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o determine the heat of vaporization of a liquid.

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he vapour pressure is a characteristic property of a liquid at a given temperature.
It does not depend upon the amount of the liquid or the vapour phase. he vapour
pressure of a liquid increases exponentially with rise in temperature.
he temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the
external pressure (i.e. the atmospheric pressure) is called the normal boiling point of
the liquid. If the external pressure is large, the boiling point will be correspondingly
higher.
he amount of heat required to convert one mole of the liquid into its vapour, at a
given temperature, is called the enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid. he greater the
attractive forces present in a liquid, the larger is the enthalpy of vaporization. It can
be estimated from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, from pressures p1 to p2 at
temperatures 1 to 2, as

௣ଶ οୌιୣ୴ୟ୮ ଵ ଵ
Ž‘‰ ൌ ሾ െ ሿ (Equation 1)
௣ଵ ଶǤଷ଴ଷோ ୘ଵ ୘ଶ

On the experiment, instead of pressure, the use of rate substitutes the pressure
above in which R equal to 1/ime. he log R and 1/ are the parameters use to
calculate slope in graphical form. After the slope was known, the heat of vaporization
could then be computed.

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he evaporating dish was floated on the water in a 600 mL beaker. he water was
heated in the beaker to 70 oC. By means of a dropper, 5 drops of the unknown liquid
was transferred to the evaporating dish. A stopwatch measured the time necessary for
the liquid to evaporate. Start timing when the liquid was placed in the dish. he
temperature was read again when vaporization was complete. he average
temperature was also recorded. he above procedures were repeated for three trials
and for temperatures at 60 oC, 50 oC and 40oC. he addition of tap water to the beaker
gave lower temperature and be adjusted for the desired temperature. he amount of
liquid use for the entire experiment was measured exactly in order to have small
 deviation. he log R( R= 1/) of vaporization against 1/ave was plotted in the excel.
he slope of the line was determined and calculated the molar heat of vaporize ion as
shown below:

ο‫ܪ‬ι ൌ െʹǤ͵Ͳ͵‫ܴݔ݁݌݋݈ݏݔ‬. (Equation 2)


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able 7.1 he time and temperature components to calculate the heat of vaporization ??
using Clausius-Clapeyron equation ?
emperature ime 1/ave (K-1) R(1/ime),min-1 log R Slope ο‫ܪ‬ιxevap
(K) (min) (Kmin-1) (kJ/mol)
313 2.1036 0.00319 0.4752 -0.3231 - º?
323 1.0077 0.00309 0.9924 -0.00331 -1982.5
?
333 0.5929 0.003 1.6866 0.227 -2559 49
343 0.4115 0.00292 2.4301 0.3856 -3197.9 61.23

Figure 7.1 he plot for log R against 1/ in getting the heat of solution.

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he vapour pressure of a liquid at a given temperature is the pressure exerted by
the vapours present above the liquid in equilibrium with liquid at same temperature.
he Clausius-Clapeyron equation as shown above in equation 1 gives useful
relationship for the calculations of heat of vaporization in a graph by using its slope.
he heat of vaporization could be calculated as slope was determined using equation
2 above.
 As Figure 7.1 showed, the negative slope of the line gave meaning of decreasing
rate of vaporization as temperature decreases. As usual, the rate of vaporization
depends on the temperature as shown quantitatively by Clausius-Clapeyron equation
instead of pressure; it could be the log rate (R) which is equal to 1/ime. he slope at
point AB, BC and CD were -1982.5 K/min, --2559 K/min and -3197.9 K/min
respectively. he slope was not constant for every point in order to have much clearer
results of slope for every point. So, it was rather to compute the individual slope of
every point rather than it would be constant. It was very clear that the slope of the line
decreases from point AB to CD because temperature decreases as rate also decreases.
At higher temperature, the faster the vaporization of liquid because of higher energy
to vaporize the liquid into gaseous state compared to lower temperature. hen, the
heat of vaporization for point AB, BC and CD were 37.96 kJ/mol, 49 kJ/mol and
61.23 kJ/mol respectively. On point AB to CD, the decreasing attractive forces
present in a liquid gave decreasing enthalpy of vaporization. he unknown liquid
used was chloroform (CxCl3).
A typical liquid-vapour phase boundary had opposite plot compared to Figure 7.1.
he boundary can be regarded as a plot of the vapour pressure against the
temperature. Note that, in some depictions of phase diagrams in which a logarithmic
pressure scale is used, the phase boundary has the opposite curvature. his phase
boundary terminates at the critical point (not shown on the plot).

