You are on page 1of 11

RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS

No. 310 Elder and Cooley, editors, Sustainable Settlement and Development of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme
Area: Proceedings of a Ministerial Meeting
No. 311 Webster, Riopelle and Chidzero, World Bank Lending for Small Enterprises 1989-1993
No. 312 Benoit, Project Finance at the World Bank: An Overview ofPolicies and Instruments
No. 313 Kapur, Airport Infrastructure: The Emerging Role of the Private Sector
No. 314 Valdes and Schaeffer in collaboration with Ramos, Surveillance of Agricultural Price and Trade Policies: A
Handbook for Ecuador
No. 316 Schware and Kimberley, Information Technology and National Trade Facilitation: Making the Most of Global Trade
No. 317 Schware and Kimberley, Information Technology and National Trade Facilitation: Guide to Best Practice
No. 318 Taylor, Boukambou, Dahniya, Ouayogode, Ayling, Abdi Noor, and Toure, Strengthening National Agricul-
tural Research Systems in the Humid and Sub-humid Zones of West and Central Africa: A Frameworkfor Action
No. 320 Srivastava, Lambert, and Vietmeyer, Medicinal Plants: An Expanding Role in Development
No. 321 Srivastava, Smith, and Forno, Biodiversity and Agriculture: implications for Conservation and Development
No. 322 Peters, The Ecology and Management of Non-Timber Forest Resources
No. 323 Pannier, editor, Corporate Governance of Public Enterprises in Transitional Economies
No. 324 Cabraal, Cosgrove-Davies, and Schaeffer, Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Electrification Programs
No. 325 Bacon, Besant-Jones, and Heidarian, Estimating Construction Costs and Schedules: Experience with Power
Generation Projects in Developing Countries
No. 326 Colletta, Balachander, and Liang, The Condition of Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Convergence of
Health, Nutrition, and Early Education
No. 327 Valdes and Schaeffer in collaboration with Martin, Surveillance of Agricultural Price and Trade Policies: A
Handbook for Paraguay
No. 328 De Geyndt, Social Development and Absolute Poverty in Asia and Latin America
No. 329 Mohan, editor, Bibliography of Publications: Technical Department, Africa Region, July 1987 to April 1996
No. 330 Echeverria, Trigo, and Byerlee, Institutional Change and Effective Financing of Agricultural Research in Latin
America
No. 331 Sharma, Damhaug, Gilgan-Hunt, Grey, Okaru, and Rothberg, African Water Resources: Challenges and
Opportunities for Sustainable Development
No. 332 Pohl, Djankov, and Anderson, Restructuring Large Industrial Firms in Central and Eastern Europe: An Empirical
Analysis
No. 333 Jha, Ranson, and Bobadilla, Measuring the Burden of Disease and the Cost-Effectiveness of Health interventions: A
Case Study in Guinea
No. 334 Mosse and Sontheimer, Pevformance Monitoring indicators Handbook
No. 335 Kirmani and Le Moigne, Fostering Riparian Cooperation in International River Basins: The World Bank at Its Best
in Development Diplomacy
No. 336 Francis, with Akinwumi, Ngwu, Nkom, Odihi, Olomajeye, Okunmadewa, and Shehu, State, Community,
and Local Development in Nigeria
No. 337 Kerf and Smith, Privatizing AfiicaS Infrastructure: Promise and Change
No. 338 Young, Measuring Economic Benefits for Water lnvestments and Policies
No. 339 Andrews and Rashid, The Financing of Pension Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: An Overview of Major
Trends and Their Determinants, 1990-1993
No. 340 Rutkowski, Changes in the Wage Structure during Economic Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
No. 341 Goldstein, Preker, Adeyi, and Chellaraj, Trends in Health Status, Services, and Finance: The Transition in Central
and Eastern Europe, Volume 1
No. 342 Webster and Fidler, editors, Le secteur informel et les institutions de microfinancement en Afrique de 1’Ouest
No. 343 Kottelat and Whitten, Freshwater Biodiversity in Asia, with Special Reference to Fish
No. 344 Klugman and Schieber with Heleniak and Hon, A Survey of Health Reform in Central Asia

