Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 1, 2 and 3:
Introduction:
Balanced Scorecard
Module 4 & 5:
Balanced Scorecard
HR Scorecard
HR Value Proposition
HR Transformation
Module 6:
Introduction: Purpose:
1. Why Competencies?
Business Context- learning Organization- new capabilities
2. Competency Framework:
3 levels:
Level One:
• Organizational vision-business landscape.
• Articulation of strategy- core competence -business plan-critical success factors –key
performance indicators.
• Competency Dictionary in line with core competence.
• Define the HR strategy in line with the core competence.
Level Two
• Organizational structure- Roles & responsibilities.
• Employee bands- role and job clusters.
• Determine the Assessment sets.
Level Three
• Short Term initiative- individual development plans.
• Long Term initiatives-individual development plans.
• Assessment techniques.
3. Historical background:
1. Definition.
• Introduce the Ice berg. - ‘competencies are like an iceberg with skills and
knowledge forming the tip.’
• The underlying elements of competence are less visible, but they largely
direct and control surface behaviour. Social role and self image exist at a conscious
level; traits and motives exist further below the surface, lying close to the person’s
core.
Definitions:
1. Skill: An individual’s behavioural demonstration of
proficiency or expertise- the ability to do something well. Examples: effectively interviewing and
selecting the best job applicant; assigning work clearly and effectively.
Surface Competencies and core competencies. Surface competencies can be easily developed through
training. Selection should be on Core competencies
• Criterion reference:
o Superior Performance
o Effective Performance
• Competency categories:
o Threshold.
o Differentiating.
Module 2
Key Points:
Boyatzis
Competency Models must have two dimensions:
1. Types of competencies.
2. Levels of competencies.
Three levels:
1. Traits and Motives at the unconscious level
2. Self image and social role at the conscious level
3. Skills and knowledge at the behaviour level
6. Competency Scales:
• The same type of behaviour exhibited with more Intensity, Completeness and Scope.
Competency behaviour appear to have scaling properties: a clear progression from
lower to higher levels on one or more dimensions.
• Just- Noticeable-Difference( JND) scale process-50 verbatim examples
a. Intensity or completeness of action.
b. Size of Impact.
c. Complexity.
d. Unique dimensions.
7. Competency Clusters
Concern for working well or for competing aginsta standard of excellence.The standard may
be individual’s own past performance, performance of others etc
Also known as
o Result –orientation
o Efficiency orientation.
o Concern for standards.
o Focus on improvements.
o Entrepreneurship
o Optimizing use of resources.
Competency 1:
Achievement orientation (ACH)
Concern for working well or for competing against a standard of excellence (Past
performance, objective measure, performance of others, challenging goals, or what no
one has ever done)
Scale dimensions:
o Intensity and completeness.-Low: no standards of excellent; high continues to take
entrepreneurial risks.
o Impact- Low: works to improve his performance only; high: affects the entire
industry.
o Degree of innovation.-low does not do new things; high: transformation
Competency 2:
Concern for order, quality and accuracy (CO):
Reduce uncertainty in the surrounding environment.
Also known as
o Monitoring
o Concern for clarity
o Desire to reduce uncertainty.
o Keeping track
Scale dimensions:
Complexity of action to maintain order. Low: lack of order; high: develops complex
systems to increase order and quality.
Competency 3
Initiative (INT)
Preference for taking action. Doing things no one has requested
Also known as:
o Bias for action.
o Decisiveness.
o Strategic future orientation.
o Seizing opportunities.
o Being proactive.
Scale dimension:
o Time –low: Past; high 10 years.
o Self –motivation- discretionary effort. Low: avoids required work; high: involves
others.
Competency 4
Information seeking
An underlying curiosity, a desire to know more about things, people, or issues.
Cluster 2
Affiliation: Helping and human service:
Intention to meet someone else’s needs ;attuning oneself to the concerns, interests , needs
of the other person and working towards meeting those needs.
Competency 1:
Interpersonal understanding:
Wanting to understand .Ability to hear accurately and understand the unspoken or partly
expressed thoughts, feelings or concerns of others.
o Empathy.
o Listening.
o Sensitivity to others.
o Awareness to others’ feelings.
o Diagnostic understanding.
