Application Note

Cisco Fast Secure Roaming

Cisco Systems® is pleased to introduce Cisco fast secure roaming with Cisco
IOS® Software release 12.2(11)JA for Cisco Aironet® 1200 and 1100 Series Access
Points and Cisco Aironet Client Adapter Installation Wizard version 1.1. Cisco fast
secure roaming, a component of Wireless Domain Services, provides significant
enhancements to Layer 2 (L2) roaming performance. With Cisco fast secure
roaming, wireless LAN (WLAN) clients can roam between Cisco Aironet access
points in fewer than 150ms. This application note examines all aspects of L2
roaming including: the necessity for fast secure roaming, L2 roaming components,
fast secure roaming latency improvements, and configuration considerations for
fast secure roaming.

Author
Bruce McMurdo, a Cisco enterprise solution design technical marketing engineer, is the
author of this application note.

Introduction

Wireless domain services (WDS) is introduced with the Cisco Structured Wireless-Aware
Network (SWAN). WDS is a collection of Cisco IOS Software features that enhance WLAN
client mobility and simplify WLAN deployment and management. These services, supported
today on access points and client devices, and on specific Cisco LAN switches and routers in
2004, include fast secure roaming and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) 802.1X local authentication.

Fast secure roaming is supported by Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100 Series access points
in conjunction with Cisco or Cisco Compatible client devices. With fast secure roaming,
authenticated client devices can roam securely at L2 from one access point to another
without any perceptible delay during reassociation. Fast secure roaming supports
latency-sensitive applications such as wireless voice over IP (VoIP), enterprise resource
planning (ERP), or Citrix-based solutions (Figure 1). WDS provides fast, secure handoff
services to access points, without dropping connections, for fewer than 150ms roaming
within a subnet.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 1 of 33
 Figure 1 Fast Secure Roaming

1. Access Point must now 802.1X authenticate

with the WDS Access Point (AP1) to establish
a secure session
2. Initial client 802.1X authentication goes to a
central AAA server (~500ms)
3. During a client roam, the client signals to the
WAN WDS it has roamed and WDS will send the
AP Based WDS client’s base key to the new Access Point (AP2)
4. The overall roam time is reduced to <150ms,
Cisco ACS and in most cases, <100ms
AAA Server

AP2 AP1

Note: Because the local WDS device handles roaming and reauthentication, the WAN link is not used

More information on Cisco SWAN is available from the references section at the end of this document and at
http://www.cisco.com/go/swan.

This document provides details on Cisco fast secure roaming protocol implemented in the following software
releases:
• Cisco IOS Software release 12.2(11)JA or greater for Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100 Series access points
• Client Aironet Client Utility, firmware, and driver software releases included in Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor
Installation Wizard version 1.1 or greater

Cisco fast secure roaming enhancements will be included in Version 2 of the Cisco Compatible Extensions program,
which will be made available to third-party WLAN network interface card (NIC) vendors.

Table 1 and Table 2 summarize the client and infrastructure types that can and cannot utilize Cisco fast secure
roaming to roam between upstream access points.

Table 1 Client Support for Cisco Fast Secure Roaming

Supports Fast Secure Roaming

with Cisco Centralized Key
Fast Secure Roaming Client Management (CCKM)

Cisco Aironet 340, 350 wireless LAN client adapter cards Yes

Cisco Aironet 5 GHz, 54 Mbps wireless LAN client adapter cards Yes

Cisco Compatible Extensions version II compliant NICs (when available) Yes

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 2 of 33
 Supports Fast Secure Roaming
with Cisco Centralized Key
Fast Secure Roaming Client Management (CCKM)

Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100 Series access points running Cisco IOS Yes
Software in repeater mode

Cisco Aironet wireless bridge in non-root mode No

Cisco Aironet workgroup bridge No

Table 2 Infrastructure Support For Cisco Fast Secure Roaming

Supports Fast Secure Roaming

with Cisco Centralized Key
Fast Secure Roaming Infrastructure Management (CCKM)

Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100 Series access points running Cisco IOS Yes
Software in access point mode

Cisco Aironet 350 Series access points running Cisco IOS Software in Yes
access point mode (when available)

Solution Overview

Networks are normally partitioned into discrete L2 domains corresponding to Internet Protocol (IP) subnets.
This partitioning and the difference between L2 and Layer 3 (L3) roaming are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Roaming

Layer 3
Distribution
Layer Switches

Access Layer Access Layer

Switches Switches
Access Access
Points Points
QoS QoS
Subnet A Subnet B

Layer 2 Roaming Layer 3 Roaming

Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) (Mobile IP)

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 3 of 33
 This application note discusses only L2 roaming. L2 roaming occurs when a WLAN client moves between wireless
access points that are part of the same IP subnet.

A L3 roam occurs when the client roams to an access point in a different subnet. Mobile IP capability is required to
provide seamless roaming across L3 subnet boundaries. Every L3 roam is preceded by a L2 link-layer roam. This
document examines L2 roaming in detail. L3 roaming will be addressed in a separate application note.

Wireless LANs provide the ability to connect to the network from virtually any location within the enterprise. The
desire to move from one location to another while maintaining an application session is a natural extension of this
extended network reach.

The trend toward wireless IP telephony, wireless laptops, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) will further
accelerate the desire for seamless network access for clients moving between locations. Wireless LAN benefits specific
to mobility include:
• Innovative application deployment—New and innovative applications such as actionable alerts, messaging, and
workflow applications that require always-on network connectivity, are now possible
• Improved efficiency and productivity—Continuous connectivity allows work to be performed any where, any
time without interruption
• Increased data accuracy—Data can be captured or updated immediately, from any location, which increases data
accuracy.
• Ubiquity—Users can remain online at virtually any location at home, at work or on the road

General Design Characteristics

Cisco AVVID (Architecture for Voice, Video, and Integrated Data) provides comprehensive campus network
architecture including WLANs. Where possible, the existing Cisco AVVID L3 architecture should be maintained,
with wireless LANs deployed as an additional, dedicated, wireless subnet per wiring closet for WLAN overlays.
Detailed enterprise network design guidance is provided on the Cisco Solution Reference Network Design Guides
home page, available at http://www.cisco.com/go/srnd

Clients not compatible with Cisco Centralized Key Management (CCKM), can be migrated to CCKM by making
client use of CCKM optional.

