NUMBER

SYSTEM……
…

• Natural Numbers (N) = {1, 2, 3…}

• Whole Numbers (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3 …}
• Integers (I) = {…...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…}
• Positive integers (I+) = {1, 2, 3…}
• Negative integers (I-) = {-1, -2, -3…}
• Rational Numbers (Q) = {p/q: p and q are integers and q≠0} = -2, 5, 7/5etc
(Note - All Natural, Whole and Integers Numbers are Rational Numbers)

• Irrational Numbers = can’t be expressed in the form of p/q, where q≠0

e.g., √2, √3, √5, π, 3+√5, 3√5 etc.
• Real Numbers = the set of those numbers which are either rational
or irrational. (Note - All Natural, Whole and Integers Numbers are real numbers)
• Even Numbers = those numbers which are divisible by 2
• Odd Numbers = those numbers which aren’t divisible by 2
• Prime Numbers = divisible only by itself and 1 (no any fraction)
(Note – 2 is the only even number which is prime (ii) all prime numbers other then 2 are odd
numbers, all odd numbers are not prime numbers)

• Composite Numbers = which has other factors including itself and unity
( 1 is neither prime nor composite, composite number may be even or odd )

• Perfect Numbers =
• Decimal Numbers =

Vikas Chhajed MBA (Finance)

Test of Divisibility –
1. Divisible by 2 : 0 or even number at unit’s place
2. Divisible by 3 : sum of digits divisible by 3
3. Divisible by 4 : last two right hand digits are divisible by 4
4. Divisible by 5 : unit digit either 5 or 0
5. Divisible by 6 : divisible by 2 and 3
6. Divisible by 7 : 1812216 – 1 812 216 - Add even and odd group
812 1+216 = 812 217 difference = 812-217=595
Which is divisible by 7 hence digit divisible by 7
7. Divisible by 8 : last three right hand digits are divisible by 8
8. Divisible by 9 : sum of digits divisible by 9
9. Divisible by 10 : unit digit is 0
10 Divisible by 11 : 6159989 = 6 1 5 9 9 8 9 = 6+5+9+9 = 29
6 1 5 9 9 8 9 = 1+9+8 = 18
29-18 = 11, hence the digit divisible by 11
11 Divisible by 12 : divisible by 3 and 4
12 Divisible by 13 : same rule as 7
13 Divisible by 14 : divisible by 2 and 7
14 Divisible by 15 : divisible by 3 and 5
15 Divisible by 16 : last four right hand digits are divisible by 16
16 Divisible by 18 : divisible by 9 and its last digit even
17 Divisible by 25 : last two right hand digits are divisible by 25
18 Divisible by 125: last three right hand digits are divisible by 125

Vikas Chhajed MBA (Finance)

Important Facts –
• Sum of first n natural numbers = n (n+1) / 2
• Sum of first n even natural numbers = n (n+1)
• Sum of first even numbers up to n = n/2 (n/2+1)
• Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n²
• Sum of squares of first n natural numbers = n (n+1) (2n+1) / 6
• Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers = { n (n+1) / 2 }²
• nth term of a, a+d, a+2d, ……. = a+(n-1) d
• nth term of a,ar,ar², ……. = arn-1
• Sum of n terms of a, ar, ar²… = a(rn-1) / (r-1) , where r>1

Expansion of (x+a)n for any positive integer n

1. (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 15. (a+1/a)2 = a2+1/a2+2
2. (a-b)2 = a2-2ab+b2 16. (a-1/a)2 = a2+1/a2-2
3. (a+b)2+(a-b)2 = 2(a2+b2) 17. (a+1/a)2-(a-1/a)2 = 4
4. (a+b)2-(a-b)2 = 4ab
5. (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
6. (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
7. a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b)
8. a2+b2 = (a+b)2 – 2ab
9. (a+b)3 = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
3
10 (a-b) = a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3
3
11 (a+b) +(a-b)3 = 2(a3+3ab2)
3
12 (a+b) -(a-b)3 = 2(3a2b+b3)
3
13 a +b3 = (a+b) (a2-2ab+b2)
3
14 a -b3 = (a-b) (a2+2ab+b2)

Vikas Chhajed MBA (Finance)

Vikas Chhajed MBA (Finance)