CHAPTER

10

Curved Beams

Circumferential and radial stresses in beams with large initial curvature are analyzed. Effects of stress-induced distortion of the cross section are considered. Deflections of curved beams are analyzed.

10.1 INTRODUCTION. STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

As the name implies, a curved beam is a member that carries bending loads and whose axis describes an arc rather than a straight line. Examples of curved beams include chain links, crane hooks, and frames of industrial presses. These curved beams are usually sharply curved rather than slender: that is, dimensions of the cross section are comparable to the radius of curvature. Stresses in a sharply curved beam differ significantly from stresses in a straight beam of the same cross section.

Flexural stress in a curved beam that is slender (not sharply curved) can be calculated by regarding the beam as straight and using the elementary flexure formula (T = Me/I. But when can curvature no longer be ignored? It depends on geometry of the cross section as well as on size of the cross section in relation to the radius of curvature. If, for example, the curved beam is a thin-walled tube, its cross section may deform appreciably. Then curvature cannot be ignored even if the beam is slender. If the cross section were solid, or deformation

411

412

CURVED BEAMS

of the tube cross section were prevented by stiffeners, 0" = Mel! might work well if the beam is slender.

The elementary flexure formula 0" = Mel! underestimates the largest stress in a curved beam. Theory of elasticity provides an exact solution, but only if the cross section is a solid rectangle. Few practical cross sections are solid rectangles, so a mechanics of materials analysis is required. The original such analysis was done by Winkler, who published his work in 1858.

In this and the following three sections we make the following assumptions.

The beam axis lies in a plane (rather than forming a helix like a coil spring). The beam axis, and inner and outer edges of the beam, all form circular arcs about a common center in the plane of curvature. The cross section is constant and has symmetry about the plane of curvature. I Loads act in the plane of curvature. The material is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. Plane cross sections are assumed to remain plane as the beam is bent, and distortion of the cross section in its own plane is considered negligible (distortion corrections are discussed in Sections 10.5 and 10.6). As usual, minor departures from ideal conditions cause minor errors.

Deformation and Strain Caused by Bending. In Fig. 10.1.1, curvature has a significant effect because depth h of the cross section is not small in comparison with R. Here R is radial distance, before loading, from the center of curvature to the centroidal axis of the cross section. If the beam were straight, bending moment M would cause circumferential strain Ex to vary linearly with distance from the centroid of the cross section. But because the beam is curved, Ex does not vary linearly, and the neutral surface (where Ex = 0) is located a distance e from the centroidal axis, toward the center of curvature. The following analysis leads to an expression for strain EX' Expressions for eccentricity e and circumferential stress 0"< are developed in Section 10.2.

As with a straight beam, the fundamental assumption about deformation is that plane sections remain plane as the beam is bent. On a typical radial slice that subtends an angle dd», the relative rotation of opposite faces due to bending is dO (Fig. 1O.1.lb). At a typical point a distance y from the neutral surface, the circumferential strain is

CC'

E =--

x BC

y ae r dcjJ

y ae

(10.1.1)

Subsequently, radius r n to the neutral surface will be found to depend on geometry of the beam but not on applied bending moment. Equation 10.1.1 shows that Ex does not vary linearly with y. Instead, it has the distribution shown in Fig. 10.1.1 a. The physical reason for this distribution is that initial lengths BC of circumferential fibers vary with y, being smaller toward the centers of curvature. Thus, while elongations CC' are linear in y, they are divided by different initial lengths so that strain Ex = CC' I BC is not directly proportional to y.

'Curved beams of unsymmetric cross section are discussed in [7.2]. However, if each cross section is prevented by moment restraint from rotating in its own plane, then asymmetry will not affect the state of deformation, and equations developed in this chapter may be used.

