J. Sound Vib.

(1969) 9 (l), 28-48

ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID

CONTAINED IN A DUCT

P. MUNGURAND G. M. L. GLADWELL
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton,
Southampton, SO9 5NH, England

(Received 12 June 1968)

In assessing the propagation of an acoustic wave in a sheared fluid, first, the derivation
of the linearized wave-equation for two-dimensional viscous flow is presented. Interactions
with the acoustic wave of the mean flow, the shear and the viscosity of the fluid through
shear have been included. This is followed by a numerical solution to the inviscid case,
using a constant gradient and a turbulent velocity profile, for the first three symmetric modes.
The “plane” mode is compared with results obtained by Pridmore-Brown using an
analytical approach; there is good agreement for the case with constant gradient profile.
Methods of solution are also presented for the problems of acoustic wave propagation
in a flowing medium, both with and without shear, contained in ducts with fmite wall
admittance.

1. INTRODUCTION
The stimulus for these theoretical investigations of the propagation of acoustic disturbances
in a fluid contained in a duct and having mean velocity gradients normal to the flow direction,
was the observation that high intensity sound produced in the currents of gas-cooled nuclear
reactors appeared to be most strongly attenuated in those regions of the flow where high
shear gradients, associated with turbulent boundary layer flow, were produced for the purpose
of efiicient heat transfer. It was also interesting to determine whether mean shear effects could
produce significantly greater attenuation of sound in gas flowing in pipes and ducts than the
classical diffusion and molecular relaxation effects associated with propagation in the
quiescent fluid.
Meyer, Mechel and Kurtze [I] experimented on the influence of flow on sound attenuation
in absorbing ducts. Ingard [2] investigated the effect of uniform flow (no shear) on the pro-
pagation and attenuation in lined ducts. The effect of shear in lined ducts has been considered
by Pridmore-Brown [3] and Tack and Lambert [4]. In all the works referred to above, the
effect of viscosity has been neglected altogether.
When a fluid flows past a solid boundary, the fluid immediately in contact with the wall is
at rest. However, the velocity rises rapidly from zero at the wall to its value in the main
stream, the rise taking place within the thin viscous boundary layer next to the wall. In this
layer the velocity gradient is very large, so that even if the viscosity is small, the tangential
stresses cannot be ignored.
The paper presents a derivation of the linearized wave equation for two-dimensional
viscous flow. This is followed by a numerical solution to the inviscid case for comparison
with Pridmore-Brown’s results. Methods of solution are also presented for the problems of
acoustic wave propagation in a flowing fluid, both with and without shear, contained in ducts
with finite wall impedance.
28
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 29
The projected sequel to this paper will present results of numerical solution for acoustic
wave propagation in viscous flows.

2. THE WAVE EQUATION

To reduce the complexity of the problem, the present analysis will be confined to two
dimensions only. The mean flow will be taken to be in the x direction and will be assumed to be
a function of y only, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Pressure profile for lowest mode constant gradient flow. M = ik&(y/L).

The exact two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation is given by (see Howarth [5])

in the x direction (1)

and
$ ;+p+$s
[ ay1- ap’+qy(vy+fa
aY
f!L+!c -
3 ay ( ax ay 1
2aql ad aqf -+-&
ad ad
---2a4 -+_
ad ad +-.-+-
3 ay ( ax ay 1 ay ay ax ( ay 1
in they direction. (2)
The dashes denote the total magnitude of the parameters concerned, and V: = the two-
dimensional Laplacian operator = gz + -!?
ay2 *
Let P'= PO + P (POis the mean pressure and P is the fluctuating pressure);
u’= U + u (U is the mean flow velocity in the x direction and is assumed to be a
function of y only depending on the flow profile and u is the fluctuating
velocity in x direction) ;
v’ = V + v = v (since there is no mean flow in y direction and v is the fluctuating velocity
in that direction);
p’ = p. + p (p. is the static density and p is the fluctuating density);
q’ = q. + 17 (y. is the mean viscosity and 11is the fluctuating viscosity).
In a duct of uniform cross-section with fully developed flow, under steady-state conditions,
the variation with x of any of the mean parameters will be zero.
30 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