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he heat of vaporization of a liquid was determined using the graph by its slope.
hen, the log R versus 1/ was plotted in the excel. he Clausius-Clapeyron equation
was very useful relationship for the calculation of the heat of vaporization.

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Atkins, P.W. he Elements of Physical Chemistry.3rd edition. Oxford University
Press. Oxford, USA © 1996.

Whitten, Kenneth W., Raymond E. Davis, M. Larry Peck, George Stanley.”

  
   
. homson Learning Asia, Brooks/Cole Copyright
©2005.

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1.? Can the heat of vaporization have a negative value? Why?
Answer: No, it couldn¶t have a negative value because in every negative slope,
then multiplied to negative value of heat of vaporization, it is always having a
positive value for heat of vaporization.
 2.? Explain the observed increase in rate of vaporization with an increase of
temperature?
Answer: As relationship shown from Clausius-Clapeyron equation (equation 1),
the pressure is inversely proportional to temperature and so R is also inversely
proportional to temperature. It implies that an increase in 1/ gave smaller value
but log R has higher value. Oppositely, an increase of rate of vaporization gave
smaller value of 1/.

3.? Why must the amount of liquid used be exactly the same throughout the
experiment?
Answer: he amount of liquid used is exactly the same throughout the experiment
so that the deviation of error for the rate of vaporization in every trial made is
minimal. It gives straight line and could have a constant slope throughout any
temperatures.

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A.? Calculations for the slope of the line
a.? For point A (0.00292, 0.3856) and B (0.003, 0.2270)
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ͲǤʹʹ͹Ͳ െ ͲǤ͵ͺͷ͸
5
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ͲǤͲͲ͵ െ ͲǤͲͲʹͻʹ
5
ൌ  െͳͻͺʹǤͷͲ‫ܭ‬Ȁ5

b.? For point B (0.003, 0.2270)and C (0.00309, -0.00331)

െͲǤͲͲ͵͵ͳ െ ͲǤʹʹ͹Ͳ
5
 ൌ
ͲǤͲͲ͵Ͳͻ െ ͲǤͲͲ͵
mBC = -2559 K/min

c.? For point C (0.00309, -0.00331) and D (0.00319, -0.3231)

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5 ൌ
ͲǤͲͲ͵ͳͻ െ ͲǤͲͲ͵Ͳͻ
5 ൌ  െ͵ͳͻ͹Ǥͻ‫ܭ‬Ȁ5
B.? Calculations for the heat of vaporization
a.? ο‫ܪ‬ι
ൌ  െʹǤ͵Ͳ͵‫݁݌݋݈ݏݔܴݔ‬
¨x AB = -2.303 x 8.314 J/mol K x -1982.5 K/min
¨x AB = 37959.20902 J/mol or 37.96 kJ/mol

b.? ο‫ܪ‬ι
 ൌ  െʹǤ͵Ͳ͵‫݁݌݋݈ݏݔܴݔ‬

¨x BC = -2.303 x 8.314 J/mol K x -2559 K/min
¨x BC = 48997.53638 J/mol or 49 kJ/mol
c.? ο‫ܪ‬ι ൌ  െʹǤ͵Ͳ͵‫݁݌݋݈ݏݔܴݔ‬
¨x  = -2.303 x 8.314 J/mol K x -3197.9 K/min
¨x  = 61230.6424 J/mol or 61.23 kJ/mol