10.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

413

x = circumferential coordinate

Center of curvature

(d¢ -dO)

(a]

(bj

FIGURE 10.1.1. (a) Distribution of circumferential strain Ex in a curved beam bent by moments M. (b) Geometry of deformation in bending. Point C moves to C'

Another comparison between straight and curved beams can be obtained by a substitution for dOl dcf> in Eq. 10.1.1. We find an expression for dil] dcf> from the following equation, which states arc length along the neutral surface in two ways.

dO = r (_!_ _ !)

dcf> II '11 P

where p is the radius of curvature of the neutral surface after M is Combining Eqs. 10.1.1 and 10.1.2, we obtain

Ex = _Y_ 'n(_!_ - !)

'11 - Y 'n P

from which

(10.1.2)

applied.

(10.1.3)

The expression in parentheses is the change in curvature between the loaded and unloaded conditions. Whether a beam is initially straight or initially curved, axial strain Ex is proportional to change in curvature produced by the load. The straight beam is a limiting case: r; is infinite and Eq. 10.1.3 yields Ex = - yip, which is the correct expression for an initially straight beam bent to radius p. Note that when M is positive (as shown in Fig. 10.1.1) and r., is infinite, the center of curvature after loading is above the beam; that is, p is negative.

10.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

To obtain a simple expression for circumferential stress a., we introduce two assumptions about the state of stress. The first is that a., stress normal to the

414

CURVED BEAMS

plane of curvature, is negligibly small. The second assumption is that the influence of radial stress o; on Ex and a, can be neglected. This assumption violates the elasticity equations of compatibility and radial equilibrium. However, o; and o; have their largest magnitudes at different locations in the cross section, so the error of ignoring their interaction is small.

With the assumptions O'z O'r = 0, the stress-strain relation becomes o;

EEx. From Eq. 10.1.1,

y de de (rn )

O'x = E (r, _ y) d<{J = E d<{J -; - I

(10.2.1)

where the latter form comes from the substitution y = r; - r (see Fig. 10.2.1). If Eq. 10.2.1 is to become a useful formula, rn and de/d<{J must be expressed in terms of the geometry and the loads. Two equilibrium equations are applicable to this case of pure bending:

o = f v, dA

area

and

M = f O'xY dA

area

(10.2.2)

where A is cross-sectional area. The first equation says that there is no net circumferential force on the cross section. The second equation says that the stress distribution is statically equivalent to bending moment M. From Eq. 10.2.1 and the first of Eqs. 10.2.2,

o = E de f (~- I) dA = E de [r f dA - A] (10.2.3)

d<{J area r d<{J n area r

Since neither E nor del d<{J is zero, the expression in brackets must vanish. Therefore,

A

(10.2.4)

rn = --:----

Iarea dA/r

The eccentricity of the neutral axis of pure bending,

e = R - rll

(10.2.5)

is now established in terms of the geometry of the cross section and its distance from the center of curvature. Table 10.2.1 assists in the evaluation of I dA/r.

Neutral axis

Center of curvature ~ __ "--_-----' __

FIGURE 10.2.1. MOp1entM is considered positive when it creates tension on the inward side. Coordinate y is measured from the neutral surface, positive inward.

10.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

415

TABLE 10.2.1. Selected data for curved beams, shown in cross section.

Rectangle

A = ht

h R = b +- 2

fdA a

- = tln-

area r b

Trapezoid

For a triangle, set tl or t2 to zero.

Hollow circle

A = 7T(C2 - g2)

La ~ = 27T[YR2 - g2 - YR2 - c2]

T

I section

A = (c - b)t, + (d - c)tw + (a - d)t2

R = _!_ [tl(C2 - b2) + tw(d2 - c2) + t2(a2 - d2)]

2A

fdA c d a - = tl In - + tw In - + l : In - area r b c d

418

CURVED BEAMS

!

More complicated shapes can be treated by numerical integration (Fig. 10.2.2), or by dividing the cross section into parts of simpler shape, evaluating f dAlr for each part, and adding. The latter procedure is evident in the last case in Table 10.2.1.

