เอกสาร RFID - รู้จักกับ RFID เบื้องต้น

Embedded System and RFID Innovation Camp and Contest 2008
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RFID
12/03/51 Embedded System and RFID Innovation Camp and Contest 2008 1
What’s RFID ?
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification:
The use of radio communications to identify a
physical object
A subset of general field of Auto-ID:
Examples are barcode, Biometric, Smart card...
Elements of RFID System
Tag
Also known as ‘transponder’
Normally attached to an identified object
Antenna
Contains (at least) an ID number
Reader IC (Integrated
Circuit)
Also known as ‘interrogator’
Read/Write data into a tag
Provides interface to computer/ network
Tag
Reader Antenna
Computer
RFID vs. Bar Code
Barcode is line-of-sight technology. Barcode labels must be visible to the
scanner.
RFID doesn’t require line-of-sight. RFID tags can be read as long as they
are within range of a reader.
RFID identifies a unique item.
Barcodes identify only the manufacture and product code, not the unique
item.
How RFID systems work ?
RFID tag gets into reading device's
electromagnetic field.
Tag receives the signal which

energizes the passive tag
Tag transmits the data stored in

the IC in return
Reader passes the information

to the host system
Types of RFID
RFID performance and applications are determined by several
key distinctions:
Passive vs. active
How is the transponder powered?
Frequencies band used

Low vs. high frequency
Communications protocols
Proprietary vs. standard-compliant
Read-only vs. read/write
Active Tag
Radio transmitter with battery battery
long range (up to 30 m)

limited lifetime (battery)
range independent of environment
UHF Active tag

(APCS)
But
……. expensive
Passive Tag
No battery
short range (up to 1.2 m)
unlimited lifetime (no battery)
range dependent of environment
But HF Passive tag

(RVB System)
……. inexpensive
Embedded System and RFID Innovation Camp and Contest 2008 RFID for Item Management Target
Frequencies
125kHz, 134 kHz 13.56 MHz 2.45 GHz

915 MHz
6.8 MHz 433 MHz 5.8 GHz
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz
LF: 125/134 KHz
Advantages:
Penetrates water and tissue readily
Penetrated thin layers of non-ferrous metal
Simple, inexpensive IC technology
Disadvantages:
Short read range
Comparable to antenna size, typically< 0.5 meter
(relatively) expensive transponder
Coil with 10’s or 100’s of turns, optional ferrite core
US$3 to $8 typ. For animal applications
Low data rates
Limited by modulation bandwidth(<<carrier freq.)
Typically around 1-4 Kbps
Typical applications:
Animal tracking
Access control
Vehicle immobilizers
HF: 13.56 MHz
Advantages:
Limited water penetration
Simple, small transponder
3-8 turn coil, can be made lithographically
Compatible with credit-card format
Simple, inexpensive IC technology
Smart label
Disadvantages:
Short read range
Comparable to antenna size, typically<1.5 m
Data rates
10-100 Kbps typical
Item/ low-cost asset tagging
Smart cards
E-passport
Libraries
UHF: 850-950 MHz
Advantages:
Long range
Up to 10 meters (passive),
30 meters(semi-passive),
300 meters (active)
High data rates
Up to 256 Kbps
Disadvantages:
Complex IC technology
Complex propagation environment
Unpredictable read results at range > 1 m
Backscatter coupling
Complex regulatory environment
Supply chain management
Case/pallet tags
Baggage handling
UHF/Microwave: 2.4 GHz
Advantages:
Long range
Up to 3 meters (passive),
10 meters(semi-passive),
100 meters (active)
High data rates
Up to Mbps
Smaller transponder
Antenna on order of λ/2 = 6 cm
Disadvantages:
Complex IC technology
Shorter range due to smaller antenna
limited lifetime (Depend of battery)
Backscatter coupling :
Other RF devices can interfere with reader
2.45 GHz band heavily used worldwide
E-toll correction
Container tracking
UHF RFID Spectrum Allocation
UHF Frequencies
Europe: 865-869 MHz (Power limit @ 2W (e.r.p.*))
USA: 902-928 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p.**))
Korea: 908.5–914 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p.**))
Singapore: 866-869 & 923-925 MHz (Power limit @ 0.5W)
Japan: 952-955 MHz (Power limit @ 0.02W (e.i.r.p.**))
Thailand: 920-925 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p) ***)
Reference: The 2nd Meeting of the APT Wireless Forum AWF-2/09(Rev.2) document
* effective radiated power Peirp = Perp * 1.64
** effective isotropic radiated power
*** ประกาศคณะกรรมการกิจการโทรคมนาคมแหงชาติ ลงในราชกิจจานุเบกษา
เลมที่ ๑๒๓ ตอนพิเศษ ๑๐ ง ลงวันที่ ๒๔ มกราคม ๒๕๔๙
รูจักกับ RFID tag
RFID tag
1. Chip: holds information about
the physical object to which the
tag is attached.
2. Antenna: transmits information

