1

POWER ELECTRONICS II
PRACTICAL FILE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Dheeraj Joshi Group4 (E4)

Khushboo (108588)
Pranav (108624)
Ankur (108637)
Bhavya (108638)
Shweta (108640)
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INDEX

S.NO. EXPERIMENT PAGE NO. REMARKS

1 To simulate single phase 5-7

series inverter.

2 To simulate single phase 8-10

parallel inverter.

3 To study single phase series 11-13

inverter.

4 To study single phase 14-16

parallel inverter.

5 To study speed control of 17-19

DC shunt motor using Dc
john chopper.

6 To study 3 phase 20-23

inverter on psim.

7 To simulate single phase 24-25

cyclo converter.

8 To study single phase step 26-28

up chopper.

9 To study SCR based on 29-30

cycloconverter.

10 To study single phase AC & 31-33

DC power control.
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List of Figures
Fig No. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
1.1 Series Inverter 5
1.2 Waveforms for series inverter 6
1.3 Waveforms of series inverter 7
with sine output wave
2.1 Parallel bridge inverter 8
2.2 Waveforms for parallel inverter 9
2.3 Output voltage waveform for 9
c=0.2uF
2.4 Output voltage waveform for 10
C=0.9uF
3.1 series inverter 12
3.2 Output voltage wave shape from 13
CRO.
4.1 Single phase parallel bridge 15
inverter with feedback diode
4.2 Waveform of output voltage 16
obtained from CRO
5.1 D.C. Jones Chopper 19
6.1 Three phase inverter 20
6.2 Switching sequence for 180 20
mode
6.3 Output waveform for 180° mode 21
R load
6.4 Switching sequence for 120 21
mode
6.5 Output waveform for 120° mode 23
R load
7.1 Single phase cycloconverter 24
7.2 Output waveform for step down 25
cycloconverter
8.1 step up chopper 26
8.2 Output waveform across L 28
9.1 SCR based cycloconverter 29
9.2 Output waveform of step down 30
cycloconverter
10.1 A.C. Power Control 31
10.2 D.C. Power Control 1 phase Half 31
Wave Converter
10.3 D.C. Power Control 1 phase Full 32
Wave Converter
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List of Observation Tables

Table no. Name of Observation Table Page no.

5.1 Observation table for D.C. Jones
Chopper
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Experiment 1

1.1 Aim: “To study 1 phase series inverter circuits through simulation”

1.2 Apparatus: Psim and Pc.

1.3 Ciruit diagram: Vt

Vin

Vout

Fig1.1 Series Inverter

1.4 Theory: Let f0 be the output frequency of the inverter, T off be the duration for safe
turn-off of each of the two thyristors and fr is the ringing frequency of the inverter circuit.

Then (1/fr) = [(a/f0)- 2Toff] = (1/f0)[1-2f0Toff]

Or fr = fo/[1-2f0Toff]
For f0 = 800 Hz and Toff = 125 us; fr = 800/0.8 = 1000 Hz

Design of Inductance L

A suitable value of L is chosen on the basis of the attenuation factor. When w ct = π/2, the
peak value of Imax [in the expression for current i(t) = I max e(R/2L)tπsinwct] will be reduced.
The optimum value of this attenuation factor(AF) is 0.5. Therefore, we can write,

R π/4wrL = ln2 or L = R/(8fcln2)

R= 100 Ω and fr = 1000 Hz L = 100/(8000.ln2) = 18.034 mH
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Design of Capacitance C
Capacitance is obtained from the expression for fr, i.e.
1 1 R2
fr =( ) ( )( )
2π
√ (
LC
−
4 L2
)

C = 1.1757 uF

1.5 Discussion:

Vin
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Vout

100
50
0
-50
-100

Vt

800
400
0
-400

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Time (s)

Fig 1.2 Waveforms for series inverter

Fig 1.2 shows the output waveform of series inverter for L=18.034mH, C=1.1757µF,
R=100Ω. The output wave is not pure sinusoidal, for given values of L and C. This is
because before T2 is switched on, after switching off T1, sometime has to be elapsed so
that T1 regains its forward blocking capability. However, adjusting the values of L, C in
the circuit sine wave output can be obtained as shown in fig 1.3. the values of inductance
and capacitance are 48.963mH and 1.8uF, respectively.
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Vin
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Vout

100

50

-50

-100

Vt

200

150

100

50

-50

-100

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Time (s)

Fig 1.3 waveforms of series inverter with sine output wave.