.~ Vv- ~ M

:L- ~,V

~~/ M =

"/ ~~

~+

" / The first integral in brackets vanishes according to Eq. 10.2.3. The second

~,,1 /\) integral is simply A. The third integral is RA, the first moment of cross-sectional ~\ l' area A about the center of curvature. Hence Eg. 10.2.6 becomes

With Eq. 10.2.1 and y = rn - r, the second-of Eqs. 10.2.2 yields

dO f (rn )

E- - - 1 (rll - r) dA

dcP area r

EdO [r f (0! - 1) dA - r f dA + f r dA]

d ¢ n area r n area area

(10.2.6)

dO dO

M = E - A(R - r ) = E - Ae

dcP n dcP

from which

dO dcP

M EAe

(10.2.7)

Substituting this expression for dOl dcP into Eq- 10.2.1, then using the relation r = rn - y, we obtain

(I = M (0! _ 1) = My

.r Ae r Aer

(10.2.8)

Again, distance y is measuredfrom the neutral surface of pure bending, positive inward, and is

y = rn - r

(10.2.9)

If rn < r, y is negative. Thus, when M is positive as in Fig. 10.2.1, Eq. 10.2.8 automatically gives (Ix < 0 (compression) for r" < r < a.

If the beam carries a circumferential force N as well as a bending moment M, the net circumferential stress is

N My

(I =-+-

.r A Aer

(10.2.10)

where N is considered positive in tension. A uniform stress N I A produces a resultant force N that passes through the centroid of the cross section. Accord-

J dA t, tl.r -""~-

, rj

FIGURE 10.2.2. Approximate calculation of cross-sectional properties by means of strips of thickness Lir. Summations run from 1 to n.

10.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

417

ingly, in finding Nand M from loads on the beam, we must refer bending moment M to the centroidal axis, not the neutral axis. For example, the bending moment on section Be in Fig. 10.2.3 is QR; it is not Qrll•

Alternative Formula for e. Stress ax will not be accurately computed if e is not accurate. Distance e = R - rll is the difference between radii that may be nearly equal if the beam has moderate or small curvature. Radii Rand rn may contain small errors, due perhaps to computational error or rounding, or to small inconsistencies in treating a cross section of complicated shape (by formulas in Fig. 10.2.2, for example). Feodosyev [8.4] suggests the following approximation for e that avoids cancellation error. Indeed, if alb < 1.3, the approximation (Eq. 10.2.15) will probably be less than I percent in error for any shape of cross section.

We adopt a new coordinate y, = R - r, measured inward from the centroidal axis, and rewrite the first integral in Eq. 10.2.3.

f (~ - I) dA - f (~- I) dA - f ~ dA

area r area R - y, area R - y,

(10.2.11)

From this, since the integral must vanish,

I f y, dA e f

Ii. area I - y,IR = R area I - y,IR

dA

(10.2.12)

The denominator can be replaced by a series expansion.

(I - ;) -, = I + ; + (; r + (;r + ...

If only the first two terms of the series are retained, Eq. 10.2.12 becomes

(10.2.13)

f Yl (I + 2:1) dA = e f (I + 2:1) dA

area R area R

(10.2.14)

FIGURE 10.2.3. Force N and moment M at the midpoint of a half-ring, produced by loads Q.

41B

CURVED BEAMS

The integral of y, dA is zero, being the first moment of area A about its centroidal axis. The integral of yi dA is IG, the moment of inertia of area A about its centroidal axis. Thus Eq. 10.2.14 yields

IG

e=-

RA

(10.2.15)

Limiting Case of a Straight Beam. As curvature decreases, e becomes smaller and Eq. 10.2.15 becomes a better approximation. Equations 10.2.8 and 10.2.15 yield the approximate formula

My

a =---

x (IG/R)r

(10.2.16)

As R approaches infinity, R = r for all points on the cross section. Also, e approaches zero, so y = y,. Then Eq. 10.2.16 reduces to ax = My,/IG, where y, is distance from the centroidal axis. This is the standard flexure formula for a straight beam.

10.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In this section we compare results given by curved-beam theory with stresses given by the elementary flexure formula and by theory of elasticity. First, we illustrate a curved beam calculation.

Example 10.3.1. Find circumferential stresses at points Band C in the crane hook of Fig. 10.3.1.