Layer 2 Design
Due to access-point WDS processing and memory limitations, Cisco fast secure roaming currently supports a
maximum of 30 access points per L2 domain (subnet).

Caveats

Deploying WLANs as recommended in this document and in the Cisco AVVID Network Infrastructure Enterprise
Wireless LAN Design document may result in multiple L2 subnets on the same floor of a building. As recommended
in this document, mobile IP is required to roam seamlessly between these L2 subnets.

Layer 2 Roaming Primer

This section details WLAN client roaming and explains what happens when a WLAN client roams.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 4 of 33
 Introduction

A L2 roam occurs when a WLAN client moves from one access point to another within the same subnet. If the client
moves to a new access point on a different IP subnet, L3 roaming occurs after the L2 roam has completed. Roaming
is always a client station decision. The client station is responsible for detecting, evaluating, and roaming to an
alternative access point. Figure 3 Sequence of Events for L2 Roam illustrates a L2 roam.

Figure 3 Sequence of Events for L2 Roam

IAPP
Wired LAN Connecting APs
Inter Access
(Intra-Subnet Roaming)
Point Protocol

4
3
Access Access
Point A Point B

The arrows in Figure 3 indicate the following events:

1. A client moves from access point A coverage area into access point B coverage area (with both access points in
the same subnet). As the client moves out of the range of access point A, a roaming event (for example, maximum
retries) is triggered.
2. The client scans all IEEE 802.11 channels for alternative access points. In this case, the client discovers access
point B and reauthenticates and reassociates to it. After associating to the new access point B, if it is configured
for 802.1X, the client begins IEEE 802.1X authentication.
3. Access point B sends a null media access control (MAC) multicast, on the client’s virtual local area network
(VLAN), using the source address of the client. This updates the content addressable memory (CAM) tables of
the upstream switch and directs further LAN traffic for the client to access point B and not access point A.
4. Using its own source address, access point B sends a MAC multicast, on the native VLAN, telling access point A
that access point B now has the client associated to it. Access point A receives this multicast and removes the
client MAC address from its association table.

This guide focuses on events 1 and 2 in Figure 3. Events 3 and 4 are post-roam actions taken as part of the Cisco
Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) and are not discussed in this document.
• Event 1 in Figure 3 is discussed in the Roaming Events section of this document that describes the events that
cause a client to initiate the roam process.
• Event 2 in Figure 3 is discussed in the Fast Secure Roaming section where the process of discovering evaluating
and roaming to an alternative access point is reviewed.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 5 of 33
 Roaming Events

This section reviews the events that cause a client to roam. The roaming process is described in the Fast Secure
Roaming section. Roaming is always initiated by the client, and is not defined by IEEE standards. For Cisco clients,
roaming is caused by one of the following events.
• Maximum data retry count is exceeded
• Missed too many beacons
• Datarate shift
• Initial startup
• Periodic client interval (if configured)

Maximum Data Retry Count Exceeded

When a client station retries a packet more often than is acceptable under the max data retry count, the station will
initiate a roam. The max data retry count defaults to 16, and is configured in the Aironet Client Utility under the RF
Network tab for the currently active profile. A sample screen is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Setting Maximum Data Retries in the Aironet Client Utility

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 6 of 33
 Missed Too Many Beacons
All clients associated to an access point receive a periodic beacon. By default, access points send a beacon every
100ms, which is the beacon period setting on an access point as is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Max Data Retries, Beacon Period, and Data Rate Settings

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 7 of 33
 Clients learn the access point’s beacon interval from an element in the beacon. If a client misses eight consecutive
beacons, a roaming event is deemed to have occurred, and the roam process detailed in the Fast Secure Roaming
section is initiated. By continuously monitoring for received beacons, even an otherwise idle client is able to detect
a loss of wireless link quality, and will initiate a roam.

Datarate Shift
Packets are normally transmitted at the access points’ default rate. The default rate is the highest rate set to the
“require” or “enable” setting on the access point. The configuration of data rate on an access point is shown in
Figure 5.

Every time a packet has to be retransmitted at a lower rate,1 a retransmit count is increased by three. For each packet
successfully transmitted at the default rate, the retransmit count is decreased by one, until it is zero. If the retransmit
count reaches 12, one of the following scenarios occurs:
• If the client has not attempted to roam in the last 30 seconds then the roam process as described in the fast secure
roaming event occurs.
• If the client has already attempted to roam in the last 30 seconds, the data rate for that client is set to the next
lower rate

A client transmitting at less than the default rate will increase the data rate back to the next-higher rate after a short
time interval if transmissions are successful.

Periodic Client Interval (If configured)

The ability to configure how often, and at what signal strength threshold, the client will scan for a better access point
is available in Aironet Client Utility version 6.1 or greater, included in Cisco Aironet Installation Wizard version 1.1
or greater. This capability is configured in the Aironet Client Utility for the selected profile under the radio frequency
(RF) network tab as shown in Figure 6.

1. A rate shift occurs when a frame is retransmitted three times and a request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) is used to send the last two
retransmissions.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 8 of 33
 Figure 6 Aironet Client Utility Configuration – Scan For A Better Access Point

Figure 6 Aironet Client Utility Configuration – Scan For A Better Access Point shows the default Aironet Client
Utility settings. With these settings, the client will scan for a better access point when both of the following conditions
have been met.
• The client has been associated to its current access point for at least 20 seconds. This restriction is to prevent a
client “flapping” or switching between access points too rapidly. Valid values are from 5 to 255 seconds
• The signal strength is less than 50 percent. Valid values range from zero to 75 percent.