Scale dimension:
o Depth of understanding. Low: lack of understanding; high: understands complex
issues.
o Listening and responding. Low: Unsympathetic; high: acts to help.
Competency 2:
Scale dimension:
o Focus on client’s needs. Low: Expresses negative expectation of clients; high: Acts as
client’s advocates.
o Initiative to help or serve others. Low: Blocks other’ action; high: takes extraordinary
efforts.
Cluster 3: Power
Impact & Influence
Individual’s underlying concern with his or her effect on others. Influenced by consideration of
the good of the organization.
Competency 1
Impact & influence.
An intention to persuade convinces, influence or impress others, in order to get them to support
the speaker’s own agenda.
Actions
1. States intentions , but takes no action.
2. Takes a single action to oursuade.
3. Takes a two step action to persuade.
4. Calculates the impact of actions or words.
5. Calculates a dramatic action.
6. Takes two step to influence.
7. Complex influence strategies.
Breadth of influence:
Scale dimensions:
o Number and complexity of action taken to influence others. Low: straightforward presentation; high:
complex customized strategies.
o Breadth of impact. Low: one person; high: whole organization or the world.
Competency 2
Organizational awareness.
Ability to understand the power relationships in his or her own organization or in other organizations
Scale dimension
o Depth of understanding of organization. Low: misunderstands organization structure, blunders; high:
understands long standing underlying issues.
Competency 3
Relationship building.
Network with people who are, or might be useful in achieving work related goals. Building
friendly relations purely for their own sake is a different competency (Affiliative Interest), not
included in the Generic Competency dictionary
o Networking.
o Use of resources.
o Develop contacts.
o Personal contacts.
o Concern for Customer relationships.
o Ability to establish rapport.
Scale dimension:
Closeness of relationship built. Low: avoids contact; high: makes close personal friendships.
Managerial:
Specialized subset of Impact & Influence:
Well developed.
Competency 1
Developing others.
Intent to teach or foster development of others. Essence is in developmental intent and effect rather
than a formal role.
Scale dimension:
o Intensity of developmental orientation and completeness of developmental action.
Low: Discourages; high: rewards good development.
o Number and rank of people developed or directed. Low: one subordinate; high: large
groups.
Competency 2
Directive ness.
Intent to make others comply with his wishes. At positive level, it is use of personal power.
o Decisiveness.
o Use of Power.
o Use of aggressive influence.
o Taking charge.
o Firmness in imposing quality standards.
o Classroom control and discipline.
Scale dimension
Intensity of directive ness. Low: is passive; high: when necessary, fires or gets rid of poor
performers.
Competency 3
Teamwork & cooperation.
Genuine intention to work cooperatively with others, to be part of the team.
Also known as
o Group management.
o Group facilitation.
o Conflict resolution.
o Managing branch climate.
o Motivating others.
Scale dimension
o Intensity of fostering teamwork. Low: uncooperative, disruptive; high:
resolves conflicts.
o Size of team involved. Low: small, informal group; high: entire firm.
o Amount of effort or initiative to foster teamwork. Low: No effort; high:
involves others in extraordinary effort.
Competency 4
Team leadership.
A desire to lead others. Should be exercised in a reasonably responsible manner.-not for personal
gains.
Scale dimension:
Strength of the leadership role. Low: Abdicates; high: communicates a compelling vision.
Cognitive
Competency1
Analytical Thinking
Understanding a situation by breaking it into smaller pieces. Step by step causal way.
Scale dimension
o Complexity of analysis. Low: does each thing as it comes up; high: makes
extremely complex plans.
o Size of problem addressed. Low concerns one or two; high: concerns long
term performance.
Competency 2
Conceptual Thinking.
Understanding a problem or a situation by putting the pieces together, seeing the larger picture.
Scale dimension:
Complexity or originality of concepts. Low: Uses no abstract concepts; high; creates new models.
Competency 3
Technical/professional/managerial expertise
Mastery of a body of job related knowledge. Also motivation to expand , use and distribute work-
related knowledge to others.
