N.C.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To determine Av,Ai of Rc coupled CE transistor amplifier.
E
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE–MPI–02 ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE :
REV.
Aim:DATE
Write: a program for REV. NO. of
addition : 2 : ECE
8-bit numbers
DEPTT.
(a) Without Carry 00
: Microprocessors
(b) With
LABORATORY carry and interfacing SEMESTER : 5th PAGE : OF

Apparatus: 8085 microprocessor kit, Power Supply

Program: (a) WITHOUT CARRY

ADDRESS HEX CODES MNEUMONIC COMMENTS

2000 3E MVI A, 01H Move immediate data 01H

1
in accumulator.
2002 C6 ADI 51H Add 51H to the contents
51 of accumulator.
2004 32 STA 3000 Store the contents of
00 accumulator.
30
2007 76 HLT Stops the Execution.

(b) With Carry

ADDRESS HEX CODES MNEUMONIC COMMENTS

2000 3E MVI A, FFH Move immediate data FFH

FF in accumulator.
2002 C6 ADI 01H Add 51H to the contents
51 of accumulator.
2004 32 MVI C,00H Move immediate no 00 in
00 C Register.
2006 0E JNC 200A Move immediate no 00 in
00 C Register
2009 0C INR C Increment the C Register.
200A 32 STA 3000 Store the result in 3000H.
00

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

 Procedure:transistor and calculate the voltage gain.
1. Measure the Io passing through load and calculate current gain.
2. Observe the o/p wave form on the CRO.

Precaution:
Aim: To study Ic op-amp as an inverting amplifier.
1. Make sure the power supply should be switched off while making the
Theory: An op-amp connection.
is a direct coupled high gain amplifier consisting of one or more
2. Make all connection
differential amplifier followed neat
by a level and tight.
translator and an o/p stage. An op-amp is
3. Connecting lead should be well checked.
available as a single integrated circuit package. Op-amp is a versatile device
That can be used 4. to
Power supply
amplify should
dc as well asbeacconstant.
i/p signals and designed for computing
such function as addition, subtraction, multiplexing, and integration. LABORATORY Thus the name
op-amp stemsN.C.COLLEGE
PREPARED BY:
from its origional use for theseISRANA,
OF ENGINEERING, mathematical
PANIPAT
APPROVED BY:
operations. Other
MANUAL
Result:
NCC The
applications arevoltage
filters, and current gain is calculated
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT
oscillator,comparators, and the
andvalue
INSTRUCTION
regulators other.are
SHEET and
To study IC op-amp as invrting amplifier
Op-ampEcanRespectively.
be used as anThe wave form is as
obtained on the CRO.
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
inverting as well non-inverting configuration.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-ADC–03 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm.
Op-amp as a: BEE
LABORATORY inverting
LAB amplifier: SEMESTER :1st PAGE :1 OF
Input voltage drives the inverting terminal and the amplified as well the inverted
1 o/p
signal is also applied to the inverting terminal via the feedback resistor Rf.
Non-inverting terminal is grounded and the feedback circuit has only one resistor Rf
.
Gain of the inverting amplifier is given by
Af=-Rf/R1 =Vo/Vin
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
AIM:-Generate the outputTITLE:
EXPERIMENT of convolution encoder
Generate the outputand
of decoder. Alsoencoder
convolution compareandthedecoder.
result by varying
Also
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:
the PN sequence graphically, using commsim Software.
compare the result by varying the PN sequen

APPARATUS: -Commism Software

THEORY:- Convolution codes are fundamentally different from block codes, in that information
sequences arece notgraphically,
grouped into distant
using blocks Software.
commsim and encoded. Instead a sequences of information bits
is mapped into a continues sequence of encoder O/P bits. This mapping is highly structural enabling
aEXPERIMENT
decoding methodNO. :considerably
NCCE-WI-ECE-ADC–04 ISSUE
different from that of block codesNO. : 00
to be ISSUEItDATE
employed. can be :argued
REV.
that DATE : coding be achieved
convolution REV. NO.
using DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm.
: coding gain then can be achieved using a block
a block
coding with the
LABORATORY : same complexity. SEMESTER : 3rd PAGE :1 OF
A convolutionl code is generated by passing the information sequences through a finite 1 state shift
register.
In general, the shift register contains N K-bit stages and m linear algebraic function generators
based on the generator polynomials. The input data is shifted into & along shift register K-bit at a
time. The no of output bits for each K-bits at a time. The number of output bits for each K-bits at a
time. The no. of output bits for each K-bits user input data sequences is n-bits. The parameters N is
called the constraint length and indicates the no. of input data bits that the current output is
dependent upon. The constraint length determines how powerful and complex the code is. The
function of decoder to estimate the encoded inputs information using a rule or method that result in
the minimum possible no. of errors. There is one to one correspondence between the information
sequence and code sequence. The job of the convolution decoder is to estimate the path through the
trellis that was followed by encoder.
There are no. of techniques for decoding convolution codes. The most important of there methods
is the viterbi algorithms which performance maximum likely hood decoding of convolution codes.