Neither curvature nor cross section are constant throughout the hook. We ignore these small departures from the ideal and apply the analysis of Section 10.2. By Table 10.2.1, we find

Q

Q = 20 kN

FIGURE 10.3.1. Crane hbok of trapezoidal cross section. The center of curvature of the cross section shown lies on the load axis.

10.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

419

A = 2100 mm? R = 30 + 31.11 = 61.11 mm

fdA 1 OO( 40) - 30(20) 100

- = 20 - 40 + In - = 38.48 mm

area r 70 30

(10.3.1)

From Eqs. 10.2.4 and 10.2.5, 2100

rn = 38.48 = 54.57 mm

e = 61.11 - 54.57 = 6.54 mm

(10.3.2)

Because load Q happens to pass through the center of curvature, the bending moment is

M = QR = 20,000(61.11) = 1.22(10)6 N'rnm

(10.3.3)

At point B, y = rn - 30 = 24.57 mm, and by Eq. 10.2.10 the circumferential stress is

20,000 1.22(10)6(24.57)

0' = -- + ------

x 2100 2100(6.54)(30)

9.52 + 72.75

82.27 MPa

(10.3.4)

Similarly, at point C, y = r., - 100 = -45.43 mm, and by Eq. 10.2.10, 0' = 20,000 + I. 22(1 0)6( -45.43) = 9.52 - 40.36 = - 30.84 MPa

x 2100 2100(6.54)(100)

(10.3.5)

Alternatively, we can calculate stresses at points Band C by using the approximate formula for e. Equation 10.2.15 yields

703[402 + 4(40)(20) + 202]

e = = 6.43 mm (10.3.6)

36(40 + 20)(61.11)(2100)

Hence we compute y = R - 30 - e = 24.68 mm at point Band y = R - 100 - e = - 45.32 mm at point C. If we use the approximate values of e and yin Eq. 10.2.10, the resulting net stresses are 0'< = 9.52 + 74.33 = 83.85 MPa at pointB and 0'< = 9.52 - 40.95 = -31.43 MPa at point C.

Remarks. The foregoing example is typical in that stress magnitudes are found to be much larger on the inside than on the outside. Further description of the stress distribution for various geometries is given in Table 10.3.1. Factor K is the ratio of a, from curved-beam theory to o; from straight-beam theory. Thus circumferential stress according to curved-beam theory can be written by applying factor K to the elementary flexure formula.

(10.3.7)

420 CURVED BEAMS
TABLE 10.3.1. Data for calculation of circumferential stress a, in selected curved beams in
pure bending. Factor K is defined by Eq. 10.3.7. Results an; independent of dimension t.
Section alb R/h Kr=b Kr=a e (exact) e = IdRA
r-R• 6.0 0.70 2.103 0.628 0.1419h 0.1190h
~I 3.5 0.90 1.631 0.704 0.10l8h 0.0926h
2.0 1.50 1.288 0.810 0.0573h 0.0556h
~~ 1.2 5.50 1.064 0.942 0.0152h 0.0152h
rR~ 6.0 0.53 1.984 0.539 0.0986h 0.1042h
~I 3.5 0.73 1.565 0.626 0.0701h 0.0758h
2.0 1.33 1.258 0.754 0.0390h 0.0417h
2 1.2 5.33 1.058 0.923 0.0l02h 0.0104h
r-R* 6.0 0.70 2.350 0.600 0.1051h 0.0893h
3.5 0.90 1.748 0.678 0.0758h 0.0694h
f--C- 2.0 1.50 1.332 0.791 0.0429h 0.0417h
~~ 1.2 5.50 1.073 0.936 0.0l14h 0.0114h TABLE 10.3.2. Accuracy of circumferential stress calculation on the inside

(r = b) of a curved beam of rectangular cross section. Values reported are ratios of ax values from curved-beam theory (Eq. 10.2.10) and straight-beam theory

(ax = N /A ± MyJld to ax from theory of elasticity [2.1]. The shear loading is that of Fig. 10.2.3, for which stresses on horizontal cross section Be are reported.