The acoustic part of the Navier-Stokes equation can be filtered from equations (1) and (2)
by subtracting the time-average of equations (1) and (2) from equations (1) and (2). If this is
done, and the products of fluctuating components are neglected, one obtains

in the x direction (3)

and

Pok+~&]=-$+ rloV;v+-- 1)30:(:;_+au aX) +YE*

axay mtheydirection. (4)

The two-dimensional conservation of mass yields

,aPf ,aPf
aP'
Yg+ujy+vay+ p’

(!T!Ic+~
ax ay>
=o* (5)

As before, if the mean and fluctuating components of the parameters are used, the time
average of equation (5) is substracted from equation (5), and the products of fluctuating
components are neglected, one obtains

aP aP
z+uax+po
(au+%
ax ay1
=o. (6)

be denoted by 4, then

+-J-($+ u$). (7)

Differentiating equations (3) and (4) with respect to x and y, respectively, one obtains

zE+ ua~+2au 2$+~,-&+3%!+lp+!5L~ axayay (8)

ax ayI ax ay2
and
TOa a2rlau
a2v +auao mu~a2v ~_azp+90-a,~v+__+
L--
po ay at ay ax axayI ay2 ay 3 ay2 ZSjjay’
(9)

Differentiating equation (6) with respect to t, one obtains

C&U-
a2P a4 (10)
axat+PO~=O-

If all the terms in equations (8) and (9) are brought to the left and the two equations added
and equated to equation (10) one obtains
2 a211au
g+ugt a+
ax ay
=v~P+pouax+2podt’~-~770v~~-~~-2~y~. (11)
4 may be eliminated from the above expression by using equation (7) and the derived relation

au a2p
W=-;
[&(v:P)+U$$i7:p)+2ayaxay+~~~
1 (12)
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 31

Substituting equations (12) and (7) in equation (1 l), one obtains

a2P av au 4r10 a 2P a2uap

- =v:P-2Ua~~- UZ$$+2po__ +-- _(v:p)+2aua
at2 ax+ 3po [ at ay axay +ay2ax 1-
arla2u
--__ 2a211au 4710 a
(13)
ax ay2 ,,,,,,+g+g:P).

To obtain a convenient wave equation, p, 7 and v must be expressed in terms of P in

equation (13). In the simpler case of an inviscid fluid with no thermal conductivity, propaga-
tion may be considered to take place adiabatically and isentropically, and the fluctuating
density and pressure to be related by

(14)

where c is the sound velocity. However, in viscous fluids, where the isentropic condition is no
longer valid due to energy dissipation by viscosity, the change in entropy must be taken into
account. Thus, via the mechanism of viscosity, the sound wave gives rise to an entropy wave.
Through the equation of state of the fluid, the pressure wave is accompanied by a temperature
wave which in turn leads to a viscous wave.
In Appendix 2, it has been shown that when entropy is not conserved due to viscous
dissipation, the fluctuating pressure and density are related thus :

pJp+@
- [compare with equation (14)] (15)
C2

where s=-(U--_-)X
jW(1 _‘MK) (16)

and E is a function of viscosity, thermal conductivity, shear, etc., o = angular frequency,

u = ratio of the principal specific heats (cP/cy). M = U/c, and K is defined in equation (26)
below.
In Appendix 1, it has been shown that

y=qO

(P_P )
PO PO
(17)

where a is the index relating viscosity and temperature, and is about 0.72 to 0.75 for gases.
If p is replaced by (P + S)/c2, equation (17) becomes

Substituting equations (15) and (18) in equation (13), and denoting (4yo)/(3poc2) by T, the
viscous relaxation time, and (aqo)/(po c’) by TV,one obtains
32 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

For harmonic variation with time, a/at = jw and, in this case, denoting U/c by A4, the Mach
number, one finds