(List continues on the inside back cover)


WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 376
w c

Roads and the


Environment
A Handbook

Editedby
Koji Tszmokawa
ChristopherHoban
Tke World Bank
Wadington, D.C.
Copyright 0 1997
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reserved


Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing November 1997

Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development community
with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance
with the’procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for
errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the
author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or
to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not
guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever
for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on
any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any
territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it
should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The
World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when
the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for
classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910,222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A.
The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index @Publications, which con-
tains an alphabetical title list with full ordering information. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Dis-
tribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from
Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d’Iena, 75116 Paris, France.

ISSN: 0253-7494

Koji Tsunokawa is senior transport specialist in the Infrastructure Development Group in the World Bank’s Middle
East and Nort Africa Regional Office. Christopher Hoban is a senior highway engineer in the World Bank’s South
Asia Infrastructure Sector Unit.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Roads and the environment : a handbook /edited by Christopher Hoban


and Koji Tsunokawa.
Pm cm. - (World Bank technical paper ; no. 376)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8213-4031-X
1. Roads-Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental impact
analysis. I. Hoban, Christopher J., 1952- . II. Tsunokawa,
Koji, 1947- . III. Series.
TD195.R63R63 1997
333.77-DC21 97-28971
CIP
Table of Contents

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................................. x


Foreword .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
XlU

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................xiv
Abstract ....................................................................................*...............................................................*.........................xv
Executive summary ............................*................*.a...........*..........................................................................................xv1

PART I - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Chapter 1 Assessing the environmental impact of road projects


1.1 The environment and its ecosystems ......................................................................................... 4
1.2 Roads, the environment, and the need for environmental assessment.. ............................... .4
1.3 New, existing, rural, and urban project settings ....................................................................... .5
1.3.1 New versus existing project types ............................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Rural versus urban project typer;. ................................................................................. 5
X.3.3 The “mixed” rural-urban project.. ................................................................................ 6
1.4 The environmental assessment (EA) ......................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 EA and road project development.. ............................................................................ .7
1.4.2 8
Types of EA .....................................................................................................................
1.5 Environmental assessment at the project level ........................................................................ .8
1.5.1 The project-specific EA .................................................................................................. 8
1.5.2 The programmatic or class EA ...................................................................................... 8
1.5.3 Summary or initial environmental evaluation (SEE/IRE) ........................................9
1.5.4 9
The regional EA (REA) ..................................................................................................
1.6 Environmental assessment at the strategic level .................................................................... 10
1.6.1 The sectoral EA (SEA). ................................................................................................ .10
1.7 EA duration and budget ..............................................................................................................
11
1.8 References and bibliography .....................................................................................................
12

Chapter 2 Environmental assessment management and institutional issues


2.1 EA and instituttonal development .............................................................................................
14
2.2 Functions to be performed and the need for environmental skills.. ..................................... .14
2.2.1 Developing the policy and legal directives.. ............................................................ .14
2.2.2 Conducting the EA studies ........................................................................................ .15
2.2.3 Implementing the environmental management plan (RMP) .................................. 16
2.2.4 Managing the EA process ............................................................................................17
2.3 Providing the requisite environmental training.. ..................................................................... .18
2.4 Establishing the institutional structures.. ............ .................................................................... .19
2.5 References and bibliography .....................................................................................................
22

Chapter 3 An overview of environmental assessment planning and EA reporting


3.1 24
Early planning of EA ...................................................................................................................
3.2 24
Screening and scoping ...............................................................................................................
3.2.1 Description of the need for a project ..........................................................................
25
3.2.2 Description of the proposed project and alternatives .............................................. 25

