ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

I. Objective : To know the sense of energy changes in chemical reactions.

II. Tools and Materials

Tools
No. Tools Size Number of units
1. Test tube and rack Standard 4/1
2. Jepit tabung reaksi - 1
3. Glass spatula - 1
4. Burner (spirtus) - 1

Material

No. Materials Size Number of units

1. Barium hydroxide hydrate - 2 Spatulas
{Ba(OH) . 8H O}
2. Ammonium chloride (NH CL) - 2 Spatulas
3. Magnesium plat 5 cm 1 piece
4. Sulfur powder - 3 Spatulas
5. Serbuk besi halus yang belum - 1 Spatula
teroksidasi
6. Cuprum (II) carbonate (CuCO ) - 1 Spatula
7. HCl solvent - 5 cm3

III. Work Methods:

 Prepare the tools and materials.

1. FIRST OBSERVATION
a. Put the Ba (OH). 8 H O as much as 2 spatula into the test tubes.

b. Add NH Cl as much as 2 spatula. Stir the mixture, and then close with your fingers.
Feel the temperature in the test tube. Let it for a while. Open the tube and smell the
gas that arises. Record observations.

2. SECOND OBSERVATION.
a. Put the magnesium plat into a test tube containing HCl.
 b. Feel the temperature by holding the test tube. Observe what happens and record
observations.

3. THIRD OBSERVATION.
a. Combine the sulfur powder as much as 3 spatula with iron powder as much as 1
spatula. Enter the mixture into the test tube.

b. Heat the tube until the mixture began to incandescent / react. Stop heating when it
has reacted in part. Observe what happens and record observations.
 4. FOURTH OBSERVATION.
a. Add 1 spatula of copper (II) carbonate (CuCO) into the test tube.

b. Heat the tube until the start of any change in the copper (II) carbonate. Immediately
stop heating when it has reacted in part. Observe what happens and record
observations.

IV. Observation Result

No. Kegiatan Perubahan
1. a. Mixing Ba(OH) . 8 H O Initial temperature of Ba (OH). 8 HO is room temperature, after
and NH Cl. being mixed with NH Cl, the temperature is cool.
 b. Smell the odor of the The resulting odor is strong scent, like the smell of urine is
gas. ammonia (NH).
2. Mixing Mg and HCl. Magnesium plat dissolve / melt in HCl solution. Then, came the
small bubbles and water vapor. The temperature rises, become
hot.
3. a. Heating the mixture of After the iron powder and sulfur powder are mixed, the
Fe and S. temperature is still room temperature. After the mixture is
heated, the mixture reacts and incandescent. Precipitated iron
powder and sulfur melt.
b. When the heating After heating was stopped, the reaction stops and the
process is stopped. incandescent has been disappeared. The mixture of Fe and S
become solid and fused again.
4. a. Heating of CuCO .8H O After it is heated, the color of copper (II) carbonate in the
reaction turned black and it appears the smoke.
b. When the heating Color mixture remains black, but the smoke did not appear
process is stopped. again.

V. Questions
1. What symptoms indicate that there has been a chemical reaction in experiments 1, 2, 3,
and 4?
2. If the results of the reaction left for some hours, what do you expect to happen with the
temperature of the mixture in (1) and (2)? Explain.
3. How does the amount of energy substances reaction products compared with the number
of energy-substance reagents in experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4. aJika measured at the same
temperature and pressure?
4. Which of the above experiment are:
5. Draw a diagram of energy levels for the four reactions above.

VI. Discussions
1. Indications which show that chemical reaction has been occurred in
experiment 1, 2, 3, and 4, are :
Experiment Indication
Experiment 1 The temperature of the mixture become low (cool) and produce ammonia
odor (NH ).
Experiment 2 Magnesium plat dissolved / dissolved in HCl solution, the temperature
 gets hot, and appear vapor (produces heat).
Experiment 3 Color mixture turned black, iron powder settles, and the incandescent mix.
Experiment 4 The color changed to black from the initial color (blue), and produce
smoke.

2. If the reaction left for some hours, which are expected are :
Experiment Expected Reaction
Experiment 1 Reaction occurs releasing heat (endothermic) due to low temperature. If
the reaction is left for several hours, the temperature is expected to
increase to normal.
Experiment 2 Heat absorption reaction (exothermic) as the temperature gets hot. If the
reaction is left for some hours, it is expected the temperature will drop to
normal.

3. At the same temperature and pressure, the difference comparison between amount of
energy substances with substances reagent reaction products, are :
Experiment The Comparison
Experiment 1 Total enthalpy increases, due to the release of reaction heat (endothermic),
so the temperature is cold (low).
Experiment 2 Total enthalpy decreases as the tube is hot, so the heat energy of the
substance move out substance.
Experiment 3 Total enthalpy is reduced because the combustion energy into the
substance kalormasuk but then break away to form steam.
Experiment 4 Total enthalpy increase due to the endothermic reaction.

4. a. Experiment which is included in exothermic reaction , are :

- Mixture of magnesium plat and HCl solvent.
- Heating of mixture of iron powder (Fe) and sulfur (S).
b. Experiment which is included in endothermic reaction, are :
- Mixture of Barium hydroxide hydrate and ammonium chloride.
- Heating of CuCO .

5. a. Energy level diagram of experiment 1

Ba(OH) . 8 H O + 2NH Cl → BaCl + 2NH OH
H(kj/mol)
 BaCl + 2NH OH

H=+

Ba(OH) . 8 H O + 2 NH Cl

b. Energy level diagram of experiment 2

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl + H
H(kj/mol)
Mg + 2HCl

H=-

MgCl + H

c. Energy level diagram of experiment 3

S + Fe → FeS
H(kj/mol)
S + Fe

H= -

FeS

d. Energy level digram of experiment 4

CuCO + H O → CuO + H CO
H(kj/mol)
CuO + H CO

H=+

CuCO + H O