Dear students

You are advised to read and do the exercises in

this material.

1) WI-H students: Do exercises 3, 5 and read

the section of Complex Sentence

2) WI-G students: Do exercises 1, 3, 5 and

read the section of Complex Sentence

Kiet, Nguyen Tuan

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Chapter 18

SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION BY STRUCTURE

115.Simple Sentences
116.Compound Sentences
117.Complex Sentences
SELF-TEST

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115 Simple Sentences

I. Affirmative Statements

Subject Verb
• My head and hurt.
1) studied and
neck
• The students worked.

Subject Verb Complement

• His friends are smart. (adjective)
• It is snowing now. (adverb)
• The students are learning English. (noun)
don’t her. (pronoun)
• We
understand his own business.
• My father
owns (noun phrase)
to study abroad.
2) • Her younger wants (verb phrase)
sister in the front yard.
are playing (prepositional phrase)
• The children French at this school.
taught (noun + prepositional
• Their daughter phrase)
wants to get married soon.
• The boy (verb phrase + adverb)

Object
Subject Verb Direct
Indirect Object
Object
3)
• He teaches us English.
• They bought Mary some flowers.

Notice that if the indirect object follows the direct object, it is

introduced by a preposition (to or for).
They bought some books for Mary.
He teaches English to us.

 EXERCISE 1
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. their daughter / teach / French / this school / last year.
______________________________________________________________.

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2. boy / want / get married / soon.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Dave / one of / most prominent businessmen / this city.
______________________________________________________________.
4. today / I / celebrate / anniversary / my father's death.
______________________________________________________________.
5. He / speak / write / English / equal / well.
______________________________________________________________.

II. Negative Statements

The Negative Statement is expressed mainly in two ways:

1. With the Negative of Special Finite

Subject Special finite + not Complement

• Alice is not an engineer.

• He cannot swim across this
are not working river.
• All of us
will not be at this
• They moment.
have not arrived
• We doctors.
yet.

2. With the Negative of other Verbs

Subject do/does/did + NOT + V(-to) Complement

•I do not know anybody here.

• My does not enjoy classical
teacher did not like music.
• Tom coffee.

III. Interrogative Statements (Questions)

When forming a question, we place the auxiliary or the verb “be”

before the subject. If there is no auxiliary or “be”, we must use the
correct form of “do, does, did”. After “do, does, or did”, the simple
form of the verb must be used.

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1. Yes / No questions

Auxiliar Subject (Main Complement?

y Verb)
• Is Ho Chi Minh a major cultural
• Do City believe center?
• Will you decide what he tells you?
the committee on the proposal
today?

2. Negative questions

Auxiliar Subject (Main Complement/objec

y Verb) t?
• Is he not a student?
• Isn't Anna clever?
• Did your not find the car key?
parents love animals?
•
John
Doesn't

3. WH-Questions

a) Who, What, Which in subject questions

Who
What Verb Complement?
Which
• Who was the first to come?
• What happened last night?
• is your hat?
Which

b) Whom, What, or Which in complement questions

Whom
What Auxiliar Subjec
Verb Complement?
Which y t

• Whom do you like most?

• What did Peter buy at the supermarket?

c) When, Where, How, and Why questions

When Auxiliar Subjec Verb Object

Wher y t
e
Why

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How

• Why don't you buy some meat for dinner?

• should I end a letter with "Yours
When sincerely”?

4. Indirect Questions
Subject Verb Questio Subjec Verb Complement
a) n word t
I Know why he Is worried.

Au S V Question S V Complement?
x word erb
b)
To
Do you know why was absent from class?
m

 EXERCISE 2

Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete

sentences.
1. you / receive / letter yet?
______________________________________________________________.
2. Who / going / drive?
______________________________________________________________.
3. How long / it / take / fly / New York / California?
______________________________________________________________.
4. you / know / when / they / go / build / new house?
______________________________________________________________.
5. who / you / talk / to / yesterday?
______________________________________________________________.

116 Compound Sentences

A. With Coordinating Conjunctions: AND, BUT, SO, FOR, OR,

YET, …

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Independent Clause, + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent

Clause
• We’re making good progress, but we’ve still got a long way to go.
• He obviously doesn’t have a plan, or he would have said something.
• She was often sad, and sometimes she didn’t eat her food.