...
111
3.2.3 Identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) ......................................... 25
3.2.4 Evaluation of potential impacts for alternative solutions ...................................... .26
3.2.5 26
Early consultation .........................................................................................................
3.2.6 Selection of preferred project (solution) and
identification of EA type to be applied.. ................................................................ .26
3.3 Preparation of the project terms of reference ..........................................................................
27
3.4 Space, time and consultation.. ...................................................................................................
27
3.4.1 Space.. ............................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.2 Time requirements for the environmental study ..................................................... 27
3.4.3 Consultation.. ............................................................................................................... .29
3.5 The environmental impact statement (EIS). .............................................................................. 29
3.5.1 Executive summary.. .................................................................................................... 30
3.5.2 The environmental assessment team.. ....................................................................... 30
3.5.3 Introduction and background.. .................................................................................. .30
3.5.4 Approach and methodology.. ..................................................................................... 30
3.5.5 Existing conditions.. .................................................................................................... .30
3.5.6 Analysis of alternatives ............................................................................................... 30
3.5.7 The preferred design .................................................................................................... 31
3.5.8 The environmental management plan....................................................................... 31
3.5.9 Consultation .................................................................................................................. 31
3.5.10 References.. ....................................................................................................................
31
3.5.11 Appendices.. .................................................................................................................. 31
3.6 Presenting information with maps in the EA report ............................................................... .31
3.7 References and bibliography .....................................................................................................
32

Chapter 4 Key steps involved in undertaking an environmental assessment


4.1 Seven key steps ..........................................................................................................................
34
4.2 Description of baseline conditions ............................................................................................
34
4.2.1 Collecting and analyzing existing basic documents.. ............................................. .35
4.2.2 Assembling information from different sources ..................................................... .35
4.2.3 Consultation with local residents and professionals ............................................... 35
4.2.4 The sampling design.. ................................................................................................. .35
4.2.5 The field investigations................................................................................................ 35
4.2.6 Tracking project-induced versus natural environment changes ............................36
4.3 Analysis of potential environmental impacts ...........................................................................
36
4.3.1 Determining significance............................................................................................ .36
4.3.2 Impact characteristics.. ................................................................................................ .36
4.3.3 37
Impact types .................................................................................................................
4.4 Consideration of alternatives ..................................................................................................... 37
4.4.1 37
Alternative designs .......................... ..!.........................................................................
4.4.2 Analysis of alternatives ...............................................................................................37
4.5 Planning remedial measures ......................................................................................................
38
4.5.1 Avoidance ......................................................................................................................
38
4.5.2 38
Mitigation ......................................................................................................................
4.5.3 Including consultation in mitigation planning ......................................................... 40
4.5.4 41
Compensation ...............................................................................................................
4.0 Monitoring and evaluation.. ........................................................................................................
41
4.6.1 41
Compliance monitoring ...............................................................................................
4.6.2 41
Effects monitoring (Evaluation) ..................................................................................
4.7 The environmental management plan (EMP) ............................................................................ 41
4.8 Documentation ............................................................................................................................
42
4.9 Using maps in EA ........................................................................................................................
42
4.9.1 42
Dealing with poor availability of maps .....................................................................

iv
4.9.2 General maps ...............................................................................................................
.43
4.9.3 Thematic maps.. ............................................................................................................
44
4.9.4 Presentation maps .......................................................................................................
.44
4.9.5 Synthesis maps.. ...........................................................................................................
.44
4.10 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 5 Public involvement in EA


5.1 Guiding principles.. .....................................................................................................................
48
5.1.1 Information dissemination.. ....................................................................................... .48
5.1.2 Information solicitation .............................................................................................. .48
5.1.3 Consultation.. ............................................................................................................... .48
5.1.4 Application.. .................................................................................................................. 48
5.2 When is public involvement necessary? ................................................................................. .49
/!,I
5.3 Determining who should participate .........................................................................................
49
5.3.1 Enabling the poor to participate.. .............................................................................. .50
5.3.2 Local and community participation ......................................................................... .50
5.3.3 Government agencies and research institutions ..................................................... .51
5.3.4 Non-government organizations (NGOs) ................................................................... 51
5.4 A framework for public involvement.. ...................................................................................... .52
5.5 Public involvement format ......................................................................................................... 52
5.5.1 The “open house” (Information displays and reports) .......................................... .53
5.5.2 53
Interview survey ...........................................................................................................
5.5.3 53
Public meetings .............................................................................................................
5.5.4 Individual or group discussions.. .............................................................................. .53
5.5.5 On-site consultation.. .................................................................................................. .54
5.5.6 Rapid social appraisal .................................................................................................. 54
5.5.7 Rapid rural appraisal ................................................................................................... 54
5.6 Guide to information presentation ............................................................................................
56
5.6.1 Written reports, newsletters, and leaflets.. ............................................................... .56
5.6.2 56
Graphic material ...........................................................................................................
5.6.3 57
Audio-visual aids .........................................................................................................
5.7 References and bibliography ....................................................................................................
.57