to a reader (e.g., handheld,
warehouse portal, store shelf)
using radio waves.
3. Packaging: encases the chip and

antenna so that tag can be
attached to physical object.
Tag Construction Formats
Disks and coins
Glass housing
Glass tubes of just 12-32 mm contain a microchip
mounted upon a carrier (PCB) and a chip capacitor
to smooth the supply current obtained.
The transponder coil incorporates wire of just
0.03 mm thickness wound onto a ferrite core.
ID-1 format, contactless smart cards
antenna
microchip
The ID-1 format familiar from credit cards and telephone cards
(85.72 mm x 54.03 mm x 0.76 mm ± tolerances) is becoming
increasingly important for contactless smart cards in RFID systems
Smart label
The term smart label refers to a paper-thin transponder format.

In transponders of this format the transponder coil is applied to
a plastic foil of just 0.1 mm thickness by screen printing or etching
Other formats
Tag Cost
• Tag cost (HF) estimate c.2002 (US$):
• IC $0.25
• Antenna $0.07
• Assembly $0.05
• Package $0.05
• Test $0.05
• TOTAL: $0.47
• Current reported UHF tag costs, volumes of 1 M:
• Class 0, Symbol-Matrics: $0.30 to $0.040/each
• Class 1, Alien: $0.20/each
• Target: $0.05
• US$0.01 each for IC, antenna, inlay, assembly, test
• Only feasible for volumes of billions
Source: “RFID in the Real World” RFID University, Summer 2004
รูจักกับ RFID Reader
RFID Reader
Reader consists of:
Radio transmitter
Radio receiver
Interface to user or
network host
Options:
Integral antenna
Integral processor for
local filtering/ aggregation
Antenna multiplexer
Types of Reader
Module (Chipset)
OEM reader
Industrial reader
Portable reader
Reader Cost
Fixed reader ‘street’ prices c.2004
Unit Alien ALR- AWID2010AR Matrics AR-400 SAMsys 9320

9780
Reader US$1,999 US$700 US$2,495 US$4,300
Antenna US$200 0 US$395 US$150
Cables & US$95 US$350 US$55 0

Multiplexer
Complete set US$3,179 US$3,150 US$4,295 US$4,900

(4 ant.)
Source: Odin Technologies, reader benchmark, spring 2004; WJ Communications
Some RFID Hardware Companies
Tags, cards, and labels: • Readers/ Printers:
Alien Technologies • Alien Technologies
Avery Dennison • AWID
Checkpoint Systems • Checkpoint Systems
Datalogic • Datalogic
Fargo Electronics • Datamax
ID Systems Inc.
• Omron
Omron Corp.
• Printronix
Philips
• Samsys
Symbol Technologies
• Symbol Technologies
Texas Instruments
Intermec
• Texas Instruments
• Intermec
• Zebra Technologies
หลักการทํางานและเทคนิค
การรับและสงขอมูล
Coupling
Two different ways of energy and information transfer
between reader and tag
Inductive coupling (LF and HF)
Backscatter coupling (UHF and Microwave)
Coding method for RFID
Modulation method for RFID
ASK: Amplitude shift keying
Short/Middle wave
FSK: Frequency shift keying
Middle wave
PSK: Phase shift keying
Middle wave
Anti-collision
Ability to communicate
with several transponders
simultaneously
Important in longer range
readers
Must be implemented in
the silicon of the RFID
device
* HF < 100 tags/s, UHF up to 200 tags/s

