 6+! ! 1!
(7 ' " ++ " ( ! " /(
++

(" * ( 8 A 6D7
! * E6 87 F A

6 D 7
!
6 E D F
7 4
' A E D F
"# E6 7
6 7
F .! / A
'6 7
"# E F 6' 7 A E6 7
F 6/ 7
6/ 7 A
0
0 A

D
!
E6 7
F 6
D 7
E6 87 F A E6 7 F A 6 D 7 A 6
7 D 6 7 A
56 7 " 56 7 A 6 7 E 6 7F ! * 6 7 E 6 7F " (
*

@ ' A 6 87 # !

6' 7 A E6 87 F E 6' 7F A E56 7F A 9

6 7 A
*

(6" 7

:6"7 A

! " A !
:6"7 A
(6"7 (6"7
" 6 7
. *! :67 A
: 6"7 A 6 (6"7 (6"77 " : 6"7 A 6 (6"7 D (6"77 ! 8 A : 67 A
"

9 A : 67 8 A
A

: 6"7 A 6
" D7(6" D "7 " : 6"7 A 6
" D7 (6" D "7 D
(6" D "7 ! 8 A : 67 A
" 9 A : 67 8 A 67 A

: 6"7 A &: 6"7 (6&E: 6"7 F7 " : 6"7 A E&: 6"7F D &: 6"7 (6&E: 6"7 F7 > /*
: 67 A : 67 A 8 " : 67 A 9 D 8
! 6' 7 A : 67 A &8 "
56' 7 A : 67 E 6' 7F A 6&87 D &69 D 8 7 6&87 A &69 D 8 7
+ /
: 6"7 A 6(6"/ 77 A E(6"6
' D 77F
A (6"7 6(6
" 7 (6"77
A (6"7 6(6
" 77 6(6"' 77 6 " ' "("7
A (6"7:6
"7:6"7
A (6"7 (6" D "7 (6" "7
A (6 " D "7
' / - # * (## ! (!
+ * #
:6"7 A (6" 7 D (6" 7 D D (6" 7
1 + ( :6"7 * ( + ! #
/ ! ! " ! " 6 7 A ! 67 A
! " 67 A

> - * :6"7 *<

:6"7 A (67 D (6"7 D (6"7

1 + ! * # / ! ! " !
" 67 A ! 6 7 A ! " 6 7 A
+ " # *" #
:6"7 A
(6" 7 6 7
6 D 7
(6" 76 D 7 A ! + 0 6 7 - ! " !
' " !
(6" 76 D 7 A ! + - 2 " A + -! "

:67 A " #
+
(6" 7
:6"7 A
' " ! (6" 7 #""! + - ' " !

(6" 7
A ! "
+ -

G
0 "-" ( (( " # * " 33
G
0 A . 6
7 ! . 6 7 A
' " # #
" "- ! # 6 7
" 6 7
'
"#! 6 7 A . 67 " 6 7 A . 67 . 6 7 A
!
A "

' (! 6 7 A
& ! & A
6 7 A
" 6 7 A

! * " " # -" 0 "
. " 0
(6 7 A

! (67 A

' * A +
0 " "#
@ " # " (
6 D

7 A
D
"
6
7 A
D
D

!
0 " * " ((
"# * " 6 + 7! ")
* "#" + ! ! 4! ' A ! ' #
" ( * * " >
( '

6' 7 A 6
D D

D
D
7 A

(" * # 46 7 A E 6 7 D 26 7F
!
6 7 A
E 6 7 D 26 7F A 68 D 8 7

46 7 A
6 7 A " 46 7 A

26 7 A ! *

* # "
67 0" 6 7! "
6 7 A
A

6#7 0" " ! *

A

! A

67 0" 6 7! "

6 7 A D A

6#7 0" " ! *

D A

! A 6 7

E6 7 F A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7 D "# 3
* ( !
6 7 A 6 7 A
!
E6 7 F A 6 7 D 6 7 D
, + + 6 7 " 6 7! ( "+ " "
* A
67 0" ( 6 7! "
6 7 A 6
767 D 6 76 7 D 6 767 D 6 76 7 D 6
76
7 A

6#7 0" ( " 6 7 A " 6 7 A ! (

0 "
@ "
" " >

" C 0 C
#

(" $. " "# * (
(##
! " # 0 " "# '
""!
"" + 0 " '
! ( #* *
"" + 6"+ * "" 7 * # "
$ (" * (" 0 #
#+ (""! " $ # ' * *
# "# * (
"
6 7 !
$ # " * ("+ 56 7 A 6 767 A
"
$ # " * ("+ ' 56' 7 A 6
76
7 A A

! ' # ("" * $

67 0" 6 7 " # * # "#
* (
A " A ! 6 7 A
A
6#7 0" " # "# * (
A " A
, # "# + #/ #/! " 0
"
"# " ! "

"# ! 6 7 A 6
7 # * 6 7 A
6
7 > A ! * 6 7 A 6 7 ' 6 7
!
6 7 D 6 7 ! * (# ; 6 7
" 6 7
!
" "
"# " ! " # ("
"# ( * ! " * # 33 " 0
"
67 " # "! . 67 A 6 7
" #
" 6 7
' 6 7
! 6 7 D 6 7 1
" "9 ! (## ) # +
. 67
(#! . 67 A

6#7 " . "+! A < . 6 7 A
.
+ ! * "( & # , ! 6 7 D 6
7 , ! 6 7 A
! # 6 7
"
" @ # (( "( > " * "
. ! . 67
(# ' . 67 A
!
" " # + 9 + ' . 67
! 6 A 7 A . 67

/
6 7 A 6 7 D 6 A 7 A . 67 D . 67
A

; "
67 ' " "#! . # " * . 6 7 A
" *" # + "(

/ "= = " ' ! *
" 6!7 ( + (")
" ' " " / " ' #
' * #

6 7 A

6 ' 7 A 6' 7 A A

> * + E6 8 7D 6' 8 7F (
6 8 76' 8 7 E6 8 7 D 6' 8 7 F

! E6 8 7 6' 8 7F (

6 8 76' 8 7
E6 8 7 D 6' 8 7 F
;! *
6 8 76' 8 7
E6 8 7 D 6' 8 7F
1 /+ ( # " ! * -"
E6 8 76' 8 7F
E56 7 D 56' 7F

( " -! *

6 ' 7 A E6 8 76' 8 7F
" -
(" * ( ! * 6 7 A " 6 7 A
"" ( + ! 6' 7 A 6 7 A 6' 7 A " 6 7 6' 7 A !
* 6 ' 7 A " ;6 ' 7 A
' * ( 6 7 ! 9 " 9 ;!
;6 ' 7 * "-" "# : * ( 6 7 A "
6 7 A ! 6' 7 A 6 7 A ' * * 6 ' 7 A " ;6 ' 7 A
> 6 D 7 A 8 D " 6&' D 7 A &8 D !
6 D &' D 7 A E6 D 8 76&' D &8 7F
A E&6 8 76' 8 7F A & 6 ' 7
1 ! 6( ) 7 A & 6 ' 7 .! 56( 7 A 9 " 56) 7 A & 9 ;
& 6 ' 7 ;6 ' 7 &
6( ) 7 A
9 &9 A ;6 ' 7 &

> 6 D ' D &7 A 8 D 8 D & !
6 D ' D & / 7 A E6 D ' D & 8 8 &76/ 8 7F
A E6 8 7 D 6' 8 7F6/ 8 7
A E6 8 76/ 8 7F D E6' 8 76/ 8 7F
A 6 / 7 D 6' / 7
>
& (

' ' ) A 6 8 7 6' 8 7

A 6 8 76' 8 7

* +
A 6 8 76' 8 7

A 6 ' 7

@ ( A D ' " ) A '

6() 7 A E6 D ' 76 ' 7F A 6 ' 7 A 6 7 6' 7
.!
6( 7 6) 7 A 6 D ' 7 6 ' 7 A 68 D 8 768 8 7 A 8 8
!
6( ) 7 A 6() 7 6( 7 6) 7 A E 6 7 8 F E 6' 7 8 F
A 56 7 56' 7 A
' * ;6( ) 7 A
56 D ' 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 D
6 ' 7 " 56 ' 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7
6 ' 7
6 ' 7 ! *
56 D ' 7 56 ' 7
, + !
56 7 A 6 7 E 6 7F A A
56' 7 A 6' 7 E 6' 7F A
A

6 ' 7 A 6' 7 6 7 6' 7 A A
!
;6 ' 7 A
A * (#
6 767

6 D 7 A

6 7 A

6' 7 A

6 D 7 A

6 D 7 A

6 7 A

6' 7 A 6 D 7 A

6' 7 A

6 D 7 A

!
A
56 7 A

56' 7 A A

6' 7 A
A

' * *
56
' D 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 6
76
767 6 ' 7
A

6 ' 7 A ;6 ' 79 9 A 676

7 A
67 56 D ' 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 D
6 ' 7 A
6#7 56 ' D 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 6
767 6 ' 7 A
67 56 D ' D / 7 A 56 7 D 56' 7 D 56/ 7 D
6 ' 7 D
6 / 7 D
6' / 7 A
6#7 56 '
/ D 7 A 56 7D56' 7D 56/ 7 6 ' 7
6 / 7D 6' / 7 A

0 " 0 !

56 D D 7 A 56 7 D
6 7

A
6 7 D

6
7 A
D
6
7

> " # "! ! D ! A > " #
! D !
! 56 7 D ! 56 7 D
! ! 6 7

" 56 7 A " 56 7 A

#*
" ! 67 6
7 A
/ ! * "
! D
!
! ! A 0 # * 6 !
! 7 A ! *
" * 0
!
! A " ! D ! A
! A " ! A (
( 6

7 # C ! * / K
( (L *" " ( +C"
@ 8 A 6 7 " 8 A 6' 7 .(( * ( A 8 " ) A ' 8
67 #
6 ' 7 56 7 56' 7 6
7
4* ;6 ' 7 A 0 0 6
7 ."+ ! * + 0
67 " 6
7 " " ( D ) A !
6 8 7 D 6' 8 7 A ! * (## ;6 ' 7 A ( D ' A 8 A 8 *
(##

0 " ( 0

$ #+ A 56 7 A 6 7E
F A #
( + $

' " " "!
7F A 6
767 D 6 767 D 6 767 A
6 7 A E 6
6 ' 7 A &! 6 7 A E 6 ' 7F A & "
6' 7 A E 6' ' 7F A 6' 6 ' 7F A 6&' 7 A & 6' 7
!
6 ' 7 A 6' 7 6 7 6' 7 A & 6' 7 & 6' 7 A
* ( ! 6 7 A "" + !
6 ' 7 A E 6 ' 7F A E 6' 7F A E D F A 6 7
.!
6' 7 A E 6' 7F A 6 D 7 A
' *
6 ' 7 A 6 ' 7 6 7 6' 7 A 6 7 6 7 A

, + ! 6 7 * # "( 6 7 !
6 7 A
D

' *

6 7 A E 6 7F A D 6 7

! 6 7 A
D
6 7! 6 7 A
! * #

6 7 A D D D D A

9 (" " '

& D
6 7 A
*
! + ! " (" +
' A * #
& # #
6 7 !
26 7 A A 67
67 *
, + ! " ("
* ( A ! 6 7 A
+ ("
6 7A 6 D 7 A D

! ! " (" ' + A

6 7
6 D 7
26 7 A A
D
6 7
;!
6' 7 A
6 D 7 A D

D 6
D 7

6 D 7 D
6' 7 A A

D 6
D 7
"
$ % $ %
D D

56' 7 A 6
D 7 6
D 7 A 6
D 7

(" ' A A " $ 5 ' A A

$
E56' 7F A
$ % 6 7
6
D 7
' * "
6 7A D

! # " E56' 7F A +

' * " * ' ("" ! $ + !

*" #
+ D &

' ' ("" * + ! $ 56' 7 ' "

6' 7 A 6 D 7 A

"
6' 7 A 6 D 7 A

;! 56' 7 A
A * " ("+ ' * #

56' 7 " & +

@ 6' 7 A 8
56' 7 A E6' 8 7 F A E6' 6' 77 D 6 6' 7 8 7F
A E' 6' 7F D
E' 6' 7FE 6' 7 8 F
D E 6' 7 8 F
> * " ( - ,!
E' 6' 7F A 6 E' 6' F 7 A E56' 7F
4!
E' 6' 7FE 6' 7 8 F A 6 E' 6' 7FE 6' 7 8 F 7
A 6E 6' 7 8 F ' 6' 7 7
A 6E 6' 7 8 F 7
A

,! 6' 7 E 6' 7F A 8 ! *

E 6' 7 8 F A 5E 6' 7F
' * *
56' 7 A E56' 7F D 5E 6' 7F

6' 7 A E 6' 7F!
6' 7 A 6 7 D
.! " ( !

6' 7 A 6 7 D 6 7
1 + * 0 " * #!

6' 7 6 7 6' 7 6 ' 7
A A 56 7
6 7 E 6 7F
"
A 6' 7 6 7
67 (" ' <

6' 7 A

6
D 7 A

6#7 (" " : + (" :
6 7A

6
D 7 A 6 D 7

>

6 D 7 A

! D A " A

,!
6' 7 A

6
D 7 A

4! + (" * " 6#7 !
6 7 A 6 7 A

, ! * " 67 6' 7 A ' * 6 ' 7 A
6 767 A ! " ' + "

67 , " ! " (" ' + A

6 7
6
D 7
26 7 A A
6 7 D
> A ! (" '
6 D 7
6' A 7 A 26 A 7 A A

6#7 + (" '

67 A 6
D 7 A 6 D 7

! " ! " (" + ' A
6 7
D
46 7 A A
67 D
> ' A ! (" " " (" 46 A 7 >

D
A

;! D A " A 6 7

B ( (
* +! * (
* + " # " @ 6 7 # " " ' + B(
0" "= # # "= , ( E' 6 7F # ' 6 7! E' 6 7F
# ' 6 7! " > * " (! (
K$L # K$.L " ( *" K L # K "L ((

" + * + # " + # #
" "

@ 3 > " *
6 37 A
67
! * 3 " 3 1 $/ 0 6 37 83

8 A ! 0 67 "

1 $/ 0!
6 7 6 7 A

1 # 0!
56 7 6 8 7 A 6 7 A 6
D 7 A

" "# * " ( 8! 8 D 9! " 8 9 @ 6 A
87 A ! 6 A 8 D 97 A ! " 6 A 8 97 A ' * 6 7 A 8! *
A @ " " A
! # D D A
4*
56 7 A E6 87 F A 9 67 D 9 67 D 6
7 A 9
* 56 7 A 9 ! * A ! "# *
" ( 8 8 D 9! " 8 9! " * 6 7 A 8 " 56 7 A 9 !
* A " A A ' * # -" "# *
6 8 97 A 6 A 8 D 97 D 6 A 8 97 A D A

1 # 0!
6 8
97

! *

1 # 0!

6 7 A 8

! *

1 $/ 0!
6 8 7 <
6 8 "7 A 6 8 " 7 "
A "
67 ' ( 6= 7 A " 56= 7 A 6 76 7
A

!
6
= 7 A 6= 6= 7 7
6

7
A
! *

6#7 @ " # ( ( 0 A

=
"
6
= 7 A 6

7
# "# * ( " A ! (##
# " " # # "# +
#/ #/ ,
A ! "
6

7 A 6 7 A
,
A
! "
6

7 A 6 7 A
(## # ! *
A
! + (#
#*
A "
A
* 0" "

6/ 7 A
D A
;!
6/7 A .! + 3 !

6/ 37 A 6/ A 7 A

6/ 37 A ! * /
;!
1 !

E6/ 7 F A E 6/ 7 F D 56/ 7
! " * # " *

E 6/ 7 F A "
+ " $! 6/ 7 A

(( 0 / / + 0"

/ / 6/ 7 D 6/ 7
3 !
6/ 37 6/ 6/ 7 D 6/ 7 37
A 6/ 6/ 7 3 6/ 7 7
1 ! * /* 6/ 7 A ! Æ +
! * #
3 6/ 7 ;! # # 0! - (## * #
+
56/ 7
E3 6/ 7 F
.+! # !
E3 6/ 7 F A 3
56/ 7 A "

!
, -
6/ 37 56 / 7
E3 6/ 7 F A
* /

> /* 6 7 A 8 " 56 7 A 9
!
6 7 A 8 "
56 7 A
"" * *
67 ,
+ +
3! *

6/ 37 A / A A

6/ 37 A ! * /
!

6#7 6/ 7 A D
A
!

6/ 7 A ' *

(# & & A ! " * # +
"
56/7 A 1

6/ 7 A
D
A D

;! 56/ 7 A D

" 56/7 A
@ ( 0 . 56 7 6 * G7 ,!
(( * (# ! " @ A 6 A 7 6 7 A 6 7 A
" 56 7 A + (# * A
! " G
56 7 * (# " , " (! *
* (# #* " ! " #
' /+ " " * 56' 7 56 7 ! /
#* " > +! (#
#* " 8 62 * ( # * 7 @ 8 A 6 7! "
# 8 " 6 7 %- * " #
A
8!
8
(

6 7 8!

6 7 A 6 7 A !

*
8 A 8 6 7 6 7
6 7 !

56 7 A

6 7
6 7 8 6 7

A 56 7
6 7 D
8 6 7 6 7 67

8 ! *

6 7 D
8 6 7
6 7 67

@ " A 6 7
26 7 A
6 7" !
*!

( @ / # " # * ( 2
6/ 7 A
6 7

"
56/ 7 A

6 7
"
56/ 7 " " ! *

6 7 6 7 6 7

"
# * 67 " 67 56 7 56 7 ' 6 7
#* " ! ( # " ( # ( (" "" "
# '
> " ( ! 3 !
626/ 7 267 37 A

@ 3 2 ! Æ 0 Æ ( 260 7 267 3

.! /

! * /*
6/ Æ7 A

1 / Æ 26/ 7 267 3

626/ 7 267 37 6/ Æ7 67
+ " 67 +
" "
+
# + @ 3 2 6 &7!
Æ 60 7 D 6# &7 Æ ( 260 7 26 &7 3 .! 0 Æ
" & Æ
+ ( 60 7 D 6 &7 Æ @ A / Æ
"
A ' & Æ
' *
26/ ' 7 26 &7 Æ 67

> *
6 7 A 6E F 7 A 6 7 6 7 6 7
A 6 7 D 6 7
#+ * 67! * +
626/ ' 7 26 &7 Æ7 6 7 D 6 7
/
" '
&! * /* # 6 7 " 6 7 +
;
626/ ' 7 26 &7 Æ7 + *

, 7! * *

6(67' 77
6' 67 A 6(67' 7 (6767 A :677 (6767
(6767
* " 0 * $/ 0 6' 67 :677 (6767
7 6' 67 :677 (6767 :677 - " !
+ 0 * # -

' + " " * (# +
#*! ! " " "M *"! " " *
( 6 7 2 " " + ( () *<
,! ( 6 7 () ! ) 6 7 A ( 6 7 D ! * "
* ! " # " () ! # * + #
" N! * * E( 6 7F E( 6' 7F " E) 6 7F A E( 6 7F D E) 6' 7F A E( 6' 7FD
! ) J ( ( = #+ #
() * # + " * # -
() * ( A " A ! + *
( 67 ( 6 7 , ! * ( 67 A " ( 6 7 A
4* " ( "= #* (+ + # *
+ * # " * (##
" * (##
" (+ "
+ , ! *

( 6 7 A ( 67 D ( 6 7 A D A

;! ( 6 7 A
4! * + " ( "= #* (+ + #
* + * # " * (##
" * (##
" (+
" + , ! *

( 6 7 A ( 6 7 D ( 67 A D A

;! ( 6 7 A

! * " ( "= #* (+ + #
* + * # " * (##
" * (##
"
(+ " + , ! *

( 6 7 A ( 6 7 D ( 6 7 A D A

;! ( 6 7 A
1 + *! # ( () # " " "
?67 # / " "Æ + ( "
! ! " ( * *
+ # , ! / " / " " , (!

( 6 7 A A ( 6 7 D ( 6 7

( " # "= #* (+ " + " (+ + #
* + * # " * (##
" * (##
1 (3
" + / ( " *+ ( "9 *! #
( () # #"

#+ / ( 67 A ' " / # /!
( 67 / * " " ( 6 7 / *
(## " * (## ("
" / ( #+ / (" + +
(" + /+ + # " " -

D

A

E( 6 7F A

E( 6' 7F A D
A

E( 6/ 7F A A
;! ("

E( 6 7F A
D
A

E( 6' 7F A D
A

E( 6/ 7F A A
;! / ("
, + # ! E( 6 7F A 6 7 D ! + + #! *
(" + + * # (" >
6 7 A
D
A

6' 7 A D
A

6/ 7 A
;! + # 0 ("

( "= #* + # " +!

( 67 A ( 67 D ( 6 7 A

D
A

( "= #* " ' ! E( 6 7F A E( 6' 7F !
6 7( 6 7 D 6
7( 67 D 6
7( 6
7 A 6 7( 67 D 6 7( 6 7
' * + ( 6 7 A

, + !
E( 6 7F A + D 6 7 +6 7
(" # " # "= >
1 E( 6 7F
1
A
> " 0 ! * -" A

1 E( 6 7F
1
A

6 7
' * E?6:7F * A

, + !
E( 6 7F A
D 6 76 7
!
1 E( 6 7F
1
A

6 7
> " 0 ! * -"

A
D 6 7
E( 6 7F ! * E( 6 7F
1 1
, + !

E( 6 7F A D 6 76 7
'

! * / 67 ,+

! E( 6 7F * A '
! * / 67
,+
! E( 6 7F * A ' A
! E( 6 7F A

0 1
a
(i)
0 1
a
(ii)
,+
< ,+
( * ( "

E( 6 7F A 6 7( 67 D 6 7( 6 7 D 6 7( 6
7 E( 6 7F
A 6 7( 67 D 6 7( 6
7
! ( * ( "
6
7( 67 6 7( 6 7 D 6 7( 6
7
( ( ! * /*
E( 6 7F A 6
7( 67 D 6 7( 6 7 D 6 7( 6
7 E( 6 7F
A 6 7( 67 D 6
7( 6 7 D 6 7( 6
7
* (
6
7( 67 6 7( 6 7 D 6 7( 6
7
( 0 * * "" " ( * (
, + !
E( 6 7F A +6 D 7 D 6 7 +6 7
!
1 E( 6 7F
A
1 D
> " 0 ! * -"
A 6
7

1 E( 6 7F
! " " E( 6 7F '
!
1
#* " 0" ;*!
! + " ( #
' ! # * E( 6 7F * A M
! * ( " #

, + !
E( 6 7F A 6 D 7
D 6 76 7
!
1 E( 6 7F
1
A

6 D 7

6 7

> " 0 ! * -"

6 7
A
D 6 7
. !
! # " * C
E( 6 7F ;*!
! * E( 6 7F
A
, + !
E( 6 7F A 6 D 7 D 6 76 7
# '
! * / 67 ,+ " A
# '
! * / 67 ,+ " A # ' A
!
A
A
b b
0 A 0 A
(i) (ii)
,+ < ,+

E( 6 7F A
, + !
E( 6 7F A 6 D 7 D 6 76 7
(# '
! ( * / 67 ,+ !
E( 6 7F A '
! ( * / 67 ,+
! E( 6 7F + A ' ! ( * / 67
,+ ! E( 6 7F A ,! A !
* ( ( A
! * / 67 ,+ ! E( 6 7F
A " A

0 A b
(i)
0 A b
(ii)
0 A b 0 A/2 A b
(iii) (iv)
,+ < ,+
(" /
E( 6 7F A
A
-D
(+ " " / ( 6 7 A ! (
* ( / "

-D

6- D 7
' # * + 3 " " 0 + -
(" + ("
E( 6E' F 7 A 6' 7
> " * 6 7 0 " "# ' C
(
+
"
+ (

"
-" (" ! * " 6
7 ?+

" (" ! * + 6
7 A 6 7 A ("

6 7 A
+ ! * *" (

' 6 !
6 7 6 6 7 A 6E . 667F
! !

!

!
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7

*
$ !
%
6 7
!
6 7 A !
6 7 A
!

> + # ( @ 6 A . 6 7 " 7 A 6 A 6 7 " 7 A ! "
+ + #
E67F 76 A 6 7 A 6 7

@ " (# . 6 7 ( ! + +

# *+ <
6 7 D E 6 7F6 7 D E 6 7 6 7F6 7 D
A 6 7 D 6 7 D 6 7 D
A 6 7
' ! ' ! " / " 0" "#!

D D A
6 D ' D / 7 A 6 7 D 6' 7 D 6/ 7 A

1 D ' D / ! (#

> " 6' 7 A 8 D A "
56' 7 A 9 A
! A " " A 8
(" 4 67 + * + " !

6* 7 A
6
7 6 7 A

D

") (" +
7 A 6 7 A

6'

' * (" '

2 67 A
E. 67F 67

;! . 67 A
A !

2 67 A

;! 6' 7 A

2 67 A

D
(( - 6 7 "+
E' 67F A E6 7 67F 6 7

"
E' 67F A E6 7

67F 6 7

;! 67 " "# ' ' 6 7 +!
E' 67F 6 7

"
E' 67F 6 7

" "#!
6 7 A 6 7 A ;

6' 7 A 6. ! 7

A

(( " ! ' " " !! * / (- 2

" " = &6! 7 ! " !
(- * # 2 &6! 7 A 62 D &7 &! ' " " !! * !
" / (- 2! ;! (" +

A E62 D &7 &!F 6 7 D 2! 6 7

A 62 D &7 6 7 &!. 6!7 D 2!E . 6!7F

-" C ! * -"! !

!
A 2 62 D &7 . 6!7
! #$
#
A " C" * . 6!7 A 262 D &7

(( " ' " "! &6" 7
' " 6 "7! ! ("

A &6" 7 6 7 D 6 7 A &". 6"7 & 6 7 D E . 6"7F

;!

A &. 6"7 6"7
"
" * # C" " &. 6"7 A 6"7
6/ 7 A 67 D A
( .!
56/ 7 A
56 7 D 56' 7 6 ' 7 A 6 ' 7
;! 56/ 7 A ( 67 " 6#7 ' ( 67!
6 ' 7 A ;9 9 A 6
76
767 A
56/ 7 A

' ! A !

56' 7 A 56 7

" "("!

56 7 A 56 7 D 56 7
;! 56' 7 A
9

@ 7 A 56 D D 7 A 56 7 D
6 7 ' (# 56 7 A 9

" 6 7 A ;9 A !
7 A
9 D
6
7;9
7 ! * ; 6
7

=" # "# " ' 3(! *

* + + ;! # !
6 7 A 6' 7 A 1 * 6' 7 A #! (
' - " 0"! ("+ + "
0" * " ! ;6 ' 7 A
, A
! A (" ( " A *
6 7 A
"! A !
6 7 A 6 A 7 A 6 A " A 7 A

6
7
.! 6 7 A 6 7 A

;!
56 7 A A

" 6 7 A
6
7
A
6
7 # A

!
6 7 A

D
6
7

56 7 A 56 7 D
A

6
7

E6 87F A 6 7 8 6 7 D 8 6 7 8

A 6 7 869 D 8 7 D 8 8
A 6 7 89 8
: 6"7
& 6"7 A " & 6"7 A :6"7: 6"7 E: 6"7F
: 6" 7 E:6"7F
:67 A : 67 A 8! " : 67 A 6 7 A 9 D 8 ! * & 67 A 8 " & 67 A 9

' * *
6' 7 A D !
A
6 ' 7 A ;9
56 7 9
" A 8 8 "" * * "

Æ 6' 7 +! *
; , !
*
(" Æ " ' 6' 7 " 6 ' 7
# ; ;! ; A "! ; ! ; A

@ " ' " + + " (! ( ' A *
(## ! * ; A

6 D ' 7 A 56 7 D 6 ' 7

A D ;
56 7 A 56 D ' 7 A D D
;
;!
;6 D ' 7 A
D ;

6 D D
;7
' * 0 0 ;! 0 # "! " ! * # A 6
;7
( "# (

67 A 6 7 A
67 A " 67 A
67 0 " "# ! * Æ " # " (

6#7 "# 6 767 D 6
76 7 D 6 767 D 6 767 A ! * Æ "
# " (
67 + ("

6 7A A

! " (" N + A

6
7
2 6 A
7 A A

6
7
"#
6' A
7 A

A

6#7 " 2 6 A
7 A A

6 ' 7 A E6 8 76' 8 7F

A E 6 / 7 D 6 / 7 8 F E' 6' / 7 D 6' / 7 8 F
A E 6 / 7FE' 6' / 7F D E 6 / 7FE 6' / 7 8 F
D E 6 / 7 8 FE' 6' / 7F D E 6 / 7 8 FE 6' / 7 8 F
" - ( ' - ! * - " (
+ / " / ( / * # E6 ' / 7F ' " " "
(! * # * * / " ( + /
( E 6 / 7 6' / 7F

' (" 6 7!
6 7 A
6 7
6 7 " 6 7 A " 6 "7

. ( " " "#

(" + # E( 6 7F A 6 7 + 6 7
( E 6 7F A E 6 7F > /* 6 7 E 6 7F + # ! "
0 * (##

(" + "
A +62 7 D 6 7 +E2 6 7F
A + D 6 7 +6 7
D + 2 D 6 7 + 2
* # " # "=!
! " * # A

6 7 ( + ! * + -" " #
! ! ! ! "# ' / " !
A ( + / A " A ' 6 A 7 A A 6 A 7!
" 6 7 A ! 0"! * A ! " #
6 A 7 A " 6 A 7 A
- 0" "

> * ( 6 7 % ! * -6 7 A " < 6 7 A " A " -6 7 A
" < 6 7 A A ' * -6 7 " < 6 7 # -6 7 A - D -
" < 6 7 A < D < ! *+ * ( 0 # -"<
- D - A
- D - A
"
< D < A
< D < A
;!
- A - A

< A < A

@ # # " #" " #"

(## # # # 3
("+ A "
A A 1 # "#! *
( 6 6 A 77
A 6
7
A
' " # # "# * (
A " A
6 7 A 6 A 7 D 6 A 7 D 6 A 7 D 6 A 7

A
D D D
A

# " " A ! * / "#"
# * # "# * (
A " A !
6 # "7 A 62"" # 7
A 6 A 7 D 6 A 7 D 6 A 7 D 6 A 7 D 6 A 7
A D
D
D

D
A
@ > >& ! " > " # +
6> D >& D > 7 A 6> 7 D 6>& 7 D 6> 7
A D D
A

' * > >& ! " > "("!
56> D >& D > 7 A 56> 7 D 56>& 7 D 56> 7
A D D
A

# ( * # "# * (
A "
A
!
6
7 A 6
7 A 6 A 7 6 A 7
6 7 6 A 7
A

A
A

A " A A " A

A A A

A

A A

" # "("! * " "("
! - ( # *

6 A 7 A

A

# "# * (
" ! "
# "# * (
" !

6 7 A 6 7

A A

"

6 7

A A

.! 6 A 7 A ' * *

6 7

A

A A A
6 7

# " * * " # "# *
(
" @ 6
7 " ( "#
6 7 A 6 A 7 A 6
7 A
, A

!
A 7 6
7
6 A 7 A 6
6 7 A
! " ( + 6
76 7 A

0" ( 6 7 " "# !
6 7 A

6
7 A

6
7
;*! * /* # "#
M !

6 7 A 6
7 A

, ! * "( ("+ A * =+

! # ;! 6
7 A
' * *

6 7 A
6 7
#+ " * # A " A ! * +
* A
A ! * =+
# *

' # "# * (

" ! - ( 6 7
" " ( 6 7 ,!
6 7 6 7 A 56 7 D E 6 7F 6 7 A
6 7 D 6
7
A
6
7

. + !

6 D
7 D

A A D A
6
7

!
6 D
7
6
7
" 6
D 7
' * 6

7 * (
+ + 6
D 7! " * " + (
!
6
D 7 +! 0 " * # + + 6
D 7 ' 6
D 7
+! # 6
D 7 " 6
D 7 " ' A ! " " A !
"

@ # # +( * (## @ ' # #
+( * (## > * 6 ' 7 1 " '
" 6# 7 "# * (# (# 6 ' 7 ( "
* " (##
* ' ! *
(## " # " ' "("!
* * 6 A ' A 7 A 6 A 7 6' A 7! " -" #
# #/ #/ , (! A " A
! * +

A
.""+ ( " #+ * +
1 * ( ! * * ( "" ."+ 67!
"# * (-" / "
"# 6 A 7 #! 6 A 7! 0 " "#
/ *
67 (( 6 7 3 6 D 37
6 7 6 D 37 6 D 37
+ " 0 + ! # 6 7 A
" ( 6 7 #
! 6 7 A
6#7 * " ! * 6 7 6 7 *
6 7 A " 6 7 * /* 6 7 A 6 7 " 6
7 A ! # 6 7 A ! 6 7 A
67 , 6#7 * /* 6 7 A > /*
6 7 A 6 A 7 6 A 7
6 7 A 6 A 7 D 6 A 7
* 0! * 6 A 7 A

(+ "# - (( (+ "
' " -+ " ! " " # " "(
/" * / " * " * " "-
# Æ " / * "
' " + " "

?+ 0 6
7 * ( A ! A
! "
A ! * # "" (##

6 A 7 A A

@ " # " # #" (+ "#
* ( A A ! "
A
A ! !

A

6 7 A

.
! " # " # ( ! # 0 67 " 67!
6 7 A

A " 56 7 A
D
A
D 6 D 7 D
A
!

6 7 A 6 7 A 56 7 A
56 7 A

"
1 0 67!
676
7
6

7
56 7 A 6
7 6
7
0"
6

7 *
A
1 0 67!
56 7 A %66%% 77
6%
7
' % +! 0"

6%
7 *
A %
' %
"" +!
6%
7!
A
% ! * +
6% 7
" 6% D 7

, A !
6 A D A 7 A 6 A " D A 7 A 6 A " A 7

6 D A 7 6 D A 7
" "("!
6 A " A 7 A 6 A 7 6 A 7
, ! * +
D * # "#
* (
D
" ( !

6 A 7 A

6 A 7 A

D

6 D A 7 A

1 #+ ( + ! * -" A !

6 A D A 7 A

D

' # " "# (+ "# * (

!
"
67 (## #+ "

% %

%

! (## #+ "
(## A " A

% %
A " A %
0

% D % %

%

6#7 (## #+ " "+ # "#!

6 7 6 7
"" (## (## A " A ! *

6 7 D 6 76 7
, + % ! * 67 " 6#7 * # ! +
# "= * *
' * " + ( "! A
A D D
, ! 0 / % ' !
6 7 A

'
A 8
%
"
56 7 A 6 87 A 9

'
%
' * 6 7 A
8 , ! # !

56 7 A 56 7 D
6 7

1 + # ! *

56 7 A
9 D
6
7 6 7
> /* 56 7 A
A % !
6 7 A 9
%
' * *

6
7 %
56 7 A
9 % 9 A
9 %

1 0 6 7!

A 6
76
76
76
7 A
I

1 0 6 7!

A 6
76
7 6
D 7 A 6 7 6
76
D 7 6
D 7
I I
' * " ! * * *<

A 6 7 6
D 76
D
7 6
7 A 6 7
D

I

" * / ( "+ (
"+" " " * + * "
"# ( " "

# " A * "# *
A

?+ "# # #/ #/! * -"
6
7 A 6 7 A
A

, # "# #/ #/ "
6 7 A
D D D D A

# " # "# * ! " #
- # "("! - # * + "# *
6 7 A
' " # "#
6 7 A
D D D
D A
' 6 ?7 ( "# * ?!
6 A 7 A 6 ?7 A (6?7
@ ' " # ( + (+ (## + (+ *
(
(6?7?
A 6' 7 A 6 ?7 A

I
!
A

6 ?7 A

(6?7?

I
4* " # (+! +

(+ #/! *
( A
!

6 A 7 A
6 7
"

6 7

6 7 A

> " " * ( # "

( * "# * 8 A 6
7 A ! (##
* # " (687 A (6 7
> " " * ( #
" *3 (" * "# * 8 A
6 7 A
! (##
* # "
(6878
6
7 A

I
, A !
6 A " D A 7 A 6 A " A 7
6 A D A 7 A 6 D A 7 6 D A 7
" "("!
6 A " A 7 A 6 A 7 6 A 7
.! # ! D * "# * ? D ? ;!
6 A 7 A (6?I 7?

6 A 7 A (66? 7?7I
6 D A 7 A (66? D ? 776? D ? 7

I
' * *

I
6 A D A 7 A ?
I6 7I ? D ?
?
? D ?
A 6 7
* A ? 6? D ? 7 ' * # " "# # "#
* ( / " A ? 6? D ? 7
@ > " # ("" # " " #
" ("" # ! A

6 A 7 A 6 A > A
7 6> A
7

! # > !

* # ! "
* *

6 A 7 A 6 A > A
7 6> A
7

! 6 A > A 7 A .! + > A

! " "# * #
# "# * (
" !

I
6 A > A
7 A 6 7
I6
7I

.! > "# * ?!

(6?7?
6> A
7 A

I
;!
6 A 7 A

I
6 7
(6?7? A (6?7 6 7 ?

I6
7I
I I
6
7I
' * " A
!
(6?7 6 7 ?
6 A 7 A I "I

A I 6?7 (6?7 E?6 "I 7F

A 6?7 (6?7 (6?6 77 A (6?76?7

I I
' # - ( "# * ?
' # D ' A > ! + + " !
6 A " ' A 7 A 6 A " > A D 7
A 6 A > A D 7 6> A D 7
A 6 D 7I 6 7 (6?7?