RESULT:- We have observed the waveforms of original data and recovered data of convolution
encoder by varying PN sequence.
 AIM:- Plot the attenuated signal patterns, when signal is propagated over a long distance (km),
using commism software.

APPRATUS: Commsim Software.

THEORY: TheN.C.COLLEGE
free space propagation model is usedISRANA,
OF ENGINEERING, to predictPANIPAT
received signal strength when the
LABORATORY
transmitter and receiver have a clear, unobstructed line of sights path between them. As with most
MANUAL
NCC
large scale radio wave propagation models, free
PRACTICAL space modelINSTRUCTION
EXPERIMENT predicts that received
SHEETpower decays as
a functions ofEXPERIMENT
T-R separation distance raised to some power. The free space power received byover a
TITLE: Plot the attenuated signal patterns, when signal is propagated
receiver
PREPARED
E
antenna which
BY: long is separated
distance from
(km), using a radiating
commism transmitterBY:
software.
APPROVED antenna by a distance d, is given by
friis free space equation:
EXPERIMENT NO.Pr(d)=: NCCE-WI- Gr X2
Pt Gt ECE-ADC–05 -(1) ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE:
REV. DATE: (4Π )2 d2LREV. NO. : DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm.
LABORATORY: ADC Lab
where Pt = transmitted power SEMESTER: 3rd PAGE: 1 OF
Pr(d)= received power which is function of T-R separate. 1
Gt =transmitter antenna gain
Gr =receiver antenna gain
D= T-R separation distance in meters
L = system loss factors

The gain of an antenna is related to its effective aperture Ac

G= 4Π Ac -(2)
X2
Where f is carrier freq. In Hz and X is wavelength in meters. From e.g. (1) we observe that
received power falls off as square of T-R separation distance. This implies that received power
delays with distance at a rate of 20Db/decode.
An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna, which radiates power with unit gain uniform ally in all
directions, and is often used to reference antenna gains in wireless system. The effective isotropic
radiated power (EIRP)is :
EIRP = Pt Gt
& represents max. radiated power available from a transmitter in direction of max. antenna gain, as
compared to isotropic radiator . The path loss, which represents signal attention as positive quantity
measured in dB is defined as difference between effective transmitted power and received power.
when antenna gains are included, the antennas are assumed to have unity gains and path loss is :
(PL) Db= 10 Log Pt = -10 Log[λ 2/(4π ) 2d2]
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
Plot the attenuated signal patterns, when signal is propagated over a
E EXPERIMENT TITLE:
long distance (km), using commism software.
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-ADC–05 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm.
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : 3rd PAGE :1 OF
2

RESULT:- From the graph we can observe that as the path distance b/w transmitter and
receiver goes on increasing, path loss (dB)also decreases. If we observe the graph of
signal amplitude verses distance, we find that as the distance increases the amplitude of
signal goes on decreasing.
Procedure:
1. Make the connection on breadboard acc. To the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the i/p signal from function generator at inverting terminal.
3. Take o/p from the 6th pin of the IC741 and observe at CRO.
4. Compare the i/p and o/p at the CRO.

Precautions:
1. Make sure that power supply should be switched off.
2. Make all the connections neat and tight.
3. Connecting leads should be well checked.
5. Power supply should be constant.
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

Result: (1) WaveformOF

N.C.COLLEGE forENGINEERING,
inverting amplifier
ISRANA,is 180 degree
PANIPAT out of phase with i/p
LABORATORY
Waveform.. MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
To study IC as op-amp as inverting amplifier.
E EXPERIMENT TITLE:

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :

REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : ECE
00
LABORATORY : BEE LAB SEMESTER : 1st PAGE :1 OF
1
 Aim: To study IC op-amp as a non-inverting amplifier.

Apparatus: IC 741, Resistor 3.3k.

