Type MBCI Relay

Translay ‘S’ Differential Feeder

and Transformer Feeder Protection

T&D
Energy Automation & Information
Type MBCI Relay
Translay ‘S’ Differential Feeder
and Transformer Feeder Protection

Trip Trip
T2 Rpp Rpp T2
T1 Tr Tr T1
Rs Tt øc øc Rs
To To
Pilot wires

Ts RVD Ro Ro RVD
V V

T1 - Summation transformer To - Operating winding Rpp - Pilots padding resistor

T2 - Auxiliary transformer Tr - Restraining winding øc - Phase comparator
Figure 1: Basic circuit arrangement RVD - Non linear resistor Tr - Tertiary winding
Ts - Secondary winding Ro - Linear resistor

Features Models Available MCRI Instantaneous

overcurrent and start/check
MBCI Pilot wire differential • MBCI 01
relay
protection relay • MBCI 02
• High speed operation
• High stability for through faults • Not slowed by dc transients
Optional Extras
• High speed operation for in-zone • Wide setting range
faults
MRTP Supervision relay for ac • Two phase and earth fault relay
• Simultaneous tripping of relays at each pilot circuits
line end MCTH Transformer inrush
• Alarm and indication of pilot
• Low current transformer requirements failure and supervision supply current detector
• Low earth fault settings failure • Allows MBCI to be applied to
• Designed for the unit protection of • Suitable for pilot circuits insulated transformer feeders
overhead and underground feeders for 5kV or 15kV with pilot • Blocks operation of the MBCI
• Suitable for pilots up to 1kW or isolation transformers relay during transformer inrush
2.5kW with pilot isolation transformers conditions
MVTW Destabilising and • Blocking does not occur for zero,
• Four electrically separate contacts
intertripping relay normal load, or genuine fault
• Can be used as definite time
• For use with pilot wire relays current
overcurrent relay in the event of pilot
failure • Destabilises the feeder protection
so that tripping occurs
• Intertripping: injects ac voltage
into the pilot circuit so that
tripping occurs

2
Application
The Translay S differential schemes
have been designed for the unit
protection of overhead and
underground feeders and
transformer feeders.
Plain Feeders
Differential protection
Differential feeder protection requires a
comparison of the currents entering and
leaving the protected zone. For faults
occurring within the protected feeder it
is desirable to trip the circuit breakers at
each end to isolate the fault. Two MBCI
relays are therefore required, one for
each end of the feeder. A pair of
pilot wires is used to transmit
information between the two relays
so that each may be able to compare
the current flowing at its respective
end with the current at the other.
The relays at both line ends operate
simultaneously, providing rapid fault
clearance irrespective of whether
the fault current is fed from both line
ends or only one line end.
When applying this protection to
overhead lines the limiting factor is
generally the length of the pilot
circuits: for cable feeders the
limiting factors are more likely to be
the level of line charging current
and the method of system earthing.
Pilot supervision
Correct interchange of information
over the pilot circuit is essential for
the proper functioning of any
differential feeder protection. Pilots
may be exposed to hazards and
some risk of damage and failure
always exists. The most common
pilot failure is to the open circuit
state, caused by the accidental
excavation of buried pilots or storm
damage to overhead pilots. With the
pilots open circuited the differential
protection will be unstable and will
trip the feeder if sufficient through
current is flowing. For this reason the
circulating current system is often
preferred as such schemes will fail
safe and trip so that attention is
immediately drawn to the fault.
The addition of pilot supervision will Emergency use for
not prevent tripping for pilot faults overcurrent protection
but will indicate the cause. It will In the event of a pilot failure which
also detect short circuit and cross- cannot quickly be rectified, the
connected pilot conditions which Translay S scheme may be adapted
would not otherwise be detected. for use as a definite time
Indication is also provided for loss overcurrent relay as follows:
of the supervision supply.
If overcurrent relay is fitted
Destabilising/intertripping
• disconnect pilot wires and leave
When the protected line is terminals open circuited
connected to a busbar system, a
fault on the busbars will in general • set Kt to 3(300ms)
be cleared by the busbar protection • check that overcurrent elements
by opening some or all of the local are on the required setting above
circuit breakers. Although such maximum anticipated load
faults will usually appear to the current.
feeder protection as through faults,
with resultant stability of the feeder If overcurrent relay is not
protection, it may be desirable to fitted
open the remote line circuit breaker • disconnect pilot wires and
also, to clear the line completely. connect a 1kΩ resistor across
The remote unit of the differential pilot terminals of relay
feeder protection can be caused to
• set padding resistors Rpp to
operate, provided sufficient line
maximum (600Ω)
current is flowing, by open
circuiting the pilots. If line current is • set Kt to 3 (300ms)
not flowing, the remote unit can be
• set Ks to required open circuit
operated (intertripped) by injecting
a current into the pilots. setting: Ks = 1 gives three phase
equal to rated load In.
Overcurrent check/starting Note: Other fault settings will
Although the supervision scheme depend upon the summation
provides indication of pilot failure it ratio.
does not prevent the protection
operating if primary current above
setting is flowing. Where this hazard
is unacceptable it is necessary to add
an overcurrent check feature.
The current transformer requirements
are not modified by the addition of
overcurrent elements since they
present a very low burden.
When the starting feature is used the
overall operation time of the scheme is
increased by 3–5ms. However, there
is no increase in the overall operation
time when the overcurrent protection
performs a check function only.
When overcurrent relays are used the
protection cannot be intertripped by
ac injection into the pilots, and
destabilising the protection will result
in tripping only if an overcurrent
condition exists simultaneously.
3
 Protected Zone Protected Zone
P1 P2 P2 P1
A
S1 S2 S2 S1
B
C