1.6 Result: Circuit of single phase series inverter has been designed on Psim and various
plots are taken as shown and results obtained are same as theoretically predicted.
 8

Experiment 2
2.1 Aim: “To study 1-Φ parallel inverter circuit through simulation.”

2.2 Apparatus: Psim and Pc.

2.3 Circuit Diagram:

Vt1

L=100mH

Vin Vo R=20Ω
Vc
ut

Fig 2.1 parallel bridge inverter.

2.4Theory: Parallel inverter inthe given 1- Φ capacitor commutated parallel inverter

using two Thyristors and a centre-tapped transformer the source voltage is 200v
dc. The centre-tapped transformer has a turn ratio from each half primary winding to
secondary winding Of 3:1.

For tc= 40 μ s and R = 20 Ω

n2 t c
Commutating capacitor:-c= =0.0815 μ F
4 R ln 2

Taking f0 = 1Khz and L = 100 m h . The wave form for parallel inverter ckt are
shown in psim simulation.

2.5 Discussion: Waveforms for parallel bridge inverter are shown in fig 2.2, for given
values of L=100mH, C= 0.0185uF, R-20Ω. Output voltage waveform is like a square
wave, not sine wave as required, indicating the presence of harmonics. Waveform can
made better by adjusting the value of capacitor. Output voltage waveforms for different
values of capacitor are shown in fig2.3 and 2.4, with C=0.2uF and C=0.9uF respectively.
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Vin

80
40
0
Vout
40
20
0
-20
-40

Vc

200
0
-200

Vt1

200
100
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time (s)

Fig 2.2 Waveforms for parallel inverter

Vin

100

80

60
40
20
0
Vout

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60

Vc

400

200

-200

-400

Vt1

400

200

-200

-400
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time (s)

Fig 2.3 Output voltage waveform for c=0.2uF

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Vin

100
80

60
40
20
0
Vout

200

100

-100

-200

Vc

1.5K
1K
0.5K
0K
-0.5K
-1K
-1.5K

Vt1

1.5K
1K
0.5K
0K
-0.5K
-1K
-1.5K

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01

Time (s)

Fig 2.4 Output voltage waveform for C=0.9uF

2.6 Result: Circuit of single phase parallel bridge inverter has been designed on Psim and
various plots are taken as shown and results obtained are same as theoretically predicted.
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Experiment 3
3.1 Aim: “To study single phase series inverter.”

3.2 Apparatus: 1. Inverter Circuit

2. DC Power Supply
3. Firing Circuit
4. CRO
5. Load
3.3 Circuit Diagram:

T1

L
battery
T2
C

load

Fig 3.1 series inverter

3.4 Theory: Basic series inverter circuit shows the circuit of a series inverter. The
commutating elements L and C are such that R 1L and C for an under damped circuit. The
capacitor has an initial voltage Ec. Thyristor TH1 is turned on first. Since their already
forward biased TH1 starts conducting and a current I flows in the circuit through TH1 and
C1, L and load. Because of under damped nature of the circuit the current is not constant. It
rises to a maximum value and then decreases to zero. When the current is at its peak the
voltage across the capacitor is equal to the source voltage V. After this the current starts
decreasing but voltage across capacitor increases. When the current becomes zero the
voltage across the capacitor is positive. At the point when current becomes zero TH1 is
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turned off. Now TH1 and TH2 are off. The voltage across capacitor is maintained at V+
Ec.. The across L is zero the time interval ab must be more than the T off of the Thyristor.
This is necessary to ensure that the stored charges in TH1 are reduced to zero so that at
point 6 TH1 is in completely off state. At point 6 when the anode of TH2 is positive due to
charge on the capacitor TH2 starts conducting. The capacitor discharges and the current I
flows in the opposite direction as of the previous current. He current reaches its negative
peak value and the decreases to zero at point C when TH2 is turned off. The above
sequence is repeated in the next cycle when TH1 is turned on. The frequency of output
voltage is

f = [1/2*(T/2 + Toff)]