II 6 D 7I
6?7 E?6 7F
A (6?7 I
I
* " 6 A " ' A 7 (" "
Æ # # " " ' "(" ;*! *
" *
(6?7 A (6?7 (6?6 77
* # C
6 A " ' A 7 A (6?76?7 (6?6 77E?6 7F A 6 A 7 6' A 7

I I
' 6 ?7 " ( "# * ?!
6 D ?7 ?
A
6 ?7 D
! 6 ?7 6 D ?7 " D ? ' * ? +!
" "# * # + + ? ! 0!
+ D ? ' ? +! # ? " ? * # "

' # " "# # #" (( +(
# "# * (
A " A ! "# #
(( " # "# * 6 7 A ' " #
"#
6 7 A D A

' # " # ( ( # "#
* (
A " A ! "# # (( " #
"# * 6 7 A ' " # "#
6 A 7 A
@ " # (( * " (( J+ * " ((
* "
' # " "# #
"# * (
A
" A ! "# # (( "
# "# *
6 7 A
' " # "#

6
7 A 6 7 A
A
9 (G(" " ? ( * ( ? 6?7 * 0

? ?
(6?7 I
(6
?7 A
(6?7 I 6 7
> " ( + ( A " "" 6 7 + "
(" ? + A + ( A + 6 7 ? * A
(++"
6 7 A
? (6?7? A

/ " (" ? 0 ? (6?7 ?
67 @ A
A A 6 A 7 6 A 7
" + " 0 * A - +
" 0 " * A "9! 6 A 7 A 6* A
7 D 6 7
6#7 # "9! "(" #
+ "
! (## ' *
6 7 A E 6 7F
1 (! 6 7 A 6
7!
67 A 6 7 A E 6
7F
!
67 A
E 6
7F A

"+ +C 67 "

67 ' " 1 " # * ( A ?"
D 6
7! * /*
* # "# * (
" ;
$ % $ %

I ?" ?"
6* A 7 A 6 7 A D 6
7 6
7
6
7II

, -" !
$ %
?"

D 6
7 A 6?"7

.! + " !

$ %

?" 6
7

A (6?"7

' *
6?"7
I
6 * A 7 A (6?"7
I
6
7I

> *

I
A
6
7 6
D 7

6
7I

, -" !

6"7 > # "
6 A 7 A 6* A 7 D 6 7
" 0 " "("
! * *
6 A 7 A 6* A 7 D 6 7
' ( * *" * + (6?"76?"7 I
" ( ! "# * ?"

" * " * " "- + # "# #
/+ "" "- # Æ

67 * ( " * "(" "*! " "* (##
("+ ( ! (## * ( " * * # (

6#7 ( " " " "("! " (## (
" " * (( - "

67 # * + # "# * ( A " A
1 0 67!

6 7 A A 6
7 A

6#7 1 0 67! 56 7 A A

67 @ " # #" # - " #"! " ' "
# 0" ' A D ! 6' 7 A 6 7 D '
*
67 6' 7 A
6#7 (( ' A D ! 56' 7 A 56 7 ! *
6#7
56' 7 A
67 # #" # ( # # * +
# "# * ( " # * 0" # (
* # ' A D !

6' 7 A 6 7 D A D A

# & #" # ( # # *
+ # "# * ( " # * 0"
# ( * # '& A & D !
6' 7 A 6 7 D A 67
6 7 D A
& &

6#7
56' 7 A 56 7 A A 6 7 "

56'& 7 A 56& 7 A 6676 7 A

7
! 56'& 7 56' 7
1 0 67! +

: 6"7 A

" +
(6"7
! + D D

" +
!

:6"7 A : 6"7 A

(6"7
:6"7 + + # "# * ( D D " !
# "# D D
, A

6 A 7 A
' * A
! + +

* +
+
!
6 7 A

6 +7 A A

' * A

6 7 A A !

6 7 A

A
A

6 A D " 7 A 6 A D " " 7 A 6 A D "7

6 7 6 7
1 0 67! 6 A D "7 A 1 ! 6 7 A ! 6 A D "

7 A A 6 A "7
( " ! * (( +
( (( @ " # (" ( ((3
! A
! " " # (" ((
+ + !
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7
#
( "(" 1 !
6 7 A 6 7 A
.
! 6 7 A ' *

!
! !
!

6 A 7 A 6 7 6 D 7 A

A

.
' # ( + "# * A
' * 0 6
7 " A A ?

6 7 A 6 D 76 DI
7 ?

E 6 D 7FE6 D
7F 67 ?
A
I

E ? D 6 7FE? D 6
7F 6?7 ?
A
I
. !
E? D 6 7FE? D 6
7F 6?7 ?

. ! ? (6?7 ;! 6 7 ? I (6?7 A 6 ?7

."+ !

A 6 7 D

/

67 A

D

* (( + # ( A

9 (G(" " 67 + ( * ( !
6 7 6 7 A 6 7 A " 6
7
+ ( A
+ 6
7 * A
#"<
6 7 A 6 7 A
A

" (" + A
6
7 """ #
26
7 A 6 7

' "" "+ "#! * "# + "3
# "# 0 ++ " - (( 6 (
" + * 7 ' + "# + ( 3
"# ;*! ( "! " * #
Æ # * # # " "# " ((
* (

1 "" "# " ! 0 #
0 " # + P6 7 "" # " (+
> -" P6 7 A " P6 7 A '(+ + 0
1 !
0 * -" 0 # (
+ P6
7 A " P6
7 A 0

" 0

@ / A 6 7
/ "" "#
67 6 7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A
6#7 6 7 A 6/
7 A P6
7 A
67 6 A 7 A ! # : "#
6"7 6
7 A 6 /
7 A P6
7 P6 7 A

67 6 7 A 6/ 7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A
67 6 7 A 6 /
7 A 6
/ 7 A P6 7 P6
7 A

6+7
6
7 A 6

7 A 6 / 7
A 6/ 7 6/ 7 A 6/ 7
6/ 7 A P6 7 E P6 7F A

6 7
6
D 7 A 6

7 A 6
7
A 6 / 7 A 6 / 7
A P6 7 P67 A
' " ( "+ , " ' " ( "+ !
' A 6
7 ' ! ' * "#
.!

56' 7 A 6 7 A
6' 7 A 6
7 A
"

0 ( "+ , D P 67 ?+ ! *
P 6 7 A " P 6
7 A !
0
! " 0

@ # (
> * (## ! *
(##

!
A

6 7

( "# * " "" " !
(##
P6E
F 7 A P6 7 A A
(## * * A
1 (+ + + * + "# (" 0 67! *
! + +! 8 A " 9 A

' + (-" "#! " / A 6
7
! / *
"" "# ! (## ( *
+
A 6 7 A 6
/ 7 A 6 /
7 A P6
7 P6 7 A
(## *

( ! +" (" "# *
8 A " 9 A ! * ( +" #
A
6
7 9

* # (" "# " * /* + ("

# 0 !

(6 7 A

,! +" * ( A ! + (
# 0 + + ;!

(6 7 A

+ " A D D # ! ! " !

* "# *
6 7 A
D D
A
" 56 7 A D D A ' * / A 6 7 ! / * ""

"# ;!
6 7 A 6 / 7 A
P6 7 A

> /* 6 7 A 8 " 56 7 A 9
A
;! * / A 6 876
7 A
6
76 87! / * "" "# ;!
6 8 7 A 6 /
7 A
P6
7 A

' * / A
6 87
! / * "" "# !

6 8 7 A 6 /
7 A
P6
7

* #
P6
7 P6
7 ' " #
P *
+ * -
0
A

67 + ( * ,+
. (x)
1
Ð1 0 1 x
,+ < ,+

6#7 / * +" 3 ( "
# "
! ( ' ( A -"

@ " " # " ' " " ' *
"# *
6' 7 A

A
"
56' 7 A D A

' * / A 6'
7 ! / * "" "# !
6 ' 7 A 6 / 7 A P6 7 E P6 7F A
@ " + * " ' " +
"# *
6 7 A
" 56 7 A
A

.! ' "# *

6' 7 A " 56' 7 A
A

' "# *
6 ' 7 A
A
" 56 ' 7 A D A
' * * / A 6 '
7 ! / * "" "# ;!
6 ' 7 A 6/
7 A 6/
7 A P6
7 A
@ 6 7 " (" ( + " 6 7 " ("
( " + , ! " ( +
" A " ( " +
6 7 A 6,7 A -
6 7 A

( 6
7

6
7 ,
-
6 7 A
( 6
7
6
7
6 7 6 7
67 6 A 7 A
6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
6#7 " ( 67 * # +
"
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
. *+ 0 0 <
67 (6
7
(6
7

67 6
7
+ 6
7
67 6
7 6
7
+
67

+
67
D +67

+ 9 (" 9 (" * " # "(" " *
"" "# ! D ' "# *
6 D ' 7 A D A " 56 D ' 7 A D A

' * / A 6 D ' 7
! / * "" "# ;!

6
D '

7 A 6 /
7
A 6/
7 6/ 7
A P6
7 E P6 7F A
' ' A + ! (" '

, -
267 A

( 6 87

6
7 9
9
A ! * * (" :! ! 6 7 A 26+ 7

@ ( A ' "! "! ) A ' ' * " (# ' A !
" ' ( " ) 33 6 6' A 7 A ! * "
(#7
A () " ' A )
;! 8#

1 1
16 17 7 6
5 A "
1 1 A " A 7

16 16
" ' "(" " "" "#! 9 (" 6 7
+ ! 9 (" 266 77 ( " ) * #
, -
266 77 A 667 77 7 A
7

(
66 D 77

-" + (" 2 667 ( ! * * + 266 77 7 6
+ ( 7 A * "" " = + 7
>
, -
2 667 A
7
( 66 D 77 7

,
A ( 66 D 77 - 77

A 66 D 7 6
' * # 2 667 (" "# "-" 0 6 7

" (" + 8
2 6 87 A

(66 87
7
6
7
* + (" 8 687 A 8 > " + (" ! *
* + # ++ 8 9 ("
2 6 87 687 A
(66 87
7 8
6
7
+
(66 87
78 A EP6 7 P6 7F
6 7A
6
7
> A ! EP67 P67F A / " (" 8 +
A
2 687 A
(66 87
7 8
6
7

(## (## +6 7 +6 7 A ! * 0
P6E F 7 A P6 7 A

4 +6' 7 A +6 7 D +6' 7 " ' "(" * "#! *
+6' 7 "# * 67 "
6 7 ' + "# * ( "

+6 7 A +6 7! * /* +6 7 "# * 8 "

9 + "# * ( 8 " 9

+6 7 A +67 D +6 7
! * /* +6 7 "# *
+67 D
A " A
+ "# *
( "

, (" " 0 +

6 7 D & A & D E
D F 67

4*

0" "

Æ Æ
&
/ 67 0

D &
D 67

4! (" + " + 0 ("

&
& D &

D

& &

D

D

#+ / ( (" 67

%" 6
+ 6
. "
!
(( + (" # 6 D 6
7
(667

" " "" ( (( (
" " + "+" ( ( * (( -"
" " ( + (( "#
" * * (
+ # " " -
" # ") " "# " (
" / ++

+ ( ("" A
" "" "
A ! *
(##
((
(## " # *
" "" "

!
P6E

F
7 A P6 7 A

# (( ## "+ # +""

"(" " #! * 1 "# * ( A
! "# * # (( "# *
6 7 A
"
6 767 A
' * / A 6 7 ! "# / * #

(( "" "# ;!
6
7 A 6/
7 P6
7 A

"# 0 ! # " #
" ! "# + #
#
* # (( "# * "
A
' * / A
6 76 7! "# / * # (( "" "# ;!
6 7 A 6/
7 P6
7 A

"# / A
6 87 * # (( "" "# !

6 8 7 A 6 /
7
P6
7

1
P6
7 " P6
7 6 D 7
A ! " 0 -"
"
! 0!
;! (#
"# (( " ( * # ((
"#

6 7* " 6 76 7
A
! "# / A
* # (( "" "# ' *

6 7 A 6/
7 P6
7

, # ! *

! 0!
;!
(#

"# # : + * # (( 3
"# * 6 7 D 6
7 D
6 7 A " 6 76 7 D 6
76 7 D

6 76 7 A ! "# / A 6 7 A 6 7
* # ((3
"" "# ' *
6
7 A 6/ 7 P6 7 A
" "+
6 7 A
6 D D D 7 A

.!
676 76 7 A

6 7 A
6 D D D 7 A

! 56 7 A
6 7 A
"# + " "+ *
# (( "# * "
A ;!
"#

/A A

* # (( "" "# ' *
6 7 A 6 /
7
A P6
7 E P6 7F
A
A
"# "/ * # (( "# *

6
7 A
" 6 7 A ! "# / A 6
7 * #
(( "" "# ' *
6 7 A 6/ 7 A P67 A

67 1 0 67!

9
8 9 A

9

! 8 9
A

6#7 "#
8
/A A 9 6 87
9
* # (( "" "# !

8 9 A /
P6
7 A

67 . ( 67 !

8 9

4*
"

6#7 . ( 6#7 !

9

8 A /
A
P

4*
P6
7 " P 6
7 0 * # -" "

! 0!
! (# ( C

, " " ! # ( * * " +"
8 A D D
A " 9 A E6 87 F A 6 7 D 6 7 D 6
7 A

! "# # ( > * " * #
(( "# * 676 7 A " 6
7 A !
"# / A 6* 76
7 * # (( "" "# ' *

6* 7 A 6/
7 A P6
7 A

+ # "# * (
" : 6"7 A 6 (6"7 D 7 '

?!

D
E(6"7 F
: 6"7 A
+ (6?E, F7! * + "# * ?

> /+ ( "# 26 7! * 26 7 A "#
* @ " 9
."+ " "! ( "#
26 7 " # "# * 26@7 A @ " 69
7E2 6@7F A @ 9

,! ' A
( "# * 9 "
9
;! * " 6 7 A 9 " 6 7 A 9

67 @ 26 7 A 2 6 7 A ! ( "# 26' 7

"# * 9 " 69
79
A E
9 F
6#7 @ 4687 A 8 ' ( ' 8 ( ' 4687
!
#C+
A +687
(
-687 A

* * / A / + - ( "#

+6' 7 "# *
+697 "

" !
' A D D (( "# * "
> * (## ' ?+ ! * *" '
"# * " " ( (## '
P6E F 7 A P6 7 A

67 6 7 A 6 7 A " 9 A E6 76 76 7F A !

6 A 7 A 6 7 A /

A 6 / 7 P6 7

6#7 " # # (## 6
A A A 7 #

' ( !

P6 7

6$ 7 A 6$ 7 A /
> *
<

6
7 A 6
7 A /
P6
7

@ " # " ( "# *
6
7 A
! 9 6
7 A
;!
6 7 A E
6 7F A 6 7
- (## 9 *" # " * !
(## # " + "
> * <

6
7 A 6 7 A /
P6 7

@ " "+

6 7 A 6 7 A
" 9 A E 6
7F
A
;!
6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7

A
/

P6

7 P6 7
A

& "# " " 30 "#
" 9+
( "# ( + +
" + * + +C + +

@ 6 7 " (" " ' A & A '& A &! !

267 A

A <
(6< 6&77 A 6<&7 (66<&77
& & & Q6-7 & Q6-7

" ( "# * ( < . 6 7 A (6< 7
0 . 67 A +6 7<
(") ,+

BN
N
=
BN BN

> ?
,+
< ,+

6 7 A
< (6< 7
Q6-7
6 7 A 6- < 7 (6< 7
<

Q6-7
' - ! 6 7 ! 6 7 A ' - !

6 7 A A 6- 7< " # -" 67

. (") ,+
f(x)
β=2
1/2 β=1
β = 1/2
0 x
,+ < ,+

+ "# * ( " < ! # !

+ "# * (
" < ,! # ! A

+ "# * (
"
<
( "# ! ( "# < A
! < A ! " 0"
! "# * # (( "# * 67 A
" 67 A ' * "# / A 6 7
* # ((
"" "# ;!
6 7 A 6/ 7 P6 7 A

, # !
6' 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7
A (6< 7 (6< 7 A (66< D D < 77
' * 0 6 7 ' ( "# * ( < D D <
@ ' " + # ! ' ( "#
* ( D D A !

6' 7 A (6 6 77 A ,
( "# 8! ( < A 8 ! "3
# ( "# * (
< A
8
"# 6
< 7 A 8
" 6
< 7 A 68
7
+ ' ( ( "# * ( <
! 6' 7 A 6
< 7 "" + ' " (
( "# * ( 6
7< ! 6' 7 A E6
7< F !
6' 7 A E6

7< F ( ' D ' D ' " 6' D ' D ' 7 A

D D

<

+ * # ' D ' ! * # * "-"
! 6' D ' 7 A
< D A D 8 .! # ' " '
6
7<

"("! # "# ' * ( "# +"

' !
$ %

56' D ' 7 A 56' 7 D 56' 7 A 6
< 7 D E6
7< F A
D 6
7 8
' " ( ( "# *
( < A A !
6' 7 A (6 7 A (6
7 A
' " ( " " (
( "# * ( < A A
!
6' 7 A (6
7 A (67 A

4 * - " ( ! " " (
* " - " ' ! "
" ( * " " "
' , ! # ' ' ' ' " ' "(" ! (##
* " * ( *
6' ' 7 A 6' 7 6' 7
A (66 7< 7 (66 7< 7 (66 7
< 7 (6 < 7
A (67 (67 (6
7 (6 7
A (67 A

' ' A +6 7! A (6' 7 .! A (67 " "

! !
267 A 6 (67 -7 (67 A -,

/
E6 87 F A
6 87 ( 6 87

6
7 9
9
/
A
6 87 (
6 87

6
7 9 (
9
@ A 6 87 A 6

7 " # + # *
, - , -

6
7 9
(
9
A 6
7 9
(

9

+" + (" + "# * ( - A

D
"
< A 6
9 7! (
<
A
Q6-7 6
7
9 Q6
D
7
+ (" + "# # 0 ! *
, -
( A 6
9 7
Q6
D
7

9

, 0 67 " 67! Q
D
A

!

E6 87 F A
6
9 7

6
7 9

A

9
A 6
76
7 6 79
, ( "# * ( < !

6 7 A < (6< 7
"
. 6 7 A 6 7 A (6< 7
! 46 7 A <

@ ' A A '

" A ! !

267 A 6
7 A (6 7
' ># "# * ( " #! "

.6 7 A " (66"7 7" A E (66"7 7F A (66 7 7

!
46 7 A

' ! 46 7 + ! " ! 46 7 "+

67
< (6< 7 A < (6< 7 A < Q6- 7 A <
Q6-7 Q6-7 Q6-7 < -
6#7
< (6< 7 A < (6< 7 A < Q6-
7

Q6-7 Q6-7 Q6-7 <
<
A 6- 76 -
7

/ 0

< < <
6- 76-
7 -
A 6- 7 6-
7
" (" ? + A # #" 1) " #

6 7 > /*
2 6 ?7 A (6?"7

6?"7 A !
I
<
Q6-7 ? (6?< 7 ?
6?7 A
+ (
" <
6 7 A (6?E< D "F7?
IQ6-7 ?
" < Q6- D 7
A IQ6
-76< D "7
! " (" ? + A
2 6? 7 A
6< D "7 ? (6?E< D "F7 ? !
Q6- D 7
* +C" (" + "# * ( - D " < D "

(( 6 " D 4 "7 A 6 47
67 ' " ((
. 6" D 47 A . 647
. 6"7
6#7 , 67 * # E . 647FE . 6"7F A E . 6" D 47F /+ + # " "
+647 D +6"7 A +6" D 47
67 .(( ( 6#7 * 4 " " # (" # " > # +6
"7 A
+6"7
B( * " (" #
" " 4 A " +6"7 A +6"7 .
((! * #
+6"7 A +6"7 67
' (! * A ! * + +6"7 A +6"7 +6"7 A +6"7 #+
67 * # +6"7 A 67+6"7
6"7 @ & " & & # 0 # + & +
! +6& "7 +6&"7 1 +6& "7 A & +6"7 # ( 67 & ' *
& +6"7 +6&"7 1! * /* & +6"7 &+6"7 ! &+6"7 A +6&"7
67 .(( ( 6"7 * & A " # +6"7" A +6 7!
67 @ < A +6 7 ."+ ( 67! +6"7 A <" " +E . 6 7F A <
+ . 6 7 + . 6 7 A (6< 7! * " ( "# *
( < A +6 7

@ : # + *! !
6! 7 A 6(686 D *!77 A (6867:6 7
67 *! + "# * ( -6 " < ! + :6"7 A 6<E<
"F7 ! /

< !
6! 7 A (6867
<
(667 6! 7 A "

< !
(668 767 < A

+ 0 8 "

<
8 A - +
<
6#7 2 +! *
46 7 A
!

( 6 46! 7 4 ! " *! +6 7 86 A
&! "-" ( (
E (686 D 7 F < 6-67 ! (6<7
!
(667 E46! 7F A (667
Q
A 6< 7 ! ! (66< 77 (6676&< 7
Q6-67
A 6&E< F7 (6676&< 7

1 "# 9+ ( ( 1! # ! + ! "
+ # "# (( ! #
( " " . "# 6 " 7
( $@) 6 7 Æ
6 !
6 7! "
67 "
" 67 7 "
(" # "# 6( 8#7 *
+ /(("

" # "# * ( - " < A

!
.6 7 A !

+ 0 " + " . 67 A

6 - < 7 A Q6- D < 7 E6- 76 7 6< 7 F 6 7% ! 6 - < 7 A "
Q6-7Q6< 7
A 6- 76- D <
7 ' # -" - " < ! 6 - < 7

# ( ,+ "
-+ 6 7 + -+ 6+7 * ( A

@ ' A A ' ! A "! !
267 A 6 7 A
Q6- D < 7 6 7 %
Q6-7Q6< 7
(" # "# * - " < +"

Q6- D < 7 6 7%
E
6 7 F A
6 7 Q6
-7Q6< 7
Q6- D < 7

A Q6-7Q6< 7 6 7%
Q6- D < 7 Q6- D 7Q6< D !7
A Q6-7Q6< 7 Q6- D < D D !7
A Q6- D 7 Q6< D !7 Q6- D < 7
Q6-7 Q6< 7 Q6- D < D D !7
E-6- D 7 6- D 7FE< 6< D 7 6< D ! 7F
A 6- D < 76- D < D 7 6- D < D D ! 7

(a) (b)
0 1/2 1 x 0 1 x
(c) (d)
0 1 x 0 1 x
(e) (f)
0 1 x 0 1/2 1 x
(g) (h)
0 24 / 123 1 x 0 99 / 123 1 x
,+ < ,+
9 (" " ' * # (" + (") ! " !
(6< 7
< <
6 7 A (6<7
Q6- 7 Q6- 7
(6< 6 D 77

A <
Q6- 7Q6- 7
.! A () " ' A 6 ( 7) ! 8#

1 1
16 17
5 A " A " 7 6
1 1 7 6 A 7
16 17
. " ( ! 6 * 6! 7 " 7 *
(# ;! 6 " 7 ! 9 (" ( " ) * #
266 77 A E67 6 677F7 A
Q6- D - 7 6 6 67 < 7 (6<77
Q6- 7Q6- 7 Q6- D - 7

' # 9 (" # " (" (" # "#
* ( - " - " (" + "# * ( - D - " <
! ( " ) "("! "# ( (-" # "#! "
"# ) (-" + "#
" + "# * ( - A " < ! *
"# 6 D 7 * # # "# * ( - A " < A
# "# "# 6! 7
67 @ " * # "
-
67 A 6 7 6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 A
-D<
6#7 @ " # * # "
-6- D 7
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A
6 7 A 6 7 A
6- D < 76- D < D 7
#+ (! -6- D < 7 A ! * - A < ' *
* ( ! "# -"+ "
( C *" # # * ( - D " < ! * 6- D 76- D < D 7 A
- A < < A < " < A - A "#
# "# * ( "
"# # "# * ( " .((+ (
*
A
" A ! " "# #+ " #
"# * ( "

"# " " "#
' - (( (+ (# ! # " -+ "

@ ' A D D > * ' # "# * (
"
D D @ / / # " " # * (
0 A ! A !
60 7 A
*
, A " A

! "-
A / A

* A
!

,! "- ) A * A ' * " 6 7

"# 6) ) 7 ; ' "# ( A ) D D ) 1

( A ) D D ) A * A *

%- ( A * ' ( A " ( A .

6 7 A D D ;! ( ( " " # + 1

"# * ( D D ( A ( ! * /* ( # "#

* (
" D D

(## + #" * # - A . 6- 7 A ! (##
* # #* - " - A . 6- 7 . 6- 7 A ! " (## * #
+ - A . 6- 7 A
! #
#
* "# * (
A
" A 6 7
! 0" (##

I 6 7 6 7 6
7
I II
@ " # # ((! " #
# ((! " " # #
(( 6 7 "# * (
A "
A 6 7 !
6 A 7 A 6 A A A 7 D 6 A A A 7
D 6 A
A
A 7

A D I II D
I
I I
I I

A

D D A
@ " # * # (( ' A
" A !
A 6 7 "# * (

A
A D D A D D A

A D A D
A
A A

!
6 A
" A 7 A 6 A
A A 7 A I 6
7 6 7 6
7

I II

# ( " * # "# * (

A " A D A ! " # #/ #/
6 7 A D D D D A

1 0 6 7!
6 7 A 6 7 A
6 7 A 6
7 A
56 7 A 6 76
7 A
56 7 A 6
76 7 A

1 0 6 7!
6 7 A 6 76
7 A

;!
6 7 A A
"
56 7 A D

6
7 A

, + + A
!

A A

A
A 6 A A 7

A

"("!

6 A A 7 A 6 A 7 6 A 7
"# * ? !
6 A 7 A (6? 7?

I

.!

# ! "# * # "# * ? A
? !

A
A
(6?7?

I
' *

A
A I
I
! ?
A A

I ?

@ " # " A 6 7! * #+ # */+ (! #+

# (" (! " #+ # " ( " "#
+ "# * ( " ! " (
#" "

26
7 A

9 (G(" " (" * (" <

A

-" " (" + A 6
7! * " "" ( # +
( ! * + ( 6 7 " D
+ # *

A 6 7 A Q6 7Q67 A
Q6 7
, " 0! * " 0 6
7 ! " (" + A
6
7

" D !
*

9 "# 0 ( + " 6 7
# "#! ( "# + ( 1
( + 6 7 ' + 6

" 7 " "+ +
( 6
" 7 " # (" 8#
* + /(("

" "# + * + + #"

"# * D
6
7
A " 6 7
A

0 "#
D
P 6 7 A D A

@ " ") . " " 1 "

"# + A "# * D 6 76 7 A

" 6 76
7 A
! + A ! " #
/ A 6 7 * "" "# ' *

6 A 7 A / A P
A

D * "# * D A " 6 7 D

6 7 D
6 76 76 7 A
! / A 6 D 7
* ""
"# ' *
6 D
7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A

"= * "# * A " 6 7 D
6 7
6 76 76 7 A ! / A 6 D7 * "" "#
' *
6 7 A 6 7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A
("" " # " "# + A
D 6 76 7 A $ ("

" "#! * 6 7 A
56 D 7 A 9 D 9 D
;9 9 0" # 1 "=+ * (
# " + " 0 ! * # A ;9 9
6 7 A ! * 0 6
7
67 8 ; 99 8 A !

67 ; 9 A 6 7 A ! * 0 6

7
9
67 8 ; 99 8 A !
67 ; 9 A
9
,! 56 7 A ! *
67 6 ; 79 A
1 (+ 67 " 67 * -" ; A ! ; A + " 67
+! ; # + ;! ; A ' * * 67 9 A ;!
9 A
" " 67 9 A 1 + * #"! * * 67
" 67 *<
67 8 D 8 A
67 8 D 8 A
1 + * 0! * -" 8 A " 8 A

6 7 * # * ( " # '
! ( * # * ( " 0 #/
' *
A
8 " A 8
9 9
(

; D

> * * ( # + >

6 7 A D
D
;
; , ! ; ; ;!
D
;
(#
; D ! " " * A
" A ! 0! * A 8 " A 8
@ " # "-" ' 6 7 A !
; D A ! * #
( ( (( - ; A " 9 A 9 A 9 0

6 8 7 D 6 8 7 A 9
0 * 68 8 7 " " #9 (( ; A "
9 A 9 0
6 8 7 D 6 8 7 A
9 9
0 ( * 68 8 7 " 9 " (

" (( - ; A ' * *
; D
" ' * " + "
( * 0
6 8 7
; 6 8 7 6 8 7 D 6 8 7 A
9 9 9 9
* # ( * 68 8 7 " * 9 " "

( "
$ %
@ R A "

R A ! " ' " ' 33

! * <
A E 6 7 6' 7F

R
E 6 7 D 6' 7F
A
R
9 (" ' " ' # #" # (+ " 6 7 #
( " ! " (+ # R . +
" +# ( 9 (" # ( *+ <

6 7

D
! ! ! !

*
A 6' 7 A 8 D 8 D
A 6' 7 A 8 D 8 D
! A 56' 7 A 9 D 9 D
;9 9
! A 56' 7 A 9 D 9 D
;9 9
A
6' ' 7 A E 9 D 6 D 7;9 9 D 9

! ! ! !
' # "" 9 (" (" # "# *
" ! ! " ! ! "
1 ! 9 "# D " # "# 1
! * # " ! "("

67 , - (! D
D ! *

D D

03 "" "! 6
D D
7 ,
" (! D "" " * #
- ( # 9 ! 9 " ; # (
6#7 . -! / / * " *3" C ;*!
0! !
D 67
6
D D
7

* * ( # " # ( > "

( 6 7 " " C 3
" (# .! * " D A " -"
0 67 6> *" / * A
("" + 7 > " (( ' * ( # !
* " -"
6
7

D 6 7 D
6 7

" * ( ! " * * (

! " * "

* " -
(" 67! * " (" . ( *
A "

A " A ("
67
( # (" # (" E D D & D , D 2 D 4F! *
A

6 ; 7
9

A

9 6 ; 7
;
& A
9 9 6 ; 7

, A 9 6 8 ;7 D 9 9 86 ; ; 7

2 A 9 6 ;7 D 9 9 86 ; ; 7
8

" 4 # (647 9 (" "" * ++
* # (" ( # ! ! &! ,! " 2
" * 0 ; ' ! + ! *
* ; " 6&
7 ;! # - 0
(" # (" . + 0 -"! *
# 0 -" ( # "#
; A 6&7

9 A

& E
F
9 A

& E
F
&2
,
8 A
&
&,
2
8 A
&
+ ("

6 7A

(
9 E 8F

6
9 7
* 8 " 9 " " (" ' + A

2 6 7 A

(
A E F

6
A 7
9 (" 6 ' 7 (" *

6 7 A

9A ( E D D & D , D 2 D 4F
*
A
D

9
A
A

A

& A
A
, A 98 D A
2 A A

" 4 * ++ (( " (
> " / 6&
7 4

A D
A 6&
7 D
9 A A
9 A
"

67 @ ' A "("! * /* ' "("

' "(" " # "#
" ' # 6
78 " 6
79 ( ' "
"("! ( # # "# 4*
*
A D '

A D '

! # " ' 8! " * " /* 9 * '
9
# (" * #3

D ' D ' A 9

69
7E9 9
F A

6#7 " "# + A "# * 0
8D
9 6 87 A

9

"

9

@ 2 6 7 # " ( + A ! * # ( * (
"
@ 67 # + (" ! * # (" * ( " ! /*
(" E F ."+ * (## " #!
+ (

6 7A 2 6 7 67 A

6 7

A

I6
7I A
6
D 7I
D
A
' #! * " 6
7 " Q6 D 7 A I +

" # ( A D
' / "# * " D
D A
! / A ( "" "# 0" (##
6( 7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A

56 7 A 6 7 A ? " 56' 7 A 6' 7 A ? ! * ? D ? A ;! D '

"# * "
6 D '
7 A 6 D ' A 7 D 6 D ' A 7 A (67 D (67 A D A
' # " # "" "# # ""

" "
#
"" " +
;!
8 9 A
8 D
9 A

+ 0! * # 8 A

" 9 A 9 A

# ! * (## 6(6?77 !
# " ! * (## 6? (6?776(6?77
;! (## +
' ( "# * ( < !

A 6 7 A (66 7< 7
+ " 6 7 A A
;! < A < +
' *
E6 87 F A 6 7 89 8
1 "# * ( 8! "

;!
6 7 A 89 D 8
" ' "(" "# * 8! " 56 7 A A
56' 7 A
A ;! ' "# * "
D A
! / A 6 ' 7 "" "# ' * 0"
(## 6/ 7 A

# "+ 3 (" "# *

# * "(" "# * !
# (( "# * , # #/
#/ "
6 7 A D D
D
D A

:S 6"7 A 6(6"' 77 A E(6" D D ") 7F
A E(6" D D ") 7> F
A E:6"7F)
E:6"7F (6?7?

A

I
A (6?7 E?:6I"7F

A (6?7 (6?:6"77 A (?E:6"7 F
(## * " * # + " 6 7 D

6 7 6 76 7 A ! + "#! (" # "
"

, ( +
!
* " -

" !

6
7 A D A

"!
A

6 A
7 A 6
7 6
7 A

A

;!

A

6 7 A
*
1 ! "# (( * 6
76 7 A

" "" " E
6 767F A
@ / A 6
7
#
"" "# * -" 6/ 7 A ;! A 6 76
7 A
' * * (") ' ! '! " * ! (! *<
2 67 A
6 7

2 67 A

4 67 A
6
7 6 7
(" # "# , 2 - A " < A

, 2 ! - A
" < A
, 4 ! - A
" < A

67 6% "7 A 6 A 7! * # #* " "
"# * ! * 6% "7 A (6"7 ;! %
( "# * ( < A

6#7 % " " #! * ( "# +

( 67 ! "# % + "# * ( - A "
< A
67 @ " *+ 6 D 7
" # "! * ( "# +
( 67 " " "#! 0" (##

A A 6(677

> ( % % D ) ! * ) 0" ( "
" 1 (( ( "#! * /*
% " ) "(" !

6% % 7 A 6% % D ) 7 A 6% % 7 D 6% ) 7 A 56% 7 D A
<
% ( "# * ( <
6 7 A 6 A 76 7 A (6< 7< (6< 7 A < <D <

( C C ((! "# #

(( ( * * + * # "# *
A

" A A ! (+ " * ( # "#
(( " # "# * ? A
A ;! #
#/ !
6 7 A
D D D
A

' * 0 67
56 7 A
56 7 A %

%
* % (( C! (( ( (( * 3
! "
A " 6%
76% 7 % ! *

56 7

;! "" "
A

" #" -
1 "
( (## # "# 1

++ # 0" " # ! *

++ # #" # #" + " (
(## + # "#

" #* " " #
(-" "#! " (
(## 1 *+ '
" ' * ( 6#7 ' (-" + "#
;! + " ( (##

1 (( "# "#" ! " #

# + + # " " #! *
"# ;! 6@"#+ " @T7 ( "" '
# * + + + "" "#
1 ( ! (( "# * " ""

" 6 7 A
! * !

6
7 A /

P6
7 P6
7 A

> ! * -"

6
7 A

/

P6 7 P6 7 A

(## " # #

6
7 D 6
7 D 6
7 D 6 7 D 6 7 A
! (( * (
' * "- 67

6"7
46"7" A " A + E . 6 7F
. 6"7
!
$ %
( 46"7 " A . 6 7

67 ' *

;6 7 A
6 7
A

A

E56 7 56 7F E 6 7 6 7F
6#7 ;6 7 + * " + M ! A 6 A 7 "
A
6 A 7
67 ;6 7 * " M ! A 6 A
7 "
A 6 A 7
' * "

* "# *
8 8 " 9 D 9 ;9 9
"# " " "# ' + *
" ! * " ' 9 #
"# ;! ' "# , 0 6
7!
A 8 D ;9
;! 8 A " ;9 A
.! 6 ; 79 A
9 A " ; A
! '
"# * " ! " ;6 ' 7 A

>
6 7 A E 6 7F A E 6 7F
1

9
6 7 A 56 7 D E 6 7F A 6 ; 79 D 8 D ;

9
;!

9 9
6 7 A 6 ; 79 D 8 D
;8 D ;

9 9
0" 6 7 ( 0 1 "#

* 6 7 A ! * 6 7 A 9 " 6 7 A
;!
6 7 A
;8 9 9

(( "# * "
6 7
. #C+ * #
E6 7F

-6 7 A

( +! 0 A ! ! A 0

0
-6 7 A
6 0 7
4! 0 A 67 A 60 7 0 A 67 "

-6 7 A A

* * A #C+ -6 7 A 6

7
."+ ! (( "# * @ "
@ . #C+ * #
@ @ A +6 7

-6 7 A

* * " A

$ " -" "Æ ( " (##
, ! ( (# # ""
( * + (( ( #/ 33""
( " " " (* * ' "" (
" ! "" ( (
H! ! ! ! ! H!
H
' ""! " $ " $. " "
( " $ ( 1
# ( 1 " "#
"

" + " 1 ( "
# " " " ( "# 9 + "#
* ( "# 9 " "# / " + +
" " " + @ # + @ "
# #"

> A ! - #" ( "# < *
+ "# * ( "
!
6 7 A

< (6
< 7< (6 < 7<

A

< (6< E
D
F7<

Q67
A

6
D 7 A 6
D 7

> * ( 6 7
A

6 7 A A
6
D 7

9 ( + # + # 0 6
7
A " A
!
6 @7 A @6 @7
!
B 6 7 6 7
B 6 7 A 6@ A 7 A
B 6 7 6 7 D B 6
7 6
7
A 6 76 7 6 7
6 76 7 6 7 D 6 76
7 6 7
A
' * B 6
7 A B 6 7 A

@ " # " " ( + ?! (

?7 A (6I?7?