The periodic scan is a roaming event that causes the occurrence of the roam process described in the Fast Secure
Roaming section.

Initial Client Start-up

When a client starts up it goes through the roam process described in the Roam Process section, to scan for and
associate with the most appropriate access point.

Roam Process

The previous section described the five events that cause a client to decide that it needs to roam. This section discusses
what a client station does when it roams.

The process of finding and re-associating to a new access point includes:

• Scan for available access points
• Compile a list of roam targets
• Pick the best access point from the list of roam targets

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 9 of 33
 When a roaming event occurs, the client station scans each 802.11 channel.2 On each channel the client station sends
a probe, and waits for a probe responses or beacons from access points on that channel. The probe responses and
beacons received from access points are discarded unless they have matching Service Set Identifier (SSID) and
encryption settings.

Once the scan is complete and the client has a list of responding access points, it selects the access point to compare
the others against. That access point is then referred to as the current access point. The current access point is
determined in the following manner:
• If this is the clients initial start-up
– Current access point = the first access point in the list
• If the client is roaming
– Current access point = the previously associated access point, if it responded to the probe request
• If the client is roaming and the previous access point did not respond to the probe request
– Current access point = the first access point in the list

The current access point is compared with each of the access points in the list of responding access points. To be
considered as a new current access point, each access point must meet all the criteria in Table 3.

Table 3 Access Point Conditions that Must Be Met for the Access Point to Be Considered a Roam Target

Client station with Cisco Aironet Extensions

Enabled (Probe response / Beacon must satisfy
all conditions) Client Station without Cisco Aironet Extensions

• Potential roam target access points signal strength is Unknown—implementation dependent

greater than 20 percent
and
• If signal strength more than 20 percent weaker than
current access point, signal strength must be 50
percent or more

If the potential roam target access point is in repeater
mode and is more radio hops from the backbone than
the current access point, its signal strength must be at
least 20 percent greater than the current access point’s
signal strength
Not applicable—radio hop information is Cisco element
in beacons. Client stations that do not have Cisco Aironet
extension capability cannot read the Cisco beacon
element.

The transmitter load for the potential roam target access Not applicable—access point transmitter load
point can not be more than 10 percent greater than the information is Cisco element in beacons. Client stations
transmitter load of the current access point that do not have Cisco Aironet extension capability
cannot read the Cisco beacon element.

The client compares each access point that meets the base criteria listed in Table 3 with the current access point. If
an evaluated access point meets any of the criteria listed in Table 4, then the client selects it as the new current access
point, and compares the next access point in the list against this new current access point.

2. The client scans all 802.11 channels valid in the country in which the client is operating The Fast Secure Roaming section describes ways in which
the fast secure roaming channel scanning enhancements can reduce the number of channels that are scanned during a roam.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 10 of 33
 Table 4 Choosing from Eligible Roam Targets

Client Station with Cisco Aironet Extensions Client Station without Cisco Aironet Extensions
Enabled (Access point must satisfy any condition) (Access point must satisfy all conditions)

Signal strength is 20 percent stronger than current Unknown—implementation dependent

access point

Fewer hops to the backbone Not applicable—Backbone hops information is Cisco

element in beacons. Client stations that do not have
Aironet extension capability cannot read the Cisco
beacon element.

At least four (or more) fewer clients associated to it than Not applicable—access point client association load
current access point information is Cisco element in beacons. Client stations
that do not have Cisco Aironet extension capability
cannot read the Cisco beacon element.

20+% less transmitter load1 Not applicable—access point transmitter load

information is Cisco element in beacons. Client stations
that do not have Cisco Aironet extension capability
cannot read the Cisco beacon element.

1. Transmitter load is an indication of how busy the access point radio is.

Fast Secure Roaming

The Cisco fast secure roaming implementation in Cisco IOS Software release 12.2(11)JA is comprised of two
main enhancements.
• Improved 802.11 channel scanning during physical roaming
• Improved reauthentication using advanced key management

The improved 802.11 channel scanning during physical roaming enhancements speeds up all L2 roaming, regardless
of the security method used. The improved reauthentication, using advanced key management enhancements, speeds
up Cisco LEAP authentication to provide fast secure roaming.

Improved 802.11 Channel Scanning

Improved channel scanning is enabled by default on Cisco clients and access points and is not configurable. The
fast secure roaming enhancements to channel scanning require communication between the client and access point.
Improved channel scanning has the following software dependencies:
• Cisco IOS Software release 12.2(11)JA or greater
• Cisco Aironet Client Utility, firmware, and driver software, which is included in Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor
Installation Wizard version 1.1 or greater.

Channel Scanning Prior to Fast Secure Roaming

Before the release of Cisco IOS Software 12.2(11)JA, Cisco Aironet clients took 37ms to scan for each of the 11
802.11 channels in the United States, for a total scan time of ~400ms. (Eleven channels are used in the United States.
Different countries use different channel sets.)

For each of the 802.11 channels valid in a specific regulatory domain, the client performed the following steps:
• Radio hardware physically moves to a specific WLAN channel

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 11 of 33
 • Client listens to avoid a collision
• Client transmits a probe frame
• Client waits for probe responses or beacon frames

Fast Secure Roaming Channel Scanning Improvements

Improvements to the Cisco channel scanning algorithm introduced with Cisco IOS Software release
12.2(11)JA includes:
• Re-associating clients now communicate information to the new access point such as the length of time since
they lost association with the previous access point, channel number, and SSID.
• Using the information from client associations, an access point builds a list of adjacent access points and the
channels these access points were using. If the client reporting an adjacent access point was disassociated from
its previous access point for more than 10 seconds its information is not added to the new access points list.
• Access points store a maximum list of 30 adjacent access points. This list is aged out over a one-day period.
• When a client associates to an access point, the associated access point sends the adjacent access point list to
the client as a directed unicast packet.

