Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Renante Dingal
I. INTRODUCTION
This statement uttered more than two decades ago still reverberates with truth
when examined against the backdrop of our present predicament. Many parents and
teachers lament the fact that our children no longer have that desire to read which saw
their parents through most of their academic and professional life. Part of the blame
usually goes to the fact that nowadays a child’s time is now spent more on activities
other than reading. He would rather go to the malls, or play computer games, or watch
television.
ATTITUDE
system of feelings related to reading which causes the learner to approach or avoid a
reading situation. Attitudes toward reading assume an important role in the reading
process. Teachers need to develop and maintain young children's positive reading
experiences tend to shape their reading attitudes (Mason, 1967) and vice versa.
Ransbury (1973) found that children with positive reading attitudes were good readers,
whereas those children with negative reading attitudes were poor readers. In
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Brumbaugh's (1940) study, kindergarten children with negative attitudes toward reading
could pass reading readiness tests but were not able to read. Inappropriate reading
experiences or the mental stress of being pressured to read before they are ready can
school and as a member of society. Wang (2000) claims that children’s literacy
development determines their future successes in reading and writing. Given the critical
developed at a young age. Children’s understanding of the purposes for learning to read
and developing a positive attitude toward reading are fundamentals to their attitudes as
adults. There is no dispute among professionals regarding the fact that reading among
extensive reading, Yamashita (2004) found ample support for the transfer of affective
domain of reading (attitudes) from L1 to L2. But L2 proficiency does not affect this
transfer in the way in which the linguistic threshold hypothesis would predict if this
Sperling & Head (2002) addressed the development of reading attitudes and
indicated a slight decrease in reading attitudes during the kindergarten year. Expected
increases in skills were generally indicated with pronounced increases in sight word
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recognition during the kindergarten year, after other skills had been mastered.
Between 1993 and 1995 a longitudinal study of student reading attitudes was
Attitude Survey (ERAS). Study results include: in general, students’ attitudes were
favorable about reading; in both elementary and middle schools, females had more
positive attitudes toward reading, with recreational reading attitudes more positive than
reading attitude scores. The variation between schools suggests that activities at the
school, teacher quality, and school environment probably affect those differences
(Fitzgibbons, 1997).
Almost everyone can probably recall having been told on more than one
occasion by a teacher, "I don't care if you like it or not; I know it will be good for you to
learn this and someday you'll thank me." There's no way to know, of course. But one
might wonder how often the appreciation has been expressed. In any case, the idea
that learning in school need be painful is at best anachronistic and at worst damaging to
the future learning experiences of students. The affective feeling rather than the
cognitive product of learning will more often than not determine those experiences
(Estes, 1975).
information and enjoyment. The attitudes young children develop [sic] during these early
years will have lasting effects on their later reading. They may learn to read but may
reject any reading experiences. Thus, while young children must learn to interpret the
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written language, they must also develop a desire to read and appreciate what they
important for two principal reasons. First, attitudes may affect the level of ability
engagement and practice. Second, even for the fluent reader, poor attitude may
occasion a choice not to read when other options exist, a condition now generally
MOTIVATION
“beliefs, values, needs and goals that individuals have.” Thus, the closer that literacy
activities and tasks match these values, needs, and goals, the greater the likelihood that
students will expend effort and sustain interest in them. When some students judge
reading and literacy activities to be unrewarding, too difficult, or not worth the effort
because they are peripheral to their interests and needs, they can become nonreaders
(Strommen & Mates, 2004) or aliterate adolescents (Alvermann, 2003) who are capable
of reading but choose not to do so. Achievement motivation has long been an important
area in educational research. While students with positive learning motivation are found
exists which proves that students who are highly motivated were more persistent in their
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school work and chose challenging tasks compared to their counterparts who are less
motivated. It is not surprising to learn therefore that some schools have adopted some
called DEAR (for Drop Everything and Read) is designed to foster love of reading
Mucherah and Yoder (2008) found out that students who had high self-efficacy in
their reading, read challenging material, and read for aesthetic enjoyment did better on
the standardized test called ISTEP+ test in reading. Moreover, they also found that
students who read mostly for social reasons did poorly on the ISTEP+ test.
primary and secondary students, Lau (2009) found out that as far as the scores on the
four reading motivation constructs were concerned, students scored most highly on
Significant grade differences were found in all reading motivation constructs whereas
only a few grade by gender and grade by school-average interactions were found.