 EXERCISE 3
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. You / cook / lunch / and / I look / after / children.
______________________________________________________________.
2. The novel / 800 pages / long / yet / it read / quickly / than / many
shorter books.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Solar heating system / economical / operate / but / cost /
installation / very high.
______________________________________________________________.
4. There / be / enough beds / so / I / have / sleep / floor.
______________________________________________________________.
5. We must / begin / plan / now / for / future / may / bring /
unexpected changes.
______________________________________________________________.

B. With Conjunctive Adverbs: HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS,

MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, ACCORDINGLY...

Independent Clause; + Conjunctive adverb, + Independent

Clause

• No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no

action.
• Many colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide
housing referral service.

 EXERCISE 4
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.

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1. Mr. Brown / earned / respect / farmers / everywhere / furthermore /
know / they / trust / him.
______________________________________________________________.
2. His first response / be / say / no / however / change / mind / later.
______________________________________________________________.
3. It / difficult race / nevertheless / about 1,000 / runners / participate
/ every year.
______________________________________________________________.
4. There / be / growing opposition / capital punishment / moreover /
there / be / now / evidence / many executed prisoners / innocent.
______________________________________________________________.
5. It / be / too late / invite / any more people / besides / you / know /
how / Tim / hate parties.
______________________________________________________________.

C. With Semicolons

Independent clause; Independent clause

• Bob dominated Dave; Ken dominated me.
• The American way of life apparently does not foster happiness; half of
all the American marriages end in divorce.

 EXERCISE 5
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.

1. Some people / keep dogs / pets / others / have / cats.

______________________________________________________________.
2. My older brother / study / law / my younger brother / study /
medicine.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Three hundred guests / attend / wedding / two / attend / funeral.
______________________________________________________________.
4. train / be / half / hour late / leave / station / we / not get / our
destination / time.

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______________________________________________________________.
5. I / always / sleep / alarm clock / my mother / have / wake / me /
every morning.
______________________________________________________________.

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117 Complex Sentences

I. WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1. With WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE

• The student is from China. He sits next to

me.
Subject Pronouns
The student who sits next to me is
(who, which, that)
from China.
The student that sits next to me is from
China.

• I liked the woman. I met her at the party

last night.
I liked the woman who(m) I met at the
Object Pronouns
party last night.
(who(m), which,
that) I liked the woman that I met at the party
last night.
I liked the woman ∅ I met at the party last
night.

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• The man was very kind. I talked to him

yesterday.
The man to who(m) I talked yesterday is
very kind.
Object of a
Preposition The man who(m) I talked to yesterday is
(who(m), that, ∅ ) very kind.
The man that I talked to yesterday is very
kind.
The man ∅ I talked to yesterday is very
kind.

• I know the boy. His bicycle was stolen.

Possessive
I know the boy whose bicycle was stolen.
(whose)
• I have a chair. One leg of which is broken.
I have a chair whose one leg is broken.

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 EXERCISE 6
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. I’ve / think / questions / you / ask / me / last week.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I / want / speak / person / deal with / my account.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / know / boy / bicycle / stolen.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The winner / a Brazilian player / name / I / forget.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Dr. Doran / secretary / resign / two weeks ago / have / had / do / all
/ own typing.
______________________________________________________________.

2. With WHERE, WHEN

• The building is very old. He lives

there.
The building in which he lives is very
Where = In which
old.
The building where he lives is very
old.

• I’ll never forget the day. I met you

then.
When = On which / At I’ll never forget the day when I met
which you.
I’ll never forget the day on which I
met you.

 EXERCISE 7
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. I / work / full-time / days / I / not / have classes.
______________________________________________________________.
2. she / never / return / city / she / born.

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_______________________________________________________________
3. lives / thousands of Germans / change / the night / East German
soldiers / begin / build / the Berlin Wall.
______________________________________________________________.

4. he / not be / looking forward / time / he / have / give evidence /

court.
______________________________________________________________.
5. beach / be / place / I / like most / be / summer.

___________________________________________________.

II. WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

1. Adverbial Clause of Time

when, until,
while, before,
CLAUSE after, as soon as, CLAUSE
just as, since,
whenever

• My children had gone to bed when I came home.

• I won’t believe you until I’ve seen it myself.