The communication between client and access point is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Client and Access Point Communication During Association

Access Points
Channel 1 Channel 6 Channel 11

Adjacent
Adjacent
Channels are
Channel is 1
1 and 11

Roaming Client

When a client needs to roam, it uses the adjacent access point list it received from its current access point to reduce
the number of channels it needs to scan. How the client uses the adjacent access point list depends upon how busy
the client is. There are three types of client roams:
• Normal Roam: The client has not sent or received a unicast packet in the last 500ms.
– The client does not use the adjacent access point list obtained from the previous access point. Instead it scans
all channels valid for the operating regulatory domain.
• Fast Roam: The client has sent or received a unicast packet in the last 500ms.3
– The client scans the channels on which it has been told there is an adjacent access point.
– If no new access points are found after scanning the adjacent access point list, the client reverts to scanning
all channels.

3. A typical IP telephony call generates a single packet in each direction every 20ms

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 12 of 33
 – The client limits its scan time to 75ms if it is able to find at least 1 better4 access point.
• Very Fast Roam: the client has sent or received a unicast packet in the last 500ms,5 and the client is
contributing a non-zero percentage to the load of the cell.
– Identical to a Fast Roam except the scan is ended as soon as a better6 access point is found.
If the client did not receive an adjacent access point list from its previous access point, and it wants to fast roam
or very fast roam, then it will use the list of channels on which access points were found during its last full scan.

Improved Cisco LEAP Authentication

Besides fast 802.11 channel scanning, the fast secure roaming feature provides a fast rekey capability for clients using
Cisco LEAP as their 802.1X authentication protocol.
Improved Cisco LEAP authentication introduces the new CCKM protocol that is a component of the Cisco Wireless
Security Suite.

Cisco LEAP Authentication Prior to Fast Secure Roaming

A Cisco LEAP client using Cisco IOS Software version 12.2(8)JA or earlier needs to perform a full Cisco LEAP
reauthentication each time it roams. A Cisco LEAP reauthentication requires:
• A minimum of 100ms
• An average of ~600ms
• Up to 1.2seconds +
The timeframes above are in addition to the channel-scanning portion of the L2 roam. Cisco LEAP authentication
takes this much time because it requires three roundtrips to a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
server using the following process:
• Client sends identity, Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) or RADIUS Server sends challenge
• Client sends challenge response, Cisco Secure ACS sends success
• Client sends challenge, Cisco Secure ACS sends challenge response

In addition to network transit times, each of these roundtrip transactions requires time-consuming cryptographic
calculations, hence the total times quoted above.

Improved Reauthentication Using Fast Secure Roaming Advanced Key Management

Industry standards such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and 802.11i require 802.1X and also introduce a new key
hierarchy to WLAN security. Cisco fast secure roaming is based on this new key hierarchy. Cisco fast secure roaming
is a WDS feature.

Cisco fast secure roaming requires 802.1X authentication of access points and clients to a RADIUS server.
This authentication uses a dedicated RADIUS server, or the local authentication service running on a Cisco
Aironet access point.

4. As defined in the section on roam processes

5. A typical IP telephony call generates a single packet in each direction every 20ms
6. As defined in the section on roam processes

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 13 of 33
 About Wireless Domain Services
Wireless Domain Services (WDS) act as a central authentication entity that supports a fast client rekey, rather than
requiring a full RADIUS reauthentication each time the client roams. All access points and clients in a L2 domain
802.1X authenticate to a RADIUS server via the WDS that performs the role of 802.1X authenticator. Because all
clients and access points authenticate via the WDS, the WDS is able to establish shared keys between itself and every
other entity in the L2 domain. These shared keys enable CCKM fast secure roaming. Figure 8 illustrates access points
and clients authenticating to WDS.

Figure 8 Access Points and Clients Authenticating to WDS

802.1X 802.1X 802.1X 802.1X

Supplicant Authenticator/Supplicant Authenticator Authentication Server

Access Point
Client Access Point RADIUS
with WDS

Clients Authenticate Access Points Authenticate

via the WDS via WDS

The WDS function is written in Cisco IOS Software and initially runs on Cisco IOS Software on Cisco Aironet access
points only. In the future, WDS be available in Cisco router and switch infrastructure products.

At least one WDS is required per L2 domain. The CCKM architecture supports WDS redundancy via a MAC-layer
multicast primary WDS election process. If redundant WDS are configured, the WDS with the highest priority is
elected to be the primary WDS. If equal or no priorities are configured, a primary is dynamically determined.
Redundancy provides a cold backup. If the primary WDS fails, all authenticated clients continue to operate, until a
roaming event occurs, at which point the client completes a full initial authentication to the RADIUS server, via the
backup WDS. All access points in a L2 domain dynamically learn the address of the active WDS via an L2 multicast.
The address of the WDS is not configured in any access point.

The WDS supports a single L2 domain with up to 30 access points supported per L2 domain. The 30 access point
limit is not a physical limit, but is the maximum recommended by Cisco, and the maximum number supported by
Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC).

Comparing Cisco Fast Secure Roaming with 802.11i or WPA Security Protocols
While the CCKM protocol is very closely aligned to the 802.11i and WPA security specifications, it adds additional
steps to perform fast secure roaming. Currently, 802.11i and WPA have no equivalent fast secure roaming capability.