12
See
RS Note 5 RS
MBCI 13 + MBCI
Power
23 Supply VX
Circuits 14
IA –
See
Note 4
24
25
& Enable 11
See
23
24 IA
Squarer Kt 1
IB
RL1
2 Note 2 25
RL1–1 3
26
5 26 IB
27 Enable
A 27
IC 2
Level RL2 28 IC
I N 28 2 RL1–2 4
C B Detector 6 IN
Phase OP
Trip/
&
RL3
Rotation 1 Alarm
KS RES 7
RO Outputs
RL2–1 9
Squarer
Case Earth
See Note 3 8
Case earth
RL2–2
1 2
3 4
10
RPP 17
5 6
7 8
9 10 18 Pilot
11 12
Wires
13 14 19
15 16
17 18
Notes
19 20
1. (a) C.T. shorting links make before (b) & (c) disconnect. 3. Earthing connections are typical only.
21 22 Module
23 24 terminal block (b) Short terminals break before (c) 4. C.T. connections are typical only.
25 26
viewed from (c) Long terminal. 5. For overcurrent start schemes, terminal 12 must be
rear connected directly to D.C. +VE to provide a supply for
27 28
2. Link terminals 11 and 13 except when used with overcurrent the L.E.D. and reset circuits.
check replay type MCRI.

Figure 2: Application diagram: differential feeder protection relay type MBCI

17 17

MBCI Pilots MBCI

18 18
17 18 17 18
19

Case 20
Earth MRTP02

20
RL2 OP RL7
2 1 Supply
19 Reset
Fail
A.C. 27 OP
A.C. RL1 RL3 RL6 1
Auxiliary 2 2 1 Pilot
28 Power Reset RL4–1 3
Supply Supply S/C Output
13 OP RL8
5 Contacts
D.C. Reset 1 Pilot 2 Change
Case earth Vx 14 Power O/C RL4–2 4 state for
Supply
1 2 RL4 6 pilot fail
3 4 2
7
5 6
RL5–1 9 Output
7 8
9 10 11
Contacts
11 12
MRTP01 Change
8
13 14 +VE
RL5 state for
2 RL5–2 10
supply
15 16
RL1 RL2 RL3 RL1 RL2 RL3 12
17 18 Case fail
–1 –1 –1 Start –2 –2 –2
19 20
Earth t
21 22
23 24
25 26 Module terminal block Note 1.
27 28
viewed from rear (a) C.T. shorting links make before (b) & (c) disconnect.
(b) Short terminals break before (c).
(c) Long terminal.

Figure 3: Application diagram: pilot supervision relay and injection filter type MRTP 01

4
 Pilot isolation Pilot isolation
transformer transformer
P6 S2 S1 P1
17 17
P5
P4 X2 X1
P3
P2
MBCI Pilots MBCI
P2
X2 P3
X1 P4
P1 S1 S2 P5
18 18
P6
S1 S2 Supervision
isolation
P1 P2 transformer

20 OP
RL2 RL7
2 1 Supply
19 Reset See
Fail
A.C. 27 OP Note 7
A.C. RL1 RL3 RL6 1
Auxiliary 2 2 1 Pilot
28 Power Reset RL4–1 3
Supply Supply S/C Output
13 OP RL8
5 Contacts
D.C. Reset 1 Pilot 2 Change
Vx 14 Power O/C RL4–2 4 state for
Case earth Supply
RL4 6 pilot fail
1 2 2
3 4
7
RL5–1 9
Output
5 6
Contacts
7 8 11
9 10 MRTP 03 Change
8
11 12 +VE
RL5 state for
13 14
2 RL5–2 10
supply
16
RL1 RL2 RL3 RL1 RL2 RL3 12 fail
15 Case –1 –1 –1 Start –2 –2 –2
17 18
Earth t
19 20
21 22
23 24 Note 1.
25 26
(a) C.T. shorting links make before (b) & (c) disconnect.
27 28
Module terminal block (b) Short terminals break before (c).
viewed from rear (c) Long terminal.

Figure 4: Application diagram: pilot supervision relay 15kV isolation type MRTP 03

P1 P2
A A
S1 S2
B
C C B +
D.C. _
See Phase
Note 4 Rs Rotation
See Note 2(B)

13 See Note
Power 23 11
2(A)
supply 24
14 13
circuits 25
23 I S (A) 26 14
27
Case earth 24 28
1 2
25
3 4 I S( ) RL1
5 6 2 5
26 RL1–1 1 MBCI
7 8
27 3
9 10
I S (C)
11 12 6
13 14 RL1–2 2
28
15 16 Case earth MCRI 4
17 18 See Note 3
19 20
Case earth
21 22
See Note 3
23 24 Notes
25 26
1. (a) C.T. shorting links make before (b) & (c) disconnect. 2. (A) Connection for overcurrent start
27 28
Module terminal block (b) Short terminals break before (c). (B) Connection for overcurrent check
viewed from rear (c) Long terminals. 3. Earthing connections are typical only
4. C.T. connections are typical only

Figure 5: Application diagram: overcurrent relay type MCRI 01

5
Transformer Feeders
Scheme Pilot Supervision O/C
(use of transformer Insulation Start/Check Arrangement of Equipment
inrush current detector) Level (kV) (Viewed from front)
In the case of transformer feeders
where there is no circuit breaker A 5kV — — 1 1

separating the transformer from the

B 15kV — — 1 1
feeder, the phenomenon of
transformer magnetising inrush must C 5kV • — 2 1 3 1
be considered. This is a transient
4 1 1
condition which may occur at the D 15kV • —
instant of transformer energisation,
or immediately following a system E 5kV — • 1 5 1 5

voltage drop due to a nearby heavy

fault condition. Magnetising inrush F 15kV — • 1 5 1 5

current is not a fault condition and

G 5kV • • 2 1 5 3 1 5
therefore does not necessitate the
operation of protection equipment H 15kV • • 4 1 5 1 5
which, on the contrary, must remain
stable during the inrush transient. Table 1. Typical scheme arragements for plain feeders. See key below.
The inclusion of a type MCTH relay,
designed to provide a blocking Scheme Pilot Supervision Transformer
signal in the presence of transformer Insulation Arrangement Arrangement of Equipment
inrush currents, enables a pilot wire Level (kV) (Viewed from front)
differential protection scheme to be Pilots
I 5kV — 1 8 9 7 1 8
applied to a transformer feeder.
Where line and therefore
J 15kV — 1 8 9 7 1 8
transformer energisation can occur
at one end only of the transformer K 5kV • 1 8 2 9 7 1 8 3
feeder, then a MCTH unit would be
required on that side only. L 15kV • 1 8 4 9 7 1 8