6 A

!
B 6 7 6 7
B 6 A 7 A 6? A A 7 A
B 6 7 6 7 D B 6 7 6 7
, # "# #/ #/ "
6 7 A " 6 7 A

! B 6 A 7 A
" B 6 A 7 A B 6 A 7 A
' - " < " ( + "#! *
-
A " - A
< <
! - A
" < A
;! ( (" @ *! @ <
B 6@7 A

@ (6
@7
Q6
7
' - " < " ( # "#! *
A "
- -<
A

-D< 6- D < 7 6- D < D 7

- A ! * < A
!
-D< 6- D < 7
-<
A - < A
A

6- D < 7 - D < - D <

' * * " 0 A

"! ! - D < D A
6- D < D 7
! - D < A " * - 0 - A " < A ;! (
(" @ *! @ <
B 6@ 7 A
Q67 @6 @7
Q67Q67
" ( " (
*
A " A
! ( "# @ # "# * ( - A " < A
6 @7 + # 0 6
7 * A " A !
6 @7B 6@7 A
@ 6 @7
> * ( ( * 0 6 7! * ("

# "# * ( - A " < A ! # "# (
"# @
1 0 6
7!
B 6@ 7 6 @7B 6@7
" # 0 6
7!
B 6@ 7 6 @7B 6@ 7
;!
B 6@ 7 6 @7 6 @7B 6@7
1 + *! * -"
B 6@ 7 6 @7B 6@ 7 6 @7 6 @7 6 @7B 6@7
? ! * * -"
B 6@ 7 6 @7 6 @7B 6@7
, 0 6
7 * ! ! # *
B 6@ 7 6 @7B 6@7
* ( 6

7 ;! * ((( "" +
" (( # # (" # 0! B 6@ 7 * #
0 ( + 0 6
7
' * ( " " " - "!
( "# * # +" * + * "
# " * ((+ ! ( "#
* # # "# #"

'

@ @ D

6 @7 A

*!
"

@
!
B 6@7 A
*
" @
@ D
"
@ D

! 6 @7B 6@7 * # ( @ * # 0

@ D
" 0 @
A
! 6 @7B6@7
( @
, ! 6 @7B 6@7 !
( (" B 6@ 7 * # ' *"! ( "#
@ # "#
@ " " " + # 9 ("
#

6 @7 A @
@ D

*
" @
@ D
"
@ D

B 6@7 + + ! * 6 @7B 6@7 * # (
@ * # 0 @
A " A !
6 @7B 6@7 (
@ D
" 0 @

A " A ! 6 @7B 6@7 (
@ , !
6 @7B 6@7 ! ( (" B 6@ 7 * #
' *"! ( "# @ # "#

" ( "# / 1
# " " " # ( +
1 * ( "# " $ # *
"+ * ( + " ( * (
" 0" ( . + 9+ (
( "# "" #" ! "
* + ( " "#

( @ * #
D
7 6 7 A

D
7

> 0 7 # (+ # " # D

7 " +
7 A

' * C A 6 D 76 D 0 D

7! C A 60 D 76 D 0 D
7 " ) A C 6 C 76 D 0 D 7
C 6 C 7 ! " " * C A
! ) E6 D 0 D 7F '
* * E6 D 0 D 7F ! ) 1 - 0 * # -"
D 0
D 0 # # "! * #

" "

#" # " " #" # " !
* ( "# @ # "# * (

D A "
D A

@ - " < " ( ( # "#! " C A - 6- D < 7
C ( "# " * " C A
(
"#
-<
A -
<
6- D < 7 6- D < D 7 - D< - D< - D< D
A C 6 C 7 - D < D
A
A
- D < D 6 7 - D < D
, + * " - D < D A ;!
- D < A
" - A C 6- D < 7 A
6
7 A ' ! * < A
A
( "# # "#! * (
"# # # "# * ( - " < - D A - "
< D A < ! - A < A 1 # "# * - A < A
"# E! F
1
! ( "# * # + "# * (

D A D A " D
A D A

# "
3 ( "# #
" * 3 ! " " # " 3
"# * @ 1
! ( "# @ +
"# * (
D A " D
A

' ! * 9 A 8 A D A
A " U A !
( "# @ "# * 8 A "
D A

(" "# "#
" "( = " ! + + !
" * (## ! * ( 67
" ( "# @ " * ( 6#7 "
( "# @ ' ( 67! "# @ (-" # (
"#! / A @ * "" "# !
6 @ 7 A 6 / 7 A
P6 7 A A

! "# @ (-" # ( "#! / A 6@ 8 7D A

6@ 7 * "" "# !
6 @ @7 A 6 / 7
A
P6 7 A
( "# @ ! ( "# @ #
, ! 0 6 7 " 6
7! * # <
A 8 D 6
76 7 D
D
D
"
D
A

D
D
' * D A " 8 A
' ! 9 A " D A ! # 0 6
7

D A
D
' * D "

' ! 9 A "
A ! # 0 6
7!
D A
D A

D D
D 6 D 7

( "#
! "" " #

@ - " < " ( ( + "# @ -< A
"
-< A ! < A
" - A , ! 0" (

A
6 7 A ! # ! ( "# @
+ "# * ( D
A
"
D A

+ "# * ( - " < -< " "" "
- < ! Æ - Æ (
+ "# @
! * - A ( "# , ! *
* Æ ( + "# @
6- D
7 A 6
D G7 * # "
! 0"
( C

" + # + # "# * ( " ! *
/* " /* ( 6 7

' ( "# # "# * ( - " < ! ( (" B 67
B 67 % ! ( (" B 6 7
B 6 7 B 67 6 7
%

( # +C" #+! ( ! (" # "#
* ( - D " < D "# * # ( "#
#! * ( "# # # * #
# "#
67 @ A @ @ A " @ A ;!
(6<7 A
<
B 6@7@ A
Q6 - 7
6#7 ' # "# * /* 8 " /*
@! ("
6 @7

@ (
6 8 7

@
.! ( (" @
B 6@7 @ (6<@7
! ( (" B 6@ 7
, $ % -
B 6@ 7 B 6@7 6 @7 @
( < D 6 87

@
;! ( (" @ B 6@7 * - (" # - D
" <
(" # < D
6 87 "# * # ( "# @
#! * ( "# # # *
#+ "#
' "# * /* 8 " /* ""
" 9! ("

6 97 (
6 87
9
9
! ( (" B 697
B 697 9 (69 7
( (" 9 * ! * (" # D " # (" #

D 6 87
' " ( B 697 ' * A 9 ! 9 A
" 9 A 6
7 !
9 (69 79 A

(67

+ * # - " ! " * #

$ %

Q 6 7

;! " ! *+ * # (" 9 <
B 697 A

% 9 (69 7
$
Q 6 7

,! * # "" (" # (+ " # - A 6 7

"
< A

<
B 697 A
Q6-7 9

(6<9 7 9
"# * (" ! - " < ! * #

9+ ( "#
9 (" #
6 7 A @ @ 6 A
7!
@

*
! ( (" B 6@ 7 * # ( @ ! 0" # (
("! " @ ! + #" ;! @ !
B 6@ 7 B 6@7 6 @7 @

@ A

@ 67
*
B 6@ 7A 6 7@ @

@
(( ( "# @ "# * ( " - 6 "
- 7 ( (" B 6@7
B 6@7 @
@
' " ( "# E @F!
6 @7 @ @
;! ( (" @
B 6@ 7 B 6@7 6 @7 @

@ ! " B 6@ 7 A @ ( ("

* # +C" #+ "# * ( - D
"
(" + ("

9 (" *+ ! 6 A

7<
* *
!
!

6 @7 A @ @

A @ ( @

+

( (" @
B 6@ 7 @ (6<@7
;! ( (" @

B 6@ 7 B 6@7 6 @7 @ ( <

+ @

( # +C" #+! (

! (" + "3
# * ( - A - D
" < A < + !
( "# - < " - <
" < < <
#+ "! "# < + "# * ( " !
< 6 7 "+
. #+ "! "#
< + "# * ( D " D ! < 6 D 76 D 7
! * *+ 0<

A

D
A
D
0 0 A " A A " A

( (" (( / " @ ( @

@ ("
# * @ (6@
7 . @ +C# (" +

"# * (

"
( "#
E
F A
( (" (( / " ( K("L / "
((
$ %
(
6@ 6 77

+ (+ . @ +C" #+
(( (" "# * "
A
( (## @

P 6 7
A P6
7 A

> " " ( 1 " +
1 ( + " * " "
1 "" * * " #
*/+ " ""+ (

( "# @ *" # # "# * (
"
( "#
! * *" # 1 " 0" "
( "# *" # 1 " # -" "!
* "
*
. 6@7 A
"" A @

@ 0 . 67 A ! " 6

7 A

( "# @ # "# * ( D A " D A

"# 6 D
7 A ! 1 @
' " # " (! ( "# @ * #
# "# * ( D " D
A ) #
"#
6 D 76 7
) A
67 67
1 @ 8 ( "#! 0"
E6@ 87 F! * ) ( "#
67 ) * * 6D 76 7 1 "=+
* ( " + " 0 ! * -" " *
A
# " # +! ) * #
" A
A > #" 6 D 76 7! "
# "
6#7 6 D 76 7 0" " Æ +!

* # " "( '
" A A

(( ( ( # "# @ - " < 8 A -6- D < 7 .
* ( ! ( "# @

- D
A - D < 8 D

-D< D
-D< D
-D<D

;! C A
6- D < D
7 " C !

' * * ( "# @ + "# *
( - A " < A 1 @ "# " 0
A

(( ( ( + "# @ - " < 8 A -<

( "# @ * +
( "#

- D
A < 8 D

<D
<D
< D
;! C A
6< D
7 " C !

1 ( "# @! + @
"#! * * + # + @
(##
' * * ! C ! 1 *
+ @ (##
;! 1 0
@
' * * ( "# @ "# *
"

67 1 "# " 0
6#7 1 " ( "# " + 0

, + " (! 1 @ (
"# @ ! 0" * # (
"# @ ' * * * #

' * *
( "# @ * # + "#
* ( - A
" < A
1 "# "
0

A

@ " # " (! " - " < " (
( + "# @ ' * * ( "#
@ * # + "# * ( - D
" < D
1 ! *
( "# ! !
-D
A D 6-
7
< D
D 6<
7
( "# @! * * + #

* + (## @
' *! ! 1 *
+ (## @
;! 1 0
@

67 ) ( "# @ # "# * ( - A
" < A ! )
( "# @ # "# * (
D A
" D
A

) ( "# @ # "# * ( - A " < A ! )
( "# @ # "# * ( D A " D
A

6#7 ) 1 @
6
D
7 A
) 1 @ 6 D
7 A

67 ' " # ( * * ((! ) (
"# @ * # # "# * (
D " D A !
" ) ( "# * # # "# * ( D " D A
! ) 1 @ * # 6
D 7 " ) 1 @ *
# 6 D 7 1

A
6 7
D
D

6 76 7
"= * A ! #

6 7

6 76 7
' @ "# * ( - " !
- -
6@7 A @ @ A
@ -
' * * ( "# @ * # "#
* ( - D
" 1 (
"# " ! ! 0 6- D
7 6- D
7
: A @! ( "# : # "" ( "# @
1 :V * # 6:7 ( "# : 1 6:7 A 6@7 !
* - ( " * ( ( "# : " "
* ( ( "# @ @V ( "# @!
@V A 6@7 ,! ( "# @ "#!
* +
:V A 6@ 7 E 6@7F A @V
@ # 6 D &7 0 ( "#! " # .
( @ 26@ 7 " ( (" (

467 A & 6 @726@ 7@ D 6@ 726@ 7@

> * * 46 7 46 7! * 0 6 D &7 0

46 7 46 7 A & 6 726@ 7@ D 6& 6 D &7@ D 726@ 7@

D 6 726@ 7@ 6 7

- + 6 7 0 &6 76 D &7 # 6 D &7 0 (
"#! " ( "# " + 6 7
+ 6 7 6 @ 7 6 D &7@ 6 D &7 @ + ' !
+ * # + 6 7 6 @ 7 (## (
+ 6 7 0 6 7 6@ 7
46 7 46 7 &
D 6 7 6@ 7 A 6
7
D&
0 * 6@ 7 A &6 D &7 0 6

7 * #
" 6 @ 7 ! * " 6 D &7 0

. + / " (( " ! # # (#
" "#" "
(" ( " ( (##
# " * " #/+" * +
-

> (
6' 7 A

A
6' 7 A

56' 7 A
A
6 7

' * * (
$@ ' ! A A

/ " + (
6 7 . +

! * A

@ " # ( / " 6 7
' A ! "+ A ( (!
$@ ! A
! / " +
A ( (! $@
@ " #" / "

(6
@7@
6 @7 A !

6 I7

67 ' " * E6@7 A + 6 @7!

1
E6@7 A
D
1@ @
E6@7 * # " @ * " 0 '
*! * -" @V A
A
6#7 ' A ! 6 @7 "+ @ @ A (
(! $@

@ @ A 9 / "

/

6 @7 A (
@ 6 87
6
@7

' * E6@7 A + 6 @7!

1
E6@7 A D

6 87
1@
@
@
E6@7 * # " @ * " 0 '

*! * -"
@V A

6 87

@ " #" / "

6 < 7 A < (6<7
' * E6< 7 A + 6 < 7!

1E6< 7
A
1< <
E6< 7 * # " < * " 0 !
<V A
A
@ " #" / "
6 @7 A
(6
@ 7 @
*
67 , ! 6 @7 * # * @ " + (# #9
0 @ ! @ A #
" " $@
6#7 (( (" + (" # *+ 0 ("! *
" */ 0 # +"<
6 @7 A
(6@ 7 @
@
/ " 6 @7 * # C @ " $@ *
# @V A
' A
! / " * # *<
*
!

6 @7 A @

' * E6@7 A + 6 @7!

1

E6@7 A D +
1@ @

! @V A
+ ' " # " @V
/ "
/

6 @7 A ( @

! $@ @ * # C @ C

(# * +
(" # # * *<
6 @ @ 7 A * * @
*
@ !
! / "
6 @ @ 7 A

6@ @ 7
@ @ ! " 6 @ @ 7 A * ;! 6 @ @ 7
* # * @ @ " (# (# @
" + (# @ ! $@)

/ "
6 @ @ 7 A @ @

' * E6@ @ 7 A + 6 @ @ 7 " @ A @ !
1E6@ @ 7

1@
A@
@ A

' " 0 ! * #

@ @ @

A

A A

' * @ A -
A !

A @ A -
A -

; - A
' * @V A

A

' * 0 6

7 6* " * (" # " 7 / "
/
6 8 8 7 (

6 ;7

8
; 8 8
D 8

9 9 9 9
' * E68 8 7 A + 6 8 8 7!

1E68 8 7
A

18 ; 9
8 9 ;9
8

1E68 8 7
18
A ; 9
8 9 ;9
8

> " 0 ! 0 8 A " 8 A ;!
$@)
/ " + + ! * 0

6
7 E6 ; 79 9 F

; / " # +"" 6 8 8 9 ! 9 ;7 - ( 3
, ! * @ A 9 ! " @ A 9 ' * + E A + ! 1E18 "
1E18 * # + 1 + * " 0 ! * + -"
8V A " 8V A 4* " 0 1E1@ A ! 1E1@ A ! " 1E1; A ! "
( 8 " 8 0 * $@) " ' * # -"!
+#! 0 * # -" * @ A 9V @ A 9V ! " ; A ;V!
(-"

(+ ( " # # !
" " # "" " * (# "( ""+

$@ (6 @7 (6 @V7! * @V A
+6 7 $@ @ !

$@ (6 @7
& (

!
!

( +6 7
A ( +
'
)A

"" " "# * @ 9 A @ ! 9V A @V ' *
" @V A

" ( "# * ( < #

< (6< 7 A

! A 6+
7< ! " * V A 6+
7<V ' * *
V
< A
(## + ( * (" % A (6<% 7! "
6 7 ' * * (

(## ( *
V A
< A +6 7% ! * <V A +6
7%
"# 8 A 6 D 7
! * 8V A 6V D V7
' * *
V A " V A
"# / A 6 879 * # "" "# !

A 6 @7 A / @ 8 A P @ 8
9 9
;! # P " 6@ 879 A @ A 8 D 9 !
* @V A 8V D V9 1 ( ! *

6 7
8V A " 9V A

F A 6
7 A /
9 8 A P
9 8 A P 8

9
! FV A P66V8
79V 7
@ @ A Q 6-7Q6-7 @V A Q 6V-7Q6V-7 ' * 0 67 @V A 6+ 7

' * A ! / "
< !

6 - < 7 A (6<7
EQ6-7F
' * * E6- < 7 A + 6 - < 7!

!

E6- < 7 A
- + <
+ Q6-7 D 6- 7 + <

;!
1E6- < 7
-
A <
1<
-V " <V 0 1E6- < 71< A E * 0 1E6- < 71- A F!
* -V <V A
A

/ "

$
Q6- D < 7 %

!

!

%
6 - < 7 A 6 7
Q6-7Q6< 7

' * E6- < 7 A + 6 - < 7!

E6- < 7 A
+ Q6- D < 7
+ Q6-7
+ Q6< 7

D6- 7 + D 6< 7 +6 7

;!
1E6- < 7
A
Q 6- D < 7
Q 6-7 D +

1- Q6- D < 7 Q6-7
"
1E6- < 7 Q6- D < 7
Q 6< 7 D

1<
A
Q6- D < 7 Q6< 7 +6 7
-V " <V 0 1E6- < 71- A " 1E6- < 71< A !
-V " <V 0 1E6- < 71- A 1E6- < 71< 0 "
+
@ ' A ' * * ( @V A ' ! G !

V @G
6@ @ G7 A 6' @ G7 A @
V V
6@ @ G7 A ! @ @
' *

> /* <V A .! ( "# 8 A < ! *
* + #
< ;! <V
<
@ / A + A
# ! @V A / ' ("
6 @7 (-" ! (" 260 @7 / * # *! 0 <

A @ 6(60 77*

260 @7 A 6(60 7 @7 (60 7 A @ (6@0 7
0
! / ( "# * ( @ ' * 6/ 7 A @ , 3
! " ( "# * (" 6 @7!
* / / * 9 "# " ( (
"# * ( @ ! # * + #! /
@ ' *
@V @

$@ V 0 (( #J ( ( /+!

+" (+ ( ! 67V A " 6#7 V A

. (" ! / "

# 0 9 ("

# * /*! (" # (## (6 87

# + ' * " -
#!
/ "

(687 (6 87
8
A 6
767 A
! / " "
(6 87
8
8 * C / " 8V A

/ " " " # #" @ (6@ 7
/ "
" " # #" ' 6
@7 (6
@7I ! * A
"
' A ! (( @ (6
@7 $@ #" #
* # @ * C ( @V A

/ " " " # #" 6 7 1 0 6
7

/ " " " # #" ' D 6 7 ! *

A " ' A ! / " (( 6 7 $@ #"
# * # * C ( V A

( Æ " "
;*! ( ( , (( "#3
" "! # " Æ ' 1 !
( "# Æ ! "
/ # Æ 1 , ! H "
# " ( + " (

' ! " " % * #"
' ! * * % Æ # *+ 9 (
9 (" # " 0 6
7
9 (
6 7 A 6 7

9 (
6 7 A 6 7

9 (

6 7 A
!

D E
6 7 F

( " - 0 #/ " "(" ( ! *
% Æ
9 ("
, -
6 9 7 A

( "
6
9 7

9
9 ("

!

0
1
6 < 7 A < (6
<"7
EQ6-7F
2

9 (" + ;*! /*

( * - " < ! ((( C * *<
/ , -
6 -7 A ( <

<

EQ6-7F "
9 ("
% 0 /
$
6 -7 A
!

6 7
1 Q6- D < 7 % "
EQ6< 7F
2 Q6-7
( "" #

A
@
6 @7 A @
*
! 9 (

" @
6 @7 A @
*
' 46" @7 "-" ( ! * " " @ * " (
+! *
6 @7 A
46" @7
@

9 ("
46" 7
6 7 A
6 7
* 4 "-" (
9 ("
46 "7
6 7 A
6 7
* 4 "-" (
9 (" 9 (
/
!

6 @7 A 6 7 E6@7F (E&6@7"F

' ( * - ( (" ( ! " * "
! ! &! " ( +

67 6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 ! 67 A ! 6 7 A ! &67 A + !

6 7 A
6#7 6 @7 A (6I@7@ ! 6@7 A (6@7! 6 7 A I! &6@7 A + @! 6 7 A

D
6 7 ! 67 A

! 6 7 A
! &67 A +6 7!

67 6 7 A
6 7 A
6"7

6 87 A (
6 87
6
9 7
9

8
(
9 (
9 ( 89
A
6
9 7

! 687 A

(6
89 7! 6 7 A (6
9 7! &687 A 98 ! 6 7 A
6
9 7
67 6 9 7 A +" (E "( F ! 69 7 A ! 6 7 A ! &69 7 A !

6
9 7
9
6 7 A 6 8 7

67 6 -7 A
< (6< 7 ! 6-7 A < ! 6 7 A (6< 7! &6-7 A - !
Q6-7 Q6-7
6 7 A +

6+7 6 < 7 ( (" ( 67 ! 6< 7 A < ! 6 7 A Q6-7 !
&6< 7 A < ! 6 7 A

%
6 7 6 -7 A Q6- D < 7 6 7% ! 6-7 A Q6- D < 7 ! 6 7 A 6 7 ! &6-7 A - !
Q6-7Q6< 7 Q6-7 Q6< 7
6 7 A +
67 6 < 7 ( (" + ( 6 7 ! 6< 7 A Q6Q6 - D <7
<7
!

6 7 A ! &6< 7 A < ! 6 7 A +6 7
Q6-7
% * # Æ @ " 6 @7 # " 0 6
7
;*! 67 # (" 67! " ! * # C
+ 0 6
7 " C * 7
67 " @ ! % * # Æ " % Æ

. * ( * "= * ,! # !
% A Æ ;! # ! % A + % Æ .
" * # ! #
6+7! + "#
( * 6 7 A + ! # ! % A 6 7
Æ
' * "
67 % A + 6 7 Æ

33 % ! * Æ
@ 6@7 # ( (" @ ( (" @ ! "+ 1) !
6@7 6@7 6677E67 @F 6@7 7E67 @F 6@7
26@7 A A A
6:7 6:7: 6677E6 :7F 6:7: 7E67 :F 6:7:
* " 0 C 2 ( "("
+ 67
,! (( % Æ / " #+ A 6677E67 @F!
* (( 7E67 @F / " #+ % A " 6* " A 677

6677E67 @F A 7E" @F 667 67
* 67 " A 67 4 + " 67
(( 7E" @F A 7E67 @F * / " (( 4! ((
* / " (( ! 6@7 # ( " 46"@7 # ( % '
" A 67 &67
6@7 A 66746"@7
@ 7E" @F A 46"@7 " (( C % Æ

* * ( Æ ! ""
9 Æ +

' ! " " " " % " % * #"
' ! * * % " % 9 Æ # *+
9 (" # " 0 6 7
9 ("
6 - < 7 A
<
" (6<"7
EQ6-7F

9 ("
$
6 - < 7 A
Q6- D < 7 % " "%
Q6-7Q6< 7
@ 4 # "-" ( 9 (" # * *+
<
6 -7 A
6- 7 46 " 7

"
.+ 4 # "-" ( 9 (" # * *<
46@ " 746" @ D 7
6 @7 A

9 (" 6 ' 7! A
! * + "
*+ "<

6 8 7 A
8

D
8

6 8 7 A
8 D
8

6 8 76 8 7 A
8 8 D
8 8

1 ! # 9 (" "(" #"
( + - + !
9 Æ
9 (" 9 (
0 0
! 1
1
6 @7 A 6 7 E6@7F ( & 6@7 6 7
2 2

' * C % % 9 Æ @

' ( * - ( (" ! " * "
! ! & ! ! & ! " *3( ( +

67 @ @ A 68 9 7 6 @7 +

6"7 !
6@7 A
( 8
! 6 7 A ! & 6@7 A ! 6 7 A ! & 6@7 A 8 ! 6 7 A
6
9 7
9
9 9
6#7 @ @ A 6- < 7 6 @7 +
67 !
<
6@7 A ! 6 7 A ! & 6@7 A - ! 6 7 A + ! & 6@7 A < ! 6 7 A
Q6-7
67 @ @ A 6- < 7 6 @7 +
6 7 !
6@7 A
Q6- D < 7 ! 6 7 A ! & 6@7 A - ! 6 7 A + ! & 6@7 A < ! " 6 7 A +6 7
Q6-7Q6< 7

$@ <
6 7 33
Æ " ;! $@ Æ /
Æ
1 (
! V A 1 ! V Æ ! V
Æ
1 ( ! @V A 1 ( ! @V Æ ! @V
Æ
1 ( ! " 9 Æ ! $@
@! # ! # Æ 6> /* (
( ( $@! * # - "+ $@ "
/+ * Æ 7

' * % A ! " " #" % ! " 4 #
"-" ( ! / " # * *<

!

6 @7 A
46" @7
@
* # * @ (#! #9

46" @7 A ! $@ @ @V A " " "# * #

6 @7 A

;! A @
' * (( $@ V A @V
A "

1 ((+ C 6 @7! # % Æ
@ ! %
* $@ ! Æ
@
1 ! V A " V A 1 ( ! V "
V 9 Æ ! V " V 9 Æ
' # * - $@) + # ""
- + # 33
- 9 Æ ! - $@) 9
Æ ;! $@) * # 9 Æ

1 + # 0 67 Æ ! 1
Æ ;! * # Æ

' *
1 ? 6- D 76< D
7
Æ ?! 1 Æ ? ;!
* # Æ
1 8 + # 0 67 Æ 8! 1
Æ ;! * # Æ

' """ " ! + # ((
! 1/* " B " * " "
Æ "" * * "
# */+ " ""+ (

' A Æ @ Æ #
" " ' ! Æ " #

. Æ (
Æ
! # " #
"# E @F @
" @
!
* 6 7 A @
" 5* 6 7 A @ 6
7 ' ! * *
@
* 6Æ 7 A @ " 5* 6Æ 7 A

;! @ !

6@ Æ 7 A * E6Æ @7F A 5* 6Æ 7 A @

67 ' * " + (" ' *<

@!
2 6 @ 7 A @
*
;! @ !

@
6 @7
A
*
6@ Æ 7 A * E6' @7 F A
@ 6
D 76
D
7
6#7
A
6@ Æ 7 A 6@ Æ 7 A @
67 ((
6@ Æ 7 6@ Æ 7 + @ "
E6
D
76
D
7F 6
7 ! 0! "
6
D 76
D
7 A
D
D
;!
6@ Æ 7 6@ Æ 7 "

D
! 0! " 6

76
7
0 -"
! * 6@ Æ 7 6@ Æ 7
@ ;! Æ " Æ

, &!

6@ &'7 A * E6&' @7 F A & * 6' 7
&@* 6' 7 D @

A

&

& D @

D

D
;! +
" + @ 6@ &' 7 * # * &
Æ @ ( 1 "=+ * (
&! * -" C+ & & A 6
D
76
D 7 ;! 6
D
7' 6
D 7
" &'
.
' * * Æ (#
# " " Æ ! " #
67 Æ * ! 6< Æ7 A 6< 7
6#7 6 Æ7 A ! Æ " Æ 6 Æ 7 A
1 * $ Æ # Æ # 0
* (## ' *"! Æ # Æ
! Æ " " # " " #
' *"! * < # " # #
# < (( # 0 2 ! (
< (( # "=

' * * ( Æ (# ((
<V # # " " Æ
! <V " #
(( "# * ("

6 7 A 6 7 D 6 7

(( - 6 7

6 7 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 6 7

6 7 6 7 D 6 7

A 6 7 A 6 7

. ( # + " "# + ( "#!
6 7
> * ( ( ' *
* 6 Æ @ % 7 * 6Æ @ % 7 A * 6Æ % 7 @ A Æ @
!
* 6 Æ @ 7 * E* 6 Æ @ % 7F A * 6 Æ @ 7

@V $@ @! * /* " @V %

@V " % ! /+ " ( 6@V% 7 * = @V ;!
Æ A 6@V% 7 A @V

# !
6 % A "7 A 6 A % A "7
' " A # !

6 % A 7 A
(( * "

A " A "
6 A % A "7 A 6 A6 % "
A "7
% A "7
A
6% A "7

" "("!

A " A " A 6 A 7 A "

A 6 7

"

A 6 7
"

.! 6% A "7 A
6 7 ' *
"

6 A % A "7 A
"
A "

"
! !

6 % 7 A %
A
. + *

*< 1 ! 6 % 7 A 6 % 7 A A
6 % 7 !
6 % 7 A 6 % 7 1

6 % 7 A % A 6% % 7 A %

;! 6 % 7 A %

> ' '
# !
6' % A "7 A 6' A % A "7 A 6 A% A "7

A " A "
A 6 A " % A "7 A

6% A "7 6% A "7

" # " "("! "# * @!
" "# * 6
7@ !

(66
7@7E6
7@F
A " A " A 6 A 7 A " A (6@7

"I
.! % "# *

@!
6% A "7 A (6

@ 76
@7
"I
' * * 6' % A "7 A 6E
F
7

' ' "-"
A
! <V A '
.! * /*

6' % 7 A 6E
F
7' A
!

6<V % 7 A

' % A

' A
'
6' % 7 A

@ @V # $@ @ $@ (6@ D

7 (6@V D
7 $@ @ !
$@ (6@ D
7 (6 D
7 $ (6 D &7

* +
6(E D &F (E@ D
F7
* +
A 56(E D &F7 D 6(E D &F7 (6@ D
7
A (6
@ D

D
&7E(6

7 F D E(6@ D

D &7 (6@ D
7F
A (6
@7(6

D
&7E(6

7 F D (6

D
&7
(6
E D
F D &7
D (6 7
A (6
@7 E(6
&7 (6
7
(6&7 (6
E D
F7 D (6 7F
@ A (6&7 ( * C $ @ #
C+
(6
7
(6
E D
F7 D (6 7
A (6

7! & A

67 ( "# @ # "# * ( " ! (
"# @ # "# * ( D A " D
A
6#7 > 0" ! ( ! *

> /* $@ @ A ;! # (( "#" !
$@ @ !
( "# @ # "# * - A " < A ! *
( "# # "# * - A D A " < A D A
1 ( "#! G
9 (" # 0 @ ("" @
@ A
!
$@ * # @ - * *

@

* (# @
@V A

9 (" "

$ %

( 6 87 6 87

9 9
9
9
' * E687 " + (! " 0 E6878 A ! * -"

9 D 9
8V A

9 D 9
Q6- D 7 A -Q6-7! * Q 6- D 7 A -Q 6-7 D Q6-7 ;!
Q 6- D 7 A -Q 6-7 D Q6-7

:6- D 7 A
Q6- D 7 Q6- D 7 Q6- D 7

A Q 6-7 D A :6-7 D
Q6-7 - -
9 ("
6@7 A
(

@ (
@

@ ( @
$
A @ (
%
D
D @

@ @
67 1 + 0 1 +6 71@ A ! * -"

V@ A D D

6#7 ' :! 9 ("

$
: %
6 : 7 A ( D D

:
( (" :
B 6: 7 : (6<:7
* ( ("
$ %
D D

B 6: 7 6 :7B 6:7 :
( < D :

;! ( "# : + "# * ( - D " < D D

D
9 ( ("

' A " A !
* # (## ++ 6 A
7 ;!
! ! * " @! ! ! * "
@! " * " G
G ;! . " # ! ! + " 1
" # ! ! ! 9 ( 67 @ 6 @7&
! 9 (! / " ! C" *

@V A
D
( (" @ + A -
B 6@ 7 6 @7B6@7 (6@7 @
;!
B 6@ 7 A
(6 @7 @ !
*
67 1 ( "#! @V A D
6#7 1 " ( "#! @V A D +

' ! @ @
;! ! $@
@

@V A

' * <V A @V

?" "! # "# * (
" @ A D A D

! * @ ;! ! $@ @V

@V A

' * $@ V A

6@V 7

( "# @ "# * ( A " - A !
* ( "# @ * # "#
* ( - D
" '
A " A
;! ( "# ( - A " A 1 @
* # ( "#!
@V A @
@ A
@
1 @ * # " ( "# * #

A @ A

@
;! @V A A

9 (" # *

6< @7 A < (
<@ <

@! " 6< @7 A * ;! # C !

" ( 9 Æ " (
33 (

!

9 (" # -

("

C" * " + (# !
V A
- /* ! * C ! # 0
" (
! Æ
! ! $@ V Æ ! Æ

' * V A * + # $@ !

C / " +" - ' * # V "
E6-7 " + + / " ! * * + !

E6-7 A
+ - D
- + V 6- D 7 +

"
E6-7

A D
+ V +
- -
;! # + ( 0 ! * -"

-V A

+ + V

' # * ( V " -V " 33

( 9 Æ % " % + ;! V " -V
9 Æ ' * * V " -V #
9 Æ
(

6 7

6
7 A
$@
* # C ( + "
+ "

D
A 6 7

D
"+

! * 6
7 * # C"

* . +#! " "
;!
* # + + ' +! "

# $@)

9 (" " 6@ 7 ("" #
6 @7 6
@ @7 ! $@ @ * # @ *
-"
67 ' * / @V A ! @V A ! @V * # (#! " * # -"
# # #" * 6
@V @V7
6#7 ' (# # " 6
@ @7! # #

;! *! A ! * / @V A ! @V
* # (# " * # -" # *
6 @V7 " * 6
@V @V7

67 ' (# # " 6

@ @7 + ( 6#7
' (# 6 @7 " 6
@ @7! # #

;! *! A ;! # #
" 6 @7 ?" "! (# @ @V A
1 @ ( "# @! " (" $

( "# ! + # 0 6
7!
F A
6 76
7 A
D

D
;! # C

D

D
1 + - " 0 ! " *
A

' * * ( % A Æ (# (

! * " #

" ( A

6 !
. 667 A 66@7 6 @!

6 @
( @ * (## ! ( @ @ ( @
(## . 6 @7 A ' " # ! * "

+6 7 +6 7 A

""

' /* "# * @ "
!
* 6 @ 7 A 5* 6 7 A
"
"

' * "# "
! " #
/ A 6 @76

7 * "" "# !
3

* 6 @7 A * 6/ 7 A

0 (60
70 A

0 (60
70

3

A

#
1

6
7 "
A
;!
#

' / "-" !

6 @ 7 A 6/
7 A
P6
7

! * # " P6
7 ' " #
P *
! *
!
# +!

> A
! " # / A
* # "# * (
"
A
! "
6 7 A 6
/
7

* (## * # # " " # "
# # "# #/ #/ ,
A ! (## #
6 /

7 A 6/
A 7 D 6/
A
7 A D
A

,
A ! *
6 /
7 A 6/ A 7 D 6/ A
7 A
D
A
,
A ! *
6 / 7 A 6/ A 7 D 6/ A
7 D 6/ A 7 A
D
D
A
;!
A Æ
' " # " + ( C
A * 0" "! (
C
A * 0" " ,
A ! * *"
6 / 7 A 6/ A
7 D 6/ A 7
! * # "#

A ""! *
# "#
A * ""
' /* *
A
! 6 7 A A
" 56 7 A 6
76 7
A
!
/ A 6
76
7 * (( "" "# ' * *

6 7 A 6/

7
P6

7
!

* # " P6

7 ! 0! "

- -" "
! ( C
#

' * + ! * A
!
6 7 A 56 7 A

"
"

, # !
6 7
6 7 A 56 7 A

* # * A

! * ( 6
7 !
* # + 6 7 " 6
7 !
0! "

"#
% H "# *
"+ " > * 6%
&7 A 6
%
& 7 ' " (## # ! * "
& 0
0 H "# *
"+ " 0

A
&
" & A

" * # * (" 6 7 ! 0!
* + 6 7 >

+ 6 7 A 6&
!" 7 D

+

'
A ! "+ " * #" '
A
!
"+ " * A '
!
* " # " # + " * ( 0 '
* " A

" "# " # H "# + "
#/
(a) n = 1
0 .45 1 x
median
mode
mean
,+ < , -+

@ " " ( 6 ' 7 * " "
D ' .! D ' H "# * * "+ " ' "
# " #/ 6 D '
7 A ! *

> " 6 D ' D / 7 D ' D / H "# *
"+ " ! " # " #/ 0" (##
+

> " (## !
! D ' D / 9 .
!
"(" # :! N! " O * "# * "
9

! #

9 ! '
9 ! " /
9 * "" "#
;! ) A 6 D ' D / 76
9 7 * H "# * "+ " ' *
*
6 D ' D / 9 7 A 6) 7

(b) n = 2
0 1.39 2 x
median
mode
mean
(c) n = 3
0 1 2.37 3 x
median
mode
mean
(d) n = 4
0 2 3.36 4 x
median
mode
mean
,+
< " -+

' * # " # " #/ (## + +

1 (## + ! * /* % A . 6 7 "#
E F 4* / A + % > " (" 2 / (" %
6"7 A
" !
*
% A (6/ 7! * "0 A (60 7 ! 0 !