Shear Loading
Pure Bending (N = 0) (N = Q, M = QR)
a R O"curved Ustraight O"curved O"straighl
b h O"elasticity O"elasticity Uelasticity O"elosticity
11.0 0.60 1.093 0.379 0.819 0.331
6.0 0.70 1.024 0.489 0.879 0.465
3.5 0.90 1.000 0.613 0.932 0.609
2.0 1.50 0.996 0.774 0.977 0.776
1.4 3.00 0.999 0.888 0.994 0.889
1.2 5.50 1.000 0.939 0.998 0.940 10.4 RACIAL STRESS ANC SHEAR STRESS

421

where l a is defined in Table 10.2.1 for selected cross sections. In Eq. 10.3.7, Yl is a distance measured from the centroidal axis of the cross section to the point where CT, is desired. Extensive tabulations of K factors are available [8.3].

For rectangular and circular cross sections in Table 10.3.1, the ratio of K factors shows the ratio of stress inside to stress outside. For example, in a rectangular section with a/ b = 6, the magnitude of CTx at r = b is 2.103/0.628 = 3.35 times higher than CT, at r = a. This numerical value does not apply to the triangle, whose centroidal axis is closer to r = b than to r = a. For the triangle, with alb = 6, inside stress is (1.984/0.539)/2 = 1.84 times outside stress. In a triangle with apex outward, Table 10.3.1 suggests that inside and outside CT, values are equal in magnitude when alb is roughly 2.5.

In Table 10.3.2, stresses calculated by beam theory are compared with stresses calculated by theory of elasticity, all for curved beams of rectangular cross section. Table 10.3.2 shows that curved-beam theory is quite reliable in predicting peak stress in a rectangular cross section under pure bending. It is less reliable when axial force is also present, but is far better than straight-beam theory. The theory of elasticity offers no solution for a nonrectangular cross section. We must then accept curved beam theory or use numerical methods.

10.4 RADIAL STRESS AND SHEAR STRESS

In deriving Eq. 10.2.10 for circumferential stress CT.n radial stress CTr is ignored. Nevertheless, use of the CT, expression leads to a reasonably accurate expression for CTn as shown in the following.

Figure 10.4.1 a shows forces that should be taken into account. Unfortunately, mechanics of materials theory does not provide enough equilibrium equations to determine the effects of N and Von CTr. We will therefore assume that N = V = 0, as if the beam carries only bending moment M. The resulting equation for CTr is in good agreement with results from theory of elasticity, even when N and V are not zero.

In Fig. 1O.4.lb, radial stress CTr must pull outward to balance the inward pull generated by circumferential stress CTe With t the thickness at radius r, summation of radial forces in Fig. 1O.4.lb yields

o.tr de/> - 2( sin d: 1: CT, dA) = 0 (10.4.1)

Integration extends over the crosshatched area in Fig. 1O.4.lc. Since de/> is infinitesimal, 2 sin(dcf>/2) = dd»: Substitution of CTx from Eq. 10.2.8, with e = R - rn, yields CTr at radius r.

I ir M ir (rn

CT ='_ CT dA = -- -

r tr b x Aetr b r

CT = _!!_ (r r dA - A )

r Aetr n Jh r r

(10.4.2)

422

CURVED BEAMS

(a) FIGURE 10.4.1. (a) Forces that act on an infinitesimal slice of a curved beam. (b) Stresses that act on a portion of the infinitesimal slice. (c) Geometry of an arbitrary cross section.

a,
T
c: a~
dA r
-\' r 1
dI/J dI/J
2 2 ---
(b) (c) where Ar is the cross-sectional area between radii band r, crosshatched in Fig. 10.4.1c. Stress o; is tensile when M is directed as shown in Fig. 10.4.1, but compressive if M is reversed. As a beam. becomes less sharply curved, o; decreases in comparison with o; and vanishes as the beam becomes straight.