Depth
Breadth
Acquisition
Distribution
• Hoards.
• Answers questions.
• Applies technical knowledge.
• Offers technical help-floating consultant
• Technical missionary
• Publishes new technology/
Also known as:
o Legal awareness.
o Product knowledge.
o Expert-helper image.
o Diagnostic skill.
o Commitment to learning
Scale dimension
o Depth of knowledge. Low: Primary; high: Preeminent authority.
o Breadth of managerial expertise. Low: None; high: manages large
organization.
o Acquisition of expertise. Low: resists; high: acquires new or different
knowledge.
o Distribution of expertise. Low: Hoards; high: publishes new technology.
Personal Effectiveness.
Common characteristics rather than a type of intention
Competency 1
Self control. (SCT)
The ability to keep emotions under control or restrain negative actions when tempted.
1. Loses control
2. Avoids stress.
3. Resists temptation.
4. Controls emotions.
5. Responds calmly.
6. Manages stress effectively.
7. Calms others.
Also known as
• Stamina
• Resistance to stress
• Staying calm.
• Being not easily provoked.
Scale dimension
Intensity and resulting scope of control exerted. Low: loses control; high: calms others.
Competency 2
Self Confidence. (SCF):
Scale dimension:
o Self assurance. Low: powerless; high: puts self in extremely challenging
situations.
o Dealing with failure. Low: blames self in a permanent way; high: admits own
mistakes and corrects.
Competency 3
Flexibility.
Ability to adapt to and work effectively with a variety of situations, individuals. Ability to understand
different perspectives.
Scale dimension:
• Breadth of change. Low: counterproductively sticks to own opinion; High:
adapts strategies.
• Speed of action. Low: long term. Planned change; high: instantaneous
action. Turns on a dime.
Competency 4
Organizational Commitment.
Module 3& 4
Designing Competency Studies.
Design:
Method 1
1. Define performance effectiveness criteria (which define superior or effective performance).
a. Hard data: sales, profits, productivity measures.
b. Supervisor nominations.
c. Peer ratings.
d. Subordinate ratings.
e. Customer ratings.
Method 2
1. Expert Panel: Job Competency Assessment
a. Identifies job accountabilities & measures, competencies, obstacles to performance.
b. Fills out Competency Requirements Questionnaires (CRQ) on the job.
c. Responds to Expert questions as a group.
d. Conduct BEI.
e. Data Analysis
f. Validation.
Method 3
Assembling data from key people who interact with the person in the job.360 degree.
Critical Incidents.
Developing a Model:
1. Analyzing BEI data: Thematic Analysis
a. Coding Competency data.
b. Conceptualizing themes.
2. Identifying Competencies. How to look.
3. Analysis steps:
a. Form the analysis team.
b. Individual analysis of interviews.
4. Validation steps.
a. Preliminary Testing of the Competency Coding system: individual coding.
b. Analyst teams meet to reconcile coding.
c. Statistical analysis of Preliminary BEI sample.
d. Coding the reminder of the BEI sample.
e. Final statistical analysis.
f. Preparation of final competency codebook for the job
Module 5
Generic Competency Models.
Module 6
Competency –based application:
Selection.
Placement
Retention
Promotion.
Module 7
Assessment Centers
Development Centers
Quiz 1
First Interview
1. If you are put in a team, what would be the first thing you will do?
2. How do u go about training?
3. How do you identify
4. If were to lay off 100 employees in the organization, how will u go about doing it?
5. Suppose I want you to sell a comb to an old man, how will u want to do it?
6. Picture question.
7. Productivity –accuracy.
Second Interview:
Quiz 2
1. What people think of their motives and skills is always reliable data.
2. Behaviour- based interviews are a method for eliciting information about the basic motives
of a person.
3. Behaviour Event Interview combines the Critical Incidents Interview with Thematic
Application Tests.
4. Classical Competency design does not use any data other than those obtained from the BEI.
5. For studying single incumbency jobs or future jobs, the most suitable Competency Process
design is the short Job Competency Assessment (JCA) method.
6. Competency studies are most cost effective when they focus on value added critical jobs
only.