T is the time period of oscillations. Also

T = 2*TT/(1/LC – R2/4C2)

When TH1 is turned on the equations are

V + Ec = Ri + Ldi/dt + i/c * INTEGRATION(I dt)

Taking Laplace:

V/s + Ec/s = I(s)[R + Ls + 1/Cs]

Since the circuit is under damped the solution is

I = (V + Ec)/(w+L)*exp(-Rt/2L)sin(wrt)

3.5 Procedure: To begin with switch on the power supply to the firing circuit. Check the
trigger pulses by varying the frequency. Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Now cancel trigger o/p s from the firing circuit to gate and cathode of SCR. Observe the
waveform across the load. Vary the frequency and again observe the waveform. Repeat the
same for different values of L and C.

3.6 Discussion: Waveform of output voltage obtained from CRO are shown below in fig
3.2. Wave is not pure sine wave, but have discontinuity in between. These discontinuities
can be reduced by selecting appropriate values of L and C. The wave shape obtained are
same as obtained from psim simulation of series inverter in exp1. Hence, the results are
verified.
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Fig 3.2 Output voltage wave shape.

3.7 Results: Single phase series inverter have been studied and the results are verified from
exp1, as wave shapes in both cases are same.
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Experiment 4
4.1 Aim: “To study single phase parallel bridge inverter with feedback diode.”

4.2 Apparatus:

1. Bridge in inverter firing circuit unit (Gate drive current 200mA)

2. Parallel bridge inverter power circuit (30V,2A)
3. Power supply 230V AC
4. CRO
5. Load

4.3 Circuit Diagram:

D1 L/2 D3

battery T2’
T1
C(C1/C2)

T2 load
T1’

D2 D4
L/2

Fig 4.1 single phase parallel bridge inverter with feedback diode

4.4 Theory: The bridge current with feedback diode and load is shown in figure. Initially
SCR T1 and T1’ conducts, T2 and T2’ are fixed. T1 and T1’ are turned off due to reverse
biasing by the capacitor voltage. The capacitor is now charged up by the sum of the current
in commutating inductance and load current. The commutation process starts with damped
oscillations and the capacitor voltage tends to exceed Vdc at this instance t2, when D2 and
D3 becomes forward bias and begin to conduct. The voltage across them drops almost to a
 15

zero as a result the voltage across the commutating reactors is also zero, and the capacitor
voltage and capacitor current cannot change. Therefore, the reactor current is divided into
Z load. Current Vdc/RC flows through SCR2 and SCR3 and the diode current flowing
through D2 and D3.

Power Circuit:

a) Vdc(in) – Terminal to connect i/p dc supply.

b) ON – Switch to ON the dc supply to tha power circuit.
c) Fuse – 2A glass fuse for protection.
d) T1,T1’T2,T2’ – SCR’s TYN 6/6.
e) D1,D1’,D2,D2’ – free wheeling diodes
f) L/2 – Commutation inductance
g) C1 – Commutation capacitance
h) C2 – Commutation capacitance

4.5 Procedure: Make all the connection of power circuit is built 1 phase bridge inverter.
Connect the firing pulses from the bridge inverter firing circuit. Connect the loads at load
points. Initially connect i/p DC supply to the power circuit. Apply firing pulse from firing
circuit by off/on switch. Observe output waveforms across the load whose voltage can be
varied by varying dc input to power circuit. If the commutation fails there is no voltage at
the output. This can be visible by sudden voltage drop and current rise in regulated power
supply. To switch off the inverter, switch off the DC supply first and then trigger output.
don’t switch OFF the trigger output without switching OFF the DC supply. It will lead to
commutation failure.