Chapter 6 Types of environmental impact


6.1 Impact types ................................................................................................................................
60
6.1.1 Direct impacts ...............................................................................................................
60
6.1.2 Indirect impacts ............................................................................................................
60
6.1.3 Cumulative impacts ..................................................................................................... 62
6.1.4 Ecosystem funcion impacts .................... . .................................................................... 62
6.1.5 Positive and negative impacts .................................................................................... 64
6.1.6 Random and predictable impacts ............................................................................... 64
6.1.7 Local and widespread impacts ................................................................................... 64
6.1.8 Temporary and permanent impacts .......................................................................... 65
6.1.9 Short- and long-term impacts ..................................................................................... 65
6.2 Impact severity ............................................................................................................................
65
6.3 References and bibliography .....................................................................................................
65

PART ii - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, THEIR MITIGATION AND THEIR ECONOMIC


VALUATION
Chapter 7 impacts on soils
7.1 Impacts and setting .....................................................................................................................
70
7.1.1 Loss of productive soil ................................................................................................. 70
7.1.2 70
Erosion ...........................................................................................................................

V
7.1.3 Contamination of soil ................................................................................................... 72
7.1.4 Cumulative impacts ..................................................................................................... 72
7.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ........................................................................ .72
7.3 Remedial measures.. .................................................................................................................. .73
7.3.1 Prevention .................................................................................................................... .73
7.3.2 Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... .73
7.3.3 Compensation.. ............................................................................................................ .76
7.4 Reducing impacts on soils: An action checklist.. ................................................................... .77
7.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................... 78

Chapter 8 Impacts on water resources


8.1 Impacts and setting.. .................................................................................................................. .82
8.1.1 Surface water flow modification ................................................................................ 82
8.1.2 Groundwater flow modification ............................................................................... .82
8.1.3 Water quality degradation (surface and groundwater) ......................................... .82

8.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ......................................................................... 82


8.2.1 Drainage modifications .............................................................................................. .82
8.2.2 Water table modification.. ........................................................................................... 83
8.2.3 Water quality degradation.. ....................................................................................... .83
8.2.4 Sensitive habitat intrusion.. ......................................................................................... 85

8.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................... 85


8.3.1 Prevention ..................................................................................................................... 85
8.3.2 Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... .85
8.3.3 Compensation.. ............................................................................................................. 86
8.3.4 Enhancement.. .............................................................................................................. .86

8.4 Minimizing impacts on water resources: An action checklist ............................................... 86

8.5 References and bibliography ..................................................................................................... 88

Chapter 9 impacts on air quality


9.1 Impacts and setting.. ................................................................................................................... 90
9.1.1 Airmass contaminants ................................................................................................ .90
9.1.2 Movement of pollutants .............................................................................................. 91
9.1.3 Impacts.. ......................................................................................................................... 93

9.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ........................................................................ .94


9.2.1 Assessment at the project level.. ................................................................................. 94
9.2.2 Measurement of roadside pollutants ........................................................................ .94
9.2.3 Computer modeling of pollutants.. ........................................................................... .94
9.3 Remedial measures ..................................................................................................................... 94
9.3.1 Prevention .................................................................................................................... .94
9.3.2 Mitigation ...................................................................................................................... 95
9.3.3 Compensation.. ............................................................................................................ .95
9.4 Minimizing impacts on air quality: An action checklist.. ....................................................... .96
9.5 References and bibliography ..................................................................................................... 96