Cisco access points support both WPA and CCKM concurrently. However, only CCKM clients can perform fast
secure roaming. Figure 9 provides a high-level overview of the differences between 802.11i or WPA key management
schemes and CCKM.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 14 of 33
 Figure 9 Comparing CCKM Initial Key Establishment with Industry Standard WPA/802.11i Key Management

WPA/802.11i CCKM
Authentication Authenticator/ WDS Authentication
Supplicant Authenticator Server Supplicant Supplicant Authenticator Server

Static Static
Password Cisco LEAP Password
Authentication
Infrastructure
Derive Derive
Authentication CTK CTK CTK

Beacon/probe RSNIE Beacon/probe RSNIE

Discovery
EAP EAP EAP EAP
Credential EAP Credential Credential Cisco LEAP WLCCP Credential
Authentication Authentication Authentication Encapsulation
Derive Derive Derive
PMK PMK NSK

PMK NSK
4-way Handshake 4-way Handshake WLCCP
(nonces) (nonces) Encapsulation
Derive Derive Derive Derive
Key PTK PTK BTK/KRK PTK BTK BTK/KRK
Management
Derive
2-way Handshake 2-way Handshake PTK

Decrypt Decrypt
GTK GTK

PTK - Unicast Data PTK - Unicast Data

Data Protection GTK - Multicast Broadcast GTK - Multicast Broadcast

Figure 9 outlines the key similarities and differences between 802.11i/WPA and CCKM. The additional steps
performed (during initial client authentication only) by CCKM are circled. CCKM derives different, additional keys
and introduces WDS between the access points and the RADIUS server.

Fast Secure Roaming Stages

There are three stages in Cisco fast secure roaming:

1. Infrastructure authentication—All of the access points in a L2 domain 802.1X authenticate, via the WDS, to a
RADIUS server.
2. Initial authentication—When a WLAN client first associates to an access point in a new L2 domain, it performs
a full 802.1X authentication, via the WDS, to the RADIUS server. This initial authentication has the same latency
characteristics as non-CCKM (Cisco LEAP) authentication. Fast secure roaming applies when the client moves
to subsequent access points in the same L2 domain.
3. Fast secure roaming—When a client roams to another access point in the same L2 domain, it uses CCKM to
perform fast rekeying, without contacting the RADIUS server.

Infrastructure Authentication
During the infrastructure authentication phase, all Cisco Aironet access points, including any running WDS,
authenticate using Cisco LEAP7 via the WDS, to a RADIUS server as shown in Figure 10.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 15 of 33
 Figure 10 Infrastructure Authentication Phase

Authenticator/ Authentication
Supplicant Authenticator Server

Layer 2
Layer 2
or Layer 3
Client Access Point Access Point RADIUS
with WDS

Static Static
Password Cisco LEAP Password
Authentication RADIUS
Derive Derive
CTK CTK CTK

All Cisco infrastructure devices in the L2 domain must authenticate to the WDS during the infrastructure
authentication phase as noted in Figure 10 above. This allows each access point to establish a shared key with the
WDS. This shared key is called the context transfer key (CTK) and is used to pass key material from the WDS to the
new access point during a fast secure roam.

Initial Authentication
When a WLAN client first associates to an access point in a new L2 domain, it performs a full 802.1X authentication,
via the WDS, to the RADIUS server. This initial authentication has the same latency characteristics as a non-CCKM
Cisco LEAP authentication.

Initial authentication consists of the following three sub-stages:

• Discovery stage
• Authentication stage
• Key management stage

Fast secure roaming occurs after the initial authentication, when the client moves to subsequent access points in the
same L2 domain.

Initial Authentication—Discovery stage

The discovery phase is the same whether WPA/802.11i or CCKM is used (Figure 11) to authenticate the client.

Figure 11 Initial Authentication – Discovery Stage

Layer 2
Layer 2
or Layer 3
Client Access Point Access Point RADIUS
with WDS
Beacon/Probe response RSNIE

7. Currently CCKM supports only Cisco LEAP authentication.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 16 of 33
 The access point advertises its security capabilities via the Robust Security Network Information Element (RSNIE)
in the access point’s beacons and probe responses.

CCKM capability is communicated by a MAC organizationally unique identifier (OUI) value of 00:40:96 and a type
value of 0 in the Authenticated Key Management (AKM) suite selector of the RSNIE.

Initial Authentication—Authentication Stage

In CCKM, the 802.1X Cisco LEAP authenticator functionality is split between the access point to which the client
is associated and the WDS. The access point the client is authenticating to blocks all client data traffic until Cisco
LEAP authentication is complete–per the standard authentication process. Instead of communicating directly with
the RADIUS server to perform the Cisco LEAP authentication, the access point puts a wireless LAN context control
protocol (WLCCP) header on the packets, and sends them to the WDS. The WDS communicates with the RADIUS
server to complete the Cisco LEAP authentication.

A network session key (NSK) is mutually derived on the RADIUS server and the client following successful
authentication. (Figure 12).

Figure 12 Initial Authentication – Authentication Stage

Layer 2
Layer 2
or Layer 3
Client Access Point Access Point RADIUS
with WDS
EAP EAP
Credential Cisco LEAP Credential
Authentication WLCCP Encapsulation RADIUS
Derive
NSK

Initial Authentication—Key Management Stage

In the key management stage, the process for CCKM authentication differs significantly from WPA/802.11i
authentication. In this stage, an additional key—the base transient key (BTK)—is established on the WDS. In the
CCKM scheme, the BTK is used for fast secure roaming. For WPA/802.11i, the BTK does not exist and a full
reauthentication is required for roaming WPA/802.11i clients (Figure 13).

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 17 of 33
 Figure 13 Initial Authentication – Key Management Stage

Layer 2
Layer 2
or Layer 3
Client Access Point Access Point RADIUS
with WDS
NSK

NSK NSK
4-way Handshake
(nonces) WLCCP Encapsulation

Derive Derive
BTK/KRK BTK/KRK
RN=1 ECTK (BTK RN=1)
BSSID
Derive Derive
PTK PTK

2-way Handshake
Receive Derive
GTK GTK

For CCKM clients, the RADIUS server forwards the NSK it derived from the Cisco LEAP authentication process to
the WDS (because from the RADIUS server’s viewpoint, the WDS was the 802.1X authenticator). The NSK is used
as the basis for deriving all subsequent keys for the lifetime of the client’s association with this extended basic service
set (EBSS)8, or until the RADIUS server’s rekey interval changes it.
The WDS and the client derive a BTK and a key request key (KRK) by combining the NSK with random numbers
(nonces) obtained via a process known as the four-way handshake. The four-way handshake appears to the client to
be between the client and the access point it is authenticating to, but the access point puts a WLCCP header on the
frames in the four-way handshake, and forwards them to the WDS.

