1.

Scope

The scope of the project is to study the effect of introducing small circular ducts
underneath the surface of the airfoil, and to study its effect on the lift and other performance
characteristics of the airfoil. At an angle of attack, the air flows around the airfoil to generate
the lift, the air when flowing underneath the airfoil, some of it will get sucked into the duct
which has been introduced. The air will flow through the duct and come out at the tail end of
the airfoil. The air which comes out has two components of force, out of which one
contributes to the increase of the lift. We will create a model of the airfoil and run it in CFD
to evaluate the change in performance parameters.

If the lift increases of the airfoil by even one percent, it is quite significant.

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 2. INTRODUCTION

An airfoil is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor or turbine) or sail as
seen in cross-section.

An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force . The

component of this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component
parallel to the direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic
shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with asymmetric
camber. Foils of similar function designed with water as the working fluid are called
hydrofoils.

The lift on an airfoil is primarily the result of its shape (in particular its camber) and
its angle of attack. When either is positive, the resulting flowfield about the airfoil has a
higher average velocity on the upper surface than on the lower surface. This velocity
difference is necessarily accompanied by a pressure difference, via Bernoulli's principle for
incompressible inviscid flow, which in turn produces the lift force. The lift force can also be
related directly to the average top/bottom velocity difference, without invoking the pressure,
by using the concept of circulation and the Kutta-Joukowski theorem.

Bernoulli's Principle: To understand how lift is produced, we must examine a

phenomenon discovered many years ago by the scientist Bernoulli and later called Bernoulli's
Principle: The pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the
fluid increases. In other words, Bernoulli found that within the same fluid, in this case air,
high speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low speed flow with high pressure.

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 An important application of this phenomenon is made in giving lift to the wing of an
airplane, an airfoil. The airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of the airflow above its
surface, thereby decreasing pressure above the airfoil. Simultaneously, the impact of the air
on the lower surface of the airfoil increases the pressure below. This combination of pressure
decrease above and increase below produces lift.

A circular duct is introduced underneath the surface within the airfoil (as shown in
Fig2).The inlet of the duct is placed in the laminar region of the boundary layer, and the
outlet of the duct is placed in the turbulent region of the boundary layer.

Now, due to coanda effect, the fluid flow will turn along the surface of the airfoil and
get sucked into the duct. The fluid will flow through the duct and will come out at the outlet
with a certain angle. This force will have two components. One in the horizontal direction
and one in the vertical direction. The component of force along the vertical direction will aid
in increase of lift in the airfoil.

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 3. PLAN OF THE PROJECT

The first step of the project is to create a model of a standard symmetric airfoil. This
model will be created in a designing software such as Autodesk, ProE or Catia. This model
will be imported into Hypermesh which is a software used for meshing.

After meshing, this model will be run on CFD and the output parameters will be
noted. These parameters should match with the parameters obtained for the standard airfoil
via experimentation.

Second step of project is to introduce the circular duct (as shown in figure 2), in the
model. Then this model will again be meshed and run on CFD. The output parameters will be
noted and will be compared with the standard values obtained before. These results will then
be interpreted.

3.1 PARAMETERS TO BE STUDIED

1) Length of the tube: The length of the tube will be varied to understand at what point
of inlet and outlet for the flow of air, the lift will be optimized.

2) Angle of curvature of the tube: The angle of curvature of the tube with respect to the
chord length will be varied ,to study at what angle will be the flow of air at the output
be at 45 degrees or any other angle which will optimize the lift

3) Inlet and outlet cross section areas: The cross section areas at both inlet and outlet will
be varied to study at what value the lift will be maximized.

4) Angle of attack: The angle of attack will have to be studied to understand at what
angle will the inclusion of the tube will benefit the lift factor for the airfoil.

5) Tube of varying cross-section: the cross-section area of the tube at in let and outlet
will be varied with respect to each other to find out its effect on lift.
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6) Properties of air: The study of variation of lift with respect to properties of air such as
Pressure, Temperature and Density will be carried out.

4. SOFTWARES USED IN THE PROJECT

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 • Autodesk, ProE, Catia

• Hypermesh

• CFD

DESCRIPTION

Hypermesh

Altair HyperMesh is a high-performance finite element pre- and post-processor for

major finite element solvers, allowing engineers to analyze design conditions in a highly
interactive and visual environment. HyperMesh's user-interface is easy to learn and supports
the direct use of CAD geometry and existing finite element models, providing robust
interoperability and efficiency. Advanced automation tools within HyperMesh allow users to
optimize meshes from a set of quality criteria, change existing meshes through morphing and
generate mid-surfaces from models of varying thickness.

Altair HyperView is a complete post-processing and visualization environment for

finite-element analysis (FEA), multi-body system simulation, video and engineering data.
HyperView can visualize data interactively, as well as capture, standardize and automate
post-procesing activities.

Computaional Fluid Dynamics

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical
methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers
are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases
with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better
solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research, however, yield software that improves the
accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.

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Initial validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation
coming in flight tests.

CFD softwares: The CFD softwares used in the present market are ANSYS and FLUENT

Computer Aided Design

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting

(CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-
documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer.
CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of
streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD
output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The
development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to
economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-
based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated)
environments.

CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting
of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as
materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific
conventions.

Catia

CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) is a multi-platform

CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite developed by the French company Dassault
Systemes and marketed worldwide by IBM. Written in the C++ programming language,
CATIA is the cornerstone of the Dassault Systemes product lifecycle management software
suite.

5. References

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1. www.wikipedia.org

2. NACA(National Advisory Committee for aeronautics) standard airfoils

3. Theory of airfoil sections (www.google.com)

4. www.aviation-history.com