c
 


c  

 
 

(1)YConsider the one dimensional flow of heat from large source at T1

through an insulated bar of homogeneous material to a large sink at T2
(fig). When a steady state is reached the temperature gradient at each
section of the bar is constant and therefore the entropy of the bar is
constant (here the entropy is, say a function of the local temperature
and density).

(2)YSince the bar is the item of interest let the heating and cooling
processes of the reservoir be considered reversible and at the constant
temperatures T1 andT2.
(3)YThen, over a specified time period, the increase in entropy of the
isolated system equals.
 

Œ
         (a)
 
 

Since T2 is less than T1 the entropy inverse of the sink is greater than
the entropy decrease of the source although the entropy of the bar,
the heat of the reversible process, remains constant.
(4)YTo assign the excess entropy to the particular location that caused its
appearance, let a new point of view be adopted. Consider that entropy
flows reversibly into the bar from the source and that then it is
continuously supplemented by ͟ created entropy͟ as the flow passes
from one temperature level to another. With this new concept, the
 flow of ͞entropy͞leaving the bar and reversibly entering the sinkagrees

with the calculations of Eq. (a), , and in addition the increase in

entropy of the isolated system is assigned (rather locally) to the
irreversible process of the bar.
(5)Yàor the one-dimensional heat conduction process at the steady state
an ͞Entropy͟ flux density could be defined as a function of the co-
ordinate L,
Entropy flux density Js = Entropy flow per unit time per unit area
  
Hence         (1)
  

      )
 

Where JQ = heat flux, heat flow per unit area per unit time.

(6)YWhen heat flows through a temperature difference, the rate of

creation of entropy per unit volume equals
    
;      (2)
    
(7)Ya similar procedure can be followed for the case of a rod at uniform
temperature T and carrying a constant electrical current  per unit
cross section area a because of a potential difference from one end
of the rod to the other end.
(8)YIn this instance, as before, the rod is at a steady state, and therefore
the entropy of the rod is constant although the entropy of the
surroundings is increasing because of heat transfer.
(9)YLet the surroundings be assumed to have a temperature T essentially
equal to that of rod so that
!  * ,* 
"##$"%&'%(   ) + -  (3)
 
Therefore the rate of creation of entropy per unit volume equals
) *
  (4)
 
(10)Y 5oth the foregoing irreversible processes have been considered
separately, and it has not been proved that the same relationship will
hold if both processes occur simultaneously.
(11)Y However, a principle of superposition is assumed so that the
total irreversibility rate is the sum of both processes.
(12)Y Thus, the total production rate of entropy (per unit volume)
equals
) *  
;  ;  ;  (5)
   
(13)Y Eqn. (5) involves only flux densities and temperatures in the bar
itself, and therefore the surroundings are no longer of interest. This
equation and the principle of superposition can be illustrated by
considering an insulated bar with heat generated within the rod to
supplement the conducted heat flow (fig below). The generation of
heat arises from dissipation of electrical energy.

(14)Y The difference in entropy flow for the element of the rod in
the fig. is
     .   .
  
. . . ..  .
5y dividing by ,
 
 .   

 ..  .
as approaches zero, by definition of derivative,
 
& .  & &. & 
 
;     0
& ./ & & & .

5ut the change in conducted heat arises from dissipation of electric energy,

& &
   1
& &

(*) and, upon substituting into (1), Eqn. (5) is again obtained,
 *  
;