4.6 Observation:

Voltage = 12.2V

Current = 0.04A

(T) Time period = 5ms

(N) No. of div. = 4

Frequency = 1/(N*T) = 1/(.005*4) = 50 Hz

4.7 Discussion: Waveform of output voltage obtained from CRO are shown below in fig
4.2. Wave is not sine wave, is a square wave. Different wave shapes are obtained by
selecting appropriate values of L and C. The wave shape obtained are same as obtained
from psim simulation of series inverter in exp2. Hence, the results are verified.
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Fig 4.2. Waveform of output voltage obtained from CRO

4.8 Precautions: If commutation fails, switch OFF the input DC supply and try again
checking all the connections, devices, and firing pulse.

4.9 Result: The output wave obtained is a square wave which has been traced from CRO
using a tracing paper and has been compared with the waveform Fig 2.2 and has been
found to be approximate. Hence results are verified.
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Experiment 5
5.1 Aim: “To study speed control of DC motor using single phase half and fully
controlled bridge converter”

5.2 Apparatus:

Firing circuit: DC Chopper firing circuit.

Power circuit: DC Chopper firing circuit.

Source : 220V De power supply.

Load : 1HP/220V DC shunt motor with wading and speed

measuring arrangement

Using optical culoder pickup.

Testing Equipment: Power Scope/CRO with 10:1 probe.

5.3 Circuit Diagram:

T1

C
battery

T2

L1 L2

D1

Dm load

Fig 5.1 D.C. Jones Chopper

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5.4 Theory: Jones Chopper is an eg. Of class D commutation in which a changed capacitor
is switched by an auxillary SCR to commutate the main SCR. In this circuit , SCR is the
main switch and SCR2 is the auxillary switch which is of lower capacity than SCR , and is
used to commutate SCR1 by the reverse voltage development across the capacitor C
The special feature of the circuit is tapped autotransformer through a portion of which load
current flows. Since 4 and 0.5 are closely coupled , the capacitor always get sufficient
energy to turn SCR1 off. When SCR1 is turned on , the capacitor C discharges resonantly
through SCR1 ,4 and D1. This discharge current does not flow through L2 and back to the
battery because of the transformer action of T. The load current is picked up by SCR1 and
the flywheel diode D1 is reverse biased and its current reduced to zero. As the capacitor
voltage swings negative, the reverse bias on diode D2 decreases. This continues to time
(L1C)^1/m. The capacitor voltage assumes a polarity as shown in fig. When SCR2 is
turned on, the negative voltage on capacitor C is applied current which is nominally
constant starts to flow in SCR2 and capacitor C. The di/dt of SCR2 is limited by the circuit
stray inductance.  The capacitor C is charge positivelyt at first up to a voltage equal to the
supply voltage Vdc. The flywhell diode becomes forward biased and begins to pick up
load current and capacitor current starts to reduce. After this, the enrgy ½ LI 2 in inductance
L2 is forced into capacitor C changing it +ve (Y 2CV2). The capacitor current continues to
decrease increasing the current os SCR2 till the capacitor current reduces below the holding
current of SCR2 when it is turned off. The cycle repeats when SCR1 is again turned on.

ADVANTAGE: It allows the use of higher voltage and lower mf commutating capacitors.
This is because the trapped energy of the inductor L2 can be forced into the commutating C
range simply changing C by supply voltage. Voltage rating of SCSs should also be high.
There is no starting problem , any SCR can be turned on initially. Since both the on and off
time can be varied individually , it is flexible.

The Vpeak across SCRs and capacitor = supply voltage.

Vpeak = Vde +I1 √4/C

The commutation capacitor however doer not retain all its energy and is –vely charged at
the instant of commutation to n Vpeak where n lies bet n 0.5-0.9. The commutating
capacitor C must divert the load current long enough so that before C is changed to ov , the
SCR is off.