When the feeder transformer is

M 5kV — 1 8 1 8
energised any resulting inrush
current will be detected by the N 15kV — 1 8 1 8
MCTH relay, the output blocking
unit of which will pick-up causing O 5kV • 1 8 2 1 8 3
the pilot wires of the Translay S to
1 8 4 1 8
be short-circuited. This will stabilise P 15kV •
the differential relay and prevent it
from responding to what would Table 2. Typical scheme arragements for transformer feeders. See key below.
otherwise appear to be an in-zone
No. Type of relay
fault. The immunity to operation due
to inrush current is coupled with fast 1 MBCI 01/02 Differential
fault clearance times and the built-in 2 MRTP 01 Pilot supervision and injection filter
3 MRTP 02 Injection filter
overcurrent detectors of the MCTH
4 MRTP 03 Pilot supervision
relay ensure that the blocking
5 MCRI 01 Overcurrent start/check
feature is overridden if a fault is
6 MVTW 01 Destabilising
detected in one phase whilst inrush
7 MVTW 03 Destabilising and Intertripping
is present in another. Schemes A to D can be fitted with relay types 6 or 7.
Schemes E to H can be fitted with type 6 which will provide
Symbols: destabilising if the overcurrent start/check relays (MCRI 01) have
operated. Schemes I to L must use type 7 or 8.
8 MCTH 01 Transformer inrush current detector
15kV Isolating transformer 9 MFAC 14 High impedance earth fault relay
10 MMLG Test plug/block
It is advisable on all schemes to include the test unit to facilitate
15kV Isolating transformer commissioning and routine testing. The unit will be situated on the
with injection filter right–hand side of the scheme.

6
Description
Differential protection
The differential feeder protection
circuit is derived from the well
known Merz-Price circulating current
system but employs phase
comparators as the measuring
elements. This novel combination
provides high stability performance
for external faults with the minimum
of bias (restraint) quantity thereby
ensuring that the low earth fault
settings are effectively retained even
when load current is flowing. Figure
1 shows the basic circuit
arrangement. A summation current
transformer T1 at each line end
produces a single phase current
proportional to the summated three
phase currents in the protected line.
The neutral section of the summation
winding is tapped to provide
alternative sensitivities for earth
faults.
The secondary winding supplies
current to the relay and the pilot
circuit in parallel with a non-linear
resistor (RVD). The non-linear
resistor can be considered to be
nonconducting at load current
levels. Under heavy fault conditions
it conducts an increasing current
and thereby limits the maximum
secondary voltage. At normal
current levels the secondary current
flows through the operating winding
To on transformer T2 and then
divides into two separate paths,
one through Ro and the other
through the restraint winding Tr of
T2, the pilot circuit and resistor Ro
of the remote relay.
The resultant of the currents flowing
in Tr and To is delivered by the third
winding on T2 to the phase
comparator and is compared with
the voltage across Tt of Transformer
T1. The emf developed across Tt is
in phase with that across the
secondary winding Ts which is in
turn substantially the voltage across
Ro.
Taking into account the relative
values of winding ratios and circuit
resistance values, it can be shown
that the quantities delivered for
comparison in phase are:
(IX + 2IY) and (2IX + IY)
where IX and IY are the currents fed
into the line at each end (for through
faults IX=IY). The expressions are of
opposite sign for values of IY which
are negative relative to IX and are
between 0.5IX and 2IX in value. The
system is stable with this relative
polarity and operates for all values
of IY outside the limits.
The phase comparator has angular
limits of ± 90° giving a circular bias
characteristic in the complex plane. If
the pilots are open circuited, current
input will tend to operate the relay.
Conversely, short-circuited pilots will
cause the relay to restrain, holding its
contacts open.
Transformers T1 and T2 also
provide the necessary insulation
barriers for static circuitry. The input
circuits of the phase comparator are
tuned to the power frequency so
that the threshold of operation
increases with frequency. This de-
sensitises the relay to the transient
high frequency charging current
that flows into the line when it is
energised. A further advantage
provided by the tuned input is that
the waveform of the derived signal,
which may be severely distorted by
current transformer saturation, is
improved, ensuring high speed
operation under adverse conditions.
In order to maintain the bias
characteristic at the designed value
it is necessary to pad the pilot loop
resistance to 1kΩ.
A padding resistor Rpp is provided
in the relay for this purpose.
Pilot isolation transformers
When pilot isolation transformers
are used, the range of primary taps
enables pilots of loop resistance up
to 2.5kΩ to be matched to the
relay. The pilot insulation level is
also raised to 15kV by these
transformers.
7
Telephone type pilots
When the pilots to be used are of
the telephone type, an alternative
limiter based on a zener diode is
available to ensure that the
maximum voltage which can appear
on the pilot system is within
prescribed limits. Pilot isolating
transformers can be used in this
arrangement also, both to provide
insulation to 15kV and also
indirectly to enable pilots of
relatively high resistance to be used.
Pilot supervision
Figure 3 shows the arrangement for
pilot supervision in a pilot circuit
insulated for 5kV. In this instance the
injection filters and the supervision
unit are assembled with the relay
case. (Types MRTP 01/02). Figure 4
shows the similar arrangement for
pilot circuits insulated for 15kV (Type
MRTP 03). The injection filters are
then assembled as part of the
isolation transformer and have to be
isolated from the supervision relay.
The supervision isolation transformer
provides the necessary 15kV
isolation barrier. For further technical
information see Publication R6026.
Destabilise and Intertrip
Facilities
MVTW01
Refer to Figure 6.
Operation of the destabilising relay
(UN) results in the summation current
transformer in the differential relay
being short circuited and the local
relay prevented from tripping. The
remote relay then sees a single end
feed condition and trips, provided the
through current exceeds the no-load
fault setting of the protection (see
Table 5 page 18). Typical operating
times are shown in Figure 7.
Terminals 17 and 20 should
normally be linked together on the
destabilising relay. However, the
operating level of the remote
equipment can be reduced to one
half of the normal fault setting
(under destabilising operation only)
if this link is omitted.
It should be noted that, with this link
omitted, if the destabilising relay Pilot isolation transformer P6 S2
17
UN is operated for longer than the Pilots
supervision time delay (6-10 P1 S1
seconds) an indication of pilot MBCI
failure will be given. This does not UN-1
17
apply if pilot isolating transformers
are used. 18
18 UN-2
19
When overcurrent elements are 19
UN-3
used to provide a starting or check
20
function there is no advantage in Case earth
removing this link since, for 1 2
11 UN
3 4 Vx(1)+
operation, the through current must 5 6
Vx(2)+
12 3

