Professional Documents
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DESALES UNIVERSITY
Department of Nursing and Health
Nursing 205
CASE PRESENTATION
John Chen is an 18-year-old college freshman of Chinese descent. He is being seen in the student health center for follow-up on his
complaints of loose, watery stools. When discussing his health history, John states that he has occasionally had some difficulty with diarrhea and
has been told in the past that this is due to lactose intolerance. This medical problem has just been confirmed by the student health center
physician.
John reports that his diarrhea has worsened over the last 6 months, since the beginning of the school year. He now reports four to six
large, loose stools per day with severe abdominal cramping. He reports that his stools are foul smelling and accompanied by a great deal of
flatus. He states that he finds this to be a very embarrassing problem, especially while living in a "communal" dormitory situation.
John says that he never drinks milk as a beverage and that when he lived at home he ate a fairly traditional Chinese diet with few milk
products. Now that he is eating his meals in the dormitory dining room he feels that he is less able to control the amount of milk products in his
diet. Analysis of his 3-day diet recall shows a significant intake of milk products, including cheese, yogurt, and milk-based foods.
On physical examination, you find the following: vital signs and urine specific gravity are within normal limits, height and weight are below
average; mucous membranes are pink and moist; skin turgor is normal; capillary refill time is less than 3 seconds; abdomen is soft, with
hyperactive bowel sounds.
a) Subjective:
i) Client states “he has occasionally had some difficulty with diarrhea and was told in the past that this is due to lactose intolerance”
ii) Client states “diarrhea has worsened over the last 6 months, since the beginning of the school year”
iii)Clients states he has “four to six large, loose stools per day with severe abdominal cramping”
iv) Client states “his stools are foul-smelling, accompanied by a great deal of flatus”
v) Client states he finds bowel problem “to be an embarrassing problem, especially while living in a ‘communal’ dormitory situation”
vi) Client states that “he never drinks milk as a beverage”
vii)Client states that “when he lived at home he ate a fairly traditional Chinese diet with few milk products”
viii)
Client states “now that he is eating his meals in the dormitory dining room he feels that he is less able to control the amount of milk
products in the diet”
ix) Analysis of client’s 3-day diet recall shows a significant intake of milk products, including cheese, yogurt, and milk-based products
b) Objective:
i) Client states “he has occasionally had some difficulty with diarrhea and was told in the past that this is due to lactose intolerance”
ii) 18-year-old college freshman of Chinese descent
iii) Moved to college 6 months ago
b) Nutritional/Metabolic Pattern
Nursing Process Exercise: John Chen 3
c) Elimination Pattern
i) Client states “he has occasionally had some difficulty with diarrhea and was told in the past that this is due to lactose intolerance”
ii) Client states “diarrhea has worsened over the last 6 months, since the beginning of the school year”
iii) Client states he has “four to six large, loose stools per day with severe abdominal cramping”
iv) Client states “his stools are foul smelling and accompanied by a great deal of flatus”
v) Abdomen is soft
vi) Hyperactive bowel sounds
vii) Urine specific gravity within normal limits
d) Activity/Exercise Pattern
e) Sleep/Rest Pattern
f) Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern
g) Self-Perception/Self-Concept Pattern
ii) Client states he finds bowel problem “to be an embarrassing problem, especially while living in a ‘communal’ dormitory situation”
h) Role/Relationship Pattern
i) Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern
k) Value-Belief Pattern
3) Using your own words, what general problem areas do you see in this case?
4) Develop data clusters for each of the general problems identified in question 3.
i) Client states “he has occasionally had some difficulty with diarrhea and was told in the past that this is due to lactose intolerance”
ii) Client states “diarrhea has worsened over the last 6 months, since the beginning of the school year”
iii) Client states he has “four to six large, loose stools per day with severe abdominal cramping”
iv) Client states “his stools are foul-smelling, accompanied by a great deal of flatus”
v) Client states “he never drinks milk as a beverage”
vi) Client states that “when he lived at home he ate a fairly traditional Chinese diet with few milk products”
vii) Client states “now that he is eating his meals in the dormitory dining room he feels that he is less able to control the amount of milk
products in the diet”
viii) Analysis of client’s 3-day diet recall shows a significant intake of milk products, including cheese, yogurt, and milk-based products
ix) Abdomen is soft
x) Hyperactive bowel sounds
5) From one of the data clusters in question 4, develop at least two tentative nursing diagnoses.
b) Tentative Nursing Diagnosis for Data Cluster #2: Nutrition: Altered, Less Than Body Requirements
6) Evaluate each of the tentative nursing diagnoses by writing and comparing the definitions, related factors, and signs and symptoms of each
diagnosis.
i) Definition:
(1) A state in which an individual experiences a change in normal bowel habits characterized by the frequent passage of loose, fluid,
unformed stools.