After the four-way handshake is complete, WDS forwards the BTK, and a rekey number (RN) to the access point to
which the client is authenticating (since this is the initial authentication the WDS sets the RN to one). The access
point the client is authenticating to uses the BTK, RN, and basic service set identifier (BSSID)9 to derive a pairwise
transient key (PTK) which includes a shared session key for unicast traffic.

After the PTK has been successfully derived, the access point sends the group transient key (GTK) that is used for
multicast and broadcast traffic to the client, encrypted by an element of the PTK. The process of sending the GTK to
the client is called the two-way handshake. The BTK and KRK are used when the client roams to quickly establish a
new PTK.

Fast Secure Roaming

The third phase, fast secure roaming, occurs after the client has performed its initial Cisco LEAP authentication. Any
subsequent roams to an access point in the same L2 domain will utilize the preestablished key hierarchy to perform
a very fast rekey.

Comparing a WPA/802.11i Roam with a CCKM Roam

8. The EBSS is equivalent to the L2 domain

9. The BSSID is equivalent to the access point’s MAC address

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 18 of 33
 The advantage of CCKM becomes apparent when the WLAN client roams. In Figure 14, the WPA client is shown
completing a reauthentication when it roams (including 802.1X re-authentication to a central RADIUS server).
In contrast, the CCKM client sends a single reassociate-request frame to the access point and the access point sends
a single frame to a local WDS and receives a single frame reply. Table 5 compares a CCKM roam re-establishment
with industry standard key management.

Figure 14 Comparing a CCKM Roam Establishment with Industry Standard WPA/802.11i Key Management

WPA/802.11i CCKM
Authentication Authenticator/ WDS Authentication
Supplicant Authenticator Server Supplicant Supplicant Authenticator Server

WLCCP
Infrastructure

Beacon/Probe RSNIE Beacon/Probe RSNIE

Discovery
EAP EAP
Credential EAP Credential
Authentication Authentication
Derive Derive
PMK PMK

PMK
4-way Handshake Reassociate-
(nonces) Request
Derive Derive Derive
Key PTK PTK PTK BTK
Management
Derive
2-way Handshake PTK

Decrypt
GTK

PTK - Unicast Data PTK - Unicast Data

Data Protection GTK - Multicast/Broadcast GTK - Multicast/Broadcast

Table 5 Comparing a CCKM Roam Establishment with Industry Standard Key Management

WPA/802.11i Cisco CCKM

When a WPA/802.11i client roams, it completes a full
reauthentication, just as it did in the initial
authentication. This includes:
• A full Cisco LEAP reauthentication with a central
RADIUS server
• The complete four-way handshake to derive the PTK
• The complete two-way handshake to determine
the GTK
When a CCKM client roams, it sends a reassociate
request to its new access point.
• The new access point forwards the reassociate request
to the WDS
• The WDS sends the new access point the client’s BTK
• The new access point and the client mutually derive a
new PTK
• The GTK, encrypted by the PTK, is sent to the client

When a CCKM client roams, it sends a reassociation request message to the new access point. The reassociation
request includes:

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 19 of 33
 • A message integrity check (MIC) using the KRK
• A sequentially incrementing RN

Immediately after sending the reassociation request, the client is able to calculate its next PTK. It does this by
performing a cryptographic hash of the BTK, the RN, and the BSSID. Figure 15 shows the CCKM key management
phase in more detail.

The access point passes the reassociation request to the WDS by encapsulating it in the WLCCP protocol. The WDS
verifies the MIC. The WDS then encrypts the BTK and the RN with the CTK shared by the WDS and the new access
point, and passes the encrypted message to the new access point. The new access point then hashes the BTK, RN and
BSSID to calculate the same new PTK as the client. After the PTK has been mutually derived by the access point and
the client, the access point uses an element of the PTK to encrypt the GTK. The access point then passes the GTK to
the client.

Figure 15 CCKM Fast Rekey

Layer 2
Layer 2
or Layer 3
Client Access Point Access Point RADIUS
with WDS
BTK (KRK) BTK (KRK)

Reassociation Request WLCCP Encapsulation

(MICKRK, RN=(RN+1))
Verify MIC
BSSID ECTK (BTK, RN=(RN+1))
Derive
PTK Derive
PTK
EPTK(GTK)
Receive
GTK

Note: CCKM roaming requires one roundtrip to a subnet-local WDS. An equivalent Cisco LEAP authentication
requires three roundtrips to a RADIUS server located on the network core.

Layer 2 Design Recommendations

This section provides design guidance for architecting and deploying L2 roaming considerations on a network.
Detailed campus wireless LAN design guidance is provided on the Cisco Solution Reference Network Design Guides
home page, available at http://www.cisco.com/go/srnd

Cisco AVVID Design

Cisco provides comprehensive campus network architecture guidance with Cisco AVVID. For wireless LANs used in
existing networks as a wireless overlay or as freestanding all-wireless networks, the existing Cisco AVVID Layer 3
architecture should be maintained where possible, with the WLAN deployed as an additional, dedicated, wireless
subnet per wiring closet. Figure 16 shows a typical Cisco AVVID architecture to which a WLAN subnet has been
added to each access layer switch.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 20 of 33
 Figure 16 Adding WLAN to Cisco AVVID Architecture

Layer 3
HSRP Active HSRP Active
VLAN 20, 41, 140 VLAN 40, 21, 120

10.1.20.0 VLAN 20 Data 10.1.40.0 VLAN 40 Data

10.1.21.0 VLAN 21 WLAN 10.1.41.0 VLAN 41 WLAN
10.1.120.0 VLAN 120 Voice 10.1.140.0 VLAN 140 Voice

Sizing the Layer 2 Domain

In Figure 17, each access layer switch represents a separate wiring closet. A dedicated VLAN for each wireless LAN
access points is added to each switch. Access points are connected to a dedicated VLAN to minimize the broadcast
domain since WLANs are a shared half-duplex media and broadcasts have a bigger impact on access points than on
most devises connected to switch ports.