7. Competency Requirements Questionnaire is a technique used only for Classical Competency
Design.
8. One of the methods to validate a Competency Model is to train people in the Competency
Model and check the results.
9. The best way to identify the top performers is to rely mostly on the rating of the superior.
10. Thematic Analysis is the process of identifying themes or patterns in raw data.
11. Define:
a. BEI
b. Coding.
Generic Models
Managers
The generic Managerial Model is based on 36 different managerial models covering a wide range of
levels and functions:
IMP,ACH,TC,AT,INT,DO,SC,DIR,INF,TL,CT.
Basic: OA, RB, Expertise.
Salespeople
IMP,ACH,INT,IU,CSO,SC,RB,AT,CT,INF,OA
Basic: Technical expertise.
Short cycle, Intermediate cycle, Long cycle.
a. ‘A client was having some difficulty getting the refund back. She came to me because the
Operations Manager was rude to her. I understood that there must be some misunderstanding.
Anyhow I apologized and helped her get check, and sent her on her way. It only took a few
minutes, but I felt good and I knew that she will never forget this favour.’
b. ‘ I personally made it a point to talk to the Head –Operations, who was the client and told him
that I wanted to talk to all his key players at a meeting and then I personally went around to as
many people as I could find and spent some 10/15 minutes making small talks.’
c. ‘I was disturbed by the fact that the department did not know anything about real estate law and they
were asking naïve questions. Later I put together two lectures that covered about 15 clauses. I
intended to teach them what they ought to be looking for in a document.. .’
d. ‘I was really angry. But I told myself ‘you have to remain cool’. So I just said Look I know how
you feel. But trust me, this is the process, and we don’t have the authority or discretion. You are
aware that it is not arbitrary and there is no intention to hurt you. Over a period of time, he
calmed down.’
Or,
Please explain by a step by step process the Competency Modeling Process for a key Role in the
Organization by using the Classical method.
History:
AT&T-1956
Management Progress Study.
422 lower-level managers-white male
344 lower –level managers- half women and 1/3 minorities.
Women: administrative ability, interpersonal skills and sensitivity, written communication skills, energy
and internal work standards.
No difference in intellectual ability, leadership ability, oral communication skills, energy and internal
work standards.
Output Output
Competency gaps. Development Plans.
Methodoloy: Methodology
1. Runs like a selection process. Runs like a training program
2. Evaluation emphasized. Evaluation underplayed.
3. Highly rigorous methods. Flexible methodology
Features of an AC:
Assessment techniques
1. In basket- Assessors required to handle in writing materials that might lie in basket
Employees request for time off, decision about resource allocation. Conflicts, union letter of
strike. Information seeking, AT, Concern for order, use of strategy.
2. Presentation: Vision/strategy:
IMP, TL
3. Group discussion.
Tests
Operant
PSE-picture story exercise.-ACH, AFF, POW, self control, Efficacy.
Speed of learning tests.
Test of thematic analysis.
Analysis of arguments.
Airline scheduling tests- itinerary.
Respondent
Watson Glacier critical thinking appraisal.
Seligman attribution style questionnaire- how people respond to failure.
Personality tests.
Roles:
Purpose
Key accountabilities- current/desired.
Competencies
Quiz 3
History:
Frederick Taylor.
US Armed Forces, UK 1920
US organizations in 1950s.
MBO,
PMS 1970s
PMS
Beer and Ruh 1970s
‘A strategy which relates to every activity of the organization set in the context of its human resource
policies, culture, style, and communication systems. The nature of the strategy depends on the
organizational context and can vary from organization to organization.’- IPM 1992
What is performance?
PA/PMS
Cycle:
Principles: Ten maxims
1. Management Tool –helps managers to manage.
2. Driven by corporate purpose and values.
3. To obtain solutions that work.
4. Only interested in things you can do something about and get a visible improvement.
5. Focus on changing behaviour rather than paperwork.
6. It is about how we manage people – it is not a system.
7. Performance management is what managers do – a natural process of management.
8. Is based on accepted principles, but operates flexibly.
9. Focus on development, not pay.
10. Success depends on what the organization is and needs to do in its performance culture.