7 8 13
exceed the overcurrent setting. 9 10
Vx(3)+
14
11 12
13 14
MVTW 03 15 16 MVTW 01
17 18
A circuit diagram for the MVTW 03
19 20 Notes
type relay which depicts the 21 22 Case earth
1. (a) CT shorting links make
destabilising, intertrip and inverter 23 24 See note 2
before (b) & (c) disconnect
25 26
function is shown in Figure 8. On 27 28
Module terminal block
(b) Short terminals break before (c)
(c) Long terminals
energising the relay, a green LED viewed from rear
illuminates and the normally closed 2. Earthing connections are typical only

contacts of RL1 open to indicate the

supply is healthy and the inverter is
operating.
The MVTW 03 incorporates a full
bridge inverter, which receives
complementary square wave signals
from the oscillator circuit at a
frequency of 80Hz. This frequency
was chosen because it lies
sufficiently far from the pilot
frequency of 50 or 60Hz and
cancellation of the intertripping
signal will not be caused by the beat
frequency that may be produced.
The inverter is continually energised
and supplies a transformer which
isolates the pilots to 5kV from the
input circuits. The transformer
supplies the intertripping current and
the power supply for the output
relay (RL2).
Intertripping is initiated by applying
a trip signal to terminal 11 which
energises the output relay.
The signal is isolated from the pilots
to 5kV by the opto isolator. When
the output relay (RL2) is operated,
the local MBCI is made stable by
shorting terminal 18 to terminal 19.
This action destabilises the remote
MBCI. If the load current level is
greater than the differential current
setting the remote MBCI trips;
Figure 6: Application diagram: destabilising relay type MVTW 01
however if the current level is lower A typical scheme for a delta–star
than the setting the remote MBCI power transformer is shown in
does not trip. To ensure intertripping Figure 9. The line current
occurs the output relay (RL2) injects transformers are connected in star
a 20mA intertrip current into the on the delta side of the transformer.
pilots; the remote MBCI sees the Appropriate choice of CT ratios
intertrip current as a differential ensures that for normal load and
current which causes it to trip. through fault conditions, equal
currents flow into the differential
For further technical information see
tripping units (MBCI) at each end. A
Publication R6027.
high impedance differential relay
Transformer Inrush Current (type MFAC 14) is included in the
Blocking neutral lead of the star-connected
line transformers to provide
Transformer inrush current B-N protection on the delta side of
detector feature the power transformer. The MFAC 14
Refer to Figure 9. high impedance differential relay
may be used to initiate an
The principle of operation of the
intertrip unit (type MVTW 02).
transformer inrush current detector
(MCTH) is based upon a unique
feature of substantially zero for
significant periods in each cycle.
During load or fault conditions, the
current waveform remains at zero for
negligible periods in each cycle. The
relay detects these zero periods in
the inrush waveform and initiates a
blocking relay, which causes the
pilot wires of the Translay S relay to
be short-circuited, preventing tripping
for transformer inrush current.
8
 200

160

120.
Milliseconds

Kt = 6
80
Kt = 14
Kt = 20
40 Kt = 40

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 80
Current - Multiple of setting

Figure 7:Time characteristic for destabilised operation

Figure 8: Destabilising and intertripping relay type MVTW 03

Pilot isolation transformer P6 S2

17
Pilots
P1 S1
MBCI
17

18
18
19
19
11+VE
Trip send
Case earth RL2
2
1 2 RL2-2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10 RL2-1
11 12 13+VE
13 14 RL1-1 1
Power
15 16 Vx RL1
2 Supply fail
14–VE supply 1
17 18 MVTW 03
19 20
Supply
21 22
23 Case earth See note 2 healthy
24
25 26
27 28 Notes
1. (a) CT shorting links make 2. Earthing connections as shown is typical only
before (b) & (c) disconnect
Module terminal block
(b) Short terminals break before (c)
viewed from rear
(c) Long terminals

9
 P2 P2 P1
A I i A
S1 S2 S2 S1
B II ii B

C III iii C
yn

N.E.R.

23 MCTH MCTH 23
24 24
17 17
25 25
26 26
19 19
27 27
28 28

23 MBCI 17 17 MBCI 23
24 24
25 Pilots 25
26 26
27 18 18 17 18 27
28 19 19 MVTW03 28

MFAC14 1
27
RVD3 3
28 11

Note1: It is essential that the current transformer connections are earthed at one point only.