In this study the researcher attempted to measure the students’ attitude toward
reading and their motivation for reading and looking at the relationship students’ reading
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II. METHODOLOGY
RESPONDENTS
The respondents of this study were 39 freshmen students (age ranged from 11 to
Male 12 30.77
Female 27 69.23
Total 39 100.00
11 2 2.56
12 17 43.59
13 19 48.73
14 1 2.59
Total 39 100.00
INSTRUMENTS
To measure the respondents’ attitude toward reading, the researcher made use
based on the view that attitudes are mainly affective and that attitudes and beliefs
are causally related. McKenna and Kear's instrument (The Elementary Reading Attitude
Survey, ERAS) was designed to measure the affective aspects of children's reading
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attitudes in two dimensions: their attitudes towards recreational reading and their
attitudes towards school-based academic reading (McKenna & Kear, 1990). Admitting
that the ERAS is not a perfect tool for measuring reading attitude, the authors noted that
the survey can provide quantitative estimates of two important aspects of children’s
attitude toward reading. Like global measures of achievement, however, they can do
techniques likely to improve it. On the other hand, the instrument can be used to (a)
make possible initial conjecture about the attitudes of specific students, (b) provide a
convenient group profile of a class (or a larger unit), or (c) serves as a means of
For the purpose of the study, the researcher considered the respondents’ attitude
toward recreational reading, or the first ten items of ERAS only. Academic reading
would not have made sense correlating it with reading motivation as this kind of reading
is usually imposed on the students and therefore, not entirely voluntary. Recreational
reading, on the other hand, is more likely voluntary, making it ideal as a variable for the
study. But just the same, their score in the academic reading were determined. (See
table 3).
To measure the respondents’ motivation for reading, the researcher used the
motivation for reading. The MRQ items are rated along a 4-step Likert continuum (e.g.,
1 = very different from me to 4 = a lot like me). The 11 aspects are: Reading Efficacy is
belief that one can be successful at reading. Reading Challenge is the willingness to
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take on difficult reading material. Reading Work Avoidance is the desire to avoid
reading activity. Reading Curiosity is the desire to read topics of interest. Reading
Involvement is the enjoyment received from reading. Importance of Reading is the value
placed on reading. Reading for Recognition is the pleasure of receiving a tangible form
of recognition for success in reading. Reading for Grades is the desire for positive
others in reading. Social Reasons for Reading is the sharing meaning gained from
reading with others. Compliance is reading to meet others’ expectations (Watkins &
Coffey, 2004).
After scoring the value of the respondents’ attitude toward reading, the
researcher determined the correlation of recreational reading and all the 11 aspects of
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Pearson r correlation. The scores were tallied and computed to come up with the values
for p, r, and t to show the relationship between the variables and the strength of this
purposes. A correlation of 0.9 may be very low if one is verifying a physical law using
high-quality instruments, but may be regarded as very high in the social sciences where
Below are the scores of the respondents in the two instruments administered by
the researcher:
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1 18 21 39
2 15 20 35
3 29 32 61
4 21 36 57
5 28 30 58
6 26 31 57
7 30 33 63
8 31 31 62
9 29 35 64
10 31 32 63
11 13 18 31
12 36 28 64
13 32 29 61
14 32 31 63
15 35 36 71
16 34 34 68
17 27 24 51
18 29 29 58
19 27 30 57
20 31 30 61
21 32 29 61
22 28 29 57
23 28 35 63
24 31 32 63
25 33 27 60
26 27 27 54
27 24 26 50
28 27 28 55
29 31 32 63
30 34 33 67
31 32 37 69
32 33 32 65
33 32 30 62
34 33 34 67
35 29 28 57
36 30 31 61
37 20 26 46
38 30 24 54
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39 27 29 56
TOTAL 1115 1159 2274
Mean score 27.875 28.975 56.85
Note: Names of the respondents were substituted for a code for
confidentiality.