 EXERCISE 8

Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete

sentences.
1. Our friends / wait / us / until / we / get back.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Our eating habits / change / as soon as / food processing methods /
improve.
______________________________________________________________.
3. When / students / other countries / come / the United States / often
/ suffer / culture shock.
______________________________________________________________.
4. I / review / class notes / before / I took / final exam.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Robert / suddenly / feel / ill / while / he / do / examination.
______________________________________________________________.

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2. Adverbial Clause of Place

where
CLAUSE CLAUSE
wherever
• We go fishing where we can find a lake.
• He slept wherever he could find a hotel.

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 EXERCISE 9
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Garlic / grow / wherever / there / be / warm climate.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Most people / prefer / shops / where / can / sure / quality.
______________________________________________________________.
3. There are / few / places / business / Viet Nam / where / credit card /
accept.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Wherever / you / go / I / be / right here / wait / you.
______________________________________________________________.
5. I / sitting / where / I / watch / athletes.
______________________________________________________________.

3. Adverbial Clause of Condition

Type I: FIRST CONDITIONAL

will
If + Subject + Simple Present tense…+ can + [Verb in
simple form]
may

If I have money, I will buy a new car.

If I see him at the meeting, I’ll give him your message.

NOTE:

UNLESS = IF ... NOT

If you don't come now, I am going to leave without you.

Unless you come now, I’m going to leave without you.

 EXERCISE 10
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. If / we / miss / last bus / we / have / walk / home.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I can’t help you / unless / tell me / what / wrong.

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______________________________________________________________.
3. I / only / stay / if / you / offer / me / more / money.
______________________________________________________________.
4. If it / necessary / I / come / here / 6:00.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Unless / it / rain / within / next week / water supplies / be / cut off.
______________________________________________________________.

Type II: SECOND CONDITIONAL

would
If + Subject + Simple Past tense…+ could + [Verb in
simple form]
might

If we caught the early train, we’d get there by lunch.

If I were to win the lottery, I’d buy another house.

 EXERCISE 11
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. If I / offer / job / I / take it
______________________________________________________________.
2. If someone / walk / in here / gun / I / very frightened
______________________________________________________________.
3. What / you / do / if / win / a million pounds?
______________________________________________________________.
4. Tom / angry / if / I / not visit / him
______________________________________________________________.
5. More tourists / come / this country / if it / have / better climate
______________________________________________________________.

Type III: THIRD CONDITIONAL

would
If + Subject + Past Perfect tense + could have + [V3/-
ed]
might

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If we had known that you were there, we would have written you
a letter.
If she had worked harder, she would have passed the exams.
 EXERCISE 12
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. If I / see / you / yesterday / I / take / you / to / cinema.
______________________________________________________________.
2. If I / go / party / last night / I / see / Ann.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / send / you / postcard / while / I was / holiday / if I / have / your
address.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Tom got / station / in time / If he / miss / train / he / be / late / his
interview.
______________________________________________________________.
5. If I had / realize / what / bad driver / you / be / I / not / come / you.
______________________________________________________________.

4. Adverbial Clause of Manner

as though,
CLAUSE CLAUSE
as if, as
• He acts as if he were very sad.
• The house was in such a mess - it as a bomb had dropped
looked. though on it.

 EXERCISE 13
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Jack smile / as though / enjoying / private joke.
______________________________________________________________.
2. When I / tell them / my plan / they / look / me / as if / I / mad.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / not / a child / but / sometimes / you / talk / me / as if / I / a child.
______________________________________________________________.

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4. Kate / speak / as though / she / be / an authority / on / subject.
______________________________________________________________.
5. She / look / me / as if / I / mad.
______________________________________________________________.

5. Adverbial Clause of Comparison

as…. as,
CLAUSE “_er”…. than, CLAUSE
more…. than
as bad as
• The climate is not it would be.
safer place
• Is the world a it was a year ago?
than

 EXERCISE 14
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. The storm / be / violent / than / we / expect.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Pat / jog / on / beach / as / far / she / can.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Many people / want / move / as / far / they / can / polluted / cities.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The examination / be / easy / than / we / expect.
______________________________________________________________.
5. you / know / laser / burn / billions / times / brightly / than / light /
sun / surface?
______________________________________________________________.