--2~ ayp+ 6)
axat fTC M$V:(P+6)+2-
dhfaqP+6)+awa(P+q
-~-
c [ dy axay ay ax I
-~2c~+r-l)%gLrq-
aqp+ 8) a26
-27,eg
[
(u- 1)
axay axay1
-CT------. (20)
This is the wave equation governing the propagation of sound in a viscous flowing fluid
in the presence of shear. Terms involving aM/ay represent the interaction of shear with the
acoustic wave and those containing T and 72 are due to viscosity. Terms in M represent
interaction of the mean flow with the acoustic wave and those involving the products of T
or 72 and aM/ay or a2M/ay2 represent interaction with viscosity through shear. The above
equation simplifies to the one used by Pridmore-Brown [3] if the terms containing T and r2
are suppressed. Further, if the terms containing aM/ay and a2M/ay2 are suppressed, the
equation reduces to a wave equation obtained by Ingard [2] for the case of uniform flow in an
inviscid fluid.
It must be stressed that the solution to equation (20) is subject to the following limitation.
Although the effect of shear has been taken into account, it has been assumed that variations
with x of PO, U, v. and p. are zero; this assumption is valid only under steady-state conditions
and constant cross-section. In Appendix 2, while deriving the effect of the fluctuating entropy
on the fluctuating density, it has been assumed that there is no mean temperature gradient.
Equation (20) cannot be solved by the normal separation of variable method because of
the presence of coupled terms. Substitution for 6 transforms the equation from second order
to one of fourth order. Of course, in an inviscid fluid, 6 3 0, the equation retains its second-
order wave equation characteristic. It may be noted that shear affects the propagation even
in the absence of viscosity [see fourth term on the right of equation (20)]. To find the contribu-
tion of viscosity to the attenuation, the effect of shear in the fluid with no viscosity must first
be determined. The following section therefore deals with the solution of equation (20) for
the inviscid case. The general solution taking viscosity into account will follow in another
paper.

3. THE INVISCID CASE

When the viscosity is zero, T, 72 and 6 are also zero, and equation (20) becomes

;!$41 -M3$+~+2poc;$-~$~. (21)

As the problem is now one involving the effect of shear on the propagation, one may assume
a solution of the form
p = F(y) e-ax elw-kxx)
(22)
and
U= G(y) e-CcX
eJ(wt-kxX)_ (23)
Here F(y) and G(y) are the amplitudes of the pressure wave and the transverse particle
velocity, respectively, and a, k, are respectively the attenuation and the propagation constants
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 33
in the x direction. As there is no viscosity, the attenuation would be due to finite wall admit-
tance. For rigid walls CLwould tend to zero.
Substituting equations (22) and (23) in (21), one obtains

-$E=(l -M3(~+j/~,)~F+~~-2p~c~~(~+j~JG+j+~.+j~~)F. (24)

From equation (4), in absence of viscosity,

or
[jw-(u+jk,)U]G=-;z

and
1 aF
G=_ (25)
jccJpo(1 - MK) ay
where
K = (g + jk,)
(26)
jw/c ’

the normalized complex wave vector in the x direction and k = w/c.

If one substitutes the expression in equation (25) for G, equation (24) becomes
d2F
&Kdr;$+k2[1 -K2(1- M2) - 2MK]F=O. (27)
@+

This equation is identical to that obtained by Pridmore-Brown if Kis taken to be wholly real
(that is if the walls are rigid). Once the flow profile M which is a function of y has been chosen,
equation (27) may be solved to yield the pressure profile across the duct. In order to obtain
an explicit solution, the boundary conditions at the walls or at one wall and the centre of the
duct must be specified. This leads to specific eigenvalues of K, the imaginary part of which
yields the attenuation.

4. SOLUTION FOR RIGID WALLS

Pridmore-Brown obtained an approximate solution to equation (27) by a method proposed
by Langer [6]. For a constant gradient boundary layer, he obtained
F= d~“~q-~‘~f (H) (28)
where
e=K-I-M,
q=fP-1 ,

s = ‘q112de = +{8(e2 - 1)“2 - cash-’ B},

f
1
H = (3clK~/2)“~,
d = kl(dMdy),
andf(H) is the general solution of Airy’s differential equation, namely,
f”(H) + Hf(H) = 0.
34 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

In the case of a turbulent boundary layer, taking M = M,,(J&)~/~, and using M as the
independent variable, one obtains

--d2F dg+49(kL)2M,14M12{(1 -MIQ2-K2}F=0.

dM2 (29)

A solution to the above equation, obtained by Pridmore-Brown, is

F= M3 t9s”6q-“4f (H) (30)
where q = M12(e2 - l),
A = 7kLMG7,
and the remaining symbols are defined as above.
Due to the singularity in equation (29) at M = 0, the solution given by equation (30) breaks
down at the wall. However, the solution is valid asymptotically for (1 --f w in the neighbour-
hood of y = 0. Values of F across the flow profile were obtained using Laurent series and
involved tedious calculations and approximations.