"
260 7 A 6(60 77 A (60 7
0
! * / ( "# * ( < A ! *"!
+ "# * ( - A " < A ! # !
/

+ "# * ( - A " < A
,! # !
/ *

+ "# * ( - A
" < A
! 0! H "# *

"+ "
' * * (" > *! <
4 67 A
6
7 6 7
@ A
6 * 7 * A 6
7 " A 6
7 ! (" 2 6 7

*!
<

4
2 6 7 A

A
6
7

A

4*!
!

"

.! # "! 6 D "
7 (6"7 ! 6 6
77 (6
7 ;!
!

2 6 7
(6
7
(" H "# * "+ "
' /*
"# * 8 " 9
! 6
8769
7 "" "# " 0 # H "#
* "+ "

# D D " D D * "# * "

! """ # ! * "" "#
! 0 * H "# * "+ " "
* 0 * H "# * * "+ " ' *"! ' *
H "# * * "+ "
( * " 6 7 "! * H "#
*
"+ " !
(6
7 A (6
7
6
7 A

Q6

7

Q6

7

A
QE6
D 7
F A
QE6
D 7
F

Q6

7
Q6

7

, + 9 !

6' 7 A * 6 7
9
* * A '9 H "# * "+ " (## 6 7

" 9 0 H "# * "+
" 0 ! 9 0 9

> (
"(" ( + " ( > " "#
( ' " "!
" / ( * ++ + +
" + 8# 6 7 * +
/(("

> " ( A
94 9 H "# *
"+ " ! *
+ "# * ( 6
7
"
' * ( + " # #
# &! * + " ( # ""+ # & ! * & A 9
! * -"
&( A 9V + "# * ( 6
7
"
6
9 7

' # -" 67! 6#7! " 67 + #
0 * " (" ("+
* "= * 67 + # 0
# * 6"7 + # (" *
"
6 * *7
67 "

A

,
# +! * D A " D A ' *

" 0 A "! ! - 0 A

;!
( A
" A
( A
" A
* /

+
6#7 "

A

,
# +! *
D D A
"
D D A

! A " * - 0
D D 6 D 7 A
D
D
A

. " +
0 # > A
"
A A
,! * D D A *
D D A

"

A

- ( 0 # *
D A " D A

A " A * D A ! * *
!
A
" A
A
" A
! +

A

Æ

A 6 7
6 7
6 7

6 7
6 7
6 7

+! *
' ' ! " ' "("
" "" "#

@ / A 6 879 A

/ " / "("
" ""
"# 4! ' A 6/ D / 7
" ' A 6/ / 7

Æ

A

+! *
' " ' "("
"# ,! * A D " * A
" ""
* A
9' D
8 " * A
9' ' " ' "("! * *
* " * "("
67 6 879 "" "# A

* A

6 87

9
H "# * "+ " 0" (## # * *<

*
! *
A * 6 *
7 A 6*
7 6* 7! > *
H "# * "+ " ' " # " #/
6*
7 A " 6* 7 A

6#7 1 ! ) A 6 7 H "# *
"+ "

9
0" (## # * *<

)

! *
A * 6 )
7 A 6)
7 6) 7! > )
H "# * "+ " ' " # 6)
7 A
" 6) 7 A
67 " # ) A
9V 9 H "# *
"+ "
0" (## # * 6)
7 1 " !
"
A
! 5 "+ " " 6) 7 ;*!
A
!
5
"+ " " 6) 7
6#7 0" (## # *

)
A )
)

* ) + H "# *

"+ " 1 " ! "

A
! ) "+ " "
6) 7 6) 7 A
;*!
A ! 5
"+ " "
6) 7 6) 7 A
' H "# *
"+ " ! *

# ("
"(" " " "#" " #!
* H "# * "+ " 6 7 A
" 56 7 A !

* / A 6
7
* (( ""
"# !
6
7 A 6
/
7
P6
7 A
( " ( "(" ! (
9 ( ( (" # *
* ( * # 8 ' *"! (! " "#
! + #" ( ! "# * 8 "
9

' ! * " (" " "# ( 6" K%
("L7 # /((" # * " * " '""!
" 8# 6 7 + /(("
" ( 0 6 7 + * ( ((
+

6 7 A &

D A
&
D
!

* & A QE6
D 7
F ' "-" !

A

"

6
7 Q6

7

A 6 7 !

6 7 A

6&
!" 7 D

6 7

A
6&
!" 7 6 7

7QE6

7
F

7
F
A
6&
!" 7 QE6
D 7
F A
Q
QE6Q6
Q6

7

A

E6

7
F A

6 7 A ! * * 56 7 A
6

7

8V A " 9V A
! * "- ( 0 67

6V8 8 D 9V 7 A 8 A E( 6
7
F
9V
( " "# *

"+ " "
A ! *
6( 7 A ' " # " "# * "+ "
6( 7 A ;! # ! 6( 7 A ' * * A
" A

D "# * "
! ' A 6 D 7

"" "# .! / A D D H "# * "+ " !
'
" ' " / "(" ! ( A " "# * "+ "
# 6/7
! * & A
! + " #3* # 0 (
@ A

A

D
6
D 7
D

A

A Q6
7
Q6
7

2 67
* 2 67 (" " "# * "+ " ' " #
"# + ;! ""

Q

6 7 A
6 7 A 6 7

Q6
7

@ A 6 D 7
" A 6 7

*A
6 D 7

6 7 A
5
' * 0 67 ( A
" "# * "+ "
* A ( ! *
6* 7 A 6
(
7 A
6(
7
' # " # " "# * "+ " 6(
7 9
+ + ;! 6* 7 A
"# ( A 6
7 6 879 " "# * "+ " @ 7 #
0 " "#!

A 6(
7 A 6 8 D
6
7
9 7
' * * * & A

6
7 A
67 0 *+<

+ D A

( !
+6 D 7 A D 6 7
* 6 7 ((
6 7 A >

+ D A D

+ D
6
7

A D

" ! ( ""

@ # (" " 2 # (" ' %-
46&7 A 6& &7 6& ' &7 A E 6 7 26 7F 6

7

(( & # 6 7 26 7 & & " 6 7 26 7 &
' " * # 46& 7 A 46&7 ( ! - & &

46&7 A 46& 7 D E 6 7 26 7F D E 6 7 26 7F

6 7 26 7 * +! 46&7 46& 7 ! & & !
46&7 A 46& 7 E 6 7 26 7F E 6 7 26 7F

6 7 26 7 * +! 46&7 46& 7 ,! ""
(" + " (" * - "+ " & & & A "
(" " ("

" * "" " + -" - (+(
( + *" " " # # "" *
-" " + + ( * ""
# # +" -" ' " ++ #
" # "+ ( " . + + ("
* ((" ! " / # " # +
$ * +C / ( ' (! 3
"+ * /+ -" 6" +- 7 (
# ( #" ( ! "
(" ( ( # / /
/ (+ -" Æ / #*
+ -" " 0 +

> " *
$ %
P D C 9
8 D P D C 9
A C 67

1 #+ " # 0 " ""+ " #
9
! * * (## 67

P D C 8 P
D C

9

" # 68 769

7 "" "# * 8 "
9 ." (## "" " # #* P 6E D C F
7 "
P 6E D C F
7 6 D C 7
E 6 D C 7
F A C

' ! A
! 9 A

6 7 6
7 A
" 9
A
3

! -" 8 *

& 8
D
&
' -" Æ C # "! & 6& ( &7 A C ! *
( " "# *
A "+ " 1 !
6& ( &7 A 6( &7 6( &7 A 6( &7 E 6( &7F A
6( &7
! &
6( &7 A C ! 0! 6( &7 A 6 D C 7

67 ; C A ! 6 D C 7
A ' " # " "# * "+
" & A ! -" 8 "(
6
7
6 7 A
"
D 6
7 6 7 A
6#7 ; C A ! 6 D C 7
A ! " & A
! "( -"
8
6
76
7 A
"
D 6 76
7 A
67 ; C A ! 6 D C 7
A ! " & A ! "(

"
2 # ! " # ( C"! + -"
Æ C ! *" -" #
"( -" &9
" D &9
! E A
9

" E A & 9

6 7
*A
9
H "# *
"+ " ! 6* 7 A
! 69 7 A 69 *E

F7 A 9 ' * 6E 7 A & 9
" " + & +
" C * "#"

67 ;! 6 D C 7
A ! # " "# *
A "+
" " & A
;! & A " 6E 7 A 6 79 A 9
6#7 , " "# * "+ " ! & A

;! 6E 7 A
9
67 ;! & A
" 6E 7 A 9
' " # " ( 67! 6#7! " 67 -" C ! 6E 7 "
( C

6"7 ;! C A ! 6 D C 7
A ' " & A ;! 6E 7 A 6 7 9 A
9
67 ;! C A ! 6 D C 7
A " & A
;! 6E 7 A
9
67 ;! C A ! 6 D C 7
A " & A ;! 6E 7 A
9
' " # " ( 6"7! 67! " 67 -" ( C ! 6E 7 C

6 87

6 879 "" "#!
A
9
# *

9 9

8 D
A

! * "( 9
" D 9
*# -"
8 *
-" Æ
+ * #
9
' * *

9
9 "

A

6 7 9 H "# *
"+ " ! (# -"

& " & * + 6. ("
! - # "= ( & " & + # "7
+ # *

6 7 9

6 7 A C

&
&

! * "( 0 #" 6 7 & " 6

7 & * # -" 9 * -" Æ C
. ( "# * 8 + "# * - A " < A 8

! # ! * + "# * ( - A
" < A 8

' ! * 8 * + "# *

( - A
" < A + "# " /* 8!
(#! ((! -" & " & * +
' ! - # ( & " & " #

" 6' (! *" # "Æ -" + ( & " & * #
+ "# * - A
" < A 7 ' * *

8 A C
&
&

! * "( 0 #" & " & * #

-" 8 * -" Æ C
+
A
A ! " 9 A
((( " "# 0

% 6 7 A
"( -"

(+ ! * + 6 7
."+ 67! 6 @ / A 7 A ! # 6 7
/ A ! *
/* #* " + E@
@ D
F ;
#*
@
D 6@
D 7

A @ " @
D
D @ D
A @ D
; # * @! * * @

67 #* + 6 7
6#7 @ * #" " #* A " D A

67 ( 67 (# @ ! +
(# @
6"7 / A
67 ."+ 67!
A
6 @ / A 7 A

67 / "
6@7 A
@
!
*
6 6#7 * # "
7 ( ("
@ (( / " ( ("! ( ("
& (6 @7 @
!
*!
* & / ("

& (6 @7@ A

+ # 0 E(6 7(6

7F A

! * & A

A

6#7 #" A ! ( (## @

(6 @7@ A
E(6 7 (6 7F A

67 ( 67 (# @ ! (
(## @
6"7 ( (" @ 6
7! " * #
67 '""! &
! ( (##
@ & 0

(6 @7@ A
(6 7E(6 &7 (6 &7F

& A &
0 A (! & A
&6 0 7! 67
#C+ -6 7 A 6 7! " (( "#
-6 7 "# * -67 "
!

6 7 P 6E D C F
7
6 7 D P 6E D C F
7
C
*" / * "(

6

7 P 6E D C F
7
67
(( Æ C -" 6 7 -6 7

- 67 A 67
' "( 67 #* "
!
* "(

6

7 P 6E D C F
7
67
* # (( Æ C -" ' * "( 67 +
( * "( 67 # ' (( "( 67 +
! (
(( "( 67 # > "-! * "( 67
# (( Æ C -"

2#! " # " # * + 1 ( 2 + -"
" ( ( (( " (
' ? "
- ( ( # "
(! * 8 " < - ( " ( ("+
( *+ " + ( " "3#" * *+
0 ( ! < - *+ "
+ < - 6* *+
- 7! 9 6* *+
7! "
? 6 8 7 6? D
7 6* *+ 7
( "# "(" 6(7!
* 8 + #

"# * 8 " A ! * /* '
"# * 8 D " A ! ( ' A

* @ (" # 8! 9 (" # A ! 8
(" # 8 ! " D (" # ? ( ( "# (
( "# +
9 (" 6A 7 + ( (+ ! " ( ("
B 6A 7 (( ( B 6A 7 ( (+ ! ( (" A
- *+ <
/
B 6A 7 6 A 7B 6A 7 A (

6 87 A A (6< A 7

/
A A
( < D
6 87 A

' * # ( (" ! ( ! (" +
"# (-"
( "# A ! + ((
(! + "# *
( 6
7
" !
4*! ) 6
79 A ! ) + "#
* ( 6
7
" 6!
7E6
79 F A
+ "# /*
H "# *
"+ "
6A 7 A - < A
" 56A 7 A - < A ! - A
" < A .! 8 A 687 A
,! 5687 A < E? 6- 7F A ! ? A
6A 7 A - < A
" 56A 7 A - < A ! - A " < A
1 5687 -
-
6A 7 A - < A " 56A 7 A - < A ! - A < A 1 687
-

' * 0 67 " # ( A 68 7 " "# *
- A
"+ "
67 68 7 A 6' 7 A 6' 7 A
6#7
6 8 7 A 6 '

7
A 6'

7 6' 7
A 6'

7 E 6' 7F
A 6 7 A
67 "
A
! A ! " ! A ( ((
- A D

A ! < A D E D
6 7
F A !
8 A 6 D
7
A ! " ? A

6#7 "( 6 E
F7 % 6 7 > % 6 7 A !
* + 6 7

6A 7 A - < A
"
56A 7 A - A 6A 7 E 6A 7F A
<

- A " < A
. 8 A 687 A ! # 0 6 7! ' A 6
? 7 8 "#
*
- A "+
' " # "# 6' 7 A
"
! 8
A ' * * " +
6
? 7

A
;! ? A
6
? 7
' * 8 A ! ? A ! - A ! " < A ! 0
67 ((" ( "#! " # ( A 6 768 7
" "# * "+ " ! " # 6
'

7 A . 0 6 8 7 A * #
+ (## # 8 ! ( * ("
8 (" 8 " * * 8 "!
* + + + * (## * "
8

6A 7 A - < A " 56A 7 A - < A ! * - A < A .!
"# 8 * ( 8 " * + 68 7 A !
8 A 4*! # 0 67! ( A ? 68 7 " "# *
- A "+ "
' " # 6' 7 A ! 6' 7 A "
* 8 A ' * * " +
?
A
;! ? A
?
' * 8 A ! ? A ! - A ! " < A ' +
< ! * "

6 7 A

' 0 67 * ((" ( "#! " # ( A

6

768
7 " "# * "+ " ! " #
6
'
7 A . 0 6
8 7 A
" #* 8 6< E? - F7 % 6 7 * "
# ( # " "#< 8 A ! < A ! ? A !
- A ! " % 6 7 A + 6 7 # *"
-" (
" 6< - 7 *
+ 9
67 ( ((
8 A

D
A

D
? A
D A

- A
D A

< A D
D 6
7 A

D
6#7 " #* 8 6< E? - F7 % 6 7 , #
" "# #/! * # % 6 7 A
6 7
67 + # A
" ! A
?+ ( 3
( ! * #
8 A
D
A

D
? A D A
- A D
A

< A D

D 6
7 A

D
( "# 8 " A 9 3+ "# * # (3
(
6#7 +
* # " ! A ?+ (
( (! * # ((
8 A
D
A

D

? A D
A
- A D

A

< A D
D
6 7 A

D

( (( " ( 67 '""! (
# * (" 0
?+ 9 - #! * A " ! A / 8 A !
? A ! - A ! " < A ( "# 8 " A 3+
"# * ((
4*! * (( " ( (( " #
*
# +
* # " ! A
> #
8 A
D
A

D

? A D
A

- A D A

< A D

6 7 A

D

(+ * (( (+ , (!
( (## * # " 8 " 3*" (( 6< E- ? F7
8 " ( 6#7! * * # "

# ( 6< E- ? F7 " ( 6#7
(
" * ( # +
6;*! 0 " "# * "+ " # +
0 " "# * "+ " 7
67 ,
# + ! " A
" ! A ! ( ((
8 A
D
A
D

? A D
A

- A D A

< A D D 6 7 A

D

9 ( 8 " A 3+ "# * ((
6#7 * * "( 8 6< E- ? F7 % 6 7 0 * *
6 7 A #+ ( (( + "( # A
%
" A

# #" " " # " #
+++ # " "" ( * ""

67 " # * @ @ 9 A 26@7 A @
6#7 $@ 26@7 A @ * " ! " 0
! @! $@ #"

@ 6 7 A <

A 6 7 A
< A <

1
! Æ A
#" 6 7 .! * /* Æ A

6
7 #" 56 7 ! * Æ Æ
* # #" E 6 7F
' + "# * ( (! * 0 67 6 7 A A
! 6 D 7 A ! * ( D #"
> * ' EÆ6 7F A (6?7!
(6?7 A EÆ6 7F A

Æ 6 7 6 ?7 A
Æ6 7 (6?7?

I

!
Æ 6 7? 6
?7 A
?
A (6
?7 A

I
I
I
* (* ? # 0 Æ ? 0 A

* Æ6 7 A
A
+ * Æ6 7
0 #" (6?7 (#
$ 9V + # 0 67 * & A
" ! ! 0 6
79

$ 9V + # 0 67 * & A 6
7 " ! ! 0
9 6
7
6
7

6
7 ( +
! * $ 9V
$ 9V 8 " 9

, (# A
7 6 7

EÆ6 7F A Æ6
* " (#

6 7 ( ( "+ ! * EÆ6 7F -
# ! * 0 Æ6 7 ( ( "+
! EÆ6 7F # ( ( "+ "+ *"
# "
' EÆ6 7F A !

A EÆ6 7F A Æ6 7

! Æ6 7 A # -" 0! *
Æ67 (* # 0 ! " Æ Æ6 7 # 0
A

' EÆ6 7F A (6
?7!

Æ6 7
(6?7? A (6
?7

I
!
Æ 6 7? 6 7 ?
A (6?7 A

I
I
! Æ6 7 A 6 7 ! *"! Æ6 7 A " Æ6 7 A ""

@ " # #" # / # #"
+ # "# * ( / " (! " > A D ! # 0

6
7!

A D D

>
A D

A
6 D
7I

I6
7I

D

A

1 - (## + # "# *

( " ( ! ! " 6E FE> F7 A
67 6@V7 A - 6 7 D 6 -7 6' 7 A -@ D 6 -7@ A @ ;! @V #" @
-! "
6#7 * ( / "("! " ' "(" ;!

9
56@V7 A - 56 7 D 6 -7 56' 7 A -

D 6 -7 9&

9 A 9& ! *

56@V7 A -
D 6 -7
9 &

1 "=+ Æ 9& ! " 56@V7 * - A 6 D

7

67 @ " ( " ((3
! " " ( #+ 6 A 7

8 A 6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A 8

.!

6V
87 A 6 7 A 8 A 8

6#7 ( / "(" ! # "("
!

9
56V87 A 56 7 A

;!

# C 7 A

6 9 7 ! #9 3

A
' *
A

!

17
A 697 D 6 9 7

A
1

> ( " 0 ! "

6 9 7

A !
A & 9 & ' *
A
A & 9

;! & A
9 "! !

9

A

9

+

# + +

* 7 *" ( # # C+

*
9 # "
67 1 !
6Æ7 A E 6Æ% 7F A 6Æ 7
! Æ " Æ ( Æ #"! 6Æ7 A @ ;! 6Æ 7 A @
' *"! Æ #"
6#7 @ ' A Æ6 7 " A % (
5* 6Æ6 77 A 5* 6Æ 6 77 D * 56Æ6 7% 7
56Æ6 7% 7 ! * 56Æ6 7% 7! 5* 6Æ6 77 5* 6Æ 6 77
, @! " '

. 6 @7 A 6' @7 A 6 @7 A
@
! @! (" '

6 @7 A . 6 @7 A
@
' * *
*

* 6' 7 A A @
@
D
;! * 6E
D F'
7 A @! * 6
D 7'
#" @
67 6 @7 D 6
@7 A @ E@ D 6 @7F A @!
6 @7 D 6 @7 A 6 @7 E@ D 6 @7F A 6 @7
6 @7 A
@6 @7
- (## " 0 0 +
"! *
@ D 6 @7 D
@6 @7 A E@ D 6 @7F A

6#7 * EÆ 6 7F A Æ 6 7 6 @7 A @ D 6

&7@ 6 @7 D 6&7
@6 @7 D 6
&7@6 @7 D

' * # " Æ @ ! Æ @ !
Æ @ ! " ;! * EÆ 6 7F A @

67 , &!

5* 6Æ 7 A * 6Æ 7 E* 6Æ 7F A * 6Æ 7 @
;! & * 5* 6Æ 7 * # * * 6Æ 7
4*
* 6Æ 7 A 6 7 @ D 6

&7 @ 6 @ 7 D 6&7
@ 6 @ 7
D6
&7 @ 6 @ 7 D
A
& E
@ 6 @ 7 D @ 6 @ 7 D
@ 6 @ 7 F
&E
@6 @7 D @ 6 @ 7F D + &
. (- Æ & " ! * #
* 6Æ 7 A @ 6 @ 7& D @ 6 @7& D + &
1 "=+ * ( " + " 0 ! "
& * * 6Æ 7 & A 6 D @ 7
#"

6 7

, #" A
" A ! * #

(# 1 E 6 7F ! * " " " +

. + (! " + (
/ " ' T3B 0! * #
-"+ #" ;*! #
"

, -
6 87 A
9 (
9 6 87
, -
6 87 A
9 6 9 87 (
9 6 87 A 9 8 6 87

6 87 A 6 87
6 87
9 9
!
6 87 A 9 6 87 6 878 A 9 6 87 A

"
6 87 A E69 87 F 9 A 99 9 A

(
6 7 A 6 7 A
+ +67 D +6 7! " "

."+ 0 67 ! 6 7 ! ,
$ %
56 7
67 A 5

A A
6 7 6 7

(6@7@
6 @7 A
I
?6 @7 A @ D + @ +6 I7
? 6 @7 A D
@
? 6 @7 A
@
! # 0 67!

6 7
6@7 A * E? 6 @7F A A
@ @

/
6 97 A
(

9
9

?6 97 A + 9
9 D &
!"
? 6 97 A 9 D 9

? 6 97 A 9 9

!
6@7 A * E? 6 @7F A

D 6 7 A D A

9 9 9 9 9

@ F A 9
/
(
F

6 F7 A

F

+ F
F D &
!"

?6 F7 A
? 6
F D
F

F7 A
? 6 F7 A

F F
!
69 7 A 6F 7 A , E? 6 F 7F A
D F A A

F F
F
9
@ 26 87 " (" ( * 8 +"" ( 26 87 A
E :687F !
+ 26 87 A + E :687F A ?E :687F
"
1
18
+ 26 87 A ? E :687F: 687
' * *
$ % /
A E: 687F ( 6? E :687F 7 A E: 687F E:687F
1
687 A (
18
+ 26 87
> /* 6 7 A " 56 7 A 6 7

' * * ( 6 7 A
E6 7F ! 56 7 0 * #" E
67F ("" #
0
> /* 6 7 A 8 " 5 6 7 A " ' * * (
687 A 9 !
5 6 7 0 * #" E
687F ("" # 0
> / # + -" & #" 2
(( *< > /* 9 H "# * "+ " !
#
! 9 H "# * "+ " ! " * *

3

A
Q6 7 A

9 Q6
7
# # #
;! 6 7 A 9
' * 6
7 A 9 @ Æ A

6Æ 7 A 6 7 A 9

;!

5 Æ A 6Æ 7 E 6Æ7F A 9 9 A 9

697 A 9
! * 56Æ7 697

. #" Æ 6 7 A
" Æ 6 7 A ;*!
# *! + "" "! Æ " #"
9 "(" +
' 697 A + 9! 697 A 9 " E 697F A 9 .! * *
697 A
9 ! % #" + 9! * 6 7
56% 7 9 A

' 6 @7 A 6@76 7 (E&6@76 7F!

?6 @7 A + 6@7 D + 6 7 D &6@76 7
"

? 6 @7 A 66@@77 D & 6@76 7
!
6@7
? 6 @7 A ? 6 @7 A
D & 6@7 6 7

6@7
' *
66@7 A
" 76@7 A
6@7
& 6@7 6@7& 6@7

0 6 7 * # -" * % A 6 7 ;! Æ

(

@ @ A 9 " /*
, -
6 @7 A

(
@ 6 87

@
(" 6 @7 ( ! + ! * 6 7 A 6 87

! % A 6 87 * # Æ E6 87 F A 9 A

6% 7 A
9 .! # ! E6 87 F A 9 A
!
5E6 87 F A 9 9 A
9 ! " * 56% 7 A
9
' " # ( C" * # Æ ' (!
%
* # Æ 9

( + #++! # 0 #
((" "# , "= @! "=
* 6 @7

6 -7 A Q6<-7 (6< 7

?6 -7 A - + < + Q6-7 D 6- 7 + <
? 6 -7 A + <
Q 6-7 D +
Q6-7
Q6-7Q 6-7 EQ 6-7F
? 6 -7 A
EQ6-7F
!
6-7 A
Q6-7Q 6-7 EQ 6-7F
EQ6-7F
"# $@ - * # (( "# * - "
E
6-7F
' " # " * " " "# * " + $@

> /* $@ 8 8V A "! (
! 687 A 9 ( "3
# 8 * # (( "# * 8V " E
6V87F A 9

> /* $@ ( V A "! ( ! 67 A E6 7F
( "# * # (( "# * V "
E
6V7F A 6 7

."+ ! , 69 7 #" ( C
E
9 F ."+ 0! #" 9 #

9
) A
56 7
9 H "# *

"+ " !
; 56 7 A
9 " 56) 7 0 * #"
0 6) 7 A 6 7 A 9 ! ) #"

" "# * "+ " "# ! #
! * ( " # A () ! * ( " ) "("
" "" "# 1 # (" A )(
)( + "("! "" #! * +
"#
' /* () "#! * " "#
* "+ " 4! ) A 6) 7 ! * "- + 0 6 7
() 0" " "# ;! # ( ! ) ( *

" "# ( " ) "! * * ( )
"# ) (
' /* D " "(" , ! *

' A 6 D 7 " ' A 6 7

9
9
' " ' "" "# ' *! !
' ' "#! * "# * "+
" 1
'
A D
'
"" # # " " # # " # "
0" ("
( "# * ( < ! *
< (
"# * (
1 ( "# H "# *
"+
" ! " " #
< 6 A
7 * H
"# *
"+ "
@ @V # ((
# #
(## @ + ! # # + +
1 ! *
(## @ ;! 6@V 7 A @ " 56@V 7 A @6 @7

67 6- D < 7 A -6 79 D < 6
7
9
;! * # #" -6 7 D
< 6
7 A
6#7 " "("!
5 6- D < 7 A - 5 6 7 D < 76 7
A - E
6 79 F D < E
6
7 9 F
A
9 E6 7- D 6
7< F
! * C
A 6 7- D 6
7<
#9 6 7- D
6
7< A ' * < -!
" / # < ! * C -
-A
"! ! <A

D

6 D

7
"# * " 6 D
79 ;! "#
6
E
D F7 6 79 "" "# .!
% 9 "("
H "# *
"+ " ! *+ * " "# *

"+ " <

6 79

D A

D %

%
6
79

' * # A 6E

FE
D F7
?" + "! '6
97 "" "# " 9 "("
H "# *
"+ " ! *+ " # * "
"# *
"+ " <
'6
97 '
E9 6
7F A 9
* 9 A E 6
7F
. " ! (" 0" + -" 6E 7 A
& 9
! * & " # " "# *
"+ " #/
#/ " 6 + (## #* & " &7 > (
&

" *
,
A
! "
& A " Æ 9 6E 7 6 7
A
,
A
! & A "
Æ 9 6 7
A ;!
A
0"
@ & " 0 " "# *

"+ " M ! 6( &7 A
? (-" " "# !
69 87 & A ! 0!

$ %
8 &9 A ;! E A &9

@ & " 0 H "# *
"+ " M ! 6) &7 A
) (-" H "# !

& A
9
! 0!
69 &7 A
;! ( A &
67 ( "# @ "# * 8 " F ! + #
6 7 " 6
7 ! " "#!
68 F @ 8 D F 7 A
0" (## #
(" " 8 "#
6 (# * ((" # 6#7! # * + #" 7 ' * 6 7
8 F " 6
7 F 9
;! +

9 @ D 9

' * * -" @ * -"
Æ

67 ' "# *

@! *
(6& 7 (6
@ 76
@ 7 6
@ (6&77
6(6&' 77 A A (6
@7

I
I
A (6
@7 (E
@ (6&7F A (6
@E(6&7 F7
( # (6@7! *
6(6&7 7 A & A +E
6
7F
6#7 ' * * 6@7 A @ (# 6@7 A (6@7!
E 6@7F A (6
@7 ;! 0 6 7!
56(6&' 77 @ (6
@7

' !
?6 @7 A + @ D 6@ 7 +
? 6 @7 A @ D +
? 6 @7 A @
;! # 0 67! 6@7 A @ " * ( "#

6@V @7
@
""

6 @7 A @ (6 @7
?6 @7 A + @ @

? 6 @7 A D
@ @

? 6 @7 A

@ @
!
6@7 A * E? 6 @7F A

@
' 67 A 6 7 ! 67 A

6 7 " E 67F A 6 7 ' * * (
67 A E6 7F ! % #" 67! *
6 7
56% 7 6 7 6 7 A 6 7

6 < 7 A < (6< 7 (" ( ! +

! * 6 7 A ! % A * # Æ > /* 6 7 A <

" 5 6 7 A < ;! 6% 7 A
< " 56% 7 A
<
% * # Æ ! * A %
* #
Æ < . / ! # -" " 56 7 A E
< F A
E 6< 7F E
6< 7F! * 6< 7 A < " 6< 7 * #" (
' * * ( 6< 7 A < "# $@ < * # ((3
"# * < " E
6< 7F
67 @ -6< 7 A < - 6< 7 A < 1

! /* <V ((
* < " <
! <V * # (( *
< " E- 6< 7F 6<
7 A 6
< 7 0! ( "#
6
< 7 6 <V < 7
""
6#7 ( "# < " < ! * "
( "# A <V "
( 67
67 "# ' "# *

@ ' " 6' 7 # #"
@! * "
A 66' 77 A 67 (6
@7 6
@7
@ *

I
0 # *
(6
@7 A 67
@

67

I
" 67 0 (* (! +
" 67 0 (* ;*! @ " 67
! * + " ! (* + (

6#7 6
E' D F7 A
(6
@7E
@F 6 D 7I 1 + 6 A D ! * +
E

(6
@7FE
@F A @ (6
@7@ # (6
@7@ (6
@7 +

67
6 D ' 7 A 6 D
7 > /* D
(( "#
* @ D
" @
> +
""" @
* # @ ?+ " "! * -" 6 D
7
(( "# * @ " 6 @ 7 @
A 6
@7
67 (" '

@ @!
6@7 A
*

# " + " (+ ' A ' @!
("

!
26 @7 A 6 @@7@ A
*
4 " "(" @ " 6 7 A 0
67 A
6#7 # ' @

* @
* 6' 7 @ A @ A
@
D
67 > *" / -" * " # 6' 7 " 6'7
66' 7 @ 6'77 A C @ 67
# +" # + ' @ " 6 7 A
@

'
A
@
@ @ " # A C 6+! A 6E D C F
7 " A
6E C F
7 7 6' 7 A ' " 6' 7 A ' ' * 67 "

( * +- +C" 6 # ( " 7 " "
* " # + ( + " ( -"
( " " ( ! ( " (
! (* !
C! ! ! " 3 . + ! " /( " "
" " * +
H '""! +
! + # + "# /( "

67 @ Æ # 9 $ * (* Æ
6< Æ7 A 6 < 7 A (6< 7
<
6#7 C Æ (% 6< Æ7 ?+ * ( 67! * 6< Æ7
"+ < ! C 6 Æ7 A (6 7

67 > /* @ 6' 7 A 6@7 .! @ 6' 7 A
! @ 6@7 A 6' 7 A ' @ ! 6@7 A 6' 7 A
6 @7
6#7 C

- A ( 6@7 A (
A A
* * @

67 , + 67 A 6' 7 D 6' 7 * N # "# *
(
A
" ( , A 6' 7 A " 6' 7 A ! 67 A ,
A ! " # # "#
6' 7 A
D D D A

" 6' 7 A
D
A ;! 6 7 A ! A
! "

6' 7 A D
D D
D D A
" 6' 7 A D A ;! 6
7 A 1 + #
*! * -" 6 7 6 7! " 6 7 , A ! *
N # "# * (
" ! / A
'

# "# * (

" .! 6' 7 A 6/ 7 " 6'
7 A 6/ 7 ' " # 6/ 7 A " 6/ 7 A
;! 6 7 A ! A ! / A
' * # "# *
(
" ' " 6/ 7 A " 6/ 7 A
;! 6 7 A 1 + *! 6 7 6 7! " 6 7 A
# #"
6#7 $ ( ( ! C - 9 (*
( (-" # $ ! - A 6
7 A
( $ ( ! C - - A 6B9+ $ 8 A 8 7
> 8 A 8 ! " # / A
6 8 7 * "" "# ;!

A
!
- A 6 8 &7 A 6/ &7 A
E P6&7F
! - A " P6&7 A ' " # "" "#
& A " & A

. ( ( " (- + # 8 " 9 !
( 67 ( . ( ' (! + ( 6"7
(- 8! 9 #
' $ ! : * # ' $ ! : * # +
! (" * 9 $ " * (##
"+ *+ "! * @
@ # + ' Æ! " # + Æ '
;

6@Æ7 6@Æ 7 A ' 6 7 @
; 6 7 A E F!

6@Æ7 6@Æ 7 A 6 ' @7 6 7
67 , @ 6 ' @7 A ! * (* # 0 # 6 7
6#7 , @ !
6 ' @7 A 6 @ 7

@
;! 6@Æ7 6@Æ 7 # 6 7
67 ( * (* "= @ W !
# + (* Æ + (*
Æ ! Æ #
67 "# / + 8 "# *
68 8 7 "

> *
6/ &87 A P6
E&
68 8 7F7 A P6
8
8
&7
P + "
8
8
& + 8! (*
+ 8

6#7 C * # (* 8 A 8 ! 8 + W "
(* + ;! C P6
&7 ' * 0 - ! *
& A
P 6- 7
. # *" # 9 $ & ! % A (*
Æ 9 $ * % &
68Æ7 A 6% &87
A 6 &87

A P6
E& 8F7

P + "
E& 8F "+ 8! * P6
E&

8F7 "+ 8
> / A 0 #"! 3 6/ 0 8 7 A P6
E8 0 F7
67 , &
! 6' & A 7
! & .! & ! 6' & A 7
!
& ; "" (## 6& & 7 (
& & 6' & A 7 D 6' & A 7

! * + * ++ ! * " * & "
& A
6#7 C ! * " ( 67
67 (* (" ,+ 4 (* *
1.0
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
c1=-1,c2=6
c1=1,c2=7
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
,+ < *

" 9 $ * ' . # + #
* & A " & A + C + 6 (* 7!
(* +

67 (* Æ
6@Æ 7 A 6 &@7 A $ %
A
E D 6 @7 F
6 & @ 7
+ " & @ "+ @! (*
+ @
6#7 / C ! * "
$ %
A
6& @7

& > +

& A @ D 6 7 A @ D
67 3 * A #"
$ %
6 @ A @ 7 A
6 @7

, & A ! 6 &@ A 7 A ! * & A

! (##

;! *
& A
67 "# + "# * (
" @ " ' A @
+ "# * (
" @ # " + "# *
(
" (* Æ
6@Æ 7 A 6 &@7 A 6' &@@7 A 6&@7
"+ " &@ + @! 6&@7
"+ @
6#7 > " 6&@ 7 A - & A 6 - 7@
67 > - A !
A " @ A
! * -" 67 A (67 " 67 A +6 7
! & A +6 7
A (* (" ,+

1.0
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
theta
,+
< *

3 * A #" C 9 $ * !
6 @ A 7 A !

-" 6! & ! & 7! * ! A 6 7 " & & 6 C 7
"

6 D C 7
0 H "# *
"+ " > Æ
$ < 9 A & # 9+ $ & @ % 67 A ! " & "
" % 67 6& & & &7
> " 67 (( 66' 7 7 C > ( 67
0 6' A 7 C - (( , !
A < 67 > " * 6' 7 C ,! 67 +
A ! * " *
6' 7 C 0! * " * 6' 7 C 4
+ 67 ! +
* 6' 7 C , ! 6' 7 "+
' 6' 7 C !
C 6' 7 A 6' D 7
" + * 6' 7 C

; 6' 7 C " ( (
2 KB9 $ % &L @ Æ # ! " "-
-6&7 A ( 6% &@7

*
C Æ Æ +- - " -6&7 - 4 -6&7

"+ & > % A " #"! * 9 $ +- - + Æ
" " &! * 0 -6"7 - ; -6"7 +-
* * 9 $ % A " #" 4 -6"7 ( 0 6 7
> * 9 $ ' ! * ' + # " # > *
(+ $ ' > * ' # 0 8 #+ " >
" - !
6 ' 8 A 8 9 7 A - 6

7
> /*
6 8 79 " "# *
"+ "
8 A 8 ! 0 6
7 * " ' A 8
9 % 6 - 7 4*! ' "
8 D
9 % 6 - 7 0 8

D
9 % 6 -7

! " * *+! " ( + (
# 3" ( ' ! * ( 4 3 * +
( ( ( + ( ( ' ""
/( ! " * *! + +
" * # " " C" B" C"
* ( "" ( ! (

."+
! * " 9 $ 6 7 6 7! ( $ 6 7 6 7 " "
* * * 6 7 A 6 7 ;
6 7 A
A !
A !
6 7 A
A !
A
> 6 7 6 7 A " 6 7 6 7 A > 6 7 A 6 7 !