Chapter 10 Impacts on flora and fauna


10.1 Impacts and setting ................................................................................................................... 100
10.1.1 Direct impacts .......................................................... 100
10.1.2 Indirect impacts .......................................................................................................... 101
10.1.3 Ecosystem types and sensitivity ............................................................................... 102
10.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 104
10.2.1 104
Extent of the project ....................................................................................................
10.2.2 Duration of the construction period ........................................................................ 104
10.2.3 Evaluation of the affected systems.. ........................................................................,104

Vi
10.2.4 Use of indicator species or groups ........................................................................... 105
10.2.5 106
Rapid appraisal ...........................................................................................................
10.2.6 106
Modeling ......................................................................................................................
10.2.7 Useful sources of information ................................................................................... 106

10.3 Remedial measures ................................................................................................................... 106


10.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 106
10.3.2 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 107
10.3.3 Compensation ............................................................................................................. 109
10.4 Minimizing impacts on flora and fauna: An action checklist ............................................... 109
10.5 References and bibliography ................................................................................................... 110

Chapter 11 Impacts on communities and their economic activity


11 .I impacts and setting ................................................................................................................... 114
11.1.1 The split community .................................................................................................. 114
11.1.2 The loss of roadside community business and social activity ........ . ..................... 115
11.1.3 The by-passed community ........................................................................................ 115
11.1.4 The reduced convenience of traditional modes of transport.. ............................. .116
11.1.5 The dilemma for tourism ........................................................................................... 116
11.1.6 The “culture shock” effect ............................................ ..?..........................................116
11.1.7 The gentrification effect ............................................................................................. 116

11.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts .........................................................................


116
11.2.1 The preliminary assessment.. .................................................................................... 116
11.2.2 117
The social assessment .................................................................................................
11.3 Remedial measures .............................................................
118
11.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 118
11.3.2 Mitigation ....................................................................................................................118
11.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 119
11.4 Minimizing impacts on' communities and their economic activity: ,
An action checklist ................................................................................................................ 120
11.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................. 120

Chapter 12 Impacts arising from land acquisition and resettlement


12.1 impacts and setting ...................................................................................................................
122

12.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts ......................................................................... 123


12.2.1 Stresses in the “host” community ............................................................................ 125

12.3 Remedial measures ................................................................................................................... 125


12.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 125
12.3.2 Mitigation.. ..................................................... . .............. ............................................
.125
12.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 126
12.4 Minimizing impacts of land acquisition and resettlement: An action checklist.. .............. .127
12.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................ .129

Chapter 13 Impacts on indigenous peoples


132
13.1 impacts and setting ...................................................................................................................
13.1.1 Loss of traditional sense of identity ......................................................................... 132
13.1.2 Loss of livelihoods and violation of
traditionally-exercised land rights ........................................................................ 132
13.1.3 Health and social problems.. ..................................................................................... 133
13.1.4 Violation of rights to participate in development .................................................. 133

13.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts ......................................................................... 134


13.2.1 Identifying the population and the affected area ................................................... 134
13.2.2 Consultation and participation ................................................................................. 134
13.2.3 134
The surveys .................................................................................................................

vii
13.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 135
13.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 135
13.3.2 Mitigation.. .................................................................................................................. 135
13.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 137

13.4 Minimizing impacts on indigenous peoples: An action checklist.. ..................................... .l37


13.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................. 138

Chapter 14 Impacts on cultural heritage


14.1 impacts and setting.. ................................................................................................................. 140
14.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ...................................................................... .141
14.2.1 Preliminary assessment.. ........................................................................................... 141
14.2.2 Cultural heritage.. ...................................................................................................... .141
14.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................ .144
14.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 144
14.3.2 Mitigation.. .................................................................................................................. 144
14.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 145
14.4 Minimizing impacts on cultural heritage features: An action checklist.. ............................. 145
14.5 References and bibliography ................................................................................................... 145