5. NUMERICAL SOLUTION
Equation (27) has been solved numerically for a number of different velocity protjles M(y).
The method used was the fourth-order Runge-Kutta, a good description of which is given by
Hildebrand [7]. Equation (17) may be written in the form
d2 Y
@ +fi(X)dr;+f2(X) Y= 0 (31)

where Y = F, X E y/L.
Equation (31) may be rewritten as a pair of equations
dY
dx=Z and g=-fi(X)Z-f2(X) Y=f(X, Y,Z) (32)

for which the Runge-Kutta method gives the approximate solution

Y(‘+‘) = Y(‘) + hZ”’ + &?, + rnz + m3) + O(V) (33)

and
ZCr+‘) = Z@) + *(ml + 2m2 + 2m3 + m4) + O(h5)
where Y(‘) = Y(rh), Ztr) = Z(rh), the interval 0 G X G 1 is divided into n intervals of length
h = l/n, and
m, = h x f (X@), Y(‘), Z@)),
m2 = h x f (X(r) + +h, Y(r) + +hZ(‘), Z(r) + *ml),
m3 = h x f (Xc’) + *h, Y(‘) + 3hZ(‘) + ihm,, Zcr) + Jm2),
m4 = h x f (Xc’) + h, Y(‘) + hZ(‘) + +hm2, Zcr) + m3). (34)

6. APPLICATION OF RUNGE-KU’ITA TO THE INVISCID CASE

Tack and Lambert [4] showed that the velocity profiles M(y) in a duct can be approximated
either by an exponential function or by a fractional power. In the present analysis a power
law will be assumed, namely,
M= Mo(y/L)‘lN = MO X1’N for 0 G XG 1 (35)
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 35
where L is the value of y at the centre of the duct, Me is the midstream Mach number, and N is
a positive number whose value depends on the nature of the wall. For flow without shear, the
velocity profile is uniform so that N -+ co. In the case of a constant velocity gradient, N = 1,
and for a fully-developed turbulent flow, N is approximately equal to 7. It follows that
dM
-=- 1 MOX”‘N’-’
L ’
(36)
dy N
Equation (28) now becomes
d2 Y dZ 2Kjj,f,, X”‘N’-1
Z- ’ [(1 - M,, KX”N)2 - K2] Y, (37)
dXZ=dX=- N(l -MO X’IN)
= -_f&w -.lxX) K
=f(X K a, (38)
where Y G F, X E y/L and Z = (d Y/dZ). Equation (37) is of the same form as equation (32),
the solution of which is given by equation (33).
The boundary conditions that must be satisfied in solving equation (38) are as follows:
at the wall X = 0, Y may be set equal to unity. Z, being actually (d Y/dX), is proportional to
the particle velocity normal to the flow and is therefore equal to zero at a rigid wall. Also at
X= 1, the centre of the duct, Z is zero for symmetric modes and Y is zero for antisymmetric
modes. Several values of K may be found to satisfy the above boundary conditions ; the mode
of propagation depends on the magnitude of K. For plane wave propagation in the absence
of flow K is unity in the lowest mode.
A computer program was written to evaluate Y and Z at various steps of X between
0 and 1 for various values of (wL/c), Me and N. A subroutine selects the appropriate value of K
to satisfy the boundary condition at X = 1. Various modes of propagation may be investigated
in this way. However, the effect due to shear or viscosity is best demonstrated by comparing
the results for the lowest mode of propagation. In the absence of shear, that is for uniform
flow, the pressure is uniform across the flow. The way in which shear alters the pressure
profile is shown in Figures 2 and 3 where N has been set equal to unity, equivalent to a constant
gradient flow. The results are in good agreement with those predicted by Pridmore-Brown
using an analytical solution. Figure 4 shows the pressure profile for a turbulent flow; in this
case, unlike Pridmore-Brown’s results, the present solution does not break down at the wall.
Figures 6 and 7 show the effect of flow on the pressure distribution for the next two higher
symmetric modes. In Appendix 3 an expression is obtained for K, the normalized wave
vector in the x direction when shear is absent, and the magnitude of K so deduced is compared
in Table 1 with those obtained when shear is present. It may be noted that for the lowest mode
(that is mode zero) Kis a function of the mean flow only for the no-shear case, but the presence
of shear brings in dispersion by making K dependent on the frequency as well. Figure 5 shows
the variation of K with MO and kL.