9 $ A " ( $ A

67
# ((" * A " A
! $ " # ("
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 A
! (" ( $ " 9
$
6#7 , ("!
-6Æ7 A 6B9 $ 7 A 6 7 A

"

< 6Æ7 A 6. $ 7 A
A

! -6Æ7 D

< 6Æ7 A
67
# ((" * A " A ! $ " # ("
6 7 6 7 A
(# 6! 7! "

! ( (" ( $ (# #"
6#7 $ * ("! -6Æ7 A " < 6Æ7 A ! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
67 1 4 3 ! $ " # 9" 6 7 6 7 A
! * /
6
7 A ,
!

6
7 A
A

' # 0 ! A ! ( (" 9 $

! 0!

6#7 , ("!

< 6Æ7 A 6. $ 7 A 6 7 A

67 " "= 4 3 B -+
-6Æ7 " C+ < 6Æ7! * - < 6Æ7 " C -6Æ7
4 ! ( + 4 3 * (
(" + 9 $ 6 7 6 7 ! * / *
$ %
6 7
< 6Æ7 A 6. $ $ 7 A $ A
6 7
' !

6 7 A (
6 7
6
7
"

6 7 A
(
6 7
6
7

!

7 A
+ 66

7 6 7

6

7

A
D

D

A

6&
!" 7
' * / " 6 7 6 7 * # + (-"
" + ! ( ("
9 $ ! *
6 $ 7 A
> * " ' $ ! * "#
* "
! / A
6 7 * ""
"#! " *

6 $ 7 A E/
6 7F A PE
6 7F
' (## # 0 ! # " # P

6 7 A ;! A

6#7 ,
A ! (" 9 $
A !
-6Æ7 A 6B9 $ $ 7 A 6 $ 7
> $ ! "# * "
A !
/ A
6 7 * "" "#! "
-6Æ7 A E/
6 7F A 6/ 7
A P6 7 A

# ((" * A A ! $ " # 9" 6 7 6 7

' * A !

6 7 A 6 7
"
6 7 A 6 7
;!
$ %
6 7
A 6 7
6 7 6 7
1 6 7 6 7 " +E 6 7 6 7F ! " 0 * # -" "

$ %
6 7
+ D
+
6 7
" ! - + " + ,!
* A
! # * *<

+

$ %

6 7
+ 6 7

( (" 9 $ * 0 -"

67 1 4 3 ! $ " # 9" 6 7 6 7 ;!

6 7 A ( 6 87
6
7

"

6 7 A
(
6 87
6
7
!
7 A
+ 66

7
6 87 D 6&
!" 7

' * / " * # + (-" " 6

87 + & & #

6 87
& $ A

& # " " * > $ ! * A 6 87
* H

"# *
"+ " !

6 87
*&
& $ A

' (## # 0 ! &

# " " #
H "#
6#7 ,
A ! " # H "# * "+ " &
A
" & A

67 (") 6 7 " 6 7 / " ,+ ?" $ (# #
+ ! # (# " $ ! ("
9 $ ! (# / ( ! " -6Æ7 A .!
< 6Æ7 A 6 $ 7 A

f0(x)
1
f1(x)
1/2
0 1 2 x
,+ < ,+

6#7 -6Æ7 A ! * " + ( + (##
" $ ! ( # "" C < 6Æ7 * "
(## " $ ! ( " # "
+
. ! * " 9 $
# + ,
! -6Æ7 A "

< 6Æ7 A 6. $ $ 7 A 6 $ 7 A

67 " 6#7

# ((" * A A ( (" 9 $

6 7 6 7 ' * A ! A

6 7 A .
(6
? 7?

6 I7
!

6 7 ?
+
6 7
A +
?

6? ? 7
? ? ! * 6 7 6 7 " A
6? ? 76+ ? + ? 7

67 ' $ ! ' * "# *

? , ? A ! ? A
! "

A
!

6? ? 7
A
6
7 A

+ ? + ?
! " # "# *
6 7 A
-6Æ7 A 6'
$ 7 A 6' $ 7 A
.! " # *
6
7 A
< 6Æ7 A 6'
$ 7 A 6' $ 7 A

! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A

# ((" * A A ( (" 9 $ 6 7 6 7
;!

6 7 A
(
6 D 7

6
7

"

6 7 A
(
6 7
6
7

. +# "! # * 6 7 6 7 " ' $
! * "# * "
! / A
6 D 7
* "" "#! "

-6Æ7 A 6 $ 7 A /

A P

!
$ ! * "# * "
!
/ A
6 7
* "" "#! "

< 6Æ7 A 6 $ 7 A /
A P

;! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
E P6

7F > * # P # *+
<
67 '
A ! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
6 7 A
6#7 '
A ! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
6 7 A
67 '
A ! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
6
7 A
6"7 '
A ! -6Æ7 D < 6Æ7 A
6 7 A

" ( / " ! * " (" " "
* (* 3"" ( 2 /(
+ + 2 ( (
" C" 6
7! * + /(("

@ A 9 (

6 ?7 A .
(6
?7?
6 I7
! ? ? !

6 ? 7
A (6
6? ? 77 ?
6 ? 7 ?
* +

@ A 6 87 9 ("

6 9 7 A
(6 7

6
7 9
9
! 9 9 !
, -
6 9 7 9
A 9 (

6 9 7

9 9
* +
!

@ A " 0 A 9 ("

6 -7 A
<
(6<07
EQ6-7F
! - - !
6 - 7
6 - 7
A 6&
!" 7
* +
9 (" 6 < 7 9 (" 6 -7 + !
( < * /* " - /* 0 A
! *
< < !
6 < 7
6 < 7
A 6&
!" 7 (6E< < F
7
( + " "+ # < <
! ( +

@ A 6 7 9 (" 9 (

!

6 @7 A E6@7F
6 7 (E&6@7F

! @ @ !
$ %
6 @ 7
A 6@ 7 (E&6@ 7 &6@ 7F
6 @ 7 6@ 7
&6@ 7 &6@ 7 ( +
@ @ @ + (# 6 7 A E @ F *
(+ @ " @ / " 67

@

67 @ !
@

@ 67 @
+! + / * ' " / +
* 67 + " / @@ * 67
4 * @ ! (## $ * # 9" !
(* @
> /*
9 (" / "

! # ! * 9 $ * & * #

?$ (-" +- - ! & " #

&9 A
A - "# " " "#3

! * # & * - 0 (-" - 6 - 7
- ( * *" > A " 9 A
"#

' A
* # H "# * "+ " ! " " #

"# 6' 7 A .!

&9 A
A

'
&

! (## # 0 ! &

A & A

@ ' A . ( ! * (- 9+ $ ' & ?$ >

A
" A
! " # # "# + " #/

6' 7 A D D D D
A
! +- ?$ * 9 $ * ' * #
! ?$ 9 $ * ' +-

' /* 9 ( / "

' A ! # ! * 9 $ * ' & * # ?$

> ? A "
A ! ' * "# * ! " "
# "# + " #/
6' 7 A D D D D D
D A
! +- ?$ * 9 $ * ' * #

+ ( @ " I A @ ' * ( I ! ( # "
<
$ < I @
$ < I @
@ 2 6 I 7 A 6 I 7 " 9 (" 9 ( * I +""

( ' I I ! @ A I I A @ ! 2 6 I 72 6 I 7
* # "+ 6 7 ' * * # +
!6 7 A 6 7
! I ( ( 67 " 2 6 I 7
/ " !6 7 ! # ! * 9 $
* !6 7 & ! & ! * # ?$ 1 !6 7 & " % A 6 7 &
* & A & ! * 9 $ * % & * # ?$ ' &
+ ! * +-
* # -
67 1
! * 9 $ * & * # ?$ ,
+- # ! & " # 6 & 8 A 7 A ' !

A > 8 A ! " # 0 A
6 7 "" "#
" 6 & 8 A 7 A E/
6& 7F ' " # ""
"# 6/

7 A !
6& 7 A

& A
6#7 > 8 A ! " #
6 7 "" "# !
(*
6 8 A 7 A 6/ 7 A P6 7 A
* * (" # "# #* "

67 > 8 A ! " # / A
6 7 "" "# !
(## (+ $
6 8 A 7 A 6/

7 A 6/

7 A P6

7 A

1
! * 9 $ * & * # ?$ >
A "

? A * "# * " - A & ? A ,

# "#! *+ - #"

& A - A M
& A - A D A M
& A
- A D D
A
M
& A - A D D
D A M
& A - A D D
D D A

, + & -

1 ! 9 (" / "
! # ! * 9 $ * & & ! * # ?$
1 0 * 9 $ * & * & A &
"#! (-" - 6 - 7
6 & < A
7 A -
> -" & *
A 6 & < A
7 A > < A
!
# ( "# * < A
! * + "#

* ( - A " < A
! + "# * (

- A
A " < A
* H "# *
A
"+ " 1

& < A
A

& < A

' " # H "# *
"+ " 6 7 A
! & A " & A
' ! $ ( ( 1 4 3 ! *
(* ( @ * 9 $ 6 @ A @ 7 6 @ A 7 &! * &
(## 0 * # -" * @ A - ;!
6 @ A @ 7
&
6 @ A 7
" 6 &7 D

&@ &@ 6 &7 , @ ! & #
( + 0 (## - * @ A , * "=
@ ! * * # "= ! "= (" * C (*
* "= @ ;! + ?$

?$ * 9 $ * & * 6 & 8 A 7 A 6

& 8 A 7 A

;*! * 8 A
"" "# ! 6

8 A 7 A
' *
& A " & A

67 > 8 A ! " # / A
6 7 "" "#
!
6 Æ 7 A 6
8 A 7 A 6/
7
A 6/
7 A P6
7

1 P6

7 A ! 6 Æ 7 "

! ! 03
! "

! ( C
A 0" "
6 Æ 7 (* + 8 *
# 6 Æ 7 8

6#7 > 8 A " # / A
6 D 7 "" "#
!
6 Æ 7 A 6
8 A 7 A 6/ D
7
A P6 D
7
1 P6 7 A ! 6 Æ 7 " D
!
0! "

! ( C A 0" "
6 Æ 7 (* + 8! *
# 68 Æ 7 8

" ( 6" 7 ( + *3"" (
( #" "" # " "
# * ( #"

' 68 Æ7 # * ( ( 8 A 8 ! & " & #
# * ( 8 @ & A 8 " & A 8 D > 8 A 8 !
" # / A
6 8 7 "" "# !
68 Æ7 A 6 8 8 7 D 6 8 D 8 7

A 6/
7 D 6/
7
A
6/
7 A
E P6
7F
# 68 Æ7 A ! * P6
7 A !
A
" A

> 8 A 8 ! " # / A
6 8 7 "" "# !
68 Æ7 A 6 & 8 7 D 6 & 8 7
A 6/ 7 D E/
6& 8 7F
A P6 7 D PE
6& 8 7F
A
PE
6& 8 7F
' * 68 Æ7 A ! * PE

6& 8 7F A
!
6& 8 7 A
" & A 8 D

, ! * /* & A 8
" & A 8 D
! 68 Æ7 A
"! # ! 68 D Æ7 A 68 Æ7 .! * 8 A 8 D " #

6 8 7 "" "# !
68 D Æ7 A 6 & 8 D 7 D 6 & 8 D 7
A 6/
7 D 6/
7
A P6
7 D P6
7
,
A 68 D Æ7 A P6 7 D P6 7
,
A 68 D Æ7 A P6 7 D P6 7
,
A 68 D Æ7 A P6
7 D P6
7
' * & " & # * ( ! * #
6 Æ7 A 6
Æ7 ."+! & A " & A D > 8 A "
# / A 6 7 "" "# !
6 Æ7 A 6 & 7 D 6 & 7
A 6/
7 D 6/
D 7
A P6
7 D P6
7
> 6 Æ7 A 1 " ! + # ""
"#! * -" * A !
6 Æ7 A P6 7 D P6
7 A
D A
;! A
. !
6 Æ7 A E/ 6& 7F D E/ 6& 7F A P6& 7 D P6 & 7
!
6
Æ7 A E/ 6&
7F D E/ 6&
7F A P6& 7 D P6 & 7
;! *+ * 0 # " <
P6& 7 D P6 & 7 A

P6& 7 D P6 & 7 A
1 " ! + # "" "#! "
& A

" & A

P6& 7 D P6 & 7 A P6

7 D P6
7 A D A

"
P6& 7 D P6 & 7 A P6
7 D P6 7 A D A

@ % A 6 7

6 @7 A @ " @!
*
! @ @ !

@
6 @ 7 " @ !
A @
6 @ 7 @ " @
' # ( 6 @7 / "
6 + * #+ * + # + #7
, & 6 & 7! 6% & @ A 7 A 6&7 ! +
+- - ! * " & A 6 - 7 ' * ("+
* # ?$
, @ (* 6@ Æ7 A 6% & @7 ;!

@ &!
6@ Æ7 A
@& @ &
( ,+
π(θ/δ)
α0
0 c 3 θ
,+ < ,+
67 ' *

(-" * # ?$
6#7 , + & 6 & 7! 6% & @ A 7 A 6&7 ! +
+- - * " & A -
. / + ,+
@ - A " & A - .! & A
6@ Æ7 A 6% - @7 D 6% @7
6% @7 A @ 6@ Æ7 / " @ , @
$ %
-
6@ Æ7 A
@
D @ -

α0
0 c 3 θ
,+ < ,+
' # -" & " & # * ( 8 !
(* 68 Æ7 * # * ( ( 8 A 8 " *
8 A 8 ! & " & ! 0" " * #
-"

(* Æ "#"
6< Æ7 A (6& < 7 D (6&
< 7
67 ' " Æ +- - ! * 6 Æ7 - '""! *
C -
- A (6& 7 D (6& 7
6#7 > & A +6 -
7 " & A +6-
7 0

(" " > "
" " (* ! "-" " "# "
" / " " " " " # /((" *
(+ J* '""! " " #

> (" A " 9 A
(

67 ( 6
7
( A

A

> 9 $ - A ( ! 0 " "# * "+
"
! * " 9 $
6#7 > " ( (## " " # * "+ " "

(## # (" # *! " 0 > 3
(! " ( # " "# #/ #/
*" "

> 8 A
! ( + # 0 6
7 " "# * "+ "
(

67 > *" 9 $ ( ! * 9 $
6#7 > *" 9 $ (
(
! * ( $
67 > " " -" ! 8 * ( + # 0
6
7 * #*
"
8

' # " ( + #" "= / "("
" " "#"! " "# > 8 A
?
+ # 0 6
7 "# * "+ " ;! * + *+
( <
$ < 8

$ < 8

> *" 9 $ ( , + ! " A " A

;! ( A " * " 9 $
> 8 A ! ( + # 0 6
7 " "# * "+ " ;
A

A

"

6 7 A 6 7 A

( * # " # > " 9 $ ( (

! * 9 $
' " # " "# * "+ " & A

&
#* " ? A * " 9 $
@ ( # + # 0 6
7 " (( & +-
-
68 9 Æ7 A 6( & 8 9 7

' * ' A
6 879 " / A 6 7 9 ! ' * "" "3
#! / * H "# *
"+ " ! " ' " / * # "("
.!

8 8
' D

(A 9
E/6
7F
' * ( 68 9 7 * " 68 8 79 * "
68 9 Æ7

" # % A 6 879 * "" "#! " #

/A ' 9 * H "# *
"+ " ! " % " / * # "("

! * 8 A 8 ! *+ " # ( * " "# *
"+
" <
%
6 8 7
(A A
E/
F

'

( $ *" # 9" ( &

> 9 A 9 9 H "# *
"+ " & ! *
9 A 9 6 9 &7 A - ! " 9 $ 9 & 68 9 Æ7 A - 9 A 9 '
9 A 9 ! / A 9 H "# *
"+ " ! " 9 A 69 9 7%
!
68 9 Æ7 A 6 9 & 8 9 7 A 6% &9 9 7
' 9 9 68 9 Æ7 6% &7 A - ' 9 9 ! 68 9 Æ7 6% &7 A -
> 9 A H "# * "+ " > *" 9 $

A A ! * " 9 $
> 9 A H "# * "+ " ! 6
7 A
6
7 A
' * & A 6
7 A " & A 6
7 A
( "# ' * "# * : " ! "
' "(" ' H "# * "+ " 4
"# * : " " "(" ' (
"# ' A (
6( &7 A 6( &7 A 6( &7

( " "# * "+ " "

6 7 A
(A A
E F
6 7
" ("+ 6( 7

( A 6
76 7 A 3 # " +
* % 6 7 A
( " "# * "+ " " (
(A
A
6 7
1 ( *3""! ("+

( D ( A
(

( A 6
76 7 A 3 # " +
*
E % 6 7F A

" (
(A
A
6 7
+ " ! ("+ * #

( " ( 0 6
7 $@ 6V8 9V 7
! 8V A 8 6 (# 7 "
9V A

6 8 7

" 0 6 7 ;! X67 +
0 6 7 , ! X67 "
( 66
7E F7 A &
' X67 9 ( 6 7 X67 " 6 7 !
9 * ( &! &
,!
X 67 A X67 (* 6@7 A (* 6@7!

(* 6@7 A (* 6@7
67 ; X 67 " X 67 A X67 ! ! X 67 " X67
6#7 (* 6@7 (* 6@7! * X 67 ;! X 67

*3 ( " "" 0 "
# 0 ! # " "
" # /((" .! " *3 ( " / " (""
"

2
(A
6
D

7 6 7 A

E6
7 D 6
7F 6 D 7
((( " 0 % 6 7 A
> 9 ( ( +
0! *

' ! A !
A ! A
! A ! A ! " A >
8 A 8 ! ( "-" # 0 67 * " "# *
"+ "
( *<
$ < 8 8
$ < 8 8
0 " 6 7! ( $ " # 9" ( &
' " # & A " (
! $ 9"
& A
# " # " "# *
"+ "
( A
! $ 9"
" # ' "# * " 69 7 D 69
7
! *+ " # "" "#<
'
/ A

D

" # 9 H "# * 3 "+ " " #
69 7 H "# *
"+ " * " # "3
(" ! / A 6 9 76 D 7 H "# * D

"+ "
/ " / "("! * ( A 6 D

7 / / " "# *
D

"+ "
.+! $ " # 9" ( ( A
$ 9"
' 8 8 A ? *+ ( * " "# * D

"+ " <
6 D

7
(A

6 ' ?7

D
6 D 7

( $ " # 9" ( & ( &

( ! $ *" # ("
(

? * $ *" # (" * -" 8 8 * -"
Æ ( ! # ?! " #

6 ?7
(A

' "
(
"
?
( * 8 8 A 9

:A A

D

"+ " ,+ / / / (* #
?+
( *! * ( " (## #

3 # (" C 9 $ * ( 6! * 6

#" ( " "# * D

"+ "
* $ ! C 9 $ * ( 6 (## " "
# * D

"+ " 6 + 6 (##

% 667 D % 667 A
E % 667
# " "#

@ " # (( +( " ' " " #
(# +(
A

A
A
A
! A
! A

> *" 9 ( ( % 6 7 A

#"
6 A 6
! * " 9 (
67 #" (
6 D
7 6 7
6A A

D 6
D 7
> *" 9 ( - A (

! 0 "
"# * "+ " 6
! * " 9 $ 6
* #/ #/ (+7
6#7 , > ) ! (( "+ "

D
FA A

D

("+ " 0

A

D
2 +! * " 9 $ 6 * #/ #/
(+7 #/ 7

* 6 7 * "(" " #! + + "#
* ( 6 7
" 6 76
9 7 " + + "# *

( 6
7
"
6
76
9 7 ! " *
6 7
D 6
7
A 9 D 9
6* 7 A
6 76
9 7
6
76
9 7
56* 7 A 6 7
D
6
7
A
9
9
D
6 7 69 7
6
7 69 7 6 7
6
7
+ "# * ( - " < # " -< A 6* 7
" -< A 56* 7 ' (! - A 6* 7 56* 7!

9 9
D

- A
9 9

D
6 7
6
7

# ( 6

7
/ "
(( ( " (
( 26 8 8 9 7
X6 7 A 67
(( ( " ( ( 26 8 8 9 7
$ C+ 67 " C+ 6 7 *

# * " 8 A 8 # $@)
8V A 8V A D

D

6 7 6 D
7 D ! D !
9V A
D
$ C+ " 67 " C " 6 7
* > $@)
6! D ! 7
8V A 8V A " 9V A

D

/ X6 7 0 6 D 7 7 * 7 "-" 6 7 X6 7 "
7 ( &

. "# "" + * . 0 (
(* . "" " . / " (""

) A E

FE F A
> 9 ( ) +
0 . "# *
" "+ " ! * ! *
9 (

@ ' A ' . "# * " "+ " .

6 &7 A ' A
&
' # " # + " #/ 6' 7 A !
& A " & A
' ' " "# * "+ " ! A ' * . "# *
" "+ " .!

A 6 &7 A 6' &7 D 6' &7 A
6' &7

! 6' &7 A ' # " # + " #/
6' 7 A ;! & A " & A

(( (" 0 6 7 ' " / "("!

6 7 A

'
A
6' 7
/ 0
' H "# * "+ " ! 6' 7 A / H "#

*
"+ " !

A 60 70 A

0 (60
70
/ 0
Q6

7

A
QE6

7 F A
E6

7

Q6

7 F A

;! 6 7 A
6

7
1 0 6 7! # (" A '/ ! * ' " / "(" "
" H "# ! 6' / 7 A 6' / 7 A
0! 6 7 A
6 7 A
! " "#
@ 6 7 " (" ! * A 6 D
7! " 267 " (" *
A
*E6 * 7F "

A
, !
6 7
$ %

267 A
6 7

6
7

A

6 7 6 7
A 6 7

*
A
QE6 D
7
F

Q6
7Q6

7
' # 267 (" 0" # "#

;! A A
" ' A A ! A 6 7 A
"

' 6' 7 A ' *

A

9V A
A
" 9V A A

' 9 A 9 ! *+ ) * . "# * " "+ " <

) A

' # " +- ! $ " # 9" )

' " ) A ! * " 9 $
, 9 " 9 ! " #
6 9 7
69 7
. "# * " "+ " ! 9 A 9 ! *+
) * . "#<

) A

. #! $ " # 9" ) & * & A "" +-
> 9 A 9 ! 5 , "# * " "+ " ! 6) 7 A

* ( & A .! ) , "# * " "+ "
! 6 )
7 A
' * 6) 6
77 A
*
& A 6
7 A

@ ) # "-" ' 9 A 9 ! ) . "# * " "+
" ! $ *" # 9" ) & ) & ! * & " &
"
, ( # ! ( $ * # (" & ) &
* $ *" # (" * -" * -"
Æ 1 & ) & " )& )& ! -"
* #* ) A
) " )
A
)

' " # / H "# *
"+ " ! / # ("

"(" " " "#" " #

/ / ! *
H "# * "+ " ! /
A /
A / .
! *
* + # / * + (## / ! *
/

' * 0 6 7 . "# * "
"+
" !
! "# * # "# '
(( . "# * "
"+ " ! " " (
0 6 7 '
! "# * #
"#
/ ! * / H "# *
"+ " ((
& 0 H "# *
"+ " 6
/
&7 A
;! 6
&7 A ! "
& " # " . "#
* A
9 ( . + 0 . "3
# * " "+ " ! * (* * 9 A
9
. 6
7 A

# (" + ( (+ "
# . "#
67 * # . 677 " . 677 "" ( ! G
"
G
$(+ # #
+ "

6#7 ' (! 7 A * #" "
. 6 7 A ! *"
# 3
/ " C" * ( 0 $@)
" C" * 9 A 9 . ! / " 0
X6 7 A 6 6 7 7
* " "-" (+
' (! +
#" ) 4 X6 7 * ("
) & ) & ' " - ! & " &
6) & 7 D 6) & 7 A - * 9 A 9
" & A
" & A / " 9
$ * 6
6 7 7 0
6 7 ! * A 67 ' ) A 7!
A 76 7 D 7 ' " # / " ! * & " &
" / " ' (! *

&
& A &
&
& D & D & D & D
+++ & " & * +
"
+

" 1 "#" ( '
" 1 " (# * / <

"! " ( ( ( " 3"" (
" + ( "#
" * (( ( "# "+ " *
31

' ! B A ! B A ! A ! " A .!
6 7 A
($ 6 7 %
6
7
"
6 7A
($ 6
7 %
6
7
1 ! " # """ (

6 7 B

6 7 B
A

0 # "" 0

+
! 0!

' ! B A
! B A ! A ! " A ! # !
" # """
6 7 B

6 7 B
A

6 7 6 7 A ! " # """

! 0!

' ! B A ! B A
! A ! " A
.! * A !
6 7 A
(6
7

!

6 I7

"
(6
7
6 7 A !

6 I7

1 ! " # """ * " # 9 "

6 7
A (6
7 B A
6 7 B
! 0!

D + 6 7
+

' ! B A ! B A ! " A A @ " #"

(! " A

6 7 A 6 7 6 7
"
6 7 A 6 7 6 7
1 ! $ " # 9"

6 7 B
A
6 7 B
1

6 7
6 7
A

"
+
D
+ +

! 0! "

+ D
+
A

+

67 ' B A 6@ A @ 7 " ( (" + @ A @ 1
* (##! + ( (" B 67 D B 67 .((+ 1)
" # +
6@ A @ 7 A B 6B7D 6B 7 67

6#7 ( (" + A
B 67
B 67 D B 67
9 $ !
B 6 7
B 67 D B 67
( $

Æ C 6Æ7
.( $ B 67 B 67
B9 $ B 67 B 67
% B 67 A B 67
4 ( (" '
( (" ! " ! # *" C
( ("

67 K9 $ L " ( 6#7 B 67 B 67 0 6@ A

@ 7 E 6@ A @ 7F (+ 0 " 6@ A @ 7 6 D 7
* " * * * * 0 "! " K$ L @ A @ ! *
"#" ( 67 ( 6#7
( 9 "#" , (! 6
7 #
*
6@7 6:7B 6@7B 6:7E 6 @76 :7 6 @76 :7F:@
*
( 6
7 +"
> + " (( 3 0 (
(## $ ,! (( 3 + @ - # +
( (## " 3 9 $ * 6$ 7 -
* 9 $ ! # - * 9 $ # 3 + -
" * * 3

67 9 (" " + (
& (
6
7 A ( ' A 6

8 7 D 6 8 7 )

? *+ * " ( ( (<

6 8 7 A 6 7 D 6 8 7

6 8 7 A 6 7 D
6 8 7

6#7 ( (" 9 A

. 8 ! ( (" (6A 6 8 7
7! *
9 / (" "# * " 6A 7
8 8
. 68 8 7! ( (" / /
(6A 6 8 7
7 (6
A 6 8 7
7
* / (" * (") ( 67 " 67 ;! 3
" ( "# 68 8 7 + A * "(" "
# * * "# ( 67 " 67
> + 8 " 8 9 (" '++ (6A 6 8 7 7 "
6
7 A '++ (6
A 6 8 7 7 " 6
7 A ! +
( (" A A (6 A 6! D ! 77 ("
+ "# * ( 6 D

7
" 6! D ! 7
! (

67 8 " 8 "("! " A ! * 8 8 "#
" A * 0 "= " 0
! 8 8 "# * "
A 6 D
7 + A ' * # " "" # 03 !

* + "" "# ! * / " (

(# "" "# "(" A ! / "(" A
" "" "# +
6"7 B A + "# * ( 6 D

7
" 6! D ! 7
' *
( A # ! D ! ! * + "# * - ( #
* " ( """ # ! D ! ! G

67 / " * "(" * / + "" "# " * + H
"# * D

"+ " ! * "- " "#
/6*E D

F7 " "# * D

"+ " '
/ /6*E D

F7 6 7
67 ( # * A A ! * A A 9 # *
A A ?+ (( ( ( " ( "# A
" A # "(" + " # * A + ( 6 7
" !
* A ( 6
7
" !
*! A ! H "#
* "+ " "(" A ! * H "# *
"+
" / "#
A ! 6 7
*A
A ! 6
7
. "# * "
"+ " ( (## $

! 6 7 !6 7
6A A 7 A * ! 6
7 A . ! 6
7

( (## - "

!6 7
! 6
7
. 6 - 7
9 + - . $
6#7 (
67 ?+
! ( "#
8 8 E F
6
D

7 A 8 8
6
D
7 6 D 7

" "# * "+ "
6#7 > (

68 8 7 A % %

. ( ,+

" # * " ( + "
( #* ( C " " "
#* +- " ( +- K +-L ""
! * " * " " +

1.0
0.8
0.6
Probability
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
,+ < ,+

67 > 8 A ! "" "# ! & A $ " #
9" &! $ * # 9" * A

6 8 A 7 ( $
%
6#7 A
6 8 A 7 (E 6 7 F
A (
6
7
> A
! / " (6
7 A

.!

6 8 A 7 (

A * + A (E 6
D 7F
6 8 A 7 ( 6 D 7
> A
! / " (6
7 A

> 8 A ! "" "# ! 6 8 A 7 A
' * & A A
67 > 8 A ! " # / A 6 7 "" "#
!
6 & 8 A 7 A 6 8 A 7
A 6
0 7
A A
' * 6 & 8 A 7 A A
6#7 > 8 A
! " # / A 6
7 "" "#
!
6 & 8 A
7 A 6 / 7
A 6 / 7 A
' * 6 & 8 A
7 A
> 8 A ! "" "# " 6 7 A
("+ 6 7 A

67 ."+

! * 9 $

(

(
6 7
6
7
6
7

0 0

+6 7 D

! & A
+6 7
D ,
A ! & ! ! "

6#7 C
6 & @ A 7 A P6&
7
,
A ! C
! ! "
67 > * &

E P6
& 7F A P6
E& F7
+ 0 # " ,
A ! 0 " & A
,
A ! * " & A
,
A ! * " & A
6# "
7
6#7 C P6&
7! *
A !

A "

A

."+
! * * 9 $ *
6
7 67 6 7
> ( $ * 0 "! " * " 0 " 0
# # (-" +67 +67 A
! * 9 $
! " *
( $ (## ( ' 6
7 D 6
7 A
" (##
( '' 6 7 D 6 7 67 A

(## (
- A 6B9 $ $ 7 A 6 @ A 7 A 6 7 A
(## (

< A 6. $ $ 7 A 6 @ A
7 A 6 7 A
' *
1 (" 9 $ * 6 7 6 7 ' (# !
6 7 A 6 7 6
7 A

"
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 A

;! $ " # 9" *
67 ! $ " # 9"

' *
"" * 9 $
6 7 6
A @ A 7
6 7 6 @ A
7
' ! " " 6 7 ;! (- 9+
$ , !

-6Æ7 A @ A
A

< 6Æ 7 A @ A A

;! -6Æ7 D
< 6Æ7 A

' * ( " 4 3 ( (" Æ
(- 9+ $ * 6 7 ! 0! * #

- A 6 @ A
7 A 6 @ A
7 A 6 7

;! A - "
< 6Æ7 A 6 @ A 7 A A 6 - 7

67 (* + #

6@ Æ7 A 6 @7 A 6 @7 A @

6#7 C Æ
( 6@ Æ7 A
*
. " * @ @ !
$
@7 % A
6@ @7
6
@ 7 E
6 @ 7 D @ F
6
;! 6 @ 7 6 @ 7 "+ ! 0! +
6 7 A ' * ?$ + ( * 9 $
* 6 7 & ! 0! * ;! #

A @ A

A

@ A

A 6 D 7 A 6 7

(( (( "! #*! " # ( ! ! " ! ( ' *
"# (## #+ (
I A
I I I
;! 6, $ 7 A

67 C

- A B9
$ A

6#7 (* " + "# 6B9 $
7 A
A
@ 6 7 " (" " ( $ 6 A 7
6 7
A !
6 7 J6 7 !
* J6 7 "" (" (* Æ C 9 $ *

6 7 6 7 J6 7 "+ ! * Æ * 9 $
! ! &! * & 6 & $ 7 A
"# " $ ! & A ! Æ (- 9+ $ (*
Æ " $
6 $ 7 D 6 $ 7 A P6 7 D E P6 7F A D A

" ( "-" # 0 6
7 * A
" 8 A 1 3""
( $ " $ " 6 7! * * * 9 $ ( & '
8 A ! ( " "# * "+ " ?" "! * *
6( &7 A 0! # "#! 6( &7 A '
" # "# & A ;! $ " # 9" (
' /* ( ?$ 9 $ & ;! & #

A 6 & @ A 7 A E/
6& 7F

* / "" "# ;!
6& 7 A ! " & A 6 7

(* * # + @! C *
#
$ %
- A ( 6B9 $ @7 A 6B9 $ @ A 7 A 6 7
@A

*

A 6/
7
* / + "" "# >
A !
- A 6/
7 A

, @ @ !

! * *
6 @ 7
A @
6 @ 7 @

!
* + % A ;! ?$ (- 9+ $ * % &

! 0! *
+ (+ -

* @ A ! #
" " "#

6! 7 ?" "!

+ H "# *
A "+ " 6

" 7 ;! " * ! $ "

# 9"
+
! * 0 H "# * "+

" ! 0 +

H "# * @ "+ " + "# * ( - A @

< A

;! * 9 ("
!
/ " % A ;! ?$ + ( ! "

(- 9+ $ * % & ! 0! * + % A +

@ # + # " # + #3

@ A 6 7 " A 6 7 9 " 9

"(" H "# * " "+ " ! ( ;! 6 76 7
"" . "#
' * * , 9 $ )

! * ) + # 67 "

0 . "# * "
"+ " ,
9
9 ! " # ) + # 6 7 . "# * "
"+
" > 9 A
9 ) A )
;! (* * 9 A
9

6B9 $ 7 A 6)

7 A ) A 6) 7

* " (## " " ( 9 A

9
) A . "# * " "+ " ! " " ) A
!
A 6% &7 A 6) &7 D 6 ) &7 A

6) &7
' * & # 0 "# ) ! * " #

#
67 + C - (" "(" ( / ( + 0
1 * (## - > (## !
* # #" ! ! $ * # 9" !
C
6#7 . * /* + "#! (" # (! !
#" -

' ( "-" 0 67! ( "# ( " "# *

- A
"+
" " "# * ( +! * "
( "#! 6$ 7 A 68 7 A 6( 7 A
' * 6 7 " 6
7
" ( "#!
D 6 76
7
A
D A ? A
8
A
- A D

< A D 6 7 D
6 76 7 A

6 7
' * * "- ' # " # 0 6
7 ' A 6
768 7 " ' "
"# *
- A "+ " ! " ( "#!
6$ 7 A 68 7 A E' 6
76 7F A 6' 7 A 6' 7
' " # " "# * "+ " (##
((

. ( @ W 6@ Æ7 # + ( W ! # Æ #"
1 ( 6@ Æ7 A -! ( @ W

*
Æ #" " C -! * ( 6@ Æ7 - @ "

. " 6@ Æ7 - @ " . 6@ Æ7 ! # 0
- * #" . 4 +" *
( #" #+ $ $
$ ( " Æ C -! 6@ Æ7 A - Æ #"! 6@ Æ7 -

@ ! 6@ Æ7 @ A @ " # "=#!
* 6@ Æ7 A
67 > * 6 & $ 7 A 6' & $ 7 A ?" $ ! # : " NG ""
! & A " & A
6#7 (* C - ! " #+ * 9 9
$ 9P 6 - 7 ' (# * /" -" * < * 9 A "
- A
" * 9 A " - A +
P 6
7 A
P 6 7 A

67 C (# + * " C!
* ( + " (## G
' ( 67! * "
C # ! + * ' ( 6#7! + * C
6
D 7
A (* + * "
(* (* " C - * 9
P69P 6 - 7 7
#" #*<

&" .+

67
6#7

67 " # " ' ! * "-"
" ' A +

" ( " ' A 9 (G(" 6 ' 7 + Y A @

( E @F E @F

6
7

1 * $ *

B

(

6
7
B
( E F E F

6
7

' * $ * 0 "! " " * 0 "
0 # * # (+ "+ ! $
D +6 B 6 B 77 A !
D +6 B 6 B 77 A
6#7 ' " # ( 67! * & " & " A "
A ( & A 6& 7 ' ( 67
! *
& A " & A " (( & A 6& 7
67 ' ( 6#7
! * & A " & A

(( & A 6& 7

67 "# $@B ' ! 9 $ * ' & ?$ C
> & A ! C 6' A @ A 7 A (6
7
6#7 (* 6' A @7 A (6
@7

@ # " (" ?$ ! " 5 # "
(" - + ?$ * # "
(" 5 ! * @ &
6& @7 6& 5 @7

' *"! #" Æ - -"
! " 5 #" 5 Æ - -"
" @ @ !
6@ @ A @ 7 6@ 5 @ A @ 7

" * " " + H +"33-
" * * "( ""+ ("

@ ' A > ! # " ! " @ A ! (## "
- 0 & " & 6' & @ A 7 D 6' & @ A 7
- > ( (## ' A A " +
# + (" + "* A
!
("+ ((
* & A " & A - A - * * *" 9
$ < @ A +

= A

6>
7 A

>
> D A

>

> D

A >
D A >

> # *+ 0<

>

A ! "

A
! * -"
0 6
7 = A
' = H "# * "+ " ! 6= 7 A
> # *+ #<

>

' " 0 6
7 = A ' = H "# *
"+ " !
6= 7 #* "

67 #

" #
6 7 !
= A
6

7 D E
6 7
6 7F

6 7

A
6 7 D

A
6 7

6 7
6#7 ' A ! 6 7 A " 56 7 A 6 7
! # !
"

/A
E 6 7
F
+ " "" "# = A / ! " Z * +

" H "# * "+ "
;! A !
A ! " A
1 ! = A ' = H "# *
"+ " ! 6= 7 + +
> # *+ #<

>

' = H "# * "+ " ! 6= 7 A ! * "
9 $ = ' " 0 6
7 Z A
' / " " # + "" "# " : " +
" " !
6 7 A 6/
7 A

6 7 A 6
/ 7 A

6 7 A 6 / 7 A
6 7 A 6 /
7 A

6 7 A 6/
7 A

! * # *+ #<
>

' " 0 6
7 = A
' = H "# * "+ " !
6=
7

67 - ! * (##

! *<
6
7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6
7
> # *+ #<
>

" = ' = H "# * "+ " !
6= 7 A

6#7 ! * (## ! + *+ #<
>

" = ' = H "# * "+ " !