(1) Gastrointestinal disorders [e.g., inflammation, irritation, or malabsorption of bowel], fecal impaction
(2) Metabolic/endocrine disorders
(3) Nutritional disorders, change in dietary intake
(4) Infectious process
(5) Tube feedings
(6) Adverse effects of medications; [radiation, toxins, contaminants[
(7) High stress levels
(1) Subjective:
(a) Abdominal pain
(b) Urgency; cramping
(2) Objective:
(a) Increased frequency of stool
(b) Increased frequency of bowel sounds
(c) Loose, liquid stools
b) Tentative Nursing Diagnosis #2: Nutrition: Altered, Less Than Body Requirements
i) Definition:
(1) The state in which an individual experiences an intake of nutrients insufficient to meet metabolic needs.
Nursing Process Exercise: John Chen 7
(1) Inability of ingest or digest food or absorb nutrients because of biological, psychological, or economic factors
(2) [Increased metabolic demands, e.g. burns]
(3) [lack of information, misinformation, misconception
(1) Subjective:
(a) Reported inadequate food intake less than RDA (recommended daily allowance)
(b) Reported lack of food
(c) Aversion to eating; reported altered taste sensation; satiety immediately after ingesting food
(d) Abdominal pain with or without pathologic conditions; abdominal cramping
(e) Lack of interest in food; perceived inability to ingest food
(f) Lack of information, misinformation, misconception
(2) Objective:
(a) Body weight 20% or more under ideal [for height and frame]
(b) Loss of weight with adequate food intake
(c) Evidence of lack of food [available]
(d) Weakness of muscles required for swallowing or mastication
(e) Sore, inflamed buccal cavity
(f) Poor muscle tone
(g) Capillary fragility
(h) Hyperactive bowel sounds; diarrhea and/or steatorrhea
(i) Pale conjunctiva and mucous membranes
(j) Excessive loss of hair [or increased growth of hair on body (lanugo)]; cessation of menses
(k) [decreased subcutaneous fat/muscle mass]
(l) [abnormal laboratory studies (e.g., decreased albumin, total protein; iron deficiency; electrolyte imbalances)]
7) Identify any gaps and inconsistencies in the data cluster that you would need to assess (if there are gaps in the data cluster) or recheck (if
there are inconsistencies in the data cluster) before identifying the most accurate nursing diagnosis.
i) Gaps
Nursing Process Exercise: John Chen 8
ii) Inconsistencies
(1) none
b) Tentative Nursing Diagnosis #2: Nutrition: Altered, Less Than Body Requirements
i) Gaps
ii) Inconsistencies:
a) For the nursing diagnosis, diarrhea, the client exhibits almost all the signs/symptoms with few gaps and inconsistencies for the diagnosis.
Therefore diarrhea is a highly accurate nursing diagnosis for this client. The cluster of data related to his increased consumption of milk
products suggests an etiology. For the diagnosis Nutrition: Altered nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements, the client exhibits mainly one
sign/symptom, height and weight below average, and there are many gaps and inconsistencies. Therefore, a number of questions must
be answered to more fully consider this diagnosis. Until these questions are answered, the diagnosis of Nutrition: Altered, Less Than
Body Requirements cannot be confirmed and is therefore not an accurate diagnosis.
Nursing Process Exercise: John Chen 9
9) Write a complete basic three-part (PES) nursing diagnosis for the diagnosis you have identified.
10) Write a client goal for your nursing diagnosis that you have identified that is the opposite healthy response of the problem statement
(diagnostic label) of the nursing diagnosis.
11) Write three expected outcomes that will demonstrate that the client goal has been met.
1) Write four nursing strategies/interventions that will help achieve the expected outcomes and, consequently, the client goal.
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