If a positive bending moment M N -rnm is applied to a rectangular cross section for which alb = 3, Fig. 10.4.2, Eq. 10.4.2 yields the following results:

At r 15.7 mm: o; 3.71(10)~4M (where a, is maximum)

Atr

18.2 mm: o;

3.44(10)~4M (at r 3.04(10)~4M (at r

(10.4.3)

Atr

20.0 mm: o;

R)

For this problem, theory of elasticity [2.1] yields a maximum radial stress of o; = 3.68(10)~4M at r = 15.7 mm, which is excellent agreement. The largest circumferential stress in this cross section is (Tt = 19.0(1O)~4M, over five times as large as the maximum a..

Let the same cross section (Fig. 10.4.2) be used for the half-ring of Fig. 10.2.3. Cross section Be is most highly stressed. Here M = 20Q. Equation 10.4.2 ignores the presence of axial force Q on cross section Be and predicts a maximum radial stress of o; = 74.3(1O)~4Q, again at r = 15.7 mm. According to the theory of elasticity, the maximum radial stress is a, = 69. 8( 10) ~ 4Q, which occurs at r = 14.9 mm on cross section Be.

T

.,

FIGURE 10.4.2. Radial stress o; (from Eq. 10.4.2) and circumferential stress a, (from Eq. 10.2.8) in a rectangular cross section for which alb = 3, loaded in pure bending.

ax max = 5.13 a, max

10.4 RADIAL STRESS AND SHEAR STRESS

423

Example 10.4.1. Find stresses a; and o; at the following locations along the dashed line in Fig. 1O.4.3a: r = 60 mm, r = 100 mm, r = R, and r = 200 mm. Also estimate the largest a..

Figure 10.4.3 and Table 10.2.1 yield

A = 6600 rnrrr'

R = 111.82 mm

M = -80,000(130 + R) = -19.35(10)6 N·mm

fdA 100 200

- = 90 In - + 30 In - = 66.77 mm

area r 60 100

(10.4.4)

Then Eqs. 10.2.4 and 10.2.5 yield 6600 r = -- = 98.85 mm

/I 66.77

e - 111.82 - 98.85

12.97 mm

(10.4.5)

At the inside edge, where r = 60 rnrn, a; = 0 because both terms in parentheses in the second of Eqs. 10.4.2 are zero. At r = 100 mm, in the stem of the T section where thickness is t = 30 mm,

r dA Jb r

100

90 In 60 = 45.97 mm Ar 90(40)

6600~1~~~~~;~~;;100) [98.85(45.97) - 3600] =

3600 mrrr'

-71.1 MPa

(10.4.6)

This is a radial compressive stress at the intersection of stem and flange. The calculation neglects stress concentration effects near reentrant corners. Along the surface of the flange at r = 100 mm, a; = 0 because this is a free surface.

After repeating the calculation at various radii, and calculating ax from Eq. 10.2.10, the following results are obtained:

200mm

~

1--71.1 MPa~

-l f--30mm

lJ::lv

l_ R

40mm

L......I_---' .... _ 80 kN T 1'90 m~

130mm

80 kN-~"'-__JL......J

(3)

(b)

(c)

FIGURE 10.4.3. Machine frame with a T cross section. The distribution of radial stress IIr is plotted in part (c).

424

CURVED BEAMS

60

o -158.5

100 -71.1

-9.5

(10.4.7)

111.82 -62.1 14.1

200

o 102.2

r (mm): o; (MPa): v, (MPa):

Stresses a; are plotted in Fig. 1O.4.3c. The lower solid line represents a; in the flange as determined from Eq. 10.4.2. The dashed line represents an approximation to o; along the symmetry axis of the cross section.

As expected, (Tx is considerably larger in magnitude than tr.. As for the largest a., Eqs. 10.4.3 suggest that it is found at an r less than r.; But the present cross section is not rectangular, and rn lies within the flange, whose width t is large. We therefore estimate that o; has greatest magnitude at r = 100 mm.