6= 7 #* "

* ( H , (! * " "" #
6 F! 6 F! 6 F! 6 F! 6 F! 6 F! 6 7 # #
! ! ! ! ! !
67 $@) ( "# 8V A " 9V A ?+
" = " @ ! * ( * "= 3 * " "+
" (##
!
!
! ! !

! (" # / = A

* 3 #
6#7 $@) ( + "# 8V A " 9V A ?+
" = " @ ! * ( * "= 3 * " "+
" (##
! !
! ! !

!
(" # / = A
* 3 # +

,! * -" $@ Y , 0 6
7!

!
E6Y7 A A Y
) ) ) ) )
6 Y7) ) ) )
* A ) ) )

!
+ E6Y7 A + D 6> D
> D > D > 7 + Y D 6> D > D
> D > 7 +6 Y7
1 + 0 1 + E6Y71 Y A * #

> D
> D > D >
YV A A > D
> D > D >
6> D > D > D > D > 7
' " YV A ! * # *+ #<

4
& > V
> 6Y7

' " 0 6

7 = A ' = H "# * A "+
" ! 6= 7
67 ' * 0 6

7 " 6
7
+ E6Y7 A 6> D > D > 7 +
D 6
> D > D > 7 + Y D 6
> D > D > 7 + Y
D6
> D > D > 7 +6 Y Y 7
1 + 0
1 + E6Y7
A " 1 + E 6Y7 A
1Y 1 Y
* #
YV A
> D
>
D > " YV A

> D > D >

*
A >
6#7 , + !
A YV A

YV A ! * # *+ #<
> V

6Y7

' " 0 6
7 = A ' = H "# *
A "+
" ! 6= 7 ((

(( "# * " ! " / ""

"# <
V A 6 7 A 6/ 7 A
6Y7
V A 6 7 A 6 / 7 A
6Y7
V A 6 7 A 6 / 7 A
6Y7
V A 6 7 A 6 /
7 A
6Y7
V A 6 7 A 6/
7 A

6Y7
! * # *+ #<
> V

6Y7

= " 0 6
7 #
8 " 9 " +
# +(" "! (( "# = * $
#* H "# *
"+ " " H "# * "+ "
, + #! " $@ Y "#
YV A A , # "# * Y A ! * #
V ' ! * # *+ #<
6Y7
V
4 / >
6Y7

' " 0 6
7 = A YV " + #
+(" "! (( "# = * $ #*
H "# * "+ " " H "# * "+ " *
3 " "+ " "

YV A # " ( + "! " 0
;*! #
+ H ! # # * * # " # +(" +
# + * (" # # B#
*" # " + (" * ( * " 6
*" # # 7 " + (" *
( * " 6 *" # # 7 ' #
+(+ # " ! " $ = * "# *
#* H "# *
"+ " " H "# * "+
" , (! * A
! ("

=
* 3 " "+ "
"

+ * (# $@) 8V A " 9V A
" #
" + # # " # +(" "
#" # (" * (" #
# " "# * "
' #
! * $ ! (( "# = * #*
H "# * "+ " " H "# * "+ "
+ * (# $@ <V A (

( "# " # " + # # "
# +(" " #" # (" * ("
# # " ( "# * (
' # ! * $ ! (( "#
= * #* H "# *
"+ " " H "# *
"+ "

# (" ( H = "
# < ("

&" +" . # (
1

&

" = A
" # (" H "# * * "+ "
# " + *

& (

= A

-

6> V 7 A
-

>

> D V A'
-

>
)

V V V

& (
-

>
A' )

V
1
!

-
> -
>
=A
V
D V

1

-
>
-
6> > 7
-
>
-
> >
-
>
A A
D
V V V V V

' - * + ! * V A > >

! " " * V A
> V > > #

-
>
-

-
> -
>
> > -
>
A > > D A
D
V > > > V > > > V
' *
-
> >
=A D D
6

> >7
> V >

A > D > !

-
>
=A
> V
>
>

V + *+ #<

= " 0 67 #
' = H "# *
"+ " ! 6=
7 #*
"
V + *+ #

= " 0 67 "( # ' = H
"# * 6
76 7 A "+ " ! 6= 7 #*
"
V + *+ #<

= " 0 67 # ' = H "# *
"+ " ! 6= 7 #* "
67 " + + *+ #<

' # -" A # ' # "
* # -" # # #
* # (( ! 0!
((

6#7 ; ( " "

67 = " # " 0 67 * H "# *
6 76 7 A "+ " , " ( 6#7! # V

=
3
* #" #
"= " " ( C
H
"# * "+ " ! * (< 6 7 ( (
M 6
7 % (## H "# *
"+ " M 67 = + # 0 6
7 ' (
$ ! = * (( H "# * "+ "
@ > " # # " ( 6 7 ! "

' -
'
> A > > A >

-

> A >

$@)
> > >
V A V A V A

! * $ !

> > >
V A
VV V A

- V A V A ' V A # ( # "
6 7D6 7D6% 7 A D D % ! * $ ! (( "#

-

'
6> V 7
=A
V
* # H "# * # "+ " % 6 D D % 7 A

% % D

$@)
>
V A " V A >

! * $ !

> >
V A
V V A

-

'
V A V A # ( # " 6 7 D

6% 7 A D %
! * $ ! (( "#

-

'
6> V 7
=A
V
* # H "# * # "+ " % 6 D %

7 A
% % D

#
(" H = A ! * "
#
< ("
&" +" . # (
B

##

?#

# (" H "# * "+ "

= + # 0 67 " 67 ' = H "# *
6
76 7 A
"+ " ! 6= 7

= + # 0 67 " 67 ' = H "# *
6 76 7 A
"+ " ! 6= 7 #* "
# # C" *<
; $

= + # 0 67 " 67 ' = H "# *
6 76
7 A "+ " ! 6= 7 #* "

# # C" *<

(( % 4"

= " #
' = H "# * 6 76
7 A
"+
" ! 6=
7
(( # # C" *<
. "
; $
1 ;

" $

. + * + + ! * + # ' * * "
9 + ! # " * + # # "
" ! * " - #
(( # # C" *<
. +
, , 4 (
,
1 ,
+ 4 (
( * "" + # -" # ' (
* " # +! * " = ( # (+
# ( * * " + + ( # +
+ + * # * * " + # +
( +

' (( '' + (( " (( ' + ((
* ! "" * , (! ( (( '' "
( * ! (( (( '' * * # 6 76 7 D
6 76 7 A ' ( (( ' " ( * ! ((
(( ' * * # 6 76 7 D 6 76 7 A

0 " " " "("
. 6 7 A 6 7 " "(" ."+ *
(##! * *
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
A 6 7 67 D 6 7 6 7

* 0 * " "(" !

6 7 A 6 7 67 D 6 7 6 7
' - * 0 6 7 " *+ " + " 0
# + *+ " + + " ' (!
6 7 67 D 6 7 6 7 6 7 67 D 6 7 6 7
1! * 9 * 0 0 6 7 6 7! *
" 0 " - * "
%- # #9 ! #9 * !
#9 '! " #9 ''
# (" ( * ("

#
(( - * 0 6 7 "! " 6 7 A 6 7
6 7 A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
A 6 7 6 7 D 6 7 6 7
A 6 7
;! - 0 6 7 # "
# #" + " (( ((
+ (( (( " + " +
(( (( (( (( . (-
(! (( " + *+ #<
(
( (
? ( (
+ (( " " " "

# "! (! + ( (( # "
! ( (( + " ( !

( (( + " "! " (
(( " " ' # * # +
(( " " + (( " " ;*! *
! (( " "
6 76 76
7 D 6 76 76
7 D 6
76 76
7 D 6
76 76
7 D 6 76 76 7 A
6 76 7 D 6 76 7 D 6
76 7 D 6
76 7 D 6 76 7

" (( " "

6 76 76 7 D 6 76 76 7 D 6
76
76 7 D 6
76
76 7 D 6 76 76 7 A

6 76 7 D 6 76 7 D 6
76
7 D 6
76
7 D 6 76 7
67 # * (( (" # + #9
(( (" # '' + +
# < # 67

( ("
+ ' ''
2"

N+
2"

N+
6#7 # * (( (" # * +++" +
' ( + (( * +
# < # 6#7

( ("
+ ' ''
2" #9
N+ #9
67 > #9 +(" + ! (( (" # '
A !
* (( (" # ''
A

( ;*! ( "" ( ' (!
#( / ( " ( " $/
$ / ( " (+ H &/3
! + * ( "# [ +3 #
( ") " * ( "" (
"

. 6 7 A ! " . 6 7 A
(( - . 6 7 , !
,67 * # # . 6 7 # ! ( . 6 7 . 6 7 A

. 6 7 ! " * (( . 6 7 . 6 7 A
!
* . 6 7 . 6 7 ! + > * "

* # ' . 6 7 (-" " (
! A ! <

. 6 7 !

A A !
. 6 7
!
. 6 7 . 6 7 A A A !

. 6 7 !

;! A ( .6 7 . 6 7 A

!

!
!
. 6 7 A
!

!

' . - 0 + ! . 6 7 . 6 7

;!
! . 6 7
! . 6 7 . 6 7

(( + #* ;!
.! . 6 7
6 7 !
. 6 7 . 6 7
;! +

+ "= #* ( " " " "# *

"
+ # A
!
# , 9 #*
!
( " . 6 7 A ! * " P6E

F 7 A "=
A
[ +3

A
# "
#
> # ""! * # # . 6 7 . 6 7
# < #

A . 6 7 . 6 7 A . 6 7 . 6 7

A *

A
A

A ,
# ! $ 6 7 A ! ("+ #"
A

;!

!

.6 7 A

6 D 7

! * # # ( . 6 7 . 6 7

#*
# < #

. 6 7 . 6 7 . 6 7 . 6 7

;! . 6 7 * . 6 7 ! A A ' *

A "! # ! $ 6 7 A
! ("+
#"
A

(" "# " 0 ! 9 ("

# " "# E A .! #
G
" + G
! 9 (" #3
" "# E A 6
7 6
7 A

( (##
# "#
E

E D E A

> - ( #" # 6
7
! " ( !
" * " ( "" "# >
" ""! * # # . 6 7 P6 7
" A "
A
A ' * #
$ 6 7 A
! ("+ #"

A
> - ( #" # 6
7
! " ( !
" * " ( "" "#
" * # + ("+ "
"" " # # (
.6 7 P6 7
#* ;! P6 7 * . 6 7
! A A ' *
A
"! # !
$ 6
7 A ! ("+ #"

# < #

P . 6 7 P6 7 . 6 7

G

G

G

G

G

G
G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

> "

"" # - ( # " "

"" # " ( # > # #
. 6 7 6 7 " A ! *
A

! A
"! A
"
A
! 6
E D
F7 A , # !
$ 6 7 A ;! ("+ #" A

> ""
- ( " ("
> * # # . 6 7 6 7 "
A ! *
A ! A " 6
E D
F7 A
, # ! $ 6 7 A ! ("+ #"
A

> ( # " ( # " (3
" > * # # . 6 7 6 7 "
A ! * A ! A " 6
E D
F7 A
, # ! $ 6 7 A
! ("+ #"

A

# < #

P67 . 6 7 P6 7 . 6 7

# < #

. 6 7 6 7 . 6 7 6 7

# < #

. 6 7 6 7 . 6 7 6 7

# < #

. 6 7 6 7 . 6 7 6 7

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

' ! +* # " . + # "
# "" ! " # " # ""
" # 3 (

#" "" +
!

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

!
!
!
!
!
67 ( + #!

6#7 " + " # "((+ "
"" 0 " ++ + ' (# * +

"

67 ( " "" #!

6"7 " # " (( * + * ( +

" #

#" "" +

! ! ! !
!

!
!
! ! !
!
67 ( + !
6#7 " + " # "((+ "
"" 0 " ++ + ' (# * +

"
67 # #" ! ( " + * ""

"
! * 0
6"7 " # " (( * + * ( +
" #
"# @\ * # (( * @ " "" " E
6@7F
' !
$ %
6 7 A (
6 @7

;!
6 @ 7 A

A ! "" " (( "# @\

A
' * "# / A 6@\ @7
* # ((
"" !

6@\ @ 7 A /
A 6/ 7 A
P6 7 A

;!
6 7 A

E D 6 @7 F
! 6@7 A "!

A ! * "# @\ * # ((
* @ " "" "
A ! "# / A 6@\
@7 * # (( "" ;!

6@\ @ 7 A /
A 6/ 7 A
P6 7 A

@ - " + " 0 6 7 # " 4 # 4 " 2
* ( 8! 6 7 ! # ( " ( " \
#" 8 ' * $ 0 56 7 " $
\ 0 56\ 7 + #
56 7 A 6 87 6 7

A

6 87 46 7 D
6 87 26 7

A 6 7 D 67 A

A ! 56 7 A 6 76
7 A

\ * # (( E
4 687F
$ % $ %
46 7 A (
6 87
" 26 7 A (
67 6 87

*

687 A 4687 D 2687 A D A

! 56\ 7 ((

A

@ 2 67 # 9 (" " + "#! "
67 # 9 (" + (" ."+ 1)
! ( (## "#

2 67

2 67 D 67

' 2 67 A "! * 67 A 6

7 6
7 A
/
( (## "#

A
67 " 6 7 *+ " + * (")!
6 7 * "#
"# 8! " "# * ("

6#7
6 7 8
(" *+ " + * (")! *+ " +
* * (") - (" 6
"# * 8 " 9 7 8 D 9 " (" 6
"# * 8 " 9 7 8 D 9 *+ " +
6 3768 D 9 7 D 368 D 9 7 A 8 D 9 6 D 37
6 D 379 ! " 6 D 379

> 3 A ! "# * (" 0 6
7 "# * 8 "
9 > 3 A ! "# "# * 8 "
9 ( " ( " "#
" "(" "#! * # *
9 9 ") "(" (-
"# # ( " ( " 0
+ "# "(" ( C
/ "

( @

9 9

' ! * 9 0! $@ @ # C @

# C @
@

@ * " ( " @ C" #
@ 0 " "# "+ " (
"# ( "
/ " * + + / " 0

+6
97 9

@

, ! @ @ # + # #* *

' (! @ , /* 9 ! / " # *
(

6
7@ D @

, @ #* " ! " 6

7! "= #* #
# #* @ " # # @
@ . # 0 * * * ( 0 D
. D
6 D . D 7 A 6 . 7
" " ! * . D 0 D

."+ ! " D D ! * "
" # " " ! * 0 9 " #
" D " D 6 D 7 A ."+
! " " ! ! 9
"# " !
0 + 0
" 'ZB * 0 " "#
$6 7 D %
.6 7 A A
6 D 7
/ 0 . 67 A 6E

F7 0 . 6 7 A
67 A ! 'ZB

67 " . 6 7 A (6 ?7! 0 . 67 A +6 7?
'ZB
. 6 7 . 6
7 A
+6
7 D +6 7 A +67
? ? ?
6#7 " +6
7?! " " # " " +6
7? '
6+6
7? +6
7?D 7 A ' * + A +67E
?F
6 'ZB7!

6+6
7? +6
7? D 7 A E (6 +6
77F E (6 +6
77F

A E F A

+ ! " # " G

'ZB
67 0 "# * 8 " 9
"! . 6 7 A P6E 8F97 !
. 67 A 8 D 9P 67 6 7
'ZB
. 6 7 . 6
7 A 9EP 6 7 P 6
7F
"" "# " ! P 6
7 A P 6 7!
'ZB
9P 6 7
6#7 @ . # " "# " " 8 " #
" . 68 D 7 . 68 7 A 1 "
"! * /* . 68 7 A . 68 D 7!
. 68 D 7 A . 68 D 7 A
! A . 6 7 8 , " #! 0 6 7 "
A 9P 6 7
; " +<

67 +

6#7 "

"

67 ( "

6"7 " # " """ #

+ @ A " +
(" "#" (+
! * + *+ 0 @<

. ! +- "+
@ 8 " " "#! " 8 D & # 0 1 !

0 8 & .! 68 D &7 A 68 &7 + ( 9 "#
"
( 0 # "# * 8 & " 8 D &! #
0 E
68 D &7 F! " E
68 D &7 F 'ZB "= #*
* ( 0! + ( "# *
& "
D D
A

68 D &7
68 D &7

68 D &7
68 D &7

" * " (* >3$3> /
" # " ( ( #
" "

@ * # # 6 ' 7 ( * ' * # "# *
(
" $ ! * 9 $ * + ' (! &

-

* 9 $ * & -

+ "= #* * ( ") #*
"
" 0

A

A

D
#* "

* ( " (
! "
1 "+ #! * # #
/ A
A
"
A ! * 0 67 " 67 6 7 A
! 56 7 A

!
" 9 A 6

7 A ;! / A 6
7 A ' # "
# "" "# ("+ *3""

#
< #
2#" 2#"
B/ ( B/ (

# - (! . 6 7 * 9 ( # #"
# " (! 6 7 * 9 ( #
#" , # + ! * # # '
# # . 6 7 6 7 * 0
#"

/ ! " ( A ;! A "

A
6 7 A ' " # ("+
D

' " + #
" A

A ! A

A !
A
6 7 A ! " A

6 7 A

A

"
A ! * 0 67 ( A ' # " # "3
# * D

A "+ " ("+ *3""

> " * . 6@ D 677 A (
. 6@ D 677 A 267 A 6 677 A

* / * / /
6 7 A 26 @ 7 A

* " 0 * # /+ + # A @
' D @ " "#! * @ - (
* " # + " ( ' *"! * @ !
/ - ( * " # + *" # @ A @ ! *
* 9 $ / &! * / "-" " & ((( ' *
* (-" +- - 6 - 7! " #
* / "" "#! 6/ &7 A - ' " # /( "
+- * # (( - # - ( C! "#
/ * # (( "" "# * @ A

# < #

B/ B/
# . 6 7 6 7 # . 6 7 6 7

( ! "" @ #" " ( "
>3$3> (" + - ( " *
" (
, @ ! ( + +-
- -" @ * @ * ( $ *"
# ("
@ " / #" - (! "
" ("+ #" ' "
( ;! ( 6 ' 7 * ' !

' " ( ;!
( 6 ' 7 * ' 1 + *! * # ( 0
6 7 D 6
7 D D 6 7 A

A 6 D 7

?+ ! * -" 6 7 A 6( 7D6D 7
! * ( "-"
# # 6 ' 7 ( * ' ! * " * 6( 7 A
6 ' 7
> / A ' " / A *

(A / 6
7

"

6( 7 A 6/ 7

" " ' "! * 6/ 7 A 6/ 7 "
2 6/ 7 A 6 ' 7! 6( 7 A
6 ' 7
" ( "= # ! * " * 56( 7 + # 0 67 6>
" 0 67 (( *# (+7 ?+ 0 6
7! * *

56( 7 A 56/ 7 D 6/ / 7

-
E 6 ' 7 6 ' 7 F " # #/ (<
* A # A
* A # A
* # A " A
, 6/ / 7 A 6 ' 7 "(" 6 ' 7 ,
-
6/ / 7 A 6 ' ' 7

6/ / 7 A 6 ' ' 7 6 ' 7

6
7 ! "
6/ / 7 A 6 ' ' 7 6 ' 7

6 7

E 6 ' 7 D 6
7 6 ' ' 7
+
D6 7 6 ' ' 7 6 D
7 6 ' 7
> . A ! 6 ' 7 A

! 0 67 "
6 7 A D 6 D 7 A 6 D
D 7

* 67 > . A !
6 ' ' 7 A A 6 ' ' 7
" 67 "
$ %

6 D
7 D 6 D

7
A
E
D D D
F

6 D
D 7
A

* 67

# " (+( *# (+
67 .+ # " ' "

* A / + """ 0 " ! * * ""

9 / (" (
6#7 "# " ! +" "3
(" + " * * ?+ ( 67! *

"" +! 60 7 A 6* 7 "("

* ! * 6* 7 A
* " #+ +"

+ A
6
D 7
! * 60 7 A
6
D 7

67 * "(" # * " " "(" !

* "(" " ;! 560 7 A 56* 7

56* 7 A " A
6
D 76
D 7! * 560 7 A

6
D 76
D 7

, A !
A 6 / . ( 7 6 / 1 ( 7
67 2 ! (! +! "

C ' * - +"
C (!
( "= *
A ! " "
# # ("+ ' * +" C +!
( "= *
A ! " " #
("+ # C (
(
6#7 , > +"3/ ! # * "= " # " '
$ " 6'7! "= 0 +"" (! " * *
"! ( "= +" + (# / "
+ "= +" / ' $ " 6''7! "=
+"" +! " + " ! + "= +"
+ / " ( "= +" / @ "

( /
A ! 6 7 A " 5 6 7 A ;! 9 A A
, $ " 6'7! A ! / A 6 7 A
" " #
"" "# ("+ , $ " 6''7!
A
! / A " " ("+ 1
" ! ( *" # 9" +-!
#
67 + (* "= 6 7 9
(" "= ! "
! " 3

# < ( > +"3/
$ " 6'7 $ " 6'7 $ " 6''7 $ " 6''7
B/ +" / B/ +" /

;! -
A
, # # (## * -"

A

A

! + *" 9 ( @ A @ # * # *
@ - * *
0! * *" ( (
* ! ! " @ #* "
"" + " " ! ( -"
6 7 6 * #/ #/ (+7

' * 0 6
7

=A

6> 7
A

>
6767 D 67 A

>

' " H "# * "+ " $ " # 9" =

! 0! > 6
7 A

?" $ ! (( * # *<

G
G

G
G

;! * 0 6

7
=A
6
7 D 6
7 D 6 7 D 6 7 A

?" $ ! = H "# * "+ " ;! ("+
= A
! (## # #/ #/ ' *
$ " # 9" +- +
/ " #" #" "
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 A 6&
!" 7

* A ;! $@ V #" " V A

A
?" $ !
" (" (( V * # *<
V
V
V A

VV A

V V A
V A

' * 0 6
7
=A
6

7 D 6
7 D 6 7 D 6
7 A

?" $ ! = H "# *
"+ " ("+ = A

+ $ " # 9" +- +
(" # # ! (-" # 0 67! ("
*+ #<
. 1 .1 2
&(

&(

&(

' * " 0 67 = A
?" ( $ "#
+(! = * (( H "# *
A "+
" ' " # 0 "# ! $ "
# 9"
' # +" * * " +"!
(" # + * +" ' * * (
+( " ( +(
! * " *
# +" " * #" # =" * #
(" # ;! H = + # 0 67 "
+ * ( * * = *
* =! * + ( +(
K " ( +(
K

> >
6> V 7 A >

$ %
A > 6> D > 76
> D > 7
A E
> 6> D > 76> D > 7F

A
6> > > > 7

A > D > D > D > #" 6> V 7 6> V 7 !
" 6> V 7
' * 0 67 "

= A 6> > > > 7

V

1

A >
> D >
>D >
> D >
>
V
A
6> > D > > D > > D > > 7
> > > >

A
> > > >
> D > A > D > A
;! = (-"
' ! > A > A > A > A
" > > > > A 6

D 7 6
7 A

' * * 6 * (
#
( =7 = A

$ " # 9" = ! * $ " # 9" 6
7

6
7

' > A > A > A > A
" > > > > A 6
- 7
' * *
6 * ( #
( Z7 = A
6
- 7 $ "
# 9" = ! * $ " # 9"

- D

-

B ( ( () (" ' + ( "
+ " (( + + ((! " . + (( " ((
1! ( *

B ( ( () (" ' " # +
! " 9! " * ! "
( ! " 1 + (( " 9 .!
( *
" ( (# =
* + # * "( ( *"
+" 3 (" " " ' *"!
* ( +( ( * " ""
! + # " >
( (( ( * *" ( *
(( * " *"! # * +( * *
""+ * (( +
' ' ' ' " (! ' ( " , !
67 A 6' 7
A 6. * # 7
A 6 * # 7 D 6. # 7
A 6* 7 6 * 7 D 6* 7
A *
*
;! (" ' 267 A 67 A @6* * 7
" "# . 6 7 A * ! " "# (
* A
! A 6
7 * " 67 A @
*
' * (
"# ( " * # * "

67 A
@
*
> /* "# - -
"
-6-
7 ;! * -
! ( "#
* # * "
-
9 A

6-
7
" " "# ! * " 0 67 6* (" #
-7 ( "# \ * # * "

-
-Q
9 A

-D

Q

! 9 9 "

-
6-
7Q

-D
Q

' * " " 0 # E! * # *+ <

- -D
- Q Q E

G

6 7 A
! 9 9 - A
. * ! 6 7 A 6\ 7 A @! $
0 , ! 56 7 A E- D 6 -79 F "
56\ 7 A

E46@@7F
*

E46@@7F A
-D
-

9
67 , 9 A ! 56\ 7 56 7 "

E - D 6 -7F - D 6 -7
* 0 -" -
6#7 , - A ! 56\ 7 56 7 " 9 9 A

( " * # -"
!
26 7
6 ' D ' D 7 A
6 # 6 D 7 A
7 A
!

I E. 6 D 7 . 6 7F

!

I E 6 7 F A
I 6 7 67

*
I (( #
I "= +
6 D 7 A
. ! " *
("! * # " + 9 " 6 7
' ' ! "
1 6 7
26 7 A
1 1
A
I 6 7 67

' * 9 (" 26 7 A I! !

0" " (" ' (( 26 7! -"
" ! * " (" ' *"! 0" "
"# 6 7

> '
@ '
" # " D
# #* @
@ " # # ( C
#* @
# "# * (
" ' *
6'
@ '
7 A 6 D
7
, ! * -" (## + # "# # ( 1
+ + ! * -" A " (## ! * +

. * ! * "" @ # ' " >3
$3> * / ) + * ' D @ ' D @
> ( $ "
* 6 7 & -
E56 7F
* 6 7 " 56 7 + # 67 " 67 ;*! # !

* A (* D 6 D 7

> * / # * # 0! * # ""

> /* + (( @ * $ *" # ("

* -" * 0" -" Æ - 1 (* ! #
"= ' + @ ! + * +

@ # ! (* (( +
! @
# + ;! @ -"

67 > /* @ A " 6 7 A ! ' A " ' A
'
' " * 1 "# * ( " $
%- * A ' $ ! 9 $ * #+ , 0 "
- ! * # & &

6 7 6 7

-

6 7 6 7

-

- 9 $ * & * &
6#7 , ! * * * $ < @ A , + #" "
-" " ( 67 ( $
Æ - -" '
! * -" $ (" " $ " $
9"! * ") / *" #
9" ! * -" # $ " $ ("!
$ * +

, * & D & A & 6 7 D 6& D & 7
6& D & 7 A & 6 7 D 6& D & 7 D
& 6 76& D & 7

- * + ("

* "
# & 6& D & 7 " 6 7 A

67 # #" 0 6 7 " *+ <

6 U 76 U7 A 6 U U D U U 7

A U U D
U U

A
UU
UU D
UU

A
UU! "

6 U 7 A 6
U D U 7

A
U D
U

A

U D
U

A

U

6#7 # #" ( 67 " *+ <

6 U 76 U7 A 6 U 7 6U U 7U

A 6 U 7 U 6 U 7

A 6 U 7 6 U 7 A

67 # #" ( 67 " *+ <

6 U 76 U7 A 6 U7 U 6 U7

A 6
U7 6 U 7 A

' # * U A <V D <V U 1 * " ( <V
+ 0 6 7
< " < # 1=1< A ! * 0

6
7 6 V 7 A !

1=1< A ! * 0 6 7 6 V 7 A *

0 0 6 7! * <V " <V 0
0 * A C D C ! * C " C "-" <V "
<V 0 6 7 * " +" !

UU
C A

U

" CV A U CV U ' " CV A " CV A ;! 0
A D ! 0! A D " A D
+ ,+ * # / " +(
0 " 0 (# (#

6 < < < 7 < < ! " < (# #

0 " 0 (#
* < " # -

67 ;!
A ! U A

! U A

! A ! " A ! # 0 6 7!

<V A " <V A ;! 0 A D
6#7 0 6 7 " #<
< D < D < A
< D < D
< A
< D
< D
< A

+ 0! * # <
<V A <V A
<V A

' ( ( + D + (! *+ D 0 #

-"<
< D < D D < A
< D < D D < A

< D < D D < A
0 D 0 < < * # 0
( + 0" (( " 0 0
0 * 0 " 6 D 7 6 D 7 Æ < <
+ 6! C " 7 ! # *

"

A

" * # " D "("M !
" ! * !

D

D D

D A

1 ! D " * # 0
D D
D D

' (#! *! ( "+ D "
Æ ' * * " #
0 6 7 " #
< D < D < A
< D < D
< A
< D
< D < A

+ 0! * # <V A <V A ! "
<V A
> #+ # /+ ( " *+ * ( < < ! " < ! (3
<

6 < < < 7

1 + " 0 ! * # *+ 0<

<
D< D <

A

D < D < A

<

<

D<
D <
A

> + " "! 0 " #<
< D
< D < A

< D < D < A

< D < D
< A
+ 0! * # <V A
<V A
!
" <V A
' ! "

6 <V <V <V 7 A

' ! "

6 <V <V <V 7 A

! # - #"

" " " + " + ' "" *
+! ' ( "( + "
" K%+ ( L " " #
/((" * "(+ J*

. * (" < " < 6

7 * <V " <V ! C * ( 9
C " ( -"+ $@
9

6' 7 A < D < ! * 0 6
7

6 U 76< D < 7 < 6 U 7 D < 6 U 7
6<V 7 A

A

6 U 7
6 U 7

1 6 U 7 A "

6 U 7 A 6 U 7 U 6 U 7 A 6 U 7

' * 6<V 7 A <

6'U 7 A
6' 7 A
6< D < 7 A < D < U

;! * " # 0 6
7!
6<V 7 A 6'U 7 U 6<V 7 A 6< D < U 7 U < A <

@ ! A 6 U 7

6 U 7' $ %
<V A 'U <V U A

' U A
U 6 U 7 '

!

!
' ' "(" " 9 !

$ %
V
56< 7 A
U
6 U7 56'7

!

A 9

D U 6 U 7
U 6 U 7

!
!

A 9
D U! A
! D
U 9 A 9
!

!
* ( 67

'U A <V D <V U !
56'U 7 A 56<V 7 D U 56<V 7 D
U 6<V <V 7
! U A !
6<V <V 7 A *56'U 7 56<V 7 U 56<V 7+

U
&
(

6 7
A 69
6 U
9 9 7

7
7
6

U '

!
! )
&
(
6 !

U 7
9 6 7
A
U 6 6

!
7
7
' )

A 9
U A U9

U
! !

' U A ! <V A 'U A ' ! "

& (
6<V <V 7 A ' '

' )A
6' ' 7

!
!
# ' ' "(" " 9 ! 6' ' 7 A
A " 6' ' 7 A 9 A
;!
9

6<V <V 7 A
! A

1 <V " <V " # ' ' * "(" "
" "# . " ! # * 9
"# <V " <V # "# ' * 0 6
7 <V
" <V " * U A ! # (( # "#
""
! <V " <V "(" * U A
67 $@) <V " <V 0 " #
9V # " 0 6
7
6#7 .! 56<V 7 A
9 # " " 0 6
7 " 56<V 7 A
9 0
6
7
67 ' # " 0 6
7 6<V <V 7 A 9 1 + 56<V 7
" 56<V 7 " ( 6#7! * #
;6<V <V 7 A
6<V <V 7 A
E56<V 7 56<V 7F
@V A <V
<V D A

@V #" @! $ @V 56@V7
"
56@V7 A 56<V 7 D 56<V 7
6<V <V 7 A 9
#" <V D & <V $ #" ! "
56@V7 A 56<V 7 D & 6<V <V 7 D & 56<V 7
?+ ! * +
56@V7 A 9 E
& 6 7 D &
F
> C # /+ " * ( & " + " 0
> + & A
(" 'V A <V D
<V A $ ("
56'V 7 D 56' 7 A 56<V 7 D 56<V 7 D 6<V <V 7 D 9 A 9
.! $ 'V " # " 0 6
7 * A

1 0 6
7! $

6 7 D 9

!

> /* 6 7 * # 6"! ! $ * # 7 *
A U

$@) <V " <V 0 " ( 67
9V # " 0 6
7 .! 56<V 7 # " "
0 6
7 " 56<V 7 0 6
7
' # " 0 6
7 6<V <V 7 A
9 1 + 56<V 7 "
56<V 7 "
! * #
;6<V <V 7 A
6<V <V 7 A
E56<V 7 56<V 7F
@V A <V D <V A
@V #" @! $ 56@V7
"
56@V7 A 56<V 7 D 56<V 7 6<V <V 7 A
9
! 56@V7 * & A U
(" 'V A <V D
<V A
$ ("
56'V 7 D 56' 7 A 56<V 7 D 6
7 56<V 7 D 6<V <V 7 D 9 A
9
.! $ 'V " # " 0 6
7 * A

' * * ! $ 'V * # * A U
67 ' ( -" 30 Æ <V A
"
<V A

6#7 ("" + ( ( " A

<V D <V A
D

A
67 + ! " ! A ? 0 6
7 ( $

6
7
9 D D

A 9

6 7 0 6
7! * * ( * 8 A 8 A 8 "
9 A 9 A 9 <

6 7 A 8 D ;9
8 A 8 D ;6 87
9
> /" * 6 7 8 8 ; !
6 7 8 A 8 D ;6 87 8 A ; 8 8

* " (+ " ( " (+ "
# * ( (! ( (# )
" * # " 9 # < "
< ++ " + # #
( "

' " # U A
! U A ! A !
V
A ! < A "

<V A # 0 6 7! " A # 0 6 7 ! 0 6 7 *
A
" < A ! " ( A ' " # " "# *

A
"+ " +-! $ " # 9"
(
$ 9"

' ! * *+ ( <
$ < < A
$ < < A
;! < A " " 0 6 7 ( A (

!
" ! * " 9 $
' * 0 6
7! * < A ! ( A (
!
" ! * " 9 $
' ! * * *+ ( <
$ < < A
$ < < A
;! < A " " 0 6

7 ( A (
! * " 9
$
( # " <
$ < < < A
$ < < < A

;! 6 7! & A & A ! " & A ' " 6& & 7 A

"! 0 6 7! ( A ' " # " "# *

A
"+ " +-! $ " # 9"
( ! $ 9"
( # " <
$ < < D < A
$ < < D < A

! & A & A & A ' " 6& & 7 A "! 0 6 7!

( A ' " # " "# *

A "+ "
+-! $ " # 9" ( ! $
9"

6<V 7 A 6<V <V D <V U 7

A 6<V <V 7 D U 6<V <V 7
A 6<V <V 7 D U 56<V 7
A # 0 6
7 " 6
7
<V " <V # "#! *

" <V * # "# ! ""
! "
<V " "("
67 > ""
U 6<V <V 7 " # + " = ! + #
0 6
7 = # * *<

U 6<V < 7 D
E6<V < 7 D
U6<V <76<V < 7 D U 6<V < 7 F

= A

6<V < 7 V V
A 9 V D
E6< < 7 D U 6< < 7F
56< 7
;!
= 6<V < 7
A V D 9 6 < < U 7
9 56< 7
' * 567 A " 1
567 A 56<V 7 D U 56<V 7 D
U 6<V <V 7
"" * # #" 0 6
7! 6
7! " 6
7
6#7 ' * " # <V " "(" "
"# > $ ! 6<V 7 A < " 67 A < D < U ;! $ !
* " + " 0 + ( 67 0
" # + "" "#
;! < A " < A ' " = A
! A ! " ( A
' "
# . "# *
" "+ "
+-! $ " # 9" ( ! $ 9"
-" Æ ! " # " "# * "+
" -" * < * (
> *
" ! * -" <

6 < 7
! 0! < ! !
-" <

+ -" Æ +

! -" * < * (
! 0!
*

6 < 7
! ! " #
<

> - " -" < < * -" Æ ' "
# " "# * "+ " 6 7 -"
* & * ( ! 0! *

6 & 7 "
& -"
< < ! ("+ -" < < D * "
( 6
7 D A " 6 7 D A
> " -" A < D < * -" Æ ' "
# " "# * "+ " 6 7 -" *
& * ( ! 0! *
6
7
"
& ! ! -"

> " -" A < D
< -" Æ +
! ! * + & * (

& A " & A
A U ! 6& & 7 ! * "" " +

( ! 0 6 U 7 A .! & <V D & <V A <V D <V ! U A U A ; "

-" & *
6 & 7
! 0! * &

@ # -
0 " "#

"+ " . -"
< D < & * ( &! * & A " & A 0 6 7
0 ( # "" *+

6 7

6 7

<V D <V <V D <V D

6

7!