Some customers may decide to forgo a L3 architecture, and instead extend the L2 network to provide L2 mobility
across a larger section of the enterprise. For these customers, advanced spanning tree features such as Rapid Per
VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (Rapid PVST+) are useful.

Roaming

Cisco Aironet IAPP provides seamless mobility within a single subnet only. In the absence of mobile IP, when a
WLAN client moves to an access point on a different subnet, the IP address must be renewed. Windows 2000 and
Windows XP automatically renew IP addresses.

Renewing the IP address breaks application sessions that are using IP address. Some applications, such as e-mail, and
Web-based applications, may recover and continue to operate normally when their IP address is changed (either
automatically by Windows 2000 or XP, or manually if using a different operating system). Other applications such
as Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and other connection-based applications will fail when their IP address is
changed and will need to be manually restarted. Mobile IP or proxy mobile IP (PMIP) is the solution for this
application problem as it maintains a constant IP address for host applications across L3 subnet boundaries.

Configuring Fast Secure Roaming

This section illustrates the minimum steps required to configure CCKM fast secure roaming in a lab environment.
For more complete configuration details, please refer to the Cisco Aironet installation and configuration guides or
the Cisco Aironet release notes at:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/prod_category_positioning_paper0900aecd8009298f.html

Note: The graphical user interface (GUI) screen configuration will likely change with different Cisco IOS Software
releases. However, the Cisco IOS Software command line interface (CLI) configuration remains consistent across
releases.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 21 of 33
 Enable Encryption

All access points, including the WDS need to enable encryption. CCKM requires the selection of the cipher radio
button and one of the cipher modes in the Cisco Aironet access point set-up screen (Figure 17).

Figure 17 Enabling Encryption on Cisco Aironet Access Points

Cisco IOS Software

Web GUI command line

interface Dot11Radio0
encryption mode ciphers
ckip-cmic

Enable Cisco LEAP for Your SSID

All access points, including the WDS require enabling Cisco LEAP for a particular SSID (Figure 18).

In the Cisco Aironet access point set-up screen, perform the following steps:
1. Check the “Network EAP” check box (this is the authentication type used by Cisco LEAP)
2. Select the CCKM radio button and choose “Optional” or “Mandatory” from the drop-down menu.

(It is possible to choose “Optional” if a mix of CCKM and non-CCKM enabled devices are associating to the VLAN.
This option is useful when migrating clients to CCKM.)

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 22 of 33
 Figure 18 Enabling Cisco LEAP on Cisco Aironet Access Points

Cisco IOS Software

Web GUI command line

Interface dot11 0
ssid <insert SSID>
authentication network-eap
eap_methods
authentication key-
management cckm

Configuring Access Points with Username/Password to Use when Authenticating to the

RADIUS Server Via WDS

All access points in the subnet (including the access point running the WDS) authenticate to WDS using Cisco LEAP.
To perform this Cisco LEAP authentication, the access points must be statically configured with a Cisco LEAP user
name and password (and a matching user name and password must be configured on the RADIUS server).

Each access point in a subnet must authenticate to the WDS for that subnet. The username and password are
configured as shown in Figure 19. The configuration example uses Cisco as a password. Please ensure a more secure
password is chosen for your production deployments.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 23 of 33
 Figure 19 Configuring Access Points with User Name and Password for Authentication to WDS

Cisco IOS Software

Web GUI command line

wlccp ap username <ap

username> password 0
Cisco
!
wlccp ap username <ap
username> password 0
Cisco

Cisco

Configuring an Access Point as a WDS

To configure an access point as a WDS (Figure 20):

1. Select the “Use this access point as Wireless Domain Services” check box, and configure a priority (to
deterministically elect a primary WDS if redundant WDS’s are configured; 9 is arbitrarily chosen in this example.
The highest priority number will be elected the active WDS.)
2. Type the RADIUS server IP address into the server text-entry box. Ensure that the server type is RADIUS.
Type your password into the shared secret text-entry box. For this example “Cisco” is used. (The WDS must be
configured as a network access server (NAS) in the RADIUS server with a matching password.)
3. Check the “Infrastructure Authentication” and “Client-Cisco LEAP Authentication” check boxes.

Figure 20 Configuring Access Point1 as WDS

Cisco IOS Software

Web GUI command line

wlccp wds priority 9

interface BVI1
!
aaa group server radius
wlccp_rad_infra
server <Radius IP address>
auth-port 1645 acct-port
1646
!
aaa group server radius
Cisco wlccp_rad_leap
server <Radius IP address>
auth-port 1645 acct-port
1646

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 24 of 33
 Verifying and Debugging Fast Secure Roaming Operation

Verify the WDS is operational and that the access points are correctly registered to the WDS.

The following commands verify the state of the WDS and the access point.

• show wlccp wds On access points running WDS only

• show wlccp ap On access point running CCKM key management

The most useful WDS monitoring command is the following command on the WDS:

• show wlccp wds ap On access points running WDS only

Figure 21 shows a sample output from an access point running the WDS.

Figure 21 Monitoring WDS and Access Point Registration State

Testing Roaming

Configuring Client
There are no specific client configuration changes needed in order to use Cisco fast secure roaming. When testing
fast secure roaming, ensure the client has installed the Aironet Client Utility, firmware, and driver software releases
included in Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Installation Wizard version 1.1 or greater.