5.5 Procedure:

1)TESTINGOD DC – Chopper firing circuit. Connect 3 phase mains cable to unit switch
ON the main supply to the unit. Keep the INT-EXT switch in INT position. Observe the
test point signals. Observe the trigger o/p pulses. Main pulse and auxillary pulse. The duty
cycle of mani pulse should vary from 10-90% approx. Make sure firing circuit are proper
before connecting to power circuit.
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5.6 Observation table:

S .no Input voltage Output voltage Duty Cycle Speed

(Vin)(V) (Vo)(V) (%) (rpm)
1. 210 124 10 1192

2. 210 151 20 1469

3. 210 168 30 1623

4. 210 184 50 1787

5. 210 189 70 1837

6. 210 194.6 90 1893

Table 5.1 Observation table for D.C. Jones Chopper

5.7 PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Make sure that the firing pulse is proper before connecting to power circuit.

(2) Check the continuity of pulses in back panel.

(3) A small value of resistance in series with the armature should be used for commutation
process.

(4) Interconnection should be tight.

5.8 Discussion: From observation table, we can observe that output voltage and speed are
directly varying with the duty cycle or firing angle. Graphs have been plotted, depicting
the variation of o/p voltage and speed with duty cycle.

5.9 Result: Speed control of DC motor using single phase half controlled bridge converter
have been studied successfully.
 20

Experiment 6

6.1 Aim: “To study three phase inverter on psim.”

6.2 Apparatus: Psim and Pc.

6.3 Circuit diagram:

T1 T3 T5

Vin

T T2
T4 6

Vbo

Vco
Vao Vac

Fig.6.1 Three phase inverter

6.4 Theory: Three phase inverters are used for providing adjustable frequency power to
industrial applications. A basic 3 phase inverter is a six step bridge inverter, using
minimum of six switches. As shown in fig 1, 3 phase inverter consists of 3 half bridge
inverters arranged side by side. Three phase load is assumed to be star connected. The
topology of circuit is shown. There are two possible patterns of gating the thyristors. In
pattern, each thyristor conducts for 180 degrees and in other for 120 degrees, discussed
below:
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Mode 180°

As shown in fig 6.2, each thyristor conducts for 180° of a cycle. Thy pair in each arm, i.e.
T1,T4; T3,T6; T2,T5 are turned on with a time interval of 180°. Thy in upper group, i.e.
T1,T3,T5 conduct at an interval of 120°. Same is true for lower group also. Diodes fed
back current to dc source in case of RL load, there is no use of diodes in R load.
0° 60° T1 120° 180° 240° T4 300° 360°
T6 T3 T6
T5 T2 T5
I II III IV V VI
5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6

Fig 6.2 Switching sequence for 180 mode

For above shown firing strategy, the output waveforms of line to phase and line to line
voltages are shown in fig6.3 for R load respectively.

Fig.6.3 180° mode R load

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Mode 120°
As shown in fig 6.6, each thy conducts for 120° of a cycle. Thy pair in each arm, i.e.
T1,T4; T3,T6; T2,T5 are turned on with a time interval of 180°. Thy in upper group, i.e.
T1,T3,T5 conduct at an interval of 120°. Same is true for lower group also. T1 conducts
for 120° and for next 60° neither T1 nor T4 conducts. Firing strategy is shown in fig 6.5
0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°

T1 T4
T6 T3 T6
T2 T5
I II III IV V VI
6,1 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6

Fig 6.4 Switching sequence for 120 mode

For above shown firing strategy, the output waveforms of line to phase and line to line
voltages are shown in Fig 6.5 for R load

Vin

92.9577

Vao
20
0
-20

Vbo
20
0
-20

Vco
20
0
-20

Vac
40
0
-40

Ia

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01

Time (s)

Fig 6.5 120° mode R load

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6.5 Discusion: 1.On comparing the waveforms for 180° and 120° modes, we can clearly
see that harmonic component in phase voltage for 180° mode is more than that of 120°
mode. Whereas for line to line voltage, 180° mode has less harmonics.
2. Current waveform is better for RL load.
3. While using 180° mode, there is a chance of direct short circuit across supply in case T1
and T4 turn on simultaneously, due to absence of commutation interval between turning
off of T1 and turning on of T4.
In 120° mode, there is an interval of 60°, hence no chance of short circuit.

