FLUID MACHINES

FLUID MACHINE

A fluid machine is a device either for

converting the energy held by a fluid into
mechanical energy or vice versa.

Fluid machine may be divided into two

groups;
1. Positive displacement group
* Reciprocating pump, etc

Part one : Introduction of Pump 1

FLUID MACHINES

2. Rotodynamic group
* Pelton wheel, etc

Depend on energy movement; fluid machine

could be divided into three categories
1. Pump
2. Turbine
3. Jack

Part one : Introduction of Pump 2

FLUID MACHINES

PUMP
INTRODUCTION
Rotodynamic pump is essentially a turbine
‘in reverse’; which mean that mechanical
energy is transferred from the rotor to the
fluid.

It is classified according to the direction of

the fluid path through them.
1. Radial / centrifugal flow

Part one : Introduction of Pump 3

FLUID MACHINES

2. Axial flow
3. Mixed-flow type

In general usage, the word ‘PUMP’ is

applied to a machine dealing with a liquid.

A machine in which the working fluid is a

gas is more usually termed as fan, blower or
compressor.

Part one : Introduction of Pump 4

FLUID MACHINES

HEAD OF PUMP

Part one : Introduction of Pump 5

FLUID MACHINES

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

This type of pumps is the converse of the

radial-flow (Francis) turbine. Whereas the flow
in the turbine in inwards, the flow in the pumps
is outwards.
The rotor (impeller) rotates inside a spiral
casing. The inlet pipe is axial, and fluid enters
the ‘eye’, that is the center of the impeller with
little, if any, whirl component of velocity.

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 1

FLUID MACHINES

From there it flows outwards in the direction

of the blades, and having received energy from
the impeller, is discharged with increased
pressure and velocity into the casing.
It then has a considerable tangential (whirl)
component of velocity which is normally much
greater than that required in the discharge pipe.
The kinetic energy of the fluid leaving the
impeller is largely dissipated in shock losses
unless arrangements are made to reduce the
velocity gradually.

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 2

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle
Inlet ;
Tangential velocity of impeller
U1 = ωr1

Absolute velocity vector at α1 to tangent

V1

Relative velocity to impeller blades

Vr1 = V1 − U1

Components velocity of V1
Vw1 : whirl velocity
V f 1 : radial flow velocity

Inlet blade angle

β1

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 3

FLUID MACHINES

Outlet ;
Tangential velocity of impeller
U 2 = ωr2

Absolute velocity vector at α2 to tangent

V2

Relative velocity to impeller blades

Vr 2 = V2 − U 2

Components velocity of V2
Vw 2 : whirl velocity
V f 2 : radial flow velocity

Inlet blade angle

β2

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 4

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle for centrifugal pump:

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 5

FLUID MACHINES

Calculation is done base on “Euler’s Turbine

Equation”. The one-dimensional theory
simplifies the problem very considerably by
making the following assumptions:
1. The blades are infinitely thin and the
pressure difference across them is replaced
by imaginary body forces acting on the fluid
and producing torque.
2. The number of blades in infinitely large.
∂v
=0
Thus, ∂θ

3. No variation of velocity in the meridional

plane (z-axis). Thus,

In reality, v = f ( r ,θ , z )

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 6

FLUID MACHINES

Torque = Rate of change of angular momentum

Angular momentum = (Mass) x (Tangential
velocity) x (Radius)

P
Y = gE =
Specific energy, m& (unit : J/kg)

Euler’s Head ;

H E = (vw 2 ⋅ u2 − vw1 ⋅ u1 )
1
g (unit : m)

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 7

FLUID MACHINES

Relation of u2, vw2 and HE

H E = (v2u2 cosα 2 − v1u1 cosα1 )

1
g

α1 = 90o Î v w1 = 0 and v1 = v f

vw 2 ⋅ u 2
HE =
g

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 8

FLUID MACHINES

relation of β2 and HE

from ;
vw 2 ⋅ u 2 1
HE = = C1 + C2Q ⋅
g tan β 2

Euler’s head is depends on the value of β2

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 9

FLUID MACHINES

velocity triangle and the position of blades

Blade condition with β 2 = 90o has the highest

Euler’s head value.

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 10

FLUID MACHINES

Relation of β2 and H E with Bernoulli

equation.

Euler’s head :
2
V
H E = H P + HV = H P + w 2
2g

Reaction degree of pump =

1⎡ ⎤
2
HE Vw 2 Vf 2
=1+ = ⎢1 +
HP 2 gH E 2 ⎣ U 2 ⋅ tan β 2 ⎥⎦

Part two : Centrifugal Pump 11

FLUID MACHINES

LOSSES IN PUMP

3 major types of losses

1. Losses of hydraulic power
a. Circulatory flow
b. Friction
c. Shocking in impeller
2. Loss of volume
3. Loss of mechanical energy

Part three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump 1

FLUID MACHINES

a. Circulatory Flow
SF : Slip Factor

′
Vw 2 H actual
SF = =
Vw 2 H ideal = H E

Part three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump 2

FLUID MACHINES

b. Friction losses

h f = k1 ⋅ Q 2

h f : Friction losses
k1 : Constant
Q : Flow rate

c. Shock losses

hsh = k2 (Q − Qo )
2

k2 : Shock losses
Q : Designed flow rate
Qo : Actual flow rate

Part three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump 3

FLUID MACHINES

EFFICIENCY OF PUMP

Overall Efficiency :
ρgQH m
ηo =
Pi

Mechanical Efficiency :
ρg (Q + ∆Q)( 1g [Vw 2U 2 − Vw1U1 ])
η mech =
Pi

Manometric Efficiency :
gH m
η mano =
Vw 2U 2 − Vw1U1

Volumetric Efficiency :
Q
ηv =
Q + ∆Q

Part three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump 4

FLUID MACHINES

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 6