6

7!

+

6

7! 6 7

+ *! ! # * C 6 7 > /*

0 * A U
' /* ( 6 7 * 0
D D & * # ( 6* +7 "
' * 0 6
7 " 6 7 ( C "

6< <V 7 D
U 6< <V 76< <V 7 D 6< <V 7 C

;! ( 6< < 7 * 0 * # ( E* 6<V <V 7F
"

6
U 7

! 0! "

U

" 0 6 U 7 ! # (! +

#
-" Æ ! " # . "# *
"
"+ " 6 7 -" ( 6< < 7 * (
6< < 7 * ( ;! * ( *
6< 7 D 6< 76< 7 D 6< 7
67 (( " * -" #" "-" # 6 7 ' !
A
" 6
C 7 A
<V <V ! " # "
4 ( " *+ ( (( " * -"
#"<
?(( @*

U A

(( " * + ( * " ,+
6#7 (( " * * + # 6
7! * % 6 -
7 A

("+ (( " * *<
?(( @*

U A

(( " * * " " ,+
' "-" # 0 6 7! 9 H "# *

"+ "
! 6 9 7 A

6 7 A 6

79 ! " 6 E

F7 A 9

−2
−1 0 .42 1 2 x
−1
−2
,+ < -" #" "

67 (" <V D <V A

A

6#7 ] (" " (" ( 67 " 3*" 0

% 6 7
D D
6
7
A

!
A E
F

67 . ( ( + " ( * ( (
67 " 6#7 "3#3" ,+
( ( 67 * "
(" + ( ++
' +
6#7 ( ( 6#7 ,+
(" " (
;*! (( # * ( - *

' (# * /" + + - ( - ( 6' *"
" + + - (! # (# "") /
7 + - <V A ! <V A
! 9 A ! A ! "
! A
67 + 0 6
7!
<V

A
( A ! A
9
> *" 9 $ ( + 0 " "# *

"+ " > " 9 (

40
• •
0.4
•
•
20
•
0.2
• • •• •
• •
• • •
•
0
• •
•
Residual
Residual
0.0
•
-20
-0.2
• •
• •
•
•
-40
-0.4
-60
• •
-0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 2 3 4 5
1970 price Log-1970 price
,+
< B" (
( ( 67 " (
+ ( 6#7
6#7 . ] -" "

" 3*" 0
9 A

% 6 7 A
!
!

A E F
67 . ] (" + ( " D

A
" 3*" 0

6 7
% 6 79 D D A
D D 6
7

!
A

! + (
A E
F
( / , (* # "( + E F
' * " # /" + + - (! *" #
<V A
! <V A ! 9 A
! A
! " ! A ( 67 *"
# 6
7
A ! * *" 9 (
-" < *" #
6
7 A E F
(" + ( *" #

D +6
7
D D 6+6
7
7

A E F

( *" # E
F

" 1 * (( ( (
,! ( "# (( ( / 1
/+ 31 ( "! " ( "#

(( ( "Æ " + ! " '
*" " " (( ! 1 (
"# 31 *
0 1

( "# < + ( 6 7! ( A ! 6< <V 79
" "# *

"+ " Æ - -"
"( <V % 6 -
79 ! ! * ( ( (##
< *<

<V % 6 -
7 !9 < <V D % 6 -
7 !9

< V
<
A % 6 -
7 ! % 6 -
7 6 7
9
" "# " ! % 6 -

7 A % 6-
7 .! "
# #* 0 + " 6 7 ( ! * " "# *

"+ " ; + " 6 7 0

6( % 6 -
77 6( % 6-
77 A -
-
A -

( "# < + 6 7!

& 6&
(A D
& 7
& < D & < E& <V D & <V F

! 9
" "# *

"+ " Æ - -"
"(

& 6& & 7

& <V D & <V % 6 -
79 D

!
! * ( ( (## < *<

&
'& <V D & <V % 6 -
79 & D 6&

& 7
& < D & <

!
(
& 6& & 7
& <V D & <V % 6 -
79 D

)

!

A %6 -
7 ( % 6 -
7
. ( ! 0 -

9 "# 6< < 7 + A # "# (-"

?+ ! ! " + ! * ( < D <
<V D <V A 'V < D < + A

A
D ! D !

D !

!

?
D ! A

E
! F ( # (

D 6 7

A
!
' * " "# A 6< < 'V 7 "# *
" "
( + <V A
! <V A
! 9 A
! A
!

A " ! A
67 ( "# ( + > 3

# 6 A ! D
A 7! * + *+ ( "

A ! 6< < 7 # "# * 6

7!
! "
A " A "# A + "#
* ( "

6#7 "
* 3*" 0 %
6 7
A
! E

F
67 ( "# < ( A 6<
7
" "# *
"+ " (## < #* "
(## (
#* 6
7 A

" 6

7 A
(##
" " # * "+ " #* * # # " +
( (+ ! " 0
"
67 ."+ ! ( "# <
6<
7

" "# * + "+ "
6#7 ."+ ! ( "# < D <

6
7
< D <

D

" "# * + "+ "
+ <V A
! <V A ! 9 A
! A
!

A ! " ! A
67 ( "# < ( A 6< 7
" "# *

"+ "

6#7 (## <

(## ( 6
7
A
! *
67 +3( * # "
D +6
7 A " 3
*" % 6 7
E D D 6
+6
77 F A
!
+3( E F ( , (* "(!
E F
" < + < # (" +
' (!

D

! !
6< < 7 A <V
6< <V 7

4*!
A ! D

6< < 7 A <V D 6< <V 7

. * (" < < 6 7 # $@) <V <V ! C * (
9 C " ( -"+ $@
9 C "

6 " 9 H "#7 ."+ 0 6 7!

9A

* 9
H "#

*
"+ " !
9 6
7! 9 9 ! " 9 #"

(# ( + " * A "+ "-" #
0 6 7 "
" (-" *<

A

! A

A
" 6 7

' * 0 6 7

'

<V A

. (+
! 6<V7 A < " 56<V7 A 9

' " A
" A ! " ! <V A

" 56<V7 A 9 .! A 6 <V 7 A ! # 0 6 7! 9V A
6 7 A
1 0 6
7! *+ * " "# * "+ " * $
<
$ %
(A
6<V 7 A
6 76 7
("+ *3"" ! *3"" #
# #/ #/
<V <V ! " <V * " " (
1 0 6 7!
9V A
A 6 <V <V <V 7 A 6 7 A

"+ *+ <

A

! Æ " 0 6 7<

A

' * * # "

6 7 A

6 7 ! (" # 9 ! " <V <V ! " <V
1 0 6
7! *+ * " "# * "+ " * $
<
$ %
( A
V
6 76 7 < A
("+ *3"" + ( *" # 9"
# +-

1 0 6
7! *+ * " "# * "+ " * $
<
$ %

( A 6<V 7 A
6
76 7
("+ *3""

' " 6 U 7 A
!

A A

<V <V " <V * " " (
1 0 6 7!
9V A
A
6 <V <V <V 7 A 6 7 A

"+ *+ <

A

! Æ " 0 6 7<

A

' * * # "

6 7 A

6 7 ! (" # 9 ! " <V <V ! " <V
1 0 6
7! *+ * " "# * "+ " * $
<
$ %
( A
V
6 76 7 < A
("+ *3"" #* "
1 0 6
7! *+ * " "# * "+ " * $
<
$ %
( A
6<V D 7 A
6
76 7
("+ *3""

8 ! 6 U 7 A
!

A A

6<V 7 A <V <V II <V

A 6<V <V 7 I 6<V <V 7

I
A 6<V <V 7 I 56<V 7
I
A I 9 I I 9 A
I
8 ( +! # * 9 "# * <V

" <V * # # "# <V " <V ! 9
"# " <V * # # "# ! " <V
"! "("

56 7 A 5 <V II <V

A 56<V 7 D I 56<V 7
I 6<V <V 7
I I

I I I
A I 9 D I 9
I 9 A I I 9

4* " + " 0 +
E 6 7F A E<V < II 6<V < 7F

A 6<V < 7
I 6<V < 76<V < 7 D
I V
6< < 7

I I
' * + " 0 + (
" 6I I I 79 ! + " # "" + *
' 0 * + ! * # (" *
"(" " #! * 0 # + ""
"# ! * H "# *
"+ "
67 * <V " <V ! * * " "(" .! *
H "# *
"+ " " 9 H "# *
"+
" ! *

. "# *
"
"+ "
E9 6
7F

6#7 ' * ( < " < * # ( C" < " < ! +
( 67 * . "# *
"
"+ " * $ " *
" # + * $ ! * " 9 $ "
! * # # (-" +- - 6 - 7

' (# A
A < A < A "! " " !
* A
6 76 7 D 6
76 7 D
6 76 76 7 A
E6
76 7 6 7 F9 9
.! A ! " ;! , *

"
"+ " 6
76 7 A
("+ #*
"

' (# ! A
A < A < A " "
" !
* A
6
76 7 D 6 76
7 D
6
76 76
7
E6 76
7 6
7 F9
A
9
.! A ! "
;! , *
"
"+ " 6
76 7 A ("+ +

A 6 <V <V 7 <V A U <V

A E6 U 7 <V 6 U7F

A 6 U7 <V 6 U 7
<V

6 U 76 U7

6 U 76 U7

<V A

" A
! "" * # #"
6 U7 6 U7

> *+ <

D' 6 D ' 7 6 7 D 6' 7
6 D 7 A A
A

D ' 6 D ' 7 6 7 D 6' 7

6 7 6' 7

A D A 6 7 D 6 7
6 7 6' 7

* "

6 D 7 6 D ' D ' 7 A
6 7D6 ' 7D6' 7D6' ' 7 " "("! 6 ' 7 A
" 6' 7 A ! " 6 7 D 6' ' 7 1 6 7

* " 6 7! " 6' ' 7 ("+
6 7 ;! * * " 6 7 D
6 7 ! * * * " 6 D 7 0
("+ 6 7 D 6 7
> /* 56' D '

' D 7 &A 56 ( ' D '
' 7 1 ! * A !

56' D '
' 7 A 6
7 6 7 6 7
' ) A

67 > & <V 0 V ! * "-" ( 6#7 " V 30
+ Æ ' 0 6
7! * * V A !
* A 6 7 ' * "#! "
* "
9 A 9 6 7 6
7
6#7 ' $ ! V "# * & " + # 6
7 '
* *+ " # / "" "#<
/A
V &
96 6 7 7

.! 6
79 9 H "# *
"+ " " "("
/ ! * "" / # 9 9! * + " # " "# *

"+ " ! * (( 0 (
67 $ - ! * 9 $ ( % 6 -
7 ' $ !
6( % 6 -
77 A -
* -
' ( +! 'V ' <V !
(" <V 'V ! ( " + 'V * /
( " + ( C * # #" "= ' <V !
(" " <V 'V ! ( " + -"
+ ( " + 6 ( J((" C "
7
"+ " 0! * * "

0 + * + * + @ "
@ V # 30 Æ * + * + "+ ,
* "" + ! "" " 0
3" V (" 3" \ \ (#
C (# -" 30 * "+
, ! \ ) # !
* " 0 * + \ * "+ " "
0 * + V * "+ ; " 0
# * "+ # + " 0 + V * "+

' ( ! * " 9 A
! " 0
>

6 7 " " #
' 0!
' *

A

A

?
(( A ( "
"# *
"+ " " ( 6 &7E96 6 7 7 F
+ #/ "" " "#

1 + * 0 6
7!

A " 6 7 A

.!
& (

' ' )

'U
A & (

" 6 7 A

'U
' ' )

@
# + * - * (# %-

'
A

'
@ # + 6/ *

7 A 9 %-
A
A 6( ( 7
A
A 6) ) 7
> 9 *" ) 9 A ( A

4*!
A 6
7 6
7 A (

A 6
7 6
7 A

)

4 ) A
'

A
' !

)

9
A
9

'

'

A 9
) A

9
A (

4*! " " "" " #! "

" "" " # ; ( A

9 H "# *

"+ "

6'U 'U7 A
'U
'U

'U
'U

A
'U D
'U

'U

# 0 6 7

A
'U
'U

67 ' " 'U A 'U A ! " 'U A

.!

6' 'U 7 A 6' 'U 7 A 6' 'U 7 A

;! # 0 6 7! 9V A 6 D D 7 A

6#7 ' " 'U A ;! # 0 6 7! ( A 6
7E
6

7F A >
$ ! ( . "# *
" "+ " !
("+ ( A #*
"
' (#
A A
" 'U A 'U A
'U A 'U A ! "
'U A

6' 'U 7 A 6' 'U 7 A

6' 'U 7 A
6' 'U 7 A

! # 0 6 7!
( A
6 7 A
6 7
> $ ! ( . "# * " "+ "
("+ ( A " #

" # = = "("! # = "= +(

# ( ' /* = 9 H "# *
"+

" ! 6= D D = 79 * H "# * 6
7 A
"+

" = " = "("! = E9 6

7F * . "# *

=E9 6
7F
"
"+ " ' *"! 6
7= E6
7= F * . "#
' ( "-" # 0 67!
6
D

76 U 'U 7
( A

D 6 D 7
(" #* " ( *<
4

U 'U
'U 'U

6' 'U 7

6' 'U 7

A
! 'U A
'U
D
'U
!

6'U 'U 7 D
6'U 'U 7

A

6' ' 7 D

6'U 'U 7

U U
6'U 'U 7

D
A

.! D
(
( ! * * *
( ( *<

6

7

6'U 'U 7

( A

6'U 'U 7

( " ( ( + 0 6 7! * A

6'U 'U 7 A

6'U 'U 7

A

6
79 #

A 6
79 A 9

+ " # "(" " #
'
6! A
" A 7

@ * A ' ! * A

' ! " * A

& ' > A ! A

! A ! "
A A .! A
" A A ,! & A

" ! & (

4*! 6* * 7 A '
'

'
) A

6'
'
7

1 6'
'
7 A A " ! A ! ! * " ' ) "(" .!
6'
'
7 A 56'
7 A 9
! 6* * 7 A 9

' A !

A D

D A
D 6
7 A

' A !

A

D 6
7

A

!
& (
'

6* * 7 A 9

&
A 9

D ) A

,!
6* * 7 A 9

&
A 9
A 9 $
D 6

7 % A

67 +( +

! ! " " 0
.425. #
%+
" 0 $ 0
1* (

B"

6#7 . A (+ . "# *

" "+
" ! * + 3

>
A '
' B! 0 " #
* 8 " 9 8 D 9 "# ' "# * 8
" 9
! * "# ' "# * 8 "
9
;

68 D 9
7
68 D 9
7

' * ! * + 6 79 D
8
8 (- (
"

' ( ! / "
& (
6
7 9 ( '

6 87 )

9
C" # + 8 A "

6 7 A
!

9 A

+ / "

6
7

7 (

6 7
6!
' ( ! / "
& (
6
7 9 ( '

6 8 7 )

9
C" # + 8 A "

9 A 6 7 A "

+ / "

6
7

(

6 7
6"
7
6 7 6 7

!
A D
"
"
B9+ $ * + 0 9+ * (
' " - ! 0 - 0 "#
( * $ > * "# . "# * "

"+ "

> /* !
A
D " > /* 9 " " 9 "(" '

$ # H "#! * "+ " 6

7

" *
"+ " * "(" H "
# H "# * "+ " !

67 6 " /" (
- A 7 >
- A

8
8 A

6#7 $@ 8 ' " $@ 8 ' ! $@ - ' '

67 4 8 0 " 0 8! " - A
6"7 * ( * + "=

1
> A 5 ' 5' B! 0 " # *

8 " 9 8 D 9 "# ' "# * 8 "
9 5 ! * "# ' "# * 8 " 9 5

1
; 5 68 D 9 5 7 5 68 D 9 E 5 F7 ' * ! * +

1
1
1
6 79 D 5 8 58 A 6 79 D 5 68 87 A 6 79 D 5 -

' ( ! 8 " * " +
67 = "" # 8 8 A A 8 8 A
6#7 = "" # " * + 3
("+ - * .! * " = "" #
" + ("+ -

67 = "" # - * 3
("+ " * " ("+
" *
6"7 = "" #! (! 8 8 A A 8 8 A

' = ""! # Y " ^ 0 6 7 -"
U A 1 1 Y " Û A 2 2 ^ ! " "-
A " A 5 @ Y
8 A Y U D Û
- A Y Y U A
< A ^ ^ U A 5
* 0 6
7 " 6 7 * # -"

' # * 8 - ! " < * 0 6
7 " 6 7
(( 8 - ! " < 8 D - D < A 8 D - D <
" 1 + # " " ! * # 58 A 58 ;!
8 A 8 ' *! ! - D < A - D < " 1 + # "
! * # - A - ! # + # "
! * # < A <
' = ""! 0 6 7 -"! " * "
# 8 A Y D ^ ! 8U A YU D Û 8U A Y D Û ! " 8U A YU D ^ !
8 A 8U D 6U8 8U 7 D 6U8 8U 7 ;! # -" 8 A 8U - A 8U 8U "
< A 8U 8U ' !

8U A 6 D D D 7 A

8U A 6 D 7 A 8U A 6 D 7 A

8U A 6 D 7 A 8U A 6 D 7 A

' !
8U A

8 A
67 A

8U A 8U A 8U A

8U A
A 8U A A 8U A A
8U A A

1
-V A

1

'U 'U A
1 2
'
1 2
' A . + *
2
<V A

5
5
.! 6' 7 A 8 D - D < !
6V87 A 6'U 7 A

1
2
6' 7 A

1
2
68 D - D < 7 A 6 58 D D 7 A 8
5
5
5
& (
- 7 A 6'U 'U 7 A '
6V

2
' )8A
2
68 D - D < 7 8 A -

5
5
. + * 6<V 7 A <

& (
56V87 A 5 '
1
2
' ) A

1
2
56' 7 A 59 A 9
5
5
5 5
-V 5 "(" " # '
6 A "
! A 5 7 ' * -V A

1
2
' ! # " A
! A 5

5 5
"
A A !
5

1
2
D 6 75 A 9
56V- 7 A
9 A 9 5

5 5

5 5

56<V 7 # "

' 0 + 0 6 7 ("" " ( "! *
* # + " 0 6 7 ("" ("
> * # 4

2
6' 'U 'U D 'U 7 A 5 'U 5 'U 5 'U D 5 'U A

2
! 6' 'U 'U D 'U 7 A !

1
2
1 2
6' 'U 'U D 'U76'U 'U 7 A 6'U 'U 7 6' 'U 'U D 'U 7 A

1
2
2
1
6' 'U 'U D 'U 76'U 'U 7 A 6'U 'U 7 6' 'U 'U D 'U7 A

,!

1
2 1 2
6'U 'U 76'U 'U 7 A 6'U 'U7 6'U 'U 7 A

+ " # "(" " #

'
6 A " ! A 5 7 @

1
2
* A
'

1
2
* A
'

1
2
* A &
'

D A D A
A
5 5
5

A " ! A
A 5 D 5 ! A "
A 5
.!
A
" A A

5 5 5
! A
&
A " &
A
5 5

.
! 6* * 7 A 9

' A !

A D D 65 7 D

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

D6 7 D 5
5 D 6 765 7 5 5 A
' A !

D 5

A 6 7

5 5

D
D65 7 5 5 5 6 ! ! A 7

D D 6 7
5 5 5
D65 7 5 6 ! A 7

5 5
6 A 7
D6
7 D 5
5
D6
765 7 6 ! A " ! A 7
5 5
A
! #* ( # * #

1
1
1
1
1
6'U 'U7 A 'U
'U 'U 'U

A 'U
'U

D 'U

A 'U 'U

( ("

1
2
6' 'U 'U D 'U 7 A ' D 5 'U D 'U D 5 'U

' 'U
' 'U D
'U '

D
'U'U
5 'U 'U
'U 'U

A ' D 5 'U D 'U D 5 'U

5 'U
'U D
5 'U

D
5 'U

5 'U

5 'U

A ' 5 'U 'U D 5 'U

' " 'U A 'U A 'U A 'U A 'U A 'U A 'U A
'U A
'U A 8V -V A
! " <V A !
* # #" 0 6 7
6' 7 8V D -V D <V , +
! *
# *+ # " (<

, ! 0 6 7 "
9V A
6
7 A

' " 0 6
7
( A

6 7 A
6
7
> ( ! ( * . "# * A
" 6 765 7 A
"+ " ("+ 9 " " # +

' " 0 6 7
(& A
6
7 A
6
7
> ( ! (& * . "# * 5 A " 6 765 7 A
"+ " ("+ 9 " " # #*

"

( ( '
(! (
* * ( C *3+ ("
"#"

@ 8 A YU - A YU YU < A YU YU " C A Y YU YU D YU A
" A 5 # -" 0 6 7 " 6 7 -" ' #
* 8 - < ! " C * 0 6 7 " 6 7
(( 8 - < ! " C ! " 9!
8 D - D < D C A 8 D - D < D C

1 + # " 0 " ! * # 58 A 58 ;! 8 A 8

' *! ! " !
- D < D C A - D < D C
1 + # " 0 ! * # 5- A 5- 1 + #

" 0 ! * # < A < ;! - A - " < A < '
*! ! C A C

' $@ @ " ! * "-
$@) "-" ("+
' ( 6 7 " 6 7
8 - < ! " C # " " ( (# +
Y # ((+ "- +

1
1
-V A 6'U 'U7 A 'U 'U A !

1
1
CV A 6'U 'U 'U D 'U 7 A 'U 'U 'U D 'U A

2 2
( <V A " CV A

6' 7 A Y A Y A YU A 8! # M
6V87 A 5L
5L

5
6V
- 7 A

6' 7 6'U 7
5L
A
Y YU # - (
5L
A 5 Y YU A YU YU A - # M

6<V 7 A < # + M
6VC 7 A

6' 7 6V8 D -V D <V 7 # 0 6 7
L
A Y YU YU 2 D YU # ( ( !

A C #
5L " # ' "(" " 9 ;!

& (
9
56V87 A 5 ' 5L ' ) A
6 5L 7
56' 7 A
6 5L 7
5L9 A
5L

-V # ' -V A

'
! *
A
A " A

5L 5L 5L 5L
A ;!

D 6 75L

56V- 7 A
9 A 5L 9 A 9

5L 5L 5L

56<V 7 # " " ,! * ( CV CV A & ' !

* 0 6 7
& A
D " A L
L5L L 5L
&
A D A " " A L

L 5L
& A D ! A " " A L
5L 5L
&
A
A ! A " " A L
5L
!

56VC 7 A &
9

A L L 5L L D 5L D 6 7L L D 5L

D65 7L D D 6 765 7L 9
5L 5L 5L
A 6 765 7 9
5L
,! * !

E6' 'U 7 D 6'U 'U 'U D 'U7 D 6'U 'U 7 D 6'U 'U7F 6 7

0 +(" 6 7 " ! #

! ! "
&
;! 0 6 7! # * ( 3("
+(" -" * * "
6' 'U 7 # +
- (" * +(" #
" * ! " * <

6'U 'U 'U D 'U 76'U 'U7

+ - (" , ! -

- + " # '8[ "(" # '

@

-V A
'

<V A
'

CV A &
'

' 'U A
'

2 ! 8V A '
E 5L F

!" &
* + !

"
A

L
A L " A

A *
* -V " <V "! (! # *! !

A >

A L 5
D 65 7L

5L 5L 5L 5L

D6 7L 5L 5
D 6 765 7L

5L 5L 5L
A

! * ' 'U " CV "! # *
&

A
(( - A " A

&

A L 5L L D 5L L

D6L 7
D
A
L 5L L 5L L
(( A " A

5L D 5L

&

A L D 6L 7 5L D 5L L A

# " ! " # * - + " #
" * +" * " 0

> - * 0<

6'U 'U 'U D 'U 7 A 6'U D 'U D 'U D 'U

'U'U

'U'U D
'U'U D
'U'U

'U'U
'U'U

7
A 'U D 5 'U D 'U D 5 'U

5 'U
'U D
5 'U

D
U
5 'U

5 '

5 'U

A U 'U
' 5 'U D 5 'U

4! * * " 0<

6'U 'U 7 A 6'

' 'U D 'U7

A '
L 'U D L 'U

A ' L

'U

' (# ! A 5 A " L A

# " "
0 6 7! 6 7! " 6 7
' " 0 6
7 (& A > ( ! (& .
"# * 6 765 7 A " 5 6L 7 A
"+ " ("+
9 " " # +

( * 9"! * (" ( 6 7 '
" 0 6 7 ( A
> ( ! ( . "#
* 6 75 A "
"+ " ("+ 9 "
" #

' " 0 6 7 (& A > ( ! (& . "#
* 65 7 A "
"+ " ("+ 9 "
" #

8V "# * 8 "! # ! 9
.!
6' 'U 7 9 H "# *
"+ " ! " * " #

"(" ! * $ ! *+ ) * " "# *

"+ " <

) A

6V8 7

6' 'U 7

> " + ( # + *3"" " + ) 0!
"#" ! ) * . "# * "
"+ " ' "

6 7
) A A

6
7

("+

-V "# * - "! # ! 9
;!
! * - A ! *+ ) * " "# *

"+ " <

) A

6V- 7

U

6' ' 7
( $ " # 9" ) &! * & ((( ' "

) A$

6 7 A

6
7%

("+ #* "

6' 7 A 8 D - D < D C ! 6'U 7 A 8 D - D < D C "" * #
#" 0 6 7 " 0 6 7

1
-V A

1
2
'U 8V A 8V 8V A "

5

1
1 1
CV A 'U 8V -V <V A <V <V A

' # *

2
2
<V A " CV A

1
2
1 8V " -V L "(" " # ' @ 8V A

'
" -V A
'
" 0 6 7

#
A
! " "
5L

"
A

5L 5L

A A
5L

. !

6V8 -V 7 A 9

A 9

2
3
D

2 3

5L

5L 5L 5L

5L

A 9 5

2
2

5 L L

A 9 6 7
2

1
2

2

5
L

L

L

A 9 5 L
2 1 2

L

4 * 9 " ( * ( - ( !
* ") " ( * 9 - (## *3+
(" 9 * (
69 - ( 7
D 69 " ( " ( - ( 7
- # - ! " " # *
69 " ( ( - ( 7
6( - ( 7
(" 0 < 6 - 7! (## - D < 6 - 7
67 "" +
!
! " .425. # #"
(
%+
" 0 $ 0
$ = -
$ = C

'

B"

6#7 . A (+ .
"# *
" "+ " ! * + 3

67 ' * 3+ (" * # = " ( 3
C" # + ! * + . 0 E6
D 7F A * "
"+ " 3
6"7 ' * 3+ (" * # = " ( 3
C" # + ! * + . 0 E6 D 7F A * "
"+ " 3

* " ( 30 Æ <V A
" <V A
! * 9 A ! "
A > ( ! A " A

67 . ] -" < <V % 6 79 ! # E

F
6#7 ] ( 67! * *" 9 $ - A
67 . ] (" +3( #+3( 0

6 7
<V D <V % 6 79 D D

!
> " * ! + E

F + ( + E

F

* " ( ;V 9V ! " 9V + "
( <V +
67
" "# ' + A < D < ! *
;9
< A 8
9
8 " < A ;9
9

" 6 ; 79 % A <V ! +

6#7 ! * 6% 7 A
< A ;9 9 "
6 ; 79
56% 7 A

6 U 7

0 * # @ @ ! " @ C = A 6 @ 7 ! *

@ A @ @ ' * 0 1=1@ A " 1=1@ A ! * #
@ A @ A @

A " @ A ! * @V A
A
; @V A ! @V A !

" @V A

# # " 0 + "
*+ +< @ A " A " # 6 7
A "
# 6 7 6 7 A @ 6 " +

! " 4 " 4 " + 0 A " A ! (
=! + # 0 6 7!

= A 6 4 7 D
6 4 7

- C" # /+ 4 A " C" # /+ 4 A 6
;! = C" # (+ + + * ( 6 7 " 6 67 1 6 7
( 6 7
- 0 A <V D <V ! * <V +
67
' " ! " +"! A -V D -V ! *

6 U 76 U 7
-V A

6 U 7

1 ( + ( 6U U 7! * " " (M
! " <V A -V " " " ;V A ! * ;V +
" ( Æ 1 ;V A " (
+ ;! * 0 * " "
(
+
' " "" 0" " (

6 < < 7
=A

D <
0 1=1< A " < A U < U ' * ( < 0
1=1< A # 0! * # <

6 D < 7 A E6 U 7 < 6 U7F D < E6 U7 < 6 U 7F A

4 * ( - # U * ++

' * A U " A U! " (" - 0" ! *
# *+ +#<
6< 7

D <

6 7 A

;

D

< A

( + + " # "! "("+ * (
( + (
( * ""
" ( 6 7
) + - *) # "" 0 6
7 * 8 A 8 A 8
" 9 A 9 A 9 ;!
6 7 A 8 D ;6 87 A 6 ;78 D ;
* #* 8 " " * #( "
* "

7 A

6 U D U U7

A U7 D

6
6U U 7

A

E7 D 6U U 7 F

' ! "+

A

, " A ' " 6 A ' ! ! A " 6
$ %
A

$ %
6 7 A

$ %
A

;!
$
6 7 A %

- ( + " 0 <V " " <V

' * * 0 "

9 + 0 6 7 H "# *
5 6L 7 "+ " ;! " # "
E 5 6L 7F #"
9

' * #
- A < A A " A 5 ! " = A D &

=9 * H "# * 6 7 D 65 7 A D 5
"+ " , !
+" - " < ! A "
9 * H "# * 6 765 7
"+ " ! " = " * # "(" ;! " $ !
(A
6 765 7=
6 D 5
7
* . "# * D 5
" 6 765 7 "+ " (
$ " # 9" ( &
(( - A < A C A " 9 * #

79 * H "# * 6 7 D 65 7 D 6 765 7 A 5 "+
6 D & D #
" , ! +" - < " C ! "
9 * H "#
* 5 6L 7 "+ " ! " D & D # " " * # "(" ;! "

$ !
5 6L 76 D & D #

7
(A
6 5 7"

* . "# * 5 " 5 6L 7 "+ " ( $

" # 9" ( &
"+ *3* * * " [ #
( $ ( ( $ + 6 7 =
* "" " ;! $ " # 9" (&
&! *
(& + # 6

7 * A 5 A
! " (& , "# * " 6L 7 "+

" * $
@ ' A * ' A * ! " ' A * "

'
A '
'
- " + " "#" *

$
@
%
A A @

!
$ % $ %
A 6 7 A

"

$V % ' D ' D '
V A @@V A 6 7 A

' D ' '

.!
9V A
6 V 7 6 V 7
* +
A 6' @V @V 7 D 6' @V @V 7 D 6' @V D @V 7
*+ "# (( $@) /* < 6@V @V 7 " 9V
"("M 6@V @V 7 # "# * 6@ @ 7 "

$
9 6 7 A
% 9 M

V9 9 H "# * "+ "
% (( 0 *" 0 + - " < C

= A 6 - % 7

C # " # " "
;*! * ( 0" + A + - D < + ! " (( "
0! * < " < C

= A 6+ < < + 7

* < A + - " < A < 0 <V " <V * # " !
#" + " + - " < # #"
+ -V A <V " <V A <V ' " # ( C" * #
0 " # C+ = "
((( " "(" ((( C+ = " =
- " ((( ' A - % D G ! * G "# * "
9 " " ((( ' A - % G ! * + G "#
9 "#"
' * ( <V " <V + # 0 6 7 " 6
7
, A ' 6'U U <V 7 <V

6U 7 6 U 7'
A ' 'U D
!

A ' 6 U 7

!
$
6 U 76 U 7 %
'

D !

* ! A 6 U 7 ' ' "(" " 9 ! *

6 U 7
$ 6 U 76 U 7 %
56, 7 A 9

D9
D

!

!
@ = A D $

$ %
6 U 76 U 7

56, 7 A 9 6 = 7 D 9

D 9 =

!
A 9 E6 = 7 D = = F
A 9 6 = 7
6 " # #" + # #"
7 = + 6 U 7 ! * 56, 7 "+
6 U 7 "! ! " #* " U
67 V + 0 6 7! * " V (-"

6#7 @
A 6 7 ' # -" " . " (! !

A

A
! * *
A 6
76
7 A

D
A

D
A
A
67 . " 0 6 7! 6 7 A 9 ;! # ! 6 7 A 6 7 A
6 7 A 69 7 A 9 6 7 A 9

@ @U A 1 7 @ 7 " :U A 2 : ! " "- 8 A @U D : U - A @ @U! " < A : :U
1 2
6' 7 A @ D : A 8 D - D < " 7 - A < A # 0! ((
8 - ! " < + 0" "
8 D - D < A 8 D - D <

' * ( # " # 7 " " ! * -" 8 A 8 ;! - D < A - D <
' * * ( # " # 7 " ! * -" < A < ! * ( #
" # " ! * -" - A -
8 - ! " < # C

3

1
2
=A 6' 8 - < 7

0 1=18 A "

1
2
'
8 L - L < A

*
A L # # *3* 4 * 445

A ! /(+ " 1 L - A ;! 1-1 1- A L L1 ' #
" 0 1=1- A " *+ 0 A <
L
' L 8 L - L < A 6'1 L1 8 L1 -1 L12 < 7

L1
' *"! *+ 0 A <

& (
'' L 8 L -

L < )
L
! 0 1=1< A A 5 " 0

*+ 0 A 5 <

' L 8

L - L <
L
' # -" # " # 8V -V ! " <V +
0 "! ! 0

. !

8V A
'

-V A
'

<V A
'

* 6V8 -V 7 A ! * *

A 1
A
! !! "! "

A

A L

A

;! "

A !

! A

A L

! A

"

A ! 6V8 <V 7 A

> *

A ! *
"
+
<
3

A
3

3

L
L

L

L
D

L

L A L L ! # -"
" ( @ + ' * # " ( !

! " ! * - ! < ! " C ! 8 A @U ' * #
8 " # " ( " ! * -
! -& # " # + " ! " - # + " .
# "! * " <& # + # " ! " " < "
<&
,! C " " # /+ # *
0" ( @ ' *! * # *+ <
8 A @U
- A @U @U
- A @U @U
&
- A @U @U

<& A @U @U @U D @U
<

A @U @U @U D @U
<
&
A @U @U @U D @U
C A @ @U @U @U D @U D @U D @U @U
' # -" 0 (-" 0 #
" ! * "" " (#

67 ( 1 + ,+ 1
(" * #
6#7 -" + <V A ! <V A ! A
! ! A
!
A ! " 9 A

67 ( " ,+ 4 " ("
+ " ( (( # # (
6"7 -" + <V A
! <V A
! A
! ! A !
A !
" 9 A
67 * " ( ,+ (" + "
+ "
67 0 * " % 6 7 A
+ 1

(" + 1 * A

6

7

D

D D
A E
F

3000
2000
Buchanan Vote
1000
•
• •
•
• • • • • • •
•
• •• • •• • • • •
•••• •
••••• • • • • • •
••••••••••• •
•••
0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
Total County Vote
,+ < ,+

67
• •
•
•
200
•
•
• • •
•
•
• • •
•• • •
• • •
•
•••• • •
0
•
•• •• • •
Residual
•••• • •
••• • • • • •
• • •
• •
•
-200
-400
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
Total County Vote
,+ < ,+

67
+ 1 ! * / , (* "( " +
E

F
6+7 Æ & *

! * Æ 1 *

((

(( 1 " " 1 "

A
" " & & *" #

! + /
*

•
1.0
•
• • •
• •
•
0.5
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
• •• • • • • • •
• • • •
0.0
• • •
Residual
• •
• •
• •• •
• •
•• • • • •
•
• •
•
-0.5
• • •
• • •
•
•
•
-1.0
8 9 10 11 12 13
Log-Total County Vote
,+ < ,+

67

. * (" "= * * * (" ;!
( ( * * +
, 0 ! " * " * * "
*/ . * " * ("3" #
E F 0 * "# " (
") " 0 "#
0 ++# (+ + = ' (! $/ $
6$$7 0 (+ + " " ( .+ 3
+ " "" $$ 0 + ( "
* " (+ + ( + " ( *
' " / (+( (+

* ++ (# ' (+C! # * ""
(

" " ( " #
" ' " " + #
, (" ! # "Æ #! # " " # *
+ # # # "" +
+ ( 6 " 7 " " 6 " 7
+ * (* *" # "
""

6 " /" * 6/ 8 37 C 7 6/ 7 A 8! #
0 6/ 8 37 3 56/ 7 / + 7 "(" "
# * 9 ! 56/ 7 A 9 7 ' *

6/ 8 37 3 7
9
4*! (( 7 9 E3 6 C 7!
3 7
9
C

' ( ! * (( + 9 #
."+ 6 7! * "
7

A

! 7 #
> " 6 7 7 "" " # * * " A * D

"# @ * A +6 D 7 > " ( / 0
+ * ) 6+6 D 77 ' * "" #
6+6 D 77 * + (##! * " * # ( "
6 7 (# + C
" # ( ( * "# E F , A
! A
6( 7 " A ! A
6( 7
"" "# ' ! " ( + *
- " *+ <
"
.+ A A
A A $"

67 ' (! ( " * ! " A "
*
6#7 . + A
" * ! * ! "
" + 0" " A " * "
; - <
"
.+ A A
A A $"
$

/+ * J" +
67 6 7 7 " # " ' ' * # "3
# * ( "
* ' # "# * ( "

@ / A 6 D ' 7 ( + / / " #
6 D ' 7 7 + +
6#7 > " ( / / " 9
0 6 7 * C A " 3 A # * C
67 "# " "# * (" + 0 6
7 *
9 A ! 8 A
6#7 # # ! * " ( C

"# ( 67 * "" 3 6 7 , (! (
"" 6 ( " 7 ( + 0
6 8 A (7 " ( #
. (! * "" *
C " + "

67 "( 6#7 * K ( "L (" # K "
A
L " (" #

6#7 > "" * C " +

"
' *" ((
+ #
+ ("
8
(686 D 778 A

6 D 7
"
.6 7 A
A
6" D 7 D
! " . 6 7 A " . 6 7 A
! *
#
A

67 " . 6 7 A (6? 7! " +6
7?
6#7 @ ' A ?! " # # ( " ' ' ' ) (
"# * ( ! " ' +6
7! " # A #? $ #

#
+6
7 A E6#? +6
77 F
? ?
A E6# +6
77 F
?
A ?@
67 6
7 7 " # + ( "# *
( , A 7 ! # # ( " @ ' A
6# +6
77 ! " ( ( + / A

' @ ' *

7
* +" ! ( ""
' ( ! 8 " 8 "(" * 68 8 76< E- ? F7 + " "#
*
- "+ " " 68 8 76< E- ? F7 + " "# *
- "+
" > " 6 77 " " # % % *
- "+
" " 9 " " # % % *
- "+ "

<

8 A 8 D %

- ?