Figure 9:Typical application diagram: overall protection of transformer feeders

N = 6 A–N
15 3
Voltage across summation current transformer primary – volts 1A relay

N = 6 C–N

N = 3 A–N Voltage across summation current transformer primary – volts

10 2

N = 3 B–N
5 1

A–C
Figure 10: Current circuit burden

A–B

1 2 1A relay
0
5 10 5A relay
Current in summation current transformer primary – Amps

10
 200 Metrosil
Limiter

160

Pilot Voltage (V Peak)

120

Zener
80
Limiter
Figure 11: Pilot voltage characteristics

40

0 1 0 20 30
A-N fault current (x In)

2.0

1.8
Factor by which setting is increased

Without 15 kV pilot isolating trans.

With 15 kV pilot isolating trans. (Ks = 1.0 or 2.0)
With 15 kV pilot isolating trans. (Ks = 0.5)
(Note: Pilot isolating transformer ratio = 1:1)
1.6

1.4
Figure 12:
Effect of pilot capacitance and pilot
isolating transformers on setting
1.2

1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pilot intercore capacitance -m F

%In %In A-N

Earth Fault Setting 70 Earth Fault Setting
Ks = 2.0 Ks = 1.0
N=3 N=6 N=3 N=6
60
C-N
A-N B-N
100 50
A-N
C-N
80 40
B-N
A-N B-N
60 30
Figure 13: C-N C-N
B-N
Minimum earth fault current for 40 20
operation with through load
20 10

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Through Load (xIn) Through Load (xIn)

11
 CTs
CTs

RL RL RL

Figure 14:
Mesh type switchgear arrangements CTs

End A End B
Pilots
Relay Relay

240

200
Operation time (Milliseconds)

160

120

Figure 15: 80
Time characteristics Kt = 6
for internal faults Kt = 14
40 Kt = 20
Kt = 40

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
Current (multiples of setting)

60
Induced pilot loop voltage to operate

40

Figure 16: 20
Response to spurious
induced loop voltage in pilots

0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Setting multiplier – Ks

12
 Transformer (Dy 11)

Feeder

Delta Star
23 25 27 17 17 23 25 27
MFAC N.E.R.
MCTH MCTH
inrush A B C REF inrush A B C
detector detector
24 26 28 19 19 24 26 28

MBCI MBCI

23 23
25 1.25 17 17 1.25 25
27 1 1 27

24 6 6 24
18 Pilots 18
26 26
28 28

Figure 17: Overall protection of transformer feeders showing connections to MBCI relay

13
Technical Data Durability • High frequency disturbance
(MBCI Relay) • Loaded contact IEC 60255-22-1: 1988 Class III
10,000 operations minimum 2.5kV peak between independent
Current rating (In) • Unloaded contact circuits and case.
1A, 2A or 5A 100,000 operations minimum
1.0kV peak across terminals of the
Reset time same circuit.
Frequency rating
50Hz or 60Hz Less than 100ms • Fast transient disturbance
IEC 60255-22-4: 1992 Class IV
Current withstand ratings Indication
4.0kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to
Duration (s) Differential A non-volatile LED trip indicator is auxiliary supply.
Continuous 2In used. If the auxiliary supply is lost
the LED will return to the same state IEC 60801-4: 1988 Level 4
3 45In
when the supply is restored. 4.0kV, 2.5kHz applied to all inputs.
2 55In
1 80In • Surge immunity
Stability level
0.5 100In IEC 61000-4-5: 1995 Level 3
Table 2 The stability of the protection for
2.0kV peak, 1.2/50ms between all
through faults is greater than 50In
groups and case earth.
Current circuit burden
High voltage withstand 2.0kV peak, 1.2/5-ms between
Highest phase burden
(with three phase rated current) • Dielectric withstand terminals of each group.
6VA N=6 IEC 60255-5: 1977 • EMC compliance
3.5VA N = 3 2.0kV rms for 1 minute between all 89/336/EEC
At setting current 0.5VA terminals and case earth. Compliance to the European
Auxiliary supply 2.0kV rms for 1 minute between all Commission Directive on EMC is
terminals of independent circuits, claimed via the Technical
Rated Operative Current drain (mA)
with terminals on each independent Construction File route.
voltage (Vx) range (V) Quiescent Operated
circuit connected together. EN 50082-2: 1994
24/27 19.2–32.4 30 17.5
30/34 24–37.5 15 175 5.0kV rms for 1 minute between EN 50082-2: 1995
48/54 37.6–72 15 175 pilot terminals and all other Generic Standards were used to
110/125 87.5–150 15 90 terminals and case earth. establish conformity.
1.0kV rms for 1 minute across • Product safety
Contacts
normally open contacts. 73/23/EEC
Contact arrangements
2 make and 2 change-over • High voltage impulse Compliance with the European
(See Figure 2) Commission Low Voltage Directive.
IEC 60255-5: 1977
Three positive and three negative EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995
Contact ratings impulses of 5.0kV peak, 1.2/50µs, EN 60950: 1992/A11: 1997
• Make and carry for 0.2s 0.5J between all terminals and all Compliance is demonstrated by
7500VA subject to maxima of terminals and case earth. reference to generic safety
30A and 300V ac or dc standards.
Electrical environment
• Carry continuously
• DC supply interruption Atmospheric environment
5A ac or dc
• Temperature
• Break IEC 60255-11: 1979
ac 1250VA The unit will withstand a 10ms IEC 60255-6: 1988
dc 50W resistive interruption in the auxiliary supply, Storage and transit –25°C to
25W inductive under normal operating conditions, +70°C
L/R = 0.045s without de-energising. Operating
subject to maxima of 5A and 300V –25°C to +55°C
• AC ripple on dc supply
IEC 60068-2-1: 1990 Cold
IEC 60255-11: 1979
The unit will withstand 12% ac IEC 60068-2-2: 1974 Dry heat
ripple on the dc supply.