Chapter 15 Impacts on aesthetics and landscape


15.1 Impacts and setting.. ................................................................................................................. 148
15.1.1 Links between aesthetic values and regional landscape design.. ....................... .148
15.1.2 Potential negative aesthetic impacts ........................................................................ 148
15.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 149
15.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 150
15.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 150
15.3.2 Mitigation.:. ................................................................................................................. 150
15.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 152
15.4 Minimizing impacts on aesthetics and landscape: An action checklist.. ........................... .153
15.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................. 153

Chapter 16 Impacts on the noise environment


16.1 Impacts and setting ................................................................................................................... 156
16.1.1 Sources of road noise ................................................................................................ .156
16.1.2 Road noise impacts.. ................................................................................................... 156
16.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 156
16.2.1 Assessing noise impacts ............................................................................................ 158
16.2.2 Noise measurement.. .................................................................................................. 159
16.2.3 Noise level standards ................................................................................................. 160

16.3 Remedial measures .................................................................................................................. .160


16.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................. ..16 0
16.3.2 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 160
16.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 162
16.4 Avoiding impacts on the noise environment: An action checklist ..................................... .162
16.5 References and bibliography ................................................................................................... 163

Chapter 17 Impacts on human health and safety


17.1 Impacts and setting ................................................................................................................... 166

17.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ...................................................................... .166


17.2.1 Human health ............................................................................................................. 166
17.2.2 Road safety .................................................................................................................. 168

.. .
Vlll
17.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 168
17.3.1 Prevention .................................................................................................................. .168
17.3.2 Mitigation.. ................................................................................................................. .17l
17.3.3 Compensation.. .......................................................................................................... .172
17.4 Avoiding impacts on human health and safety: An action checklist.. ................................ .172
17.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................ .172

Chapter 18 Environmentally sound construction and facility management practices


18.1 New construction projects ...................................................................................................... .176
18.1.1 Settings and Impacts ................................................................................................. .176
18.1.2 Remedial measures ................................................................................................... .178
18.2 Maintenance and rehabilitation (M 81 R) projects.. ................................................................ .lSO
18.2.1 Defining maintenance and rehabilitation.. .............................................................. 180
18.2.2 Setting and Impacts .................................................................................................... 181
18.2.3 Mitigation.. .................................................................................................................. 182
18.3 The implementation of environmental requirements ............................................................ 182
18.4 Environmental risk .................................................................................................................... 182
18.4.1 The failure of mitigative measures.. ......................................................................... 182
18.4.2 Mitigative measures ................................................................................................... 184

18.5 References and bibliography ................................................................................................... 186

Chapter 19 Economic valuation of the impacts of road projects on the environment


19.1 Economic valuation of environmental impacts (EVEI). ........................................................ ,188
19.1.1 The fundamental problem ......................................................................................... 188
19.1.2 Alternative institutional approaches ...................................................................... .188
19.1.3 The cost-benefit evaluation formats.. ...................................................................... .188
19.2 EVEI in the context of public involvement.. ............................................................................ 189
19.3 Procedural considerations ....................................................................................................... 190
19.3.1 Some prerequisites ..................................................................................................... 190
19.3.2 Choosing a valuation technique and scheduling the procedure.. ........................190
19.4 Common valuation techniques ................................................................................................ 191
19.4.1 A valuation typology ................................................................................................. 191
19.4.2 Direct valuation approaches ..................................................................................... 191
19.4.3 Surrogate market approaches.. ................................................................................ .192
19.4.4 Preventive expenditures approach .......................................................................... 193
19.4.5 Replacement cost approaches ................................................................................... 193
19.4.6 Contingent valuation approach.. .............................................................................. 194
19.5 Alternative economic format .................................................................................................... 195
19.5.1 Cost effective analysis approach .............................................................................. 195

19.8 References and bibliography ................................................................................................... 198

Appendices
Appendix 1 Example of environmental management plan ........................................................ 201
Appendix 2 Impact of road maintenance tasks on the environment in the Sahel.. ................ .207
Appendix 3 Guide to defining natural and social indicators
in environmental assessment ............................................................................... 213

Other sources of information ..................................................................................................................................


215

217
Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................................................
Index ...................................................................................................................................................................................
221

ix

You might also like