Testing Fast Secure Roaming

Open a Telnet window to two different access points. Enter the terminal monitor command to direct syslog output
to the Telnet screen. Use the show dot11 association all command to see which access point your CCKM client is
associated to. On the access point your client is associated to, enter the following commands:
Int dot11 0
Shut
No shut

Observe the message on the other access point that indicates the client has roamed, using CCKM fast roaming, as
shown in Figure 22.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 25 of 33
 Figure 22 Fast Roaming Message

Debugging Fast Secure Roaming

Trouble Associating

If the client is having trouble associating to the access point, use the Aironet Client Utility debugging feature added
in Aironet Client Utility release 5.0 or greater to determine where it is failing (Figure 23).

Figure 23 Starting Aironet Client Utility Troubleshooting

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 26 of 33
 Trouble Authenticating
The Cisco IOS Software show dot11 association all command provides information about client associations. Figure
24 highlights the client state, key-management type, and encryption type as shown in the output from this command.
• show dot11 association all

Figure 24 Client Association Information

Troubleshooting WDS Operation

In addition to the Cisco IOS Software commands shown above, the following debug commands are useful:
• debug wlccp wds state
• debug dot11 aaa dot1x state
• debug dot11 mgmt interface

Installing Fast Secure Roaming Software

Fast secure roaming requires upgrades of Cisco Aironet client adapter and access point software. Cisco IOS
Software release 12.2(11)JA (or greater) must be installed on Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100 Series access points.
Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Install Wizard version 1.1 (or greater) must be installed on applicable Cisco Aironet
WLAN client adapters.

Installing Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Installation Wizard to Enable Fast Secure Roaming

To install the Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Installation Wizard to enable fast secure roaming, follow the steps below
(Figure 25)
1. Ensure your 802.11a or 802.11b NIC is inserted or available on your laptop.
2. Downloaded the client installation program.
3. Double-click the “InstallWizard.exe” self-extracting install file.
4. Select the Unzip button from the WinZip pop-up application.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 27 of 33
 Figure 25 Installing Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Installation Wizard

5. All required files will be automatically extracted and the install program shown in Figure 26 will be launched.

Figure 26 Selecting Cisco Aironet Client Adaptor Installation Wizard Installation Type

6. After the installation is complete, restart the client PC.

7. When the PC has restarted, launch the Aironet Client Utility, then click the status icon, and confirm that the
firmware version is V5.20.17 or greater as shown in Figure 27.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 28 of 33
 Figure 27 Checking the Firmware Version for the Aironet WLAN Client Adapter

Loading the Fast Secure Roaming Cisco Aironet Access Point Software

This section describes how to use the Cisco IOS Software command line to upgrade Cisco Aironet 1200 and 1100
Series access points to Cisco IOS Software release 12.2(11)JA or later. The firmware can also be upgraded via the
access point GUI. The Cisco IOS Software command line is used here to highlight the difference between Cisco IOS
Software upgrades on Cisco Aironet access points and Cisco IOS Software upgrades Cisco routers and switches.
1. Telnet to the access point.
2. Use the following command to install the fast secure roaming software from a TFTP/FTP server. This example
uses a FTP server at IP address 10.50.1.50.
• Archive download-sw /overwrite /reload ftp://<FTP server IP address>/<image> (where image= the appropriate
.tar file for your access point.)

A software upgrade in progress is shown in Figure 28. Once the access point finishes loading, it will automatically
reboot with the new software.

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 29 of 33
 Figure 28 Loading Cisco IOS Software on the Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access Point

References

Cisco Structured Wireless-Aware Network Overview

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/prod_brochure09186a0080184925.html

WLAN Design Guide

http://www.cisco.com/go/srnd

VLAN Deployment Guide

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/prod_technical_reference09186a00801444a1.html

Quality of Service (QoS) Deployment Guide

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/prod_technical_reference09186a0080144498.html

SAFE White Papers

http://www.cisco.com/go/safe

Cisco Aironet Wireless LAN Security Overview

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/prod_brochure09186a00801f7d0b.html

802.11 Wireless LAN Security White Paper

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_white_paper09186a00800b469f.shtml

Cisco Systems, Inc.

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 30 of 33
 Cisco Systems, Inc.
All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 31 of 33
 Cisco Systems, Inc.
All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.
Page 32 of 33
Corporate Headquarters European Headquarters Americas Headquarters Asia Pacific Headquarters
Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Systems International BV Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive Haarlerbergpark 170 West Tasman Drive Capital Tower
San Jose, CA 95134-1706 Haarlerbergweg 13-19 San Jose, CA 95134-1706 168 Robinson Road
USA 1101 CH Amsterdam USA #22-01 to #29-01
www.cisco.com The Netherlands www.cisco.com Singapore 068912
Tel: 408 526-4000 www-europe.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-7660 www.cisco.com
800 553-NETS (6387) Tel: 31 0 20 357 1000 Fax: 408 527-0883 Tel: +65 6317 7777
Fax: 408 526-4100 Fax: 31 0 20 357 1100 Fax: +65 6317 7799

Cisco Systems has more than 200 offices in the following countries and regions. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the
Cisco Web site at www.cisco.com/go/offices
Argentina • Australia • Austria • Belgium • Brazil • Bulgaria • Canada • Chile • China PRC • Colombia • Costa Rica • Croatia
Czech Republic • Denmark • Dubai, UAE • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hong Kong SAR • Hungary • India • Indonesia • Ireland
Israel • Italy • Japan • Korea • Luxembourg • Malaysia • Mexico • The Netherlands • New Zealand • Norway • Peru • Philippines • Poland
Portugal • Puerto Rico • Romania • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Scotland • Singapore • Slovakia • Slovenia • South Africa • Spain • Sweden
S w i t z e r l a n d • Ta i w a n • T h a i l a n d • Tu r k e y • U k r a i n e • U n i t e d K i n g d o m • U n i t e d S t a t e s • Ve n e z u e l a • Vi e t n a m • Z i m b a b w e

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Aironet, Catalyst, Cisco, Cisco IOS, Cisco Systems, and the Cisco Systems logo are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its
affiliates in the U.S. and certain other countries.
All other trademarks mentioned in this document or Web site are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company.
(0304R) 204113_ETMG_LS_12.04