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THE FIRST 34 QUESTIONS OF THE EXAM ARE TO BE ANSWERED USING THE SCANTRON

FORM. REMEMBER THAT YOU MUST FILL IN YOUR SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER, THE
TEST FORM (mark A ), YOUR JHED ID, AND YOUR NAME. IF YOU FAIL TO DO THIS, YOU
RISK LOSING ALL 50 POINTS (IF WE CANNOT DETERMINE THE OWNER OF A SCANTRON
FORM), AND WILL BE DOCKED 5 POINTS. USE A #2 PENCIL.
TRUE OR FALSE: Fill in the bubble on the scantron form corresponding to the most
appropriate
answer (A=true; B=false). Remember that if anything about the statement is incor
rect, the statement is
false. (1 point each)
1. The negative charge of glucose 6-phosphate helps trap the molecule within cel
ls.
2. Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by
triose phosphate
isomerase.
3. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is allosterically activated by AMP.
4. The first steps of gluconeogenesis occur in the mitochondrial matrix.
5. Pyruvate is decarboxylated as part of its conversion to acetyl CoA by pyruvat
e dehydrogenase.
6. Consecutive oxidation, hydration, and oxidation reactions appear in both the
TCA cycle and fatty
acid synthesis.
7. Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II of the TCA cycle) does not transport prot
ons across the
mitochondrial inner membrane.
8. A large positive standard reduction potential indicates that the oxidized for
m of the molecule is a
good oxidizing agent.
9. The standard used in measurements of the standard reduction potential is 1 at
m H2 in equilibrium
with 1 M H2O.
10. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupler because it dissipates the proton gradient
without releasing heat.
11. The F0 subunit of ATP synthase rotates while the F1 subunit remains in place
.
12. Because of their interactions with the asymmetric . subunit, the three ß subun
its of ATP synthase
are asymmetric.
13. Glycogen is stored in granules in the mitochondrial matrix.
14. The glycogen stores of the liver are for use solely by the liver.
15. Fatty acids with double bonds cannot be degraded and used to generate energy
.
16. Fatty acid synthesis requires a constant supply of NADPH.
17. Muscle cells lack glucose 6-phosphatase
18. The rate of ATP synthesis powered by the conversion of muscle glycogen to la
ctate is faster than
the rate of ATP synthesis powered by the conversion of muscle glycogen to CO2.
Multiple Choice. FILL IN THE BUBBLE ON THE SCANTRON SHEET THAT CORRESPONDS TO
THE BEST ANSWER. (2 points each)
19. The hydrolysis of an enediol intermediate into methyl glyoxal and inorganic
phosphate is an unwanted side
reaction in the enzymatic conversion of:
A) fructose 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate.
B) malonyl CoA to acetyl CoA.
C) dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D) phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate.
E) Fred to Barney.
20. Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate:
A) takes place only in the liver.
B) is referred to as a priming reaction .
C) can be catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase.
D) is the last step of gluconeogenesis.
E) all of the above.
F) A, B, and C.
G) B and C.
H) B, C, and D.
21. Multiple reactions in the gluconeogenic pathway:
A) use the same enzymes that catalyze the reverse reactions in glycolysis.
B) occur in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.
C) are catalyzed by enzymes allosterically inhibited by ATP.
D) take place within the pyruvate decarboxylase complex.
E) B and C.
F) C and D.
22. Glycolysis requires a supply of:
A) glycogen.
B) insulin.
C) glucagon.
D) NAD+
E) NADH
23. Citrate synthase catalyzes formation of citrate from acetyl CoA and:
A) malonyl CoA.
B) oxaloacetate.
C) fumerate.
D) isocitrate.
E) malate.
F) graduate.

24. The TCA cycle is also called:


A) the Krebs cycle.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) the hardest working cycle in show business.
D) all of the above.
E) A and B.
F) none of the above.
25. Mobile electron carriers involved in the electron transport chain include:
A) NADH.
B) Cytochrome c.
C) Coenzyme Q.
D) molecular oxygen.
E) all of the above.
F) B and C.
G) A, B, and C.
26. The proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane:
A) powers fatty acid synthesis.
B) creates a pH difference across the membrane.
C) creates a membrane potential across the membrane.
D) helps move ATP out of the matrix.
E) all of the above.
F) B, C and D.
27. Half channels:
A) are found in subunit b of ATP synthase.
B) allow for the protonation and deprotonation of the Glu side chain in the a su
bunit of ATP synthase.
C) are too small in diameter to allow water to flow into them.
D) all of the above.
E) A and B.
F) B and C.
G) none of the above.
28. Phosphorylase kinase in muscle:
A) phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase to a more active state.
B) phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase to a less active state
C) is activated by a signaling pathway initiated by epinephrine binding the ß-adre
nergic receptor.
D) A and C.
E) B and C.
29. To be added to the end of a lengthening glycogen chain, a glucose molecule m
ust first be converted to:
A) glucose 1-phosphate.
B) glucose 6-phosphate.
C) UDP-glucose
D) ATP-glucose
E) glycogen phosphorylase.
30. Membrane lipoprotein lipases:
A) are located on adipocytes and muscle cells.
B) release fatty acids from triacylglycerides.
C) bind chylomicrons.
D) all of the above.
E) B and C.
F) A and B.
G) none of the above.
31. Acetyl CoA can be moved to the cytosol:
A) for use in the TCA cycle.
B) for use in fatty acid degradation.
C) in the form of citrate, which is cleaved into Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.
D) only after glycogen stores are depleted.
E) through the Acetyl CoA-hydroxide antiporter.
32. The greatest amount of stored energy that is available to the average person
is in the form of:
A) glucose in the blood.
B) triacylglycerides in adipose tissue.
C) glycogen in the brain..
D) glycogen in the liver.
E) proteins in the muscle.
33. Insulin:
A) inhibits protein synthesis in muscle.
B) inhibits protein degradation in muscle.
C) stimulates glucose uptake by adipose tissue.
D) stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver.
E) A, C, and D.
F) B, C, and D.
G) C and D.
34. After uptake by the liver, fructose is:
A) isomerized to glucose and enters glycolysis.
B) cleaved into 3 acetate molecules, each of which is converted to Acetyl CoA.
C) phosphorylated into fructose 1-phosphate, cleaved and eventually converted in
to glyceraldehyde 3phosphate.
D) converted into polyfructyl methane.
E) metabolically inert.
F) the cause of painful itching.

35. If fructose 6-phosphate concentrations in a cell increase to a certain point


, the molecule fructose 2,6bisphosphate
can be synthesized. Rather than being an intermediate in a major metabolic pathw
ay, fructose 2,6bisphosphate
is a regulatory molecule.
What enzyme does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate allosterically regulate? (2 points)
Describe either of the 2 effects that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has on the activ
ity of the enzyme that it regulates.
(Note: More detail than the words inhibits or activates is required.) (3 points)
36. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and a-ketoglutarate dehydr
ogenase are all part of one
metabolic pathway, and all are regulated by high concentrations of ATP and NADH.
In what metabolic pathway do these enzymes participate? (2 points)
What do high concentrations of ATP and NADH indicate about the cell? (2 points)
What general effect do ATP and NADH have on these enzymes? (2 points)

37. Some athletes supplement their diets with creatine in the hopes of boosting
athletic performance. What is
the basis of the hope that increased intracellular levels of creatine would boos
t performance? (3 points)
If the creatine supplements did have a physiological effect, would they be more
likely to help someone
competing in the 100-meter sprint or in a 26-mile marathon, and why? (3 points)
38. In a study of a person with a metabolic disorder that led to unusually small
stores of glycogen, it was
discovered that the person had a mutation in the gene encoding the protein glyco
genin. Additional
experimentation revealed that the enzymatic activity of the mutant glycogenin pr
otein was impaired.
What role does glycogenin play in glycogen metabolism? (2 points)
What is the enzymatic activity of glycogenin, and why would reduced enzymatic ac
tivity lead to reduced
glycogen stores? (3 points)

39. Reduction half reactions are shown below with their standard reduction poten
tials.
2 H+ + 2 e-. H2 (E'
o = -0.42 V)
Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2 e-. lactate (E'
o = -0.19 V)
FAD + 2 H+ + 2 e-. FADH2 (E'
o = -0.22 V)
NAD+ + H+ + 2 e-. NADH (E'
o = -0.32 V)

Write the balanced reaction for the most energetically favorable (or least energ
etically unfavorable) oxidation-
reduction reaction that is possible using two of the four half reactions listed
above. (6 points)
Write the equation that calculates the standard free energy change (.Go ') for t
he reaction that you wrote above.
Use the values given above when appropriate. Define any constants in the equatio
n. (6 points)
40. A proton gradient is not needed for ATP synthase to catalyze the formation o
f ATP from ADP and Pi. Why
then does a cell require a proton gradient to generate a supply of ATP? (3 point
s)
41. In adipocytes, triacylglycerides are synthesized from fatty acyl CoA molecul
es and glycerol 3-phosphate.
The triacylglycerides can in turn be hydrolyzed to form glycerol and fatty acids
, both of which can be released
into the blood and transported to the liver. The fatty acids can also be recombi
ned into new triacylglycerides
and remain within the adipocytes.
How (or, in what form) are fatty acids transported through the blood to the live
r after release from adipocytes?
(2 points)
Describe the mechanism by which the blood glucose level determines whether fatty
acids within an adipocyte
are released or recombined into a new triacylglyceride molecule. (4 points)
42. Carnitine is a zwitterionic alcohol involved in a transport process. Carniti
ne deficiency can cause muscle
weakness during prolonged exercise.
What transport process is carnitine involved in? Indicate what molecule is trans
ported, where is it moved from
and where is it moved to. (3 points)
Why would a carnitine deficiency cause muscle weakness during prolonged exercise
? (4 points)

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