Reader
RFID Standard
Smart Card Standard
RFID Standard
Identification cards – contactless integrated circuit cards
ISO 10536 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Close coupled cards
ISO 14443 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Proximity cards
ISO 15693 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Vicinity cards
Animal Identification
ISO 11784 (ISO TC 23/WG19) Radio-frequency
identification of animals - code structure
identification of animals - technical concept
identification of animals - Advanced Transponders
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
http://www.RFID-handbook.de/RFID/standardization.html
ISO/IEC 18000 Series
ISO has developed RFID standards for automatic identification and
item management. This standard, known as the ISO 18000 series, covers
the air interface protocol for systems likely to be used to track goods in
the supply chain. They cover the major frequencies used in RFID systems
around the world. The seven parts are:
18000–1: Generic parameters for air interfaces

for globally accepted frequencies
18000–2: Air interface for 135 KHz
18000–3: Air interface for 13.56 MHz
18000–4: Air interface for 2.45 GHz
18000–5: Air interface for 5.8 GHz
18000–6: Air interface for 860 MHz to 930 MHz
18000–7: Air interface at 433.92 MHz
What is the EPC™?
EPC™ is the business application of RFID technology to
the supply chain.
The EPC™ code uniquely identifies an object.
It is embedded in an RFID tag attached to an object
(item, cases, pallets, etc.).
016.37000.123456.100000000
EPC Object Serial
Header Manager Class Number
Jim Petragnani, “EAN.UCC System Update,” PowerPoint Presentation, Aftermarket Council on Electronic Commerce, August `2, 2004.
Developed for the Consumer Packaged Goods

(CPG) industry by
MIT Auto-ID Center
Uniform Code Council (UCC introduced bar code to
retail and consumer products industries in the 1970s)
Gillette Company
Procter and Gamble
many others.
EPC versus UPC
EPC = Electronic Product Code
next generation barcode
coding scheme to electronically identify consumer goods
vision: enable the automated, unique identification
of tagged objects
developed by EPCglobal (EAN, UCC)
EPC consists of UPC + serial number
UPC = Universal Product Code

a unique code for every group of objects
enables e.g. supermarkets to identify every product
two bags of Nestlé Smarties have the same UPC
EPC Tags
64 and 96 bit EPC tags have been defined
• Allows for unique IDs for 268 million companies

• Each company can then have 16 million object classes
• Each object can have 68 billion serial numbers assigned to
it
Example : EPC tag

The EPCglobal Network
Standards and services used to support goods flow and inventory
management through the supply chain
4
3
Tags on Pallets
Jim Petragnani, “EAN.UCC System Update,” PowerPoint Presentation, Aftermarket Council on Electronic Commerce, August `2, 2004.
Opportunities From Passive RFID Tagging
High ITEM TAGGING

Out-of-Stocks
Store-Level
Opportunities
CASE TAGGING Promotions and Pricing

Enhanced Consumer
Inventory Reduction
Experience
Labor Efficiencies
PALLET TAGGING Throughput Increases
Safety Stock
Case Shrink Reduction
Product Diversion Unit/Item Shrink
Vendor-Managed Retail Out-of-Stock
Demand Planning Pay-on-Scan
Inventory
Supply Planning Consumer
Production Planning
DC/Goods Receipt Subcontracting/Re- Understanding
Put-Away packer Visibility Product R&D
Inventory Control and Pick, Pack & Ship Aging/Quality Control
Low Storage Track & Trace
6 months 5+ years
Time to Implement
RFID in Logistics

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UHF RFID Tie tag
UHF RFID Reader handheld
Q&A
http://www.rfid.thai.net/es-rfid_contest

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Embedded System and RFID Innovation Camp and Contest 2008

Tag receives the signal which

Tag transmits the data stored in

Reader passes the information

Frequencies band used

long range (up to 30 m)

UHF Active tag

But HF Passive tag

125kHz, 134 kHz 13.56 MHz 2.45 GHz

10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz

รูจักกับ RFID tag

2. Antenna: transmits information

3. Packaging: encases the chip and

ID-1 format, contactless smart cards

The term smart label refers to a paper-thin transponder format.

รูจักกับ RFID Reader

Unit Alien ALR- AWID2010AR Matrics AR-400 SAMsys 9320

Reader US$1,999 US$700 US$2,495 US$4,300

Antenna US$200 0 US$395 US$150

Cables & US$95 US$350 US$55 0

Complete set US$3,179 US$3,150 US$4,295 US$4,900

Source: Odin Technologies, reader benchmark, spring 2004; WJ Communications

FSK: Frequency shift keying

PSK: Phase shift keying

* HF < 100 tags/s, UHF up to 200 tags/s

18000–1: Generic parameters for air interfaces

Developed for the Consumer Packaged Goods

UPC = Universal Product Code

• Allows for unique IDs for 268 million companies

Example : EPC tag

High ITEM TAGGING

CASE TAGGING Promotions and Pricing

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UHF RFID Tie tag

UHF RFID Reader handheld

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