Legend: Rec stands for Recreational,
Acad stands for Academic
RST stands for Raw Score Total
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Code A B C D E F G H I J K Total
1 4 11 15 16 6 6 10 7 6 14 14 109
2 4 8 12 9 3 5 9 6 7 11 9 83
3 9 14 17 19 5 9 16 14 10 12 13 138
4 7 16 20 17 5 8 10 7 10 11 13 124
5 10 17 20 18 6 10 15 16 11 18 16 157
6 6 17 16 22 4 7 20 14 12 22 14 154
7 12 18 23 13 8 9 20 18 16 17 13 167
8 9 18 19 21 8 6 16 15 13 18 14 157
9 9 17 22 19 5 7 16 13 12 15 17 152
10 8 16 18 21 7 10 16 13 12 18 17 156
11 10 12 13 14 7 13 14 13 9 13 8 126
12 8 17 22 22 8 9 18 16 13 15 18 166
13 11 14 19 23 6 9 17 17 12 17 19 164
14 8 17 19 19 8 9 17 16 15 16 15 159
15 10 19 21 23 8 5 22 19 14 21 16 178
16 10 10 12 16 7 5 15 15 14 19 12 135
17 9 13 9 10 7 8 13 9 10 8 14 110
18 7 18 18 20 3 12 10 9 7 15 13 132
19 10 18 23 23 6 12 21 18 12 23 18 184
20 8 16 17 19 8 6 13 12 7 16 16 138
21 8 16 21 19 5 7 18 14 13 19 16 156
22 10 14 19 21 4 9 10 12 10 15 14 138
23 10 17 21 21 8 10 19 16 11 17 15 165
24 8 13 16 14 6 7 14 12 11 15 12 128
25 8 17 17 21 5 9 15 14 8 14 11 139
26 7 12 20 20 6 13 12 7 10 17 6 130
27 7 12 13 11 8 9 12 12 8 11 14 117
28 6 12 18 17 8 6 12 12 12 16 14 133
29 6 12 16 15 6 11 13 12 9 18 11 129
30 9 16 17 14 6 8 15 13 11 20 13 142
31 10 17 21 20 7 4 9 14 7 17 14 140
32 10 18 22 22 8 5 13 17 13 24 17 169
33 9 18 23 19 8 6 19 19 15 22 17 175
34 8 16 19 23 7 8 19 16 14 22 18 170
35 8 19 20 19 3 6 9 12 11 16 13 136
36 8 18 19 20 7 8 17 12 13 11 11 144
37 8 11 15 14 5 16 11 7 6 13 9 115
38 11 18 17 22 4 10 19 14 14 15 16 13 | P160
age
39 9 15 23 20 6 7 12 14 10 18 13 147
TOT 71 71 24 32 51
AL 329 597 2 6 2 4 576 6 428 639 543 5622
Mea 8.22 14.9 17. 17. 6.0 12. 15.9
n 5 3 8 9 5 8.1 14.4 9 10.7 8 13.58 140.6
Note: Names of the respondents were substituted for a code for
confidentiality.