14
• Humidity Pilot voltage • 1.1 times the steady state line
The voltage applied across the charging current for solidly
IEC 60068-2-3: 1969
pilots varies with fault current as earthed systems
56 days at 93% RH and 40°C
shown in Figure 12. For normal • 3.2 times the steady state line
• Enclosure protection through load conditions the peak charging current for resistance
IEC 60529: 1989 pilot voltage will be in the order of earthed systems
IP50 (dust protected) 50V rising to a maximum of: 200V
for MBCI 01, 80V for MBCI 02 • 1.9 times the steady state line
• Mechanical environment charging current for resistance
under fault conditions.
Vibration earthed systems with one relay
When pilot isolation transformers per phase
IEC 60255-21-1: 1988
are used this value of voltage is
Response Class 1 In all cases, allowance should be
multiplied by √KM .
made for some system overvoltage.
Pilots Note: Types MBCI 01 and 02 are This requirement ensures stability
not compatible. Relays should during external ground faults which
Pilots isolation be of the same type at either will cause the three phase
end. capacitance currents to be unequal,
Pilot isolation transformers are
required when any longitudinally resulting in an increased output
Pilot current from the summation transformer.
induced voltage in the pilot circuit is
likely to exceed 5kV: in effect this The pilot current is typically 30mA
The high frequency line in-rush
means when protecting feeders for normal through load conditions
currents can be neglected because
operating at voltages in excess of and rises to a maximum of 300mA
the setting of the relay automatically
33kV, unless these are short in under through fault conditions.
increases at high frequencies by a
length. Line charging current factor:
The use of pilot isolation Inrush frequency
In applications pertaining to cables,
transformers also extends the Rated system frequency
with or without in zone shunt
acceptable range of pilots. This is reactors, and overhead lines, it is
achieved by the matching ratios Overcurrent starter/check
necessary for the most sensitive fault
available as shown in Table 4. element settings
setting to be increased to:
The maximum resetting value of the
Pilots overcurrent elements is not less than
90% of the operating value. Thus,
KM 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.5 Matching ratio to ensure that they will reset when
Loop resistance 800 1000 1200 1500 2500 Ω the current is restored to the full
load level, the setting should be at
Capacitance 6.25 5 4.2 3.3 2 µF
least 1.2 times the maximum
Terminals P1-P6 P1-P5 P1-P4 P1-P3 P1-P2 anticipated through load current.
Table 4 The setting of the earth fault
elements should be at least 1.2
Where KM = (turns rotation)2 for respective tap of pilot isolation times any standing zero sequence
transformers. current and not higher than 80% of
the minimum earth fault current.
When pilot isolation transformers are not used KM = 1.
The value chosen as an assessment
The optimum value for KM is the nearest value Rp/1000 in Table 4, where
of minimum earth fault current must
Rp is the measured pilot loop resistance.
be conservative, due allowance
There are two types of pilot isolation transformers: ZC0244-002 for schemes being made for all aspects of
without pilot supervision: HN0068-001 for schemes with pilot supervision. minimum system operating
The latter includes the injection filter for the pilot supervision circuit. conditions and fault impedance;
The pilot padding resistor (Rpp) at each end should be set to: alternatively, a larger tolerance
below the nominal minimum fault
1/2(1000 – Rp/KM) current value is advisable.

15
Unit Protection of Plain
Feeders
Fault settings for plain
feeders
The input transformer has a
summation ratio of 1.25:1:N where
N = 3 for normal use. N = 6 is
used where low earth fault settings
are needed. The minimum
operating current will therefore be
dependent on the phase or phases
involved in the fault. The minimum
earth fault current (If) should be
greater than twice the least sensitive
earth fault setting to ensure rapid
fault clearance.
Minimum operation for earth
faults with through load
Bias being a direct function of
through current, increases minimum
operating current with through load.
Figure 14 shows the minimum earth
fault current required for various
levels of through load.
The curves shown are for the first
relay to trip. The second relay will
trip sequentially provided the
resulting in-feed at that end is above
the setting value. To ensure that
simultaneous tripping will occur the
minimum fault current should be
greater than twice the minimum
operating current given in Figure 14.
Kt = the selected time-dependent
constant (40, 20, 14, 6 or 3)
*Note; For all applications at or
above 220kV where X/R
ratios are large use:
VK ≥ N Kt In (RCT + XRL)
It is not necessary for the line
current transformers at the two ends
of the protected system to have the
same knee point voltage.
Differences of up to 4:1 can be
tolerated provided both are above
the minimum value. However, the
three line current transformers at
any one end should have similar
magnetising characteristics.

The range setting of fault settings is • Magnetising current:

shown in Table 5.
The minimum operating current of
the relay will be increased by any
shunt impedance connected across
the pilot wires, for example, pilot
capacitance and the magnetising
path of the pilot isolation
transformers. The effect of the pilot
capacitance is shown in Figure 12.
Values of Ks from 0.5 to 1.0 are
provided to achieve effective fault
setting equal to the nominal value
indicated in Table 5. This is
achieved by single
end injection tests during
commissioning. Values of Ks from
1.0 to 2.0 are
used to increase the setting when
the application demands. Refer to
section: Line charging current.
Differential
(Summation ratio = 1.25/1/N)
Ks is a setting multiplier
and may be varied
from 0.5-2.0
In is the rated relay current
Table 5
Line current transformer
In order that the minimum effective
requirements for plain feeders
operating current of the relay
Class X BS 3938
remains low, it is necessary to
* VK ≥ 0.5N Kt In (RCT + XRL) apply a limit to the value of the
magnetising current demanded by
Where
the line current transformers:
VK = knee point voltage of current
IM ≤ 0.05 In at 10 V
transformers for through In
fault stability
• Mesh type switchgear arrangements
RCT = resistance of current
transformer secondary The relay may be fed by parallel
circuit (Ω) connected current transformers as
shown in Figure 15. It is essential to
RL = lead resistance of single
balance the lead resistance in the
lead from relay to current
circulating secondary current path
transformers (Ω)
to ensure stability for a through
X = 1 for 4 wire connections busbar fault. Connecting the current
between the main current transformers as shown in Figure 15
transformers and the relay: will result in the required balance
2 for 6 wire connections being obtained. It is essential that
N = relative neutral turns on the current transformers at the same
summation transformer end should have similar
winding (3 or 6, as shown magnetising characteristics. The
under heading Current value of RCT to be used in
Settings) calculations should be the resistance
of one current transformer plus the
Fault Settings resistance of one lead between the
N=3 N=6 two parallel connected current
transformers. The value of RL should
A–N 0.19Ks.In 0.12Ks.In be the resistance of a single lead
B–N 0.25Ks.In 0.14Ks.In from the common connection of the
C–N 0.33Ks.In 0.17Ks.In current transformers to the relay.
A–B 0.8Ks.In
B–C 1.0Ks.In
C–A 0.44Ks.In
A–B–C 0.5Ks.In

16
• Methods of reducing the current
transformer requirements:
In general the larger the current
transformer the better the overall
performance. However, when
current transformer size is critical
the following notes should prove
helpful.
• The operation time varies with
fault current as shown in Figure 16.
Stability is maintained with smaller
current transformers if the value of
Kt is reduced.
This will of course result in the
operation time increasing, typical
operation times being:
Kt 40 20 14 6 3
Time at
5x setting 30 50 65 90 300 (ms)
• Kt= 20 will suit most current
transformers on distribution systems
Kt = 40 is the preferred setting for
EHV systems where high speed
operation is required
• It should be noted that the knee
point requirement increases with the
nominal current rating In.
Advantage is therefore obtained by
using a low value of rated current
eg. 1A or even 0.5A.
• Wires may be connected in
parallel to reduce the lead resistant
(RL) and hence the current
transformer requirements.
• If the relay is fed from delta
connected line current transformer
then N = 1.
• If one relay is used per phase
then assume N = 1
Stabilising resistance
V
Rs = K Ω but not greater than 122 Ω
40In In
Note: This resistor is not required
for single phase protection or
when Translay S is fed from
delta connected current
transformers.
Additional requirements:
• It is a stability requirement that
the relays at both ends have the
same value of N & Kt selected.
• It is preferred, although not
absolutely essential, that the
equipment at the twoline ends have
the same rated current In.
Small in-zone teed loads
Small three phase loads may be
connected to the feeder within the
protected zone; normally these will
be supplied by a delta/star
transformer connected to the line
through HRC fuses. Substantial faults
on this circuit will cause the fuses to
blow very quickly before the
differential relay can operate.
The limiting condition is a value of
fault current which will just produce
an A–C phase setting current in the
relay: this current must cause the fuse
to operate quickly enough to
discriminate. Most fusing time curves
show pre-arcing time and some
allowance must be made for the
arcing period.
To accommodate the largest teed
load, use may be made of the Ks
(setting multiplier) adjustment, and/or
selection of a value of Kt
corresponding to a lower operating
speed.
The particulars tabulated below for
teed loads connected to a fused
11kV feeder may be helpful as a
general example.
17
Feeder 11kV 300A rating
Tee Transformer Fuse Ks Kt
rating(kVA) rating (A)
300 20 1 40
400 25 1.7 40
400 25 1.5 6
500 30 1.75 3
Table 6
The table above refers to individual
teed loads. When smaller loads are
connected at separate locations, on
the basis that only one will be subject
to a fault at any instant, the
aggregate load may be greater. For
example twelve 100kVA transformers
each protected by 10A fuses could
be connected to the above line, with
main protection settings Ks = 1 and
Kt = 40. Similarly for ten 300kVA
transformers each protected by 20A
fuses, relay settings Ks = 2.0 and Kt
= 20 would be suitable. In general
the aggregate tee-off load should not
exceed 0.25Ks x current transformer
rating.
Maximum induced pilot loop
voltage
Ideally the pilot cores should be
wormed (twisted together) so that
the induced loop voltage is kept to
a minimum. The required level of
this voltage to cause operation
varies with the setting multiplier Ks
as shown in Figure 17.
Unit Protection of
Transformer feeders
Fault Setting
The relay internal summation is
identical to that used for plain
feeders but the turns ratio used is
2.25:6. This is connected as shown
in Figure 18 and will result in
secondary settings as given in the
table below:
Relay setting in amps = Ks x In
constant in table below
A to N 0.44
B to N ∞ from the CTs to the relay (Ω)
C to N 0.17
A to B 0.44
B to C 0.17
C to A 0.12
3 Phase 0.14
Table 7
Where
Ks = setting multiplier which may be
adjusted between 0.5 and 2.0
In = relay rated current.
NB. The Figures quoted in this table
are those to be expected under
conditions of secondary
injection testing
Note 1: As shown in Figure 18
there is a restricted earth
fault relay in the neutral of
the star connected CTs on
the delta side of the power
transformer. This provides
protection against earth
faults on the delta side of
the power transformer
when the infeed is into the
delta. It will provide
settings lower than any of
the phase to neutral
settings given above.
Note 2: The MBCI relay, when used
in the transformer feed
application, does not
require a stabilising
resistor.
Line Current Transformer
Requirements for Transformer
Vs = If ( I3n + RCT + RL)
2
Feeders:
Operating times less than 80ms will Where
be achieved and through fault Vs = setting of MFAC (V)
stability assured provided the
following CT requirements are If = maximum through fault
current referred to CT
satisfied (Kt = 14):
secondary for which
For star connected CTs stability is required (A-rms)
Vk ≥ 50 In 2.22 + RCT + RL
( In ) In = rated currency of relay (A)
RCT = resistance of secondary
For delta connected CTs winding (W)
Vk > 50In 9.72 + RCT + RL
( ) RL = resistance of a single lead
√3 In
If longer operating times can be
The effective primary operating
tolerated CT requirements to the
circuit (Iop) of the MFAC 14 is
following formulae will give operating
given by:
times less than 160ms and assured
through fault stability (Kt = 14): Iop = n(IR + NIIu)
For star connected CTs Where
Vk ≥ 35 In 2.22 + RCT + RL
( In ) IR = relay operating current and
metrosil current at setting
For delta connected CTs voltage (see MFAC
Vk > 35In 9.72 + RCT + RL publication)
√3 ( In )
Iu = current transformer
Where magnetising current at
Vk = kneepoint voltage (V) setting voltage (A)
In = rated current of relay (A)
Nl = number of connected
RCT = resistance of CT secondary current transformers
winding (Ω)
n = current transformer turns ratio
RL = resistance of a single lead
The following notes on this
from the CTs to the relay (Ω)
application are also important:
Note 1: Operating times are quoted
• A setting of 14 is recommended
at 5x rated current.
for Kt to ensure sufficient time for
Note 2: The above equations for inrush blocking. Tripping for internal
through fault stability are faults will then occur (typically)
applicable for up to 20% within 60 – 80 ms.
CT mismatch.
• The N = 6 setting on the MBCI
Note 3: In normal applications, to relay must be used to achieve
ensure the fast operation of increased sensitivity.
the MFAC, the knee point
• Where the CT lead resistance is a
voltage Vk must be greater
predominant part of the CT burden
than twice the voltage
at one, or both, line ends then the
setting Vs of the MFAC
use of 1A line CTs is recommended.
relay. However, when used
The selected rating of current
with the MBCI/MCTH relay
transformers must be the same as
combination, lower knee
the relays (MBCI and MCTH) which
point voltage, down to Vs,
they supply.
may be used provided
operating times up to the
scheme operating time of
80ms are accepted.
18
• Additional conductors may be Cases Information Required
connected in parallel in order to
Relay type MBCI is provided in with Order
reduce the lead resistance (RL) and,
case size 6 as shown in Figure 18. Basic scheme reference
hence, the current transformer
requirements. (refer to Table 1)
Auxiliary Equipment
• The pilot resistance should not Type(s) of relay
exceed 700W. For outline drawings of pilot
Type of pilots (private or telephone)
isolation transformers, and
• With 15kV pilots, the MCTH stabilising resistor, see Figures 20, Pilot loop resistance and intercore
output contacts should be connected 21, 22 and 23. capacitance values.(This information
on the relay side of the isolating is required to determine whether pilot
transformer to terminate numbers isolating transformers are required for
Associated Publications
17 and 18 of the MBCI relay. matching purposes.)
R6001 Midos system
• The MCTH overcurrent settings for Pilot insulation level (5kV or 15kV). Is
each phase, set by 3 front-mounted R6026 MRTP supervision for ac pilot supervision equipment required?
potentiometers (one per phase), pilot circuits
should be set at least 50% above Is the overcurrent relay required?
R6027 MVTW destabilising and
the maximum possible load current. Is the destabilising facility or
intertripping relay
• The steady state magnetising destabilising/intertrip facility
R6028 MCRI instantaneous required?
current must not exceed the three
overcurrent relay
phase fault setting of the MCBI Pilot voltage: Metrosil (MBCI 01) or
relay. For a Ks = 1 setting, the three R6004 MMLG/B test block Zener limiting (MBCI 02).
phase fault setting is 14% of rated R6006 MSTZ power supply See Figure 11.
current. If the transformer is likely to
be subjected to overfluxing, with the R6007 MFAC high impedance Current rating
corresponding increase in steady differential relay Frequency rating
state magnetising current, then the R6066 MCTH transformer inrush Auxiliary dc supply rating
three phase setting must be current detector relay
permanently set above this higher Auxiliary ac supervision supply rating
magnetising current by increasing
AC intertrip supply rating
Ks.