Transverse Shear Stress. Jourawski's formula r = VAsYllt is derived from straight-beam theory (see Section 9.5). Strictly, it is not applicable to curved beams. But transverse shear stress is rarely of concern in the massive sections usually used for curved beams. Accordingly, the VAsYllt formula is sufficiently accurate. if applied to a rectangular cross section, this formula yields rmax = 1.5V I A at middepth. In a curved beam of rectangular cross section and alb = 3, loaded as in Fig. 10.2.3 by distributed shear tractions whose resultant is Q, the actual value is rmax = 1. 674VIA, which occurs at r = b + 0.244h [2.1] .

10.5 EFFECT OF DISTORTION OF THE CROSS SECTION

Until now we have assumed that cross sections are sufficiently massive that their distortions in the plane of the cross section are small and do not influence computed stresses. In thinner sections these distortions may be appreciable. For example, radial displacements of flanges of an 1 section may create circumferential strains of the same order as strains associated with flexural circumferential stress (Tx' This implies that distortion of the cross section may appreciably modify stresses predicted by Eq. 10.2.8, even when the curvature is small enough that Eq. 10.2.8 predicts nearly the same stress (Tx as straight-beam theory.

The present discussion is concerned with open sections. Closed sections such as pipe elbows respond similarly and are considered in Section 10.6.

The qualitative nature of the problem is depicted in Fig. 10.5.1. With bending moment M positive, as shown, circumferential stress tr, exerts an inward pull on the inner part of the cross section, as in Fig. 10.4. lb. The inner flange responds by bending inward. if a flange fiber moves to a smaller radius while subtending the same angle dd», its circumferential length decreases. Thus a compressive strain is superposed on strain that would be present without distortion of the cross section. Net circumferential stress is reduced most greatly on fibers that move inward the farthest. Flange stresses (Tx nearest the web must therefore increase if the same bending moment is to be supported. Thus we

438

PROBLEMS"

CURVED BEAMS

Section J 0.2

10.1 With regard to cross sections in Table 10.2.1:

(a) Derive the f dAfr expression for the trapezoid.

(b) Show that the A, R, and f dAfr expressions for the trapezoid and the I section reduce to those of the rectangle if t 1 = t2 = tw = t, a constant.

*10.2 Assign the following dimensions to the trapezoidal cross section in Table 10.2.1: a = 110 mm, b = 80 mm, t1 = 40 mm, and t2 = 20 mm. Approximate the quantity f dAfr by dividing the cross section into 10 strips parallel to the axis and applying equations in Fig. 10.2.2.

(a) Compute the percentage error of this approximation for f dAfr.

(b) Using the exact A and R but the approximate f dAfr, compute e and its percentage error.

Repeat Problem 10.2, using five strips instead of 10.

Repeat Problem 10.2, changing dimension b from 80 mm to 160 mm and dimension a from 110 mm to 190 mm.

A curved beam of centroidal radius R has a solid circular cross section of outside radius c. Show that as the ratio cfR becomes small, Eq. 10.2.4 and the expression for f dAfr in Table 10.2.1 yield e = c2f4R. Also show that Eq. 10.2.15 also yields e = c2 f 4R .

(a) Show that, for the loading of Fig. 10.2.3, (Tx = 0 on the centroidal axis of cross section Be, regardless of the shape of the cross section.

(b) Verify this property numerically, using the data of Fig. 10.3.1.

10.3

*10.4

10.5

10.6

Section 10.3

*10.7 (a) Two alternative arrangements of material for a curved beam are shown in

cross section. A positive bending moment M = 2.0 kN'm is applied to each. Find the circumferential stress at r = b in each case. (In this exercise, ignore adjustments suggested in Section 10.5.)

(b) Compute the percentage error of straight-beam theory in each case.

PROBLEM 10.7

T

60 mm

1

f---lOmm

• An asterisk before a problem number indicates that a full or partial answer is given in the back of the book.

PROBLEMS

439

10.8 Imagine that, in the preceding problem, the analyst makes an error of 2.5 mm in locating the centroid. Thus centroidal distances are taken as R = 110.0 mm and R = 140.0 mm. Using the erroneous R values, recalculate circumferential stresses. What are the percentage errors?

10.9 Solve Problem 10.7 using Eq. 10.2.15 to calculate e.

10.10 Verify the two K factors in Table 10.3.1 for each of the following cross sections.

Let af b = 1.2 for each. (a) A rectangle.