6.6 Result: Waveforms obtain for R load for 180° and 120° as shown in Fig 6.3, Fig 6.5.
 24

Experiment 7

7.1 Aim: “To stimulate a single phase step down cycloconverter on psim software.”

7.2 Apparatus: Psim and Pc.

7.3 Circuit diagram:

Fig 7.1 Single phase cycloconverter

7.4 Specifications:
 GP1
Frequency :16.6667hz
Switching point:0 60 120 180
 GP2
Frequency :16.6667hz
Switching point:60 120
 GN1
Frequency :16.6667hz
Switching point:180 240 300 360
 GN2
Frequency :16.6667hz
Switching point:240 300
 SIMULATING CONTROL
Time step:0.0001sec.
Total time:0.2sec
 25

 VOLTAGE SOURCE:
Peak value:325 volt
Frequency:50hz

7.5 Waveforms obtained:

Fig 7.2 Output waveform for step down cycloconverter.

7.7 Result & Discussion: Circuit of step down cycloconvertor has been designed on Psim
and wave obtain is shown above in fig 7.2 and results obtained are same as theoretically
predicted, for 2 cycles of input one cycle of output.
 26

Experiment 8
8.1 Aim: To study single phase step up chopper.

8.2 Apparatus: 8.2.1Control circuit:

1. Frequency : Potentiometer to vary frequency

2. Duty cycle: Potentiometer to vary the duty cycle
3. Driver output ON/OFF: From 0-70% approximately, switch for driver output
4. + or - : Driver output points to be connected to the base and emitter of the
transistor
5. Mains : Power ON/OFF switch to the unit with built in indicator

8.2.2Power circuit:

1. VDC IN: Terminals to connect DC input from 30V/2A regulated power supply
2. ON: Switch for DC input
3. Fuse: 2A glass fuse
4. +: +ve dc supply point after switch and fuse
5. L: Inductor -40mH/2A
6. Transistor: TIP 122
7. D1 & D2: Diodes 10A/200V
8. C: Capacitor for filtering -470mf/200V

8.3Circuit diagram:
L
Dm

T1
20V
RL
load

Fig 8.1 step up chopper

8.4 Theory: In this chopper, a large inductor is in series with source voltage. When the
switch is ON, a closed current path enclosing switch, input voltage and L. Here, L stores
the energy in the ON period. When the switch is OFF ,the current through L cannot fall
down suddenly , this current is forced through the diode and the load. As the current tends
to decrease the polarity of the emf induced in L is reversed. As a result the voltage across
the load exceeds Vi n. Hence this circuit acts as a step up chopper.
 27

8.5 Observation: Output waveform shown in fig 8.2 are obtained for the above setup.
Varying the duty cycle, the output voltage can be varied as shown in fig, for different
values of duty cycle.

Fig 8.2 Output waveform across L

 28

8.6 Precautions:

1. Duty cycle should not exceed beyond 75%.

2. The total current drawn from the voltage supply must be monitored and should be
within the current rating of the power supply.

8.7 Result & Discussion: Single phase step up chopper has been studied and voltage
waveform obtain on CRO approximately same as theoretical expected.
 29

Experiment -9
9.1 Aim: To study the SCR based Cycloconverter functions and also its associated
waveforms.

9.2 Apparatus:

1. 2 channel power oscilloscope

2. PE trainer with INV/CON panel
3. Lab multimeter battery supplied with PE trainer

9.3 Circuit diagram:

Thy1

100Ω, 40 W

Thy 3
230V
Thy2

Thy 4

Fig9.1 SCR based cycloconverter

9.3 Theory: The cycloconverter configuration is shown in the figure and uses all four
SCR’s . cycloconverters are used for frequency divisions .The circuit can produce load
voltage at 25 hz or 12.5 hz. In simplest form frequency divisions in multiples of 2 is
possible.

 The circuit functions ac centre tapped positive rectifier (using Th1 and Th2) for
integral number of A.C cycles
 Further the circuit functions as centre tapped negative rectifier (Th3 and Th4) for
same number of input A.C cycles
 Then this process repeats.
 30

9.4 Procedure:

The required SCR’s are Th1,2 and Th3 and Th4.The inverter transformer is used in step
down mode as 230V/12-0-12 V. The load used is 10 ohm/40 W resistor from RHS panel
from main unit.Make the connections as per schedule given above. Keep the firing mode
selector switch on position 2. Keep D.C input switch ON AC input to PE trainer. Now
observe the waveform.