103.6
149
4 holes ø 4.4 24

168 159

Push button 151

projection 10 max
Panel cut-out:
Flush mounting fixing details

32 212 25 min.

177 157 max.

Reset
Figure 18:
155 Flush mounting 11 Case outline size 6

All dimensions in mm

19
 P1 2.5 1.5
1.2 1.0 0.9 S1 S2

Injections 172 mm
Inputs

X1 X2

340 mm

6 fixing holes, M6 clearance

64.5 mm

154 mm

30 mm 116 mm 9 mm
176 mm

Figure 19:
Pilot isolation transformer with filter.With insulation for 15kV

244 mm
176 mm 190 mm
45 mm

171.5 mm

8-M6 Terminals

9 mm
4 Fixing holes, M6 clearance

64.5 mm

Figure 18:
Pilot isolation transformer without filter.
With insulation for 15kV
30 mm 116 mm

20
19 mm 134 mm 19 mm 69 mm

S2

98 mm

S2

2 off M5 studs
2 off M5 studs

2 off fixing holes M5

52 mm 69 mm

8.5 mm 50 mm 52 mm

Figure 21:
Pilot supervision isolation transformer.With insulation for 15kV

2BA connection
screws

354 mm

48 mm

2 holes
6.5 mm 310 mm 48
mm
342 mm

Figure 21:
Stabilising resistor

21
 © 2003 ALSTOM - 100300 - Electronic File
Publication: MBCI/EN BR/Ya

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