Legend:
A - Reading Efficacy
B - Reading Challenge
C - Reading Curiosity
D - Reading Involvement
E - Importance of Reading
F - Reading Work Avoidance
G - Competition in Reading
H - Recognition for Reading
I - Reading for Grades
J - Social Reasons for Reading
K - Compliance
ASPECTS p t r
α = 0.05
As explained on page 8, the statistics used for the data was the Pearson r
the respondents’ recreational reading and reading for recognition, with an r value of
0.63 which means there is a high positive relationship. Therefore, we can assume
based on this value that the higher the respondents’ inclination toward recreational
reading, the higher their pleasure of receiving a tangible form of recognition for success
in reading becomes.
recreational reading and their willingness to take on difficult reading materials. The more
the respondents are inclined to read for recreation, the more they are willing to be given
difficult materials to read. On the same level, the respondents’ inclination toward
recreational reading is positively related to their desire for positive school evaluations by
their teacher.
Also worth noting is the negative r value between the respondents’ recreational
reading and their reading for work avoidance at -0.3000. Although the figure suggests a
low relationship, its being negative is taken to mean the higher the respondents’
inclination toward recreational reading, the lower is their inclination toward avoiding
reading activities.
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Ironically, the respondents’ view of the importance of reading does not
computed r value of only 0.308. The value that the respondents place on reading does
The rest of the aspects have only low to moderate relationship with the
The study was conducted using the freshmen students of Angeles University
respondents’ attitude toward reading and their motivation for reading using ERAS and
MRQ, respectively. For the purpose of the study, the researcher disregarded the
respondents’ second half of the ERAS which is concerned with academic reading and
focused only on its first half which concerns recreational reading. A total of 39
respondents (12 boys and 27 girls) aged 11-14 years old were surveyed.
With the data at hand, the Pearson product-moment correlation was used to
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• there is a moderately strong relationship existing between the respondents’
materials;
It is imperative that teachers become aware what motivates their students to read
and how their students feel toward reading. When children have a positive attitude
toward reading, it helps them greatly in their literacy development. Children's experience
the support, guidance, and encouragement of teachers and parents, children may not
acquire a positive attitude toward reading and may get very little from the books that
they read. Through the support, guidance, and encouragement of teachers and parents,
children can experience success and enjoy reading, and children can build their
can be liberated from the tedious and laborious standardized tests. Children and
teachers can concentrate on the development of children's literacy, and children may
increase their motivation in reading and form a positive attitude toward reading. Children
may relate reading to their lives and get many valuable things from it, from which
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children will be motivated and may form the habit of reading. Children can succeed in
reading in the future after they acquire a positive attitude toward reading.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fitzgibbons, S. (1997 July). Attitudes of youth toward reading before and after
a motivational project. A paper presented at the Annual Conference of
International Association of School Librarianship held in conjunction with the
Association of Teacher-Librarianship n Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada.
Guthrie, J.T., & Wigfield, A. (1997). Reading engagement: A rationale for theory
and teaching. In J.T. Guthrie & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Reading engagement:
Motivating readers through integrated instruction. Newark, DE: International
Reading Association.
Lau, K. (2009). Grade differences in reading motivation of Hong Kong primary and
secondary students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 713-733.
doi: 10.1348/000709909X460042
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McKenna, M. C., & Kear, D. J. (1990). Measuring attitude toward reading: A new tool for
teachers. The Reading Teacher, 43, 626-639.
Mucherah, W. & Yoder, A. (2008). Motivation in reading and middle school students’
performance on standardized testing in reading. Reading Psychology, 29,
214-235. doi: 10.1080/02702710801982159
Tunnell, M., Calder, J., Justen III. J, & Phaup, E. (1991). Attitudes of young readers.
Reading Improvement, 28(4), 237-243.
Wang, Y. (2000). Children’s attitude toward reading and their literacy development.
Journal of Instructional Psychology, 27(2), 120-125.
Wigfield, A. & Guthrie, J. (1997). Relations of children’s motivation for reading to the
amount and breadth of their reading. Journal of Educational Psychology,89(3),
420-432.
Vacca, R. & Alvermann, D. (1998, October). The crisis in adolescent literacy: Is it real
or imagined? In National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin,
4-9.
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Yamashita, J. (2004). Reading attitudes in L1 and L2, and their influence on
L2 extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 16(1).
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