<

8 A 8 D %
- ?

A 7 8 8 ( ( "# 8 8

(( 0 6 7! *
/ A 26 6' 7 6* 77 D 2 6 6' 7 6* 77E' 6' 7F D 2 6 6' 7 6* 77E* 6* 7F

/ *" #
2 6 6' 7 6* 77 56' 7 D 2 6 6' 7 6* 77 56* 7 6 7
D
2 6 6' 7 6* 772 6 6' 7 6* 77 6' * 7
4* # _ "
2 26 7 A * ( "
2 6 7 A

2 6 7 A
' 0 6 7! / *+ "" #<

6 7
6' 7 'U
6* 7 *U
56' 7 /7
56* 7 )7
6' * 7 7!
* / ! ) ! " "-" ( E6

'U 7 / D ) D'U F7! * (-
6 7
@ ' ' # + ( "# ' @ 'U # ( +! " )
# ( , ! "- * A 6' ' 7 ) /* # (
+ * ) ? ( ( ""
C + +
67 ! A (6-6 D *! 7! *
6! 7 A (6-67 6(6*! 77 A (6-67:6 7
' " # (667! " Æ :6 7 A (66E -F7!
0! - A +6:6 776
6#7 ,! 6 77 " # * * * "# *! %-
46!7 ( %- ' A (66746 (E-6 D * F7! *
/ " - # " ( 67 ( + ' )
*" ((( ( ( 2 " ( ""
C + +
> " ( > " + # (
0 ( " , " ( 0! *
0 6"+ #+ "7 ' " 0 (
( "! * (" * ( "

# * ( ? %- % A % A
( + -

% " 0 * * A ! * * " 0
' * *!
* " * ! " / * "
* #+ #+ "

, A " ! "-
( A
* % !
*

# 0 * A (

' A ! ( * "# E F A (

"
A
(
/ A %
' A ! -" * % " A
+
/ A %
'
! ( * "# E F! "
(
' ! * A % ' " ! -" " +
* * * " A " / A *
, " ! ' + ( "#
* ( 8 ! " * A / D ' # 0 "
# * "

( $ "# * * " #
" " * + * ' * * *
" " / ( # /((+ (
*" / / , (! " + (+ "" *
( " 6(+
H
7

67 ; * #+ /" ( "
* 7 A
' 6 7 #
" # /+ " # ( + "# E F "
+ ' A +6 ( 7 ' "" * * #/ !
* "" < .(( A ! " A

" .(( A
! " A
6#7 , * "" ( 67! 7 "" +
"

@ ) A D 6 7( (" ) # 6 7 7 ! )
"" "#
" ("+ 2
" A
6 7A

"

0 67 A " # * ("

2 ! ( * "# E F " A ( " ("+
2

6 7 A " A 6 7

6 "7
0 67 A 6 7 " # *
(" 2 ! ( * "# E F " A 6 ( 7
" " #
$ %
.6 7 A
"
A 6 7 D
6 D " 7
0 . 67 A 6E

F7 ! ( "#
E F! 6E(
F7 "#
(## ( ( ( 67 "("!
# - ( + " # * (
# - ( D 6 76 7 A !
D
67 " @( "#

(6 7

!

.6 7 A

(6"7" A

(6 7

0
. 67 A
+6
7
!
+6
E F7

" # ( E F " A . 6( 7
6#7 %-
6 7 A
(6
7
6
7
26 7 A
(6 7

> " -" 26 7 6 7 0! * " &

&
(6
7 6
7
(6 7
* A &6
7 & - 6
7 (
(6
7 " ! * / ( (6
7

C ! * C
"
A !
& A (6
7 4*! (G9 * A (6
76
7 A

" ( "" "# H

"# * "+ " " "(" ! * H "# *

"+ " ' *

. "# * " "+ "

67 ' "" - ( 0" " +
! ! ! ! "

# 0 # # * * +- "+
6#7 - * !
!
! ! "

67 0" ( C " ! +++ * "
(
( (G9 + *" "# E
F
! 26 7 A
6726 7 6 7 ! A > "
( " ) # + "# E F A
)
6
) 7 67(
" 9 *
?+ ( "# " ! ( "# (##
( +(
1 * (
&( - <
' (

@

#
#

> # " # * # ( *
* (( ( ( + > "" -
" + (( !
! ! ! " ( C
0" "" "
. H "# * "+ " + "# * (
"
! * " ' + H "# *
"+ " "
A A ' "

> "" C 7 A

67 ( ( " 8 8 ,+
6#7 + (( ( (# ( +
,+
2
] " +6A A 7 * ( " ] *
# C# (## * ( 6 7 0

1.0
0.8
0.6
Sample d.f.
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Absolute
difference between group means
,+ < ( " 8 8

67

500
400
300
Count
200
100
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Log-ratio of precisions
,+
< ;+ +6A A 7
6#7

@ A . 6( 7! * . "-" 0 6

7 " ( "#
E F @ # " > " * A . ! * . "-" 0 6
7
. / " " ! * 9 ( " J *
. 9 ( " " " J * ! * " *
. 6 7 A 6 7 " " @ A " " ( A

6( 7 A ! * 6" 7 A A
! 6 7 A . 6 7 " "
,! # 1 0 @ #

A 6 7 A E 6 7F

4*! A "
A 6 7 6 7

A
" ."+ + !

6 7 6 7

A
! * 6 7 A
1 0
6 7
( * . 9 (") " # "" 9 (G(") "
(") " ' " # "" () " + (
" "(" 0 ( + 0 " # (" #
(# ( " * + (

@ A (6@7@6I7 A " A @ ( "#

E F @ ' # ( ' "# *
@
@ # ( (## " 2 2
! A 2 6 7 " A
!

2 6 7 A ! * (##

6 A 7 A 6 A A 7 6 A 7

6 A 7 A
A
" 6 A A 7 A 2 6 7! *
6 A 7 A

2 6 7 6 7

/! 0 6 7 (- ( " *
0 6 7 0 6
7
(## * #

6 A 7

6 A 7

* * ( " (## " A ' *
A "= (#
A ! * A " A
2 67 A " 2 6
7 A
6
7 A
6 7 A
4! / A " A 2 6 7 A

" 2 67 A
/ 67 A 4! / A
" A 2 6
7 A !
2 67 A ! " 67 A 4! / A " A !
C" #
" 0 , (! * " " * A " A
(# # *" " "= #

# < B "
2 6 7 2 6 7 2 6 7 2 6 7

, A
! A "
' D D ;

6 A 7 A '

A

" " ( + A
6( " A 7 A 6
' D " A 7
A 6
' D " A 7

6 A 7
' " D

'
A

"D
A

'

A "
" ! " "# ( + A E F

" "# ! ( " "(" " +
"# ( E F

? ( (+ + + / * ( " -
' #+ +" ( #""! +
- ") (( ( ! # " "
# " * (# " * " -" ( (+
"" ( 0 ! # + # /((" - ( -
" * "" " 0! "
# ( (# ! # # "Æ "

> * (( + 26 7 (( * ( (+ *
#+ (" "# E F 26 7 6 7 A 6 726 7

4*! 6 7 6
7

,! * "# " " > * (( +
26 7 6 7 + ( (+ * ( > "
* (" " (
26 7 6 7

' A A 26 7
6 7
( (+ + ' 4 (
- "
67 "# * 0 ( " . 6 7 A
6& 7 &! 0 . 67 A &6 7 ! ( +
"# E F " A &6 ( 7 ("
6#7 @
$ %
Q 6 D
7

A

Q
Q

(" ' 26 7 A 6 D

7 ! ;!

6' &7 A
6 D
7
> " (( # (+ * (" ( 67 "
++ 26 7 6 7
67 26 7 6 7 ! &!
26 7
A A
6 7 & 6

76 D
7 & 6

76 D
7
J + * " & !
( (+ * ++ " # 26 7 6 7
! + "
67 ' ( ! (( +
+6 D 7 ' * ( ! ' + + "
*
""
#
6#7 ?+ ( (+ * ( #+ + (" * (
" ! ' + " * ""
#

67 ( 6#7 "" +
( (6 7 +" (
+6 D 7 ! *

@ ( "# E F! " * # "-" # 0 6 7

P 8
6A 9
& 8

P
9
"

( 6 8 7 6 7
6
7 9 P & 9 8
9

(" ( ! (" * 6 7! * 6 7

67 > " * ' ( "#
E F! A P 6P6 7 D ( E P6 7F7 " "# '
" ! + 6 P6 77
C ("" ! ! "
6#7 ' ' ( "# * ( ! " A 6 D ' 7 ! * -"
(" A * "
("

(6 D 7 ' " !
+ (6 76
7 C (""
! ! "
67 "" ( 67 * ! *
( 6#7 * # ! + " # +"
( 6#7 ( 67
67 > # # + + - " +
" " " - , (! * ( "("
" # * " ! * A D (
C (""
! ! " * 3
""
6#7 ?+ " ( ! * "" C " +
! ! " * "" # ! #
+ ( 67 .! * ( 6#7
(" ( 67
" # +" ( ( (+ ' A
26 7 6 * ) (" 2 #""! ' -
7 A . 6 7 * " 6 7 ! (" 6 76 7
. 6) 7! . 67 . 67
, ( 67! -" ( ( # " # (+ ( "
67 # D ( 6 7 * 6 7 ( 6
7! 6
7! 6 7! 6 7! 6 7
, ( 6#7! ( ' # +6 E D ( 6 7F7 A 6 D ' 7 + -
6 7 ( + - *
( ("" !

! "
( 67 "
! ! "

( 6#7 ""
* # ( 67 " ( 6#7 1 ( ""
# G G C

" (" + 5 A ! + ("

6 7 A

6 7 65 A 7 A 6 7

6 7 A 6 7 ! " 6 7 ;!

6 7 A 6 7

67 + @( "# * ( " 9
:6"7 A (6" 7
9 (6 97

+ - " " 9 + -
" " 9 + - " 9 " 9
+
$ D %A

9 " D 9 " D 9 " 9
+++ 9 A 6 + (
6#7 > 6 A ! :6 7 A > A ! * + - A D +6 7 A >
C + " "#"
" ( * ! ! "
"" * #
67 ! " *! -6! -6 A " " *! +
*
. 67 A
E(6 7 F !
E(6 7 D F
0
. 67 A
+6 D 77

!
+6
E F 7

> * ( " "#! * " "" + # !
* " (" " (" >
C " + ! ! " *
"" #
""
* ( 6#7
67 6/ 7 A 6' 7 D & A 6* 7 6) 7 D & 1 ( (+ + !
"
6* 7 A 26 7 " 6) 7 A &! 6/ 7 A 26 7
6#7 56/ 7 A E90 D 9
;9 9 F 0" C" * A ;9 9
6 0 6 0 6
67 > /* 6 D 7 A > 6 7 A (6 76 (6 77

> * (" " (
* A
(6 7
D
(E F6 (6 77
) A
D

> " + + 0
!

!
"
* "" " ( 3
( > * * *+ ( 6#7
6#7 > ( 90 ! 9 ! " ;
(( # +! * " " + (
1" ! * + A .""
+ (" "" "
67 ( " ( # "# E F! A . 6( 7
" % A . 6 ( 7 "#
6#7 " % "#! " * " ) ! * " )
# " # 26 7 ! "+ ( (+ +
67 . + ! * /* " % "+
' 26 7 6 7 ! * " ) * # "+
. + # + " *
+
6"7 56/ 7 A 56' 77! "
56' 7 A
E56* 7 D 56) 7 D
6* ) 7F A 6 D ;7 56* 7
> ! * + 56* 7E
7F ' ; ! 6 D ;7
" 56/ 7 * + *
?+ " " ! * "" C " +

!
! "
* 56' 7 #
! (( G 9V
(
' 67! 26 7 6 7 ! " ( '
6#7! * " * 46 7 A (6 7 ' 67 " 6#7 26 7 6 7
! " ( * 46 7 A (6
7 "
( 67 ! " " # "
-"

$/ $ 6$$7 ( " ( 1 ' 3
( + &## (+ # ( (# + (+ + /
' " /( " * ++ ( " " *
(+ +! ( * " ( + &## (+ 9-
+ (+ H $/
! * + #
/((" ( + $$

" (" + A
6 7 &26 7
2 6 7 A A A & 4 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
@ & A & 6 7! * " "("

@ 6 7 A 6 7 " + (" ! " 2 6 7 A 6 7 6 7

" " (" + A > ((+ +
"# * (" ' (
&## (+ + ! A #"!
(" "# * (" 2 6 7 ;! 9 (" 6 7
6 72 6 7 A 6 7 ' ( + "# ! "
+ * 9 + 6* #( "
* " " ((+ ( "

&## (+ + 7 * 6 7 9 "# 6 7
@ 460 7 " ( (" "# " 260 0 7 " "
(" ( / + / A 0 ! * " # (( /
"# ! 6/ / 7 9 ( (" 460 7260 0 7
/ " "#! 6/ / 7 9 ( (" 460 7260 0 7 ;!
6/ / 7 "# 6/ / 7 * / "# (
( * * / "# > * #
" > /* A 6 ! / "#7 .
/ / "#! " ( / "#
4 (" ( "#! * + (" (

/ 460 7260 0 70 %&& 460 7260 0 7! * 460 7 # "-
"# ; / "#! " " (
(
56 7 A 9
"
56' 7 A 9
D

6' ' 7

6' ' 7 ! 56' 7 9

A 56 7
( + #
! " !
( (3
(
- A ? A 8 A
" < A
" "#" ( 8 + "#
*
" 6 A 7 " A + + "# *
( " D 68
7 ' ( ! ' " - $/ *
*+ + 8< ! ! ! ! "

+ *
0/! # * "" #3 * " 6 A87 *

*
"" 6 * #/ #/ (+7
" * " * ( ( *+<
A
A A

! A
! A ! A
! A
! A
! A
"
A

1.0
0.8
0.6
Sample d.f.
0.4
0.2
0.0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Absolute beta-1
,+ < ( " < 67
2000
1500
Count
1000
500
0
4000 4500 5000
1986 means
,+ < ;+ < D

< D
< 6#7
67 + < ,+

6#7 + < D
< D
< ,+
@ A 6

7 ( (+ ("!
* / + ( 6#7 " "" ("3"
#
*
* + "
D 6 7 A

> ( " 0 "( '
( ! ' + *+ E
F! E F! " E F
+ *" (
+ " ( 6#7 ,+ +
(" ( 6#7 # (" 0 ( 3
( "(" " # 6 "#" ( 6#77 ""
"(" " #

A # A +( ( +
! ! "

1500
1000
Count
500
0
3000 4000 5000 6000
1986 predictions
,+ < ;+ ("" 6#7
!

! " ' ( C ! '
+ *+ ( < 6
!
! 7! 6
!
! 7!
" 6
!
!
7 6 * #/ #/ (+7
67 ( * " ! * " ( * + $" * *
+ A A $"
A ) "("! ' ) "("
++ A ) ' $"
! E' 6< D < 7FA "" "#
+ A ! " "(" A .! A 9 H "# * "+
" !
E' 6< D < 7FA
A 9
" "# * "+ " ! * $"
6#7 ( ("
A M (6MA
7
* +
M (6M
7 !

* / "

*
! +
A (6E < < F A
7

(" * (" 0 6 7

67 .

M! * M (* 6
D 7
, (* M

D A ! "

! (" + "# *
( 6
D7
" 6 D A 7
. A ! * A (* 6D 7

, (* AEM D6 < < 7 F
! * 6" 7 ("
+ "# * ( 6 D 7
" EM D 6 < < 7 F
.
< ! * , (*

A 6 < 7
A6< E < F7
A
A <

D &
A

* & " "(" < 6? " (+ 07
(" "# " (+ 0
< (" " <
' ( C ' + ( 6< < M7
6

7! 6
7! " 6
7
' (( * " ( + +" ( < 3
" ( "" " * 6

7! 6
7! " 6

7
@ (( ( (( 8 ! ? ! - ! " < " ' )! )

' A " ( C ' "# * 8 " (
A
67 " "# 8 + "# * 0

8 D '

! " ( 0 A '
? D '

6#7

" "# A + + "# * ( - D
'
D
"

< D ? 68 8 7 D ' 6 87

67 & + ( ' !

A
A (
E 8F

6' A 7 A
A

A ( E 8F D (

6"7 &## (+! * " + # /* , (!
* " " + " * "# * (## G

" ( " * 03C" # & + ' )! * "
8 " A ( + # "#
* /* ( > *" + + " # *
"# ( 67H67 . #3 " + ! (
# + ( ( +
67 ( ' ( (## ' A ' A
"# * /* " ! (
' ( (## "# * /* "

, ! ' - $/ , ! ' #
' 2 " (## "# * /*
" 0 + ' A "
(## " #*<
B " ##

4 C " # ( ( "# 8
67 ( (" / " 0
8 9
A ( A

E 8F D ! ( C
E8 8F A ( A<

* ! A 6 7 . A / / (" + "#
* ( - D

" E
6 87 D ! D < F
. 8! 6# (+
07 / / (" "# * 6
A D 8 C 76
A D C 7 "
6
A D C 7
6#7 "
A ! A
! " ! A ' - +
( , ! ' #" ( (
# ! ' " 8 "
" ,
! ' + E

F! E
F! " E

F
' ( 67! ( "(" " #

67 " "# 68 8 7C + C "" ! "("
C .! "#
C H "# *
"+ " ' *
68 8 76 7 " "# *
"+ "
6#7 + ( "# A * ((

" + ( "# 8 !
# (( " > " A - / "+ "
! " * " A < ? " /
67 ( (" / " 0

A C ( A 8
E 8F D ! D < 9 C E8 8 F D C

. A
. 8!

* ( C # C . C ! / / (" + "#
* ( D
" D 68 8 7

6"7 ! ' + "=
" # + 8 " +
"
E
F! E
F! " E
F
" "" ( (( - A ! 8 A ! ? A ! "
< A
67 ' " +
6#7 + ("" ,+ * "= #*
+ " ,+ ,! "# +3 "
+ + + "! "# ("
+ 64 "= C #* * -+7
67 " (""
! ("

( ! #
] +
67 , " # ! * # & (## &
+ @ (6&@7 / " (

@ E (6&@7F ( @

6 7

30000
25000
20000
15000
Count
10000
5000
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
Predicted Log(Arsenic) Values (micrograms per liter)
,+ < ;+ @+3 (" 6#7
> #" ( " "#
+ @ " + & ("
@ (6@ 7
26 @7 A
(6@&7 & 6 7
' * ( " (" 6 7 + @ 0 6 7! * +

@ ( @

@ " & A
D
D . @! / / ("

+ "# * (
D D - " . ! /

/ (" 0 6 7 ! &## (+ */ * / + @!
+ " " #
* (" 6 7 # " + 0
67 A
+6 E (6&@7F7

@
! * @ + "# " # (
6#7 , " # ! * # & (## &
+ @ (6&@7 / " (

@ ( @ & D

6 7

> " #" ( " "#
+ @ " + & ("
26 @7 A @ (6@E &F7 & 6 7
' * ( " (" 6 7 + @ 0 6 7! * +

@ ( @

@ " & A
D
D . @! / / ("

+ "# * (
D D - " . ! /

/ (" 0 6 7 ! &## (+ */ * / +

D
@! $@! " # * (" 6 7
& D

# " + 0
67 A &
+6 7
@
! * @ + "# " # (
' ( ! &## (+ "" # ( "#
@ # " 4 6 7 (" +

"# * (
D - " & D ! * ( "# @

67 9 (" 6 / 7 # " 9 (" 6 ' 7 "
46 7 A 6 D 7 9 (" 6 ' 7 6 7 A ?8 (6 ? 87
4 6 0 7 A 6 0 7! * 8# 0 ! 9 ("
6 / 7
26 0 7 A 6 0 7 A ?8 (6 E? 8F 087 0 ! 0
+ (" / + !
?8
2 60 7 A E (60 E? 8F7F (6087
?8
0 " (" + / A 0
26 0 7 ?8
A (6 E? 8F7 0 6 7
2 60 7 (60 E? 8F7
" " + / A 0 + ! *
6#7 / " (

? 8

!

6? 87
( ? 8 E ( 6E? 8F0 7F 6 7

> #" ( 6 ' 7 A D

( * #
D ' A / ! * 9 ( " (" +
( " / 6 7 $(+ (" (") A D
6 7 +
& (
? 8 ( '?

8 D 60 7) 6 7

* 0 A D
. ?! 6 7 / / ("

+ "# * (
D " . 8 / / ("

+ "# * (
D " . 6 A D
7!

/ / (" 6 7 ! &## (+ */ * / + 8
" ?! + #" ) " ' )
#" A D
+ (## +
* ? " 8 + + "# " # (

#( # (( 0 + 31 (# #
( #( # ( " *
( '""! " /* * " "# 6 (
7
" ( "" 6 7

> " # + @ # $@! * *" ( "#
* ( "# .V #( #(
( + ( C
"# .V ! !
( "# * (
+
# .V ! * 0 ! #(

# /* * * ( . @
A
" 5 A ! * (
6 A 6 A
!
!

A 7 A 65 A 5 A 7 A 65 A 7 A 7

" 0 * 5 5 " ( * (

@
A
D ( " ( #( ( D
# #( ( @ " # + (
. + # + ( 0 6? + A ! #
7 ( " #( ( 0 + "
" D # #( ( 0 #
#( 0 * (## +
" #( # "("!
(## D 0

+ +

* #/ #/ + A

, #( (! ( ( " # +
( " + ( "!
' " * ( ( C

" " # (
( " * "
C

P D A

! ' "" #( ( * # * ! * ""

( "
67 ' ! ' "" C # * !
! "
6#7 ! " ( C "" "" * #*
"
67 , #( (! ( ( " * * (
' "" ( C
" + (
' "" C " + (
6#7 "" ! * *" " C

P D

A

! * *" " # #( (
67 #( ( + "# * "
G ! ' + "# * " G ! #+
H " # * "+ " ! " #+ H "
# * "+ " , (! * ( ( (+
> ( * (( #

" 0 " "# * "+ " !
' (
! ' + (( ! ! "
6#7 ! * " 0 "# ( ,
! * ( " ' !
* ! ! "
67 ( "" ( 0! ' ( (
+ C
, ! ' ( "

"" 03 3+ (
+ ' ! ' +
! ! "
03 ("

6 7 A ! " ' 6' 7 A ' 6 7
!

" '

6' ' 7

E6 76' ' 7F A

6 76' ' 7

%"+ # 03 (" " 6

7
67 , #( (! ( ( ( (
(( #(
( ' "" ( " + ( !
! "

6#7 (( #( # ( +
+ ( ! ' ! ' + !
!
"
' / / + #( ( + +"
#
67 , "" ! * 03 0 6 7
* ' 6 7 ' ! ' +

!
! "
, "" #

! * 9 # +! * " 03
( ' ! ' + !
! "
, # ( 67 " 6#7! * " #( ( , #( (! * (
( " # ! A " + "
# A

67 # + ( 9
" " ' " + *+
< E F! E F! " E F
6#7 (" " ( + ( ' ,
#( (! ( (" ' ' " #
"! * ' A " 6# # 7' ,"
" " / " / (3" -"
# /' # D /' ' ! ' + E F! E
F! "
E F
67 ( + # "+ ! " 9
-"
#" "# " "# 0 % 6 7 A
"
0

! E F "#
#(
67 ' "# . ! 8 A 6 7 A !
9 A 56 7 A

6 7 "

6E 8F 7 A

6 7

+++ /* "
# +

6#7 - ( " A ! 6 7
A ! "

6 7
A ! ( /* # A
, #( (!
* ( ( /* # A # # " #

( + # ) # ' "" " +
!

! "
"" " # ! ( ( ""
" # ) ' ! ' + ! ! "

> * * "# ( 68 8 9 9 ;7
; @ A 68 8 9 9 ;7 " A 68 8 9 9 ;7 # *

( ; @ A 9 9 ! A 9 9 ! A 8 8 !
" 8 8 , A
! # ( C
# "#
* ( ! " # ( > * * "
"# > A E6 ' 7 6 ' 7F A
%- A 6 D 7!
' A 6' D 7 A
A E6 ' 7 6 ' 7F
"# @ # ( (" "
"# > ( ( # *+ A ; " "
"# A ! A " ' ! "

' A 6 D 7 " ' A 6' D 7 ! ! A 6 7 "
' ' A 6' ' 7 ! *
6 76' ' 7

A &

(
6 7 6' ' 7 )

'

6 76' ' 7

A & (

'
6 7
6' ' 7 )

A

, " # + ' # + ! ,+
0 ( ' / + 2 C ' (" "
.
4
.. . .
...
..
..
.........
.......
...........
........
........
...........
..........
2
.
...
...
.
.......
..........
.........
Simulated values
.........
.........
...
...
..........
.........
.........
..........
........
.........
0
...
...
..........
.........
.........
.........
.........
..........
...
...
..........
.
........
.........
.........
-2
.........
.........
.
...
........
.
..
........
........
....
. . . ....
.
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4
Normal quantiles
,+ < 4 0 ( . + # """

("3 " ! ' (" P 6 7 A

( " * ( * (
("3" # ((( + ("3" " * ( P #
0 ((( + "# * ( ,+
( ( + ( (( ! * + (" # +
#
8 . .
30
..
...
25
.
..
6
. .....
.. . ..
. .....
..... .....
...
20
.. ...
.......
Simulated values
Simulated values
... ...
.
.... ....
..... ....
.....
..
....
. ....
....
4
.... .
.....
... .
15
.... ...
... ....
..
. ....
.
... ....
... .....
... .
....
... ...
.
.... ....
.... ....
10
.
...
. ....
.....
2
.... ...
.... ..
.
.... ..
....
....
. ...
.
....
. ....
.... .....
....
5
.... ...
.
.... ...
.... ....
.... ..
0
0 2 4 6 5 10 15 20 25
Gamma(0.5) quantiles Gamma(10) quantiles
,+ < & 0 (

( ( "
" + ( ( " + # """
2 +! ( "* ! * (

* "+ " 3 "# *
+ # ( # *
( ,+
. .
.
..
10000
.
...
....
.....
...
...
. .....
....
......
5000
.
2
..
.....
....
....
....
Simulated values
Simulated values
..
....
. ..
....
.. . ....
....... ....
0
................. ....
....
0
. .. ...
.
. ....
.....
....
....
.
.....
-2
..
....
-5000
.....
....
...
.....
.
....
...
-4
-10000
.
.
. .
-3000 -1000 0 1000 3000 -4 -2 0 2 4
t quantiles with 1 degree of freedom t quantiles with 20 degrees of freedom
,+ < * " 0 ( ( "+ " ! "
+ (
"+ " + # """
67 ' " ( " + *+ + < !
! '
/ / + # -" ++ + *

6#7 ?+ ! ' (" ( " +
!
! "

67 ?+ 6 7! (( * "

67 " " #! * "(" / " * * / +
"# * " ! " * + H "# *
"+ " % A /6* 7
6#7 ' "" ( C " + *+ (( *
% < ! ! "" * ! ! "

67 ?+ 6 7! * -" * " # "
67 , (! * ( # # 6 7!
E
7! E

7! " E
7 * ( = (+ >
( = ! ! "
> (
* (( =) # ' "" (
C " + ((< ! ! "
67 ' +
!
! "

67 ' +

!
! "
6
7 ' / / *
C ! * *

6#7 , (* ! * ( * ( "=
"# ' ( " C ' +
((< ! ! " 67 ' + ! !
" 67 ' +
!
! "

6
7
67 > " ( = 6#7 + ( "=
"# , "#! * ( ! "
( 0 = ; # " 0<
Z
8 9

6#7 0 + # "# +! # /# #
67 '" + * (! * * ( + " "# "#"
> ( = ( " * ((
= +
' ' + ((
!
"

67 (" / " (

6 6: : 7

68 7 D D ?68 :7
( A < D

?7 (6?Æ 7 ! A

* A 6 7 A

6#7 . 8 ! A! : / "" ( ( ? "

# (" # ? * . ?! / / (" +

"# * (
D C " Æ D A 68 :7

67 ' $/ ! ("+ ( 3
0" ( *
8 8 8 8 A A A A

"

67 (" / " (

6 6: : 7

68 7 D D ? 68 :7
( A < D

< (6<N 7 ! A

* A 6 7 A

6#7 . 8 ! A ! : / "" ( ( < "

# (" # < * . < ! / / (" +

"# * ( - D 3 " N D A

67 ' $/ ! ("+ ( 3
0" ( *
8 8 8 8 A A A A

"

67 / " / "
( ( ! * "
/ " ( 1 " "
!

* "" ! * + ' (!

( * # ( ! *

*" A
/ " +
6
7
!

!

A

!

, " ! 0! / " # C" 6
7 C" A
! "

& (

& (

& ( & (

6 7 6 7 ' ) ' 6
7)
6 7 6 7
6
6 7 6 7
6
6 7
7
6
7
7
A & (
' ) '

) '

)

* ( "

/ " 9 ( * +
6#7 / " % "# % ! " ( $
! A A "(" )! ' (
C +! "# " "(" ! # * "(" @
. 6 7 " " % * ) ' * 9 (
* % &! C * # ( E . 6&7F ! " / C
# - ! * " & A ( . 6 - 7 (( & # ! (" * /
# " + # 7 ( ,
! ( 7 * "(" # " #
* (
" ! " ( % 7 % " ((
. 6 - 7 # 6 - 77 " @ & # + "=
' " # "# % !
" / #* " G

67 ( 3! * - -" #" " % ! " -" ( 6% "7 "
( A A ' #
! A
!
A
! A ! A ! * ( C
A !
A !
A !
A
#" %
"A

A (6

7

. ( *" . 6"7 A ! +
* ( " * A " 3
*
""
67 > ((
@ ( # @ A
68 9 9 7 6* 8 8 A 8 7 ( ( @ " @
9 9 # #" # (+ 8! 9 " 9 #
( " ""+ + 8 !
" @ A 68 D 9 9 7 ' " ' ' "#
" " # @! A D A " ' A ' D A

"# " " # @ > " * ) 6 7

* (" + ) " ' ) * (" + ) "
' ) ' ) (" * ) " ' 0
) (" + ) " ' ) " ! )
* " "# * ( @
* ( @
6#7 1 + ( 67! F * " *
) " ' ) * ) " ' ) ; "# F 6 + "
# # #+ "7 "(" ( + 9 9
67 , * ! * + "" "#
" + H "# * "+ " ' +
"# * " " 0 H " # *
"+ " $/ " # "(" * + (
) " F ( 0 %, 6 7! %, 6 7 " %, 6 7 " / * )
+ 0 2 (( *
) + 0 ; <
##

(( (##

6 " " 0 67 677 ' "
! # (" ( 67 " ) " (" (
0 " "# * "+ " (( #*<
##

67 6<V 7 A < "(" ' < D < ' "
"(" "# ' 6 + "# - 7 <V
' ' ! "(" ' ) 6"
"("7 ' ") "(" "# '""! *

*

6 7'

V< A A '

6 7

* A 6 7 6 7 56<V 7 A 56' 7 "("

' )! * " "(" < <
6#7 6 " /" ( 56<V 7 A 79 7 @ % " "#
* "+ " ' "# < D < D 9% ! *
9 56% 7 ;! 56' 7 A 9 56% 7 ' *

56<V 7 A 9 56% 7

@ 7 A 56% 7
67 (# 7 ( + #

A

6 7

* " 56% 7 " # " # + " "
# * "+ " " (+ ( ' ! *
7 " * * ."+ ! 56% 7 A 6
7
. * " 67! 7
A

6 7

67 > + (( / +67 A EE6@ 7F >
( @ @ ( "# @! * (( +67 #
V+67 A E6@ 77 > " " + -"

C +V67 > " # * C 2
! * *" C +V67 +67
6#7 ( "" ! * " "* 6 7 ( (
6 ( + ( 7 " / # C
+V ( 0 6
7 " "" #
6' "(" ! + " A +! @) " # 8)7 (
(( + ( ! * 8 * *
( E6@ 7 > " " " # *
"+
" " (" #
" """ + ( 8 ,
! * (" +V67 " " A
+ >
(" - *
!
!

"
""

Answer of Pro and Stat

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Answer of Pro and Stat

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Reproduced by Addison-Wesley from files supplied by the author.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

                                              

                                             

                                              

                                               

                                              

  (   - !  6  7              '  * "! 

    !  *   !  !  *     * ! 

'  *    ( ## * *  

; *!      "9 !

, !  "-              A

2  !      "9 !   0     

( # (     "   ( 2   (!

* "9   !  ( ##  A

    * "9  ("!  <

?(    " ! *!

::: :! :::: :! 

 >      (

          @   (

        

 67 ' * (

 ,  "(  *          ! *       

 *   "      

>   ( #  " 6 

4 *! ((        "  

  /  -    #  0   +  " 6  7

 !    "

*       

*           D D A

' 6 7! 

 ! 6 7 # 

*       

         

 @ !  ! "  "     "  "  ##   *((

,+   < ,+      

 !  D  D  A 

# #"    * '  " #  "! *!   6   7 A      ( #  

* " *   #  ;!  * 

0 50 100 150 200

     (    #

 "" ( ##   ( "    ( ##!  

6  7 A 6E  F7 A 67 D 67 67

      #   ! " 67 A !   *   6 7 A  ;!

( ##! * #   ! *  0 

+ #       *   #++  +  ' =!      # 

  (      "(" ! *  (     #   

6  7 A 6 7 6 7

>    (     # *+  (  

((       6

, !  

 ! *   *        "(" *   *

,  KL " ! *    6   7 A 6  7! " *  (     " 

         +  

 6 7 A  ! *  6   7 6 7

  "" ( ## 6   7  # "   *<

6#7  ( ## #+   "  0 

 -   A !  A  !  A  !  A  

 .   6  7   !  *  +  " 6

 > " +        (

?+   #   (

( - ! 6 7 ' *"!

! * ! ! * * !

' (## *

;*! "9!

, ! "- A

2 ! "9! 0

(# ( " ( 2 (!

* "9 ! (## A

* "9 ("! <

?( "! *!

::: :! :::: :!

> (

@ (

67 ' * (

, "( * ! *

* "

> ( # " 6

4*! (( "

/ - # 0 + " 6 7

! "

*

* D D A

' 6 7!

! 6 7 #

*

@ ! ! " " " " ## *((

,+ < ,+

! D D A

# #" ' " # "! ! 6 7 A (#

* " # ;!

( #

"" (## (" (##!

6 7 A 6E F7 A 67 D 67 67

# ! " 67 A ! * 6 7 A ;!

(##! * # ! * 0

+ # * #++ + ' =! #

( "(" ! * ( #

6 7 A 6 7 6 7

> ( # *+ (

(( 6

, !

! * "(" *

, KL "! * 6 7 A 6 7! " * ( "

+

6 7 A ! * 6 7 6 7

"" (## 6 7 # " *<

6#7 (## #+ " 0

- A ! A ! A ! A

. 6 7 ! * + " 6

> "+ (

?+ # (

" + ((! #" "

6#7 *3( !

67 ' "

! * 67 " 6#7

' * "

1 # 6 7! * ;! ( +

(# # (" + #) (# (( #

67 A 6 7 D 6 7 6 7

6 7 A 66 7 A A 1 ! # "("!

6 # " #7 A I A

@ " *

6 7 A D 6 7

" 6 *7 A

@ "

6% B "7 A 6 766 7 76

@ " #! "

67 @ " # "!

6#7 0" (## (## #+ " * !

67 @ " # "

67 A 6$ 7 A

E6 7 (F A 6 7

* " # ! #

,+ < ,+

(" (( ,+

,+ < ,+

# # " >

! & A

,+ < ,+

6 D 7 A ! & 6 7 A