Theory: In this the i/p signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal of the op-
amp. The feedback is employed which always oppose the input voltage and hence the
feedback is said to be negative.
The gain of the amplifier is given as:
Af=1+RF/R1

Procedure:
1. Make the connections on breadboard acc. To the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the i/p signal from the function generator at non-inverting
terminal through R1.
3. Take o/p from the 6th pin of the IC 741 AND Observe at the CRO.
4. Compare the i/p and o/p at the CRO.
N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
Precaution: TITLE: To study IC op-amp APPROVED
as a non –BY:
inverting amplifier.
E EXPERIMENT
PREPARED BY:
1. Make sure the power should be switched off while making the
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
2. DEPTT. : ECE
REV. DATE : REV. NO. :
00
LABORATORY : BEE LAB SEMESTER 1st: PAGE :1 OF
1
 Connection.
2. Make all connection neat and tight.
3. Connecting lead should be well checked.
4. Power supply should be constant

Result:
O/p wave form for the non-inverting terminal amplifier is in same
phase with the i/p waveform.

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 Aim: To study IC op-amp as a integrator.

Apparatus: IC741,Resistor150ohms, capacitor 1uf.

Theory: Op-amp is the high gain , large bandwidth, infinite input resistance, zero o/p
resistance and emitter coupled differentials amplifier. It is used to do mathematical
functions like additions, subtraction, multiplications, differentiations, integration etc.
For op-amp to be used as integrator feedback capacitor is used for feedback and i/p
to the inverting terminal is given through resistance..
In an integrator the o/p voltage is the integral of the i/p voltage waveform.
Circuit for integrator is obtained by using a basic amplifier configuration if the
feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cr.
The expression for the o/p waveform can be obtained as:

Vin/R1=Cfd(-Vo)/dt
Or, N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
Vo=_1/R1Cf Vin dt ISRANA,
+C PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
APPROVED BY:
Where, C is aTITLE:
EXPERIMENT integration
To study constant
FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
And, current through the capacitor is given as:
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
Ic=C d(Vc)/dt00
.
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
Procedure:
1. Make the connection on breadboard acc. To ckt. Diagram.
2. Apply wave output of function generator to the inverting terminal.
3. Take the o/p from pin 6 of 741.
4. Observe the o/p waveform on the CRO.
 Precaution:

1. Make sure that power supply should be switched off while making the
connection.
2. Make all the connection neat and tight.
3.Connecting lead should be well checked.
4. Power supply should be constant.

Result: when square wave i/p is provided, triangular waveform as o/p is obtained.
.

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
E BY:EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
PREPARED and modulation index for FM. APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 Aim: To study IC op-amp as a differentiator.

Apparatus: IC 741, resistor 150 ohms, capacitor 1uf.

Theory: Op-amp is the high gain, large bandwidth, infinite input resistance, zero o/p
resistance, emitter coupled differential amplifier . it is used to do mathematical
function like addition, subtraction, multiplication, differentiation, integration etc.
For op-amp to be used as differentiator resistance is used for feedback and input to
the inverting terminal is given through capacitor.
Differentiator performs mathematical operation of differentiation; output is
derivative of input waveform . The differentiator may be constructed from a basic
inverting amplifier if an input resistance R1 is represented by C1

C1dVin/dt=-Vo/Rf

Vo= -Rfc1dVin/dt
It is mostly used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency components in an
input signal and a rate of change detector in FM modulators.
N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
Procedure: MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY: PRACTICAL APPROVED
EXPERIMENT BY:
INSTRUCTION
1. Make the connection on breadboard acc. To the circuit diagram. SHEET
To study
2. E EXPERIMENT
Apply the squareTITLE:
wave outputICofop-amp as generator
function a differentiator.
to the inverting terminal
through
EXPERIMENT NO. the capacitor
: NCCE-WI- C1.
DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV.3.DATE
Take :the output from pin REV.6 of
NO. 741.
: DEPTT. : ECE

4. Observe the output waveform on the CRO.

00
LABORATORY : BEE LAB. SEMESTER : 1st PAGE :1 OF
Precautions:
1. Make sure that power supply should be switched off while making1the
connection.
2. Connecting leads should be well checked.
3. Power supply should be constant.

Results: On applying the square wave input. We get spikes as output waveform.
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:
MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: MANUAL
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
 NCC EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
and modulation index for FM.

E
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
 N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY
MANUAL
NCC
PREPARED BY:
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
APPROVED BY:
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study FM modulation and demodulation. Calculate frequency duration
E and modulation index for FM.
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-DDC–01 ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :
REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Physics
00
LABORATORY : SEMESTER : PAGE :1 OF
1
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: