Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1992) C 48
CRD-C 48-92
2 CRD-C 48-92
3. Utilities
CRD-C 48-92 3
the reservoir is calculated from these of mercury. The system shall then
r e a d i n g s a n d i s e x p r e s s e d i n c m3 p e r be filled with water at 73.4 ± 2 F ( 2 3
unit length on the scale. ± 1.1 C) until the vacuum gage shows
an abrupt decrease to about 20 in.
6. Specimens (6.75 x 104 Pa) of mercury, at which
time the vacuum valve shall be closed.
6.1 Specimens shall be made and Trapped air shall be flushed out
cured as specified in the applicable through the bleeder valve and the
sections of CRD-C’s 10 and 49. bleeder valve then closed. With
bleeder and bypass valves closed,
7. Procedure 100-psi (0.69-MPa) air pressure shall
be applied to the water reservoir.
7.1 Preparation of Specimens.-The The overflow standpipe valve shall be
top and bottom of the specimen shall opened. After 5 min the air pressure
be sandblasted to remove the surface shall be increased to 200 psi (1.38
layer of cement paste. The sides MPa). The gage glass level shall be
shall then be coated with two coats of observed and recorded daily with the
a 70:30 by weight mixture of paraffin time of observation recorded to the
and rosin, applied hot using a paint- nearest 0.1 hr (Note 1). Observations
brush. Care shall be taken to prevent shall be continued until the flow be-
the paraffin-rosin mixture from get- comes essentially constant, normally
ting on the ends of the specimens and for 14 to 20 days. The water in each
any drops that do so shall be care- assembly shall be replaced at suffi-
fully removed by wire brushing. ciently frequent intervals so that at
7.2 Installation of Specimens.- The no time the water in contact with the
inner surface of the container shall specimen has an air content greater
be coated with one coat of the paraffin- than 0.2 percent (Note 2). For normal
rosin mixture and a 1/4-in. (6.4-mm) rates of flow using apparatus of the
layer of high-strength plaster (Note) sort described, changing the water
shall be placed on the retainer ring once a week has been found to be suf-
at the bottom. The specimen shall be ficient to prevent excessive air con-
lowered immediately into the con- tent. The flushing operation shall be
tainer and firmly seated in the plaster accomplished by relieving the air
ring before the plaster sets. A 1/4-in. pressure and flushing approximately
(6.4-mm) metal rod may be used as a 5 g a l ( 0 . 0 1 9 m3 ) o f w a t e r t h r o u g h e a c h
guide and lever between the specimen l a r g e a s s e m b l y o r 2 g a l ( 0 . 0 0 8 m3 )
and the inner wall of the container to through each small assembly.
assist in centering the specimen. Af-
ter the plaster has set, a 1-in. (51-
Note 1.- Careful observations shall be made to de-
mm) layer of paraffin-rosin shall be tect and correct any leaks that may develop in the sys-
poured into the annular space between tem, especially at plumbing connections or through the
seal around the specimens. Whenever the flow between
the specimen and the container, the successive readings appears excessive, the possibility
remainder of the annular space shall of leaks in the system should be suspected and appro-
priate inspection made to detect and correct them.
be filled with 200- to 300-penetration
asphalt heated to 230 F (110 C). The
depression of the asphalt filling Note 2.- The air content of the water shall be deter-
formed upon cooling and shrinkage mined by measuring the volume of air that escapes from
a measured volume of the water maintained at 73.4 ± 2 F
shall be filled with paraffin-rosin. (23 ± 1.1 C) and atmospheric pressure for 24 ± 4 hr.
The paraffin-rosin layers thus en-
close the asphalt and prevent it from
escaping through the plaster or mix- 8. Calculation
ing with the water. The cover shall
then be bolted on, the bottom attached, 8.1 The differences of daily read-
and all connections made. ings of water reservoir level are con-
verted to volume of water flow in ml
Note.- “Hydrostone,” manufactured by the U.S.
Gypsum Co., is recommended. by multiplying by the reservoir cali-
bration constant. The rate of flow in
7.3 Pressure Testing.- The system c m3 p e r h r i s o b t a i n e d b y d i v i d i n g
shall be exhausted to a reduced pres- volume by elapsed time in hours be-
s u r e o f a t l e a s t 2 8 i n . ( 9 . 4 6 x 1 04 P a ) tween readings. Permeability is then
C 48 (Issued 1 Dec. 1992)
4 CRD-C 48-92
K = M x 5 4 . 5 5 x 1 0- 1 2 N o t e . - C u f t / s e c x 2 . 8 3 1 6 8 5 E - 0 2 = m 3 /s.
where: 9. Report
Appendix
Derivation of Equations
when
K = hydraulic conductivity (or coefficient or per-
meability)
M = flow rate Reducing this relationship further, we find that
A = Area of permeable medium perpendicular to K = M x 2.550 x 10 -10 x (1)
flow
h = hydraulic head where M has units of cm3 /hr, A is the area
perpendicular to flow in square inches, and L is the
L = length of flow path
length of the specimen in inches. For a specimen with a
This relationship, along with those listed below, were diameter of 14-1/2 in. and a length of 15 in., L/A =
used to calculate the factors in CRD-C 48. The 0.09085. Using this value of L/A, I calculate
following relationships apply:
K = M x 2.550 x 10-10 x 0.09085 =
1 c m3 = 3.531 x 10 -5 ft 3
M x 23.17 x 10-12
1 ft 2 = 144 in 2
For a diameter of 6 in. and a length of 6 in., L/A =
1 hr = 3600 sec 0.2122. Thus, I calculate
K = M x 54.11 x 10-12
h =
These values are reasonably close to the values
where given in CRD-C 48. The difference is in the significant
figures used in conversion factors and constants.
P = water pressure
= density of water For specimens of other dimensions, one has only
to calculate the L/A ratio of the specimen and use Equa-
Thus, Darcy’s Law becomes
tion (1) given above.
3
K=M x 3.531 x 10-5 f t 3 1 hr
cm 3600 sec