6. Adverbial Clause of Reason

since, as,
CLAUSE CLAUSE
because
• I couldn’t phone you because I hadn’t got your

• You should talk to since number.

Karen she’s the one
responsible for
authorizing payments.

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 EXERCISE 15
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Since / Barbara / be / no longer / my wife / I’m / no longer /
responsible / her debts.
______________________________________________________________.
2. As / they / live / near / we / see / quite often.
______________________________________________________________.
3. European nations / try / reduce / level / carbon dioxide /
atmosphere / because / it / cause / global warming.
_______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________.
4. We / chose / Calvert / lead / us / as / he / say / he / know / way.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Since / all / cakes / look / good / she / not / decide / which / choose.
______________________________________________________________.

7. Adverbial Clause of Result

so + adj. (adv.) + that

CLAUSE such (a/an) + noun + CLAUSE
that

• New textbooks many students buy used

are so expensive that ones.
• He speaks to me such a way that I always feel he is insulting
in me.

 EXERCISE 16
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. We have / such / hard homework / I always / need / help.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Last night / I / tired / go to bed / 7 o'clock.

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______________________________________________________________.
3. It / lovely weather / we / spend / whole day / garden.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The book / good / I / couldn't / put it down.
______________________________________________________________.
5. He / commit / serious / crime / that / he / to stay / prison / life.
______________________________________________________________.

8. Adverbial Clause of Purpose

so that, in
CLAUSE CLAUSE
order that
• We planned for a long so that we had a good trip.
time in order safety standards are
• Regular checks are that maintained.
required

 EXERCISE 17
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. He / stand / shadow / so that / I / not see / his face clearly.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Chemicals / use / food / products / so that / stay / fresh / longer.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Most farmers / use / fertilizers / in order that / increase / food crops.
______________________________________________________________.
4. He / left / early / order that / he / will / arrive / on time.
______________________________________________________________.
5. you / give up / job / so that / you / take care / your mother?
______________________________________________________________.

9. Adverbial Clause of Concession

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though,
CLAUSE although, CLAUSE
even though
He bought the tickets although the price was high.

 EXERCISE 18

Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete

sentences.
1. Although / he / have got / good job / now / he still / complain.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I really / enjoyed / your lecture / though / there / be / some parts / I /
not quite understand.
______________________________________________________________.
3. She / very popular / author / although / personally / I find / her
books / rather boring.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Although scientists / know / why / earthquakes / happen / they / not
able / predict them.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Even though / much / power / trade union / have / be / lose / their
political influence / not be / underestimate.
______________________________________________________________.

III. WITH NOUN CLAUSES

1
Noun Clause + Verb + Complement
)
That he will
succeed is certain.
N.Cl V O
What I need is a good long holiday.
N.Cl V O

 EXERCISE 19
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. What / you / do / seem / very difficult.
______________________________________________________________.
2. What / annoy / me / way / he / boast / what / he / done.
______________________________________________________________.

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3. Where / temple / once / stand / there / be / now / multi-storey / car
park.
______________________________________________________________.
4. How I / spend / free time / be / private matter.
______________________________________________________________.
5. When / next earthquake / occur / California / be / unknown.
______________________________________________________________.

2
Subject + Verb + Noun Clause
)

Experts agree that women learn languages more easily than

men (do).
S V N.Cl
He said (that) he was glad of your success.
S V N.Cl

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 EXERCISE 20
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Louis / be / only person / understand / how / system work.
______________________________________________________________.
2. We / suddenly / realized / what / happen.
______________________________________________________________.
3. My proudest moment / be / when / I / received / poetry prize.
______________________________________________________________.
4. I / not know / where / Jack / taking / me for / anniversary.
______________________________________________________________.
5. I / never / forget / when / we / use / stay here / holiday.
______________________________________________________________.

3
Subject + Verb + Adjective + Noun Clause
)

I was sure that I had left my keys on the counter.

S V A N.Cl
It is necessary that all citizens comply with the new
restrictions.
S V A N.Cl

 EXERCISE 21
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. It was / very clear / something / worrying / him.
______________________________________________________________.
2. The board / doubtful / whether / her estimates / be / realistic.
______________________________________________________________.
3. It / true / car / cost / a lot / but it / good investment.
______________________________________________________________.
4. It / seem / likely / interest rates / increase.
______________________________________________________________.
5. It / essential / every child / have / same / education opportunities.
______________________________________________________________.

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SEL F-T ES T

TEST 1
Identify the type of the sentences by writing one of the
following abbreviations in the space on the left.

S if the sentence is simple

Cp if the sentence is compound
Cx if the sentence is complex

Example: __Cx_ Once the days grew longer, we often saw

picnickers in the park.

1. ______ Fred told us about the large crowds at the new seafood
restaurant, so we decided to be there at six o'clock.
2. ______ My neighbor has never had more beautiful irises than those
that are blooming on the north side of her house.
3. ______ I don't know which I prefer: the bright yellow ones or those
that are a gorgeous shade of purple.
4. ______ Their being planted in front of the split-rail fence makes
them all the more attractive.
5. ______ I immediately decided to gather together all those odds and
ends that I no longer used but that were taking up valuable space
in kitchen cabinets.
6. ______ My collection included four vases, two unusual pitchers,
several teacups of an unknown pattern, and one ceramic calico cat.
7. ______ After careful consideration I decided that these items were
more suitable for a yard sale than for a consignment shop.
8. ______ Jane has a new bicycle.
9. ______ Jane likes bicycles, but Lou prefers tricycles.
10. ______ The ice skates that you bought for Susan have dull blades.

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TEST 2
Each sentence contains a clause in bold letters. Decide whether
this clause is dependent or independent.

1. Tomorrow I will go on a trip if the car is in good working order.

A. dependent clause B. independent clause

2. Since the tire is flat, we had better get it fixed before traveling.
A. dependent clause B. independent clause

3. I want to see the Corning Glass Museum because I am interested

in glass blowing.
A. dependent clause B. independent clause

4. When we get there, I would like to look at the displays.

A. dependent clause B. independent clause

5. I would like to leave home early unless the traffic is slow.

A. dependent clause B. independent clause

6. He told me the museum was closed on Mondays, though it

wasn't listed on the schedule.
A. dependent clause B. independent clause

7. Even though it takes a long time to get there, we would still like
to go.
A. dependent clause B. independent clause

8. When we drove there, we got lost.

A. dependent clause B. independent clause

9. Since the displays were great, I am glad we went.

A. dependent clause B. independent clause

10. In case you are wondering how we get there, I will give you
our map with the directions.
A. dependent clause B. independent clause

TEST 3
Identify the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. I feel as if my head _________ on fire now, doctor.
A. was B. is
C. were D. has been

2. I know a place _________ roses grow in abundance.

A. which B. that
C. when D. where

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3. The teacher with _________ we studied last year no longer teaches

in our school.
A. who B. whom
C. whose D. that

4. _________ I realized that they hadn’t told us the truth at all.

A. After B. Before
C. Until D. No word is needed

5. I wish I _________ all about this matter several weeks ago.

A. knew B. know
C. had known D. B and C are correct

6. He runs _________ I can’t catch him.

A. so quick that B. so quickly that
C. such quick that D. so quickly as

7. They are _________ they are punished.

A. so lazy boys that B. so lazy boys as
C. such lazy that D. such lazy boys that

8. _________ is a mystery.
A. Why exploded the plane B. Why did the plane explode
C. Why the plane exploded D. Why the plane’s explosion

9. Nobody knows _________.

A. how did language first start B. how language did first start
C. how first language started D. how language first started

10. _________ that they are threatening their health, they continue to
overeat and to eat the wrong foods.
A. However many overweight people realize
B. Many overweight people realizing
C. Because of the fact that many overweight people realize
D. Even though many overweight people realize
11. If you _________ this window, you would have to pay for it.
A. broke B. break
C. have broken D. had broke
12. He would enjoy the concert if he _________ present.
A. were B. be
C. would be D. had been
13. If you _________ someone else, who would you like to be?
A. can be B. could be
C. are D. have been
14. If you _________ English, which language would you study?
A. were studying B. are studying

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C. weren’t studying D. have been studying

15. If you could choose your job, what _________?
A. would you have B. would have you got
C. would you be D. can you do
16. If you _________ in history, who would you like to meet?
A. could meet one B. could meet him
C. could meet anyone D. can meet one
17. He was _________ he could not wake up.
A. very tired that B. such tired that
C. too tired that D. so tired that

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