(b) A triangle.

(c) A circle.

10.11 Let a half-ring of triangular cross section be loaded as shown in Fig. 10.2.3.

Use the following dimensions in Table 10.3.1: a = 600 mm, b = 300 mm, and t = 200 mm.

(a) What load Q is needed to initiate yielding if the yield point is Y = 360 MPa?

(b) What load Q will make the cross section fully plastic (IO"xl = Y throughout)? (c) Do you expect any yielding upon release of the fully plastic load?

*10.12 A triangular cross section like that in Table 10.3.1 is to be proportioned so that o"x is the same in magnitude at r = a as at r = b. Find the required value of a/ b if the loading is

(a) Pure bending.

(b) The loading of Fig. 10.2.3.

10.13 Material of which the frame shown is made is found to yield at a uniaxial normal stress of 400 MPa. If the safety factor is 2.5, what is the allowable load Q? 10.14 (a) Estimate the maximum tensile stress in the bracket shown.

(b) If a small hole must be drilled somewhere along a diagonal line from B to C, where would you recommend that it be placed?

QH- __ Q J----.

16 mm -1 r- -l r-16 mm

I

80 mm

_l_

70 mm Thickness = 40 rnrn

T --l[§~- 2Ok:',",

220 mm

1 .:E

1--190 mm-j PROBLEM 10.14

40 mm

PROBLEM 10.13

30 mm Section A-A

)-90mm--!J

Section 10.4

10.15 Verify the following results in Eqs. 10.4.7. (a) o; at r = R.

(b) All four 0"< values.

*10.16 (a) Radial force provided by o"x in Fig. 10.4.1 b is greatest when r what physical reason is o; not maximum at r = rn?

440 CURVED BEAMS

(b) Find an expression for the radius at which radial stress o; is largest in a rectangular cross section.

(c) Hence verify the value r = IS.7 mm given in Eq.IO.4.3. (d) Using the radii given, verify the a; values in Eq. 10.4.3.

10.17 For the beam of Fig. 10.4.3, calculate U'< at r = 60 mm and o; at r = 100 mm using the approximate e given by Eq. 1O.2.IS. Why should you anticipate that this approximation is unnecessary?

*10.18 For the two cross sections of Problem 10.7, calculate the radial stress where the stem joins the flange. Neglect stress concentration effects, and omit adjustments suggested in Section 10.5.

10.19 (a) Using cross section A for the beam shown, compute the maximum tensile stress in the cross section.

(b) Using cross section B for the beam shown, compute the required thickness t of weld material. Allowable tensile stress in the weld is 200 MPa.

-1 r-90 mm

Q = 106 N

r--200mm

Beam and its loading

Section A

PROBLEM 10.19

Wd~ t'201 rnm I~ 200mm

-+

200 mm ----___j_

Section B

Section 10.5

10.20 (a) Revise Fig. I O.S.I as required if moment M is reversed.

(b) With M reversed, sketch the triaxial state of stress within the web adjacent to points Band C in Fig. IO.S.lb.

(c) Sketch a figure analogous to Fig. IO.S.1 if the cross section is a thin-walled tube of square cross section rather than an I section.

10.21 (a) What boundary conditions should be applied to the solution of Eq. IO.S.3? (b) Moment M, is cited below Eq. IO.5.S. Write an expression for M, in terms of t, r, U'x, and z.

10.22 Determine the dimensions of the substitute cross sections (Section 10.S) for the following cross sections.

(a) Fig. 1O.4.3b.

(b) Problem 10.7.

*10.23 Using adjustments suggested in Section IO.S, compute the largest stresses U'< and a, in each of the two cross sections of Problem 10.7. Also find the maximum shear stress and state exactly where it appears.

10.24 (a) Repeat Example IO.S.I, changing only the radii; in Fig. IO.S.3, let a = 228.11 mm and b = ISO mm. Thicknesses and distance a - b = 78.11 mm are unchanged. Also sketch the distorted cross section.