IMPLEMENTATION OF MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION SCHEMES USED IN

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

SABITHA ELAMALA
Y.SARALA
K.EASHA

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)

Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 075

2010
 IMPLEMENTATION OF MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION SCHEMES USED IN
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY

SABITHA ELAMALA (07265A0411)

Y.SARALA (06261A04B9)
K.EASHA (06261A0490)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)

Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500075

2010
 MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)
Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 075 (Font: 14, TNR)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Date: 07 MAY 2010

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Implementation of Modulation

and Demodulation Schemes’ Used in software defined radio ” is a bonafide work
carried out by

SABITHA ELAMALA (07265A0411)

Y.SARALA (062615A04B9)
K.EASHA (062615A0490)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING by the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
during the academic year 2009-10.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Signature) (Signature)

------------------------- -------------------------
Dr. E Nagbhooshanam Dr. E Nagbhooshanam
Professor & Head of the Professor & Head of the
department department
(i)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our Guide Dr. E. Nagabhooshanam,

Cranes Varsity, Hyderabad, for his invaluable guidance and encouragement in
carrying out our Project.

We are highly indebted to our Faculty Liaison Mr. S P Singh, Associate Professor,
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, who has given us all the
necessary technical guidance in carrying out this Project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. E. Nagabhooshanam, Head of the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M.G.I.T., for permitting
us to pursue our Project in Cranes Varsity and encouraging us throughout the Project.

Finally, we thank all the people who have directly or indirectly help us through the
course of our Project.

SABITHA ELAMALA
Y.SARALA
K.EASHA

(ii)
 ABSTRACT

Software –defined radio (SDR) is a rapidly evolving technology that is receiving

enormous recognition and generation widespread interest in the telecommunication
industry. A radio that includes a microprocessor or digital signal process (DSP) does
not necessarily qualify as a software radio. A radio that defines in software its
modulation, error correction, and encryption processes, exhibits some control over the
RF hardware, and can be reprogrammed is clearly a software radio. A good working
definition of a software radio is a radio that is substantially defined in software and
whose physical layer behavior can significantly alter to its software.

Commercial wireless communication industry is currently facing problems due to

constant evolution of link-layer protocol standards (2.5G, 3G and 4G), existence of
incompatible wireless network technologies in different countries inhibiting
deployment of global roaming facilities and problems in rolling-out new
services/features due to wide spread presence of legacy subscriber handsets. By
moving radio functionality into software that has previously been implemented in
hardware, software radio promises to change the economics of deploying and
operating wireless network services.

Software radio differs a lot from the traditional radio. Firstly the RF stage could be
made wider to incorporate wide selection of signals. Converting to digital makes it
possible to use software techniques. The following are the parameters which could be
dealt through software. The tuning range. RF channeling capability, Emission
bandwidth, modulation, demodulation, intermediate selectivity, ADC-DAC
conversion, maximum bit rate, and so on. Thus there are a lot of parameters which
could be converted into software.
In this project we have dealt only with the modulation, demodulation, encoding and
decoding parameters of the signal. In the current radio all these parameters are being
preformed via hardware. We have written software programs using matlab where the
About parameters are performed using software rather than hardware. We have
considered all the modulation schemes. i.e. both analog and digital modulation
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schemes. We have written the algorithms for AM, FM, FSK, PSK and also the
encoding and decoding process via software in the concluding part of our project we
have even shown how their software algorithms could be implemented in real life.

This project mainly consists of five chapters. The first chapter discusses about the
evolution of software radio and the development being carried on in this area. In the
second chapter we deal with the current modulation and demodulation schemes being
carried on in the traditional radio. Later in the third chapter we present the algorithms
being done by us which are the software alternatives for the hardware part in the
traditional radio. Later the fourth chapter speaks about the implementation of these
software programs in real life, i.e. using microprocessor. Lastly in the fifth chapter we
discuss the future scope of software radio.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1.5.1 A/D conversion closer to antenna 7

2.1.1 Amplitude modulated wave 12

2.1.2 Envelope detector 14

2.2.1 Ripple and peak clipping effects 15

2.2.2 Frequency discriminator 16

2.2.3 Phase locked loop 16

2.4 ASK waveform 17

2.5 FSK waveform 18

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 Table of contents

CERTIFICATE FROM ECE DEPARTMENT (i)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (ii)
ABSTRACT (iii)
LIST OF FIGURES (v)

CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1What is software radio? 1
1.2When you say radio what do you mean? 4
1.3 Motivation behind software radio 4
1.4 Features of software defined radio 6
1.4.1 Reconfigurablity 6
1.4.2 Ubiquitous connectivity 6
1.4.3 Interoperability 6
1.5 Software Radio Designs 7
1.5.1 A/D conversion closer to antenna 7
1.5.2 Software, instead of hardware processing 8
1.5.3 General-purpose, not specialized hardware 8
1.6 Scope of the project 9

CHAPTER 2

Current modulation and demodulation techniques

2.1 Modulation 10
2.1.1 Amplitude Modulation 11
2.1.2 Frequency Modulation 13
2.2. DeModulation 13
2.2.1.Amplitude demodulation 14
2.2.2. FM Demodulation 15
2.3 Amplitude shift keying 17
2.4 Frequency shift keying 18
CHAPTER 3.

Software program and results

3.1 AM Modulation and Demodulation 21

3.2 FM Modulation and Demodulation 28
3.3 Amplitude Shift Keying 36
3.4 Frequency Shift Keying 40

CHAPTER 4.
Applications, Advantages, Limitations and Future Scope of
SDR
4.1 Applications 43
4.1.1 Transposition Network Applications 44
4.1.2 Communication Service Providers Infrastucture 44
4.1.3 Consumer Electronics 45
4.2 Advantages 45
4.3 Performance and Power Limitations 47
4.4 Future Scope of Software Radio 48
Conclusions 49
References 50
APPENDIX A

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