7. SOLUTION FOR WALLS WITH FINITE ADMITTANCE

Before the general numerical solution of this class of problem is described, the slightly
simpler case of absence of shear will be discussed as this can be solved analytically.

7.1. IN ABSENCE OF SHEAR

In this case the separated wave equation becomes

f$ + (kL)2 [( 1 - MK)2 - K2] F = 0. (39)

 ‘(7/4’AC = A! ‘MoI3
]uagx?B wn?~suo~ apow ysamoI .IOJqgo.Id amssaa ‘2 am+I
(qJ-2 a)@3
m”
3
f-(7/10 5
fi =
0.1 8.0 9.0 P.0 2.0 0
I I I I
‘0
_\
0
- O!
\
0
-02
\
0
-0E
\
0
\
0 - ot
\
0 ,.,=o,-0s
\
Olo
OE= 7n
09
7 = 6 (0 amsald = $j
no14 ou .
I I I I I 81
I I I i I I I I
 l I I I I

0
-
------I k
0
0,
6
al
0

_T
0

I I I I I
p al u) P (u
o IPM

-([b/d) 601 02
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 39
The finite admittance of the wall leads to attenuation of the sound wave and this makes K
necessarily complex. Let
K = B +jA [see equation (26)] (40)
where B is the normalized propagation vector along the duct = k,lk and A =-u/k is the
normalized attenuation coefficient along the duct.
Let
- k; = (kL)*[(l - MK)* - K*],
= (kL)* [l - 2MB + (M* - 1) (B* - A*) +j2A(M2 B - B - M)],
= al +jbl (say). (41)
Let
k, = cl +jd, ;
then
al = d; - c;
and br = - 2ci dl. (42)
The solution of equation (39) may be written as
F = D, ekyx + Dz ebkpx, (43)
therefore,
dy= k,,[D, ekyX- Dz emklx] (44)

where D1 and D2 are constants to be determined from the boundary conditions.

At the centre of the duct, X = 1, dF/dX= 0 for symmetric modes and F= 0 for anti-
symmetric modes. From equations (43) and (44), it follows that
Dz = fD, ezky,
the positive sign referring to the symmetric mode and the negative sign to the antisymmetric
mode.
Equations (43) and (44) now become
F= D, e+ky[e-kH-X) f ekWO]
(45)
and
_d!!d!&
k, Di e+kr[e-ky(i-X)7 ekyW’)]_
. (46)

At the wall, X = 0, the ratio of i,,, the transverse wall velocity, to P, the pressure is equal
to the normal specific admittance of the wall, A. Thus

A i
_=_w_ (47)
POC p
In problems where there is relative motion between the fluid and the boundary it is necessary
to use the basic continuity of acoustic particle displacement rather than velocity because of
the extra convective terms in the substantial derivative of the displacement. The importance
of using the basic boundary condition had been pointed out before by Miles [8], Ribner [9]
and Ingard [2]. In the absence of relative motion, continuity of particle displacement also
leads to continuity of particle velocity.
Let
5;, = ,Q,) e-orxeiWt-kxx)
(48)
represent the displacement in the medium.
40 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

Then u, the particle velocity in the medium, is given by

or
v = jw(1 - MK) &. (49)
Using continuity of acoustic particle displacement, one may write
5;, = 5, (at the wall),
V
c--

jw( 1 - MK) ’ (50)