9.5 Observation: Following waveforms are obtained from C.R.O. for above circuit. Fig
9.2 shows o/p waveform for step down cycloconverter with o/p frequency (i) 25Hz and (ii)
12.5 Hz, respectively.

Fig 9.2 Output waveform of step down Cycloconverter

9.6 Discussion: The SCR based Cycloconverter offers input A.C frequency divisions in
multiples of 2, 4. Variable voltage output can also be offered by controlling firing angle of
these SCR’s in each cycle. These results are same as obtained in expt 7 through simulation,
hence the results are verified.

9.7 Result: The output wave obtained is a lower frequency wave which has been traced
from CRO using a tracing paper and has been compared with the waveform Fig 7.2 and
has been found to be approximate. Hence results are verified.
 31

Experiment -10
10.1 Aim: To study single phase AC & DC power control.

10.2 Apparatus:

a)firing circuit

b)power circuit

10.3 Circuit diagram:

Fig 10.1 A.C. Power Control

Fig 10.2 D.C. Power Control 1 phase Half Wave Converter

 32

Fig 10.3 D.C. Power Control 1 phase Full Wave Converter

10.4 Theory:

a)Firing circuit:- This unit,generates line synchronized to pulse transformer isolated trigger
pulses .These trigger pulses can be used to trigger :-

1)1 -Φ AC phase control using SCR’s(antiparallel SCr’s )

2)1 -Φ AC phase control using triac

3)1-Φ half wave rectifier (single scr)

4)1- Φ full wave rectifier (2 scr’s )

5)1-Φ half controlled bridge rectifier(2 scr’s and 2 diodes )

The firing circuit is based on zero crossing detector,ramp generator ,op-amp.comparator

and amplifier /pulse transformr isolation method

Front panel details:-

1)power:- main switch for firing crcuit with built in indicator

2)firing:-potentiometero vary the α from 0 to 180•

3)SCR/TRIAC:selection switch for trigger output for scr /triac

4)OFF/ON:switch for trigger output with soft start feature

5)trigger output s:-T1/T2:-trigger output for SCR1 or TRIAC

T2:-trigger output for SCR2

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Power circuit:-

The power circuit consists of 2 SCR’s ,3 diodes and a TRIAC .The power devices are
mounted on suitable heat sink for dissipation .The snubber circuit is connected for dv/dt
protection .a fuse is also provided in series wuth the devices for short circuit or over
current protection .in the input side a MCB is provided to switch ON/OFF the supply to
the power circuit .a voltmeter is provided and an ammeter is provided to measure the input
/output voltage and current .

Front panel details :-

1)AC input:-terminals to connect AC input

2)AC output :-AC supply terminals after the MCB to be connected to power circuit

3)MCB :-A 6A/2 pole MCB for ON/OFF the AC supply to the power circuit

4) T1 and T2:- SCR’s -16 A /600V

5)D3 and D4:-diodes -16A /600V

6)Dm:-free wheeling diode

7)Tr:-TRIAC -10A/600V

8)vometer :-0-300 V moving iron meter to measure input /output volatage

9)ammeter :0-5 A moving iron meter to measure current

10.5 Procedure:

Make the interconnections in the power circuit as given in the citrcuit diagram .switch ON
the firing circuit .Observe the triggering outputs .Make sure that the firing pulses are
proper before connecting to the power circuit than connect the trigger output from firing
circuit to corresponding SCR’s /TRIAC .In the power circuit initially set the AC input to
30 V .switch ON the MCB and trigger output switch .select the SCR’s /TRIAC ,select
switch and observe the output waveforms across ‘R’ load by varying the firing angle of
potentiometer .If the output waveform is proper than you can increase the input voltage to
rated value i.e 0-230 V gradually .vary the fit=ring angle and note down the output
voltage.