For the wall,

Therefore,

Substituting equation (50) in equation (47) one obtains

-=A
1 v
pot (1 - MK)P’

=(l &K);. (51)

From equation (25), the amplitude of the transverse particle velocity is given by

G= j ldF (52)
kL(1 - MK)PocdX’
Equation (51) becomes
dF/dX
A=iX(l kK)2-F. (53)

e-b
$&
Substituting for dF/dX and F from equations (45) and (46) in equation (53), one obtains

Thus
A= jkY

kL(1 - MK)z [ 1
eyky* tiy ’

-jk,
tanb k, for symmetric modes (54)
A = kL(1 - MK)2
and
cotb k, for antisymmetric modes. (55)
A = kL(1 - MK)2

Equation (54) has been obtained previously by Ingard [2] and that and equation (55) reduce
to the expressions obtained by Morse [lo] when there is no flow. At first sight it seems quite
logical to replace the wall admittance by some equivalent wall admittance through the
factor (1 - MK)2. Unfortunately Kcontains the attenuation coefficient A, whose computation
is the whole object of the analysis. However, a numerical method can be applied. k, and K
are related by equation (41). Let A = C +jS where C and S are the conductance and the
susceptance of the wall, respectively. Equations (54) and (55) may then be written as
C + jS = (~2 + jb2) tanb (cl+ jd,) (56)
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 41

or
C +jS = (uz +jbJ coth (cl + jd,)
where u2, b2, cl and dl are functions of B, A and M only.
Thus for given values of C and S, B and A can be solved graphically after separating the
real and imaginary parts of equation (56).

7.2. IN PRESENCE OF SHEAR

When there is shear but the flow occurs within soft walls an analytical solution of the
problem is apparently impossible; however, a numerical method can be found. The separated
wave equation to be solved is still equation (27), but now that there is wall absorption, K,
the normalized wave vector, is complex.
Let K = B + jA where A is associated with the attenuation [see equation (26)]. To solve
equation (27) it is necessary to separate the real and imaginary parts of the coefficients of
dFjdX and F. If this is done the equation can be written in the form

(57)

The solution of equation (57) will consist of a real and an imaginary part; let it be
F= Yl +jY2. (58)
If equation (58) is substituted back in equation (57), one has, after separating the real and
imaginary parts,
Y;+aY;-bY;+cYr-dY2=0
and (59)
Y;+bY;+aY;+cY;!+dYr=O
where dashes denote derivative with respect to X.
Let
Yl = Yl,

y2 = y2,
r; = Y3, (60)
r; = Y4.

Substituting equation (60) in equation (59), one obtains

Y;=-cY1+dY2-aYs+bY‘,
and (61)
Y;=-dY,-cY,-by,-uY+

In the matrix form, one may write

69

In general,

(63)

In the vector notation,

Y’= Q(x)Y. (64)
42 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

Equation (64) may now be solved by a generalization of the Runge-Kutta method. This
states that if

g =fi(X Yl, y2, y,, 1.. Yn) (65)

then
Y(‘+i) = yW + ; (m(i) + 2m’Z’+ 2,,+3’+ &4))
(66)

where, as before,
Y(‘) = Y(rh) = (y@z), yz(rh), . . . y,(A)),
rn(‘) = f(X,, Ylr)),
mc2)= f(X, + j&z,Y(‘) + +hml),
mc3)= f(X, + *h, Y(‘) + +hm,),
mc4)= f(X, + h, Y(r)+ hm,),
and f(X, Y) = Q(X) Y [see also equations (62), (63), (64)].
As in the case with rigid walls, ( Y: + Y $) can be set equal to unity at the wall. Ys and Y,, being
derivatives of Yr and Y2, respectively, and therefore proportional to the transverse particle
velocity, can be set equal to the conductance and susceptance of the wall, respectively. Conti-
nuity of acoustic particle velocity is used here, because the flow profile assures that there is no
relative motion of the fluid and the wall. For symmetric modes, the transverse particle velocity
at the centre of the duct must be zero. Two subroutines are used to select values of the real
and imaginary parts of K to make (Y$ f Yi)1/2 equal to zero at the centre of the duct. The
program computes finally the values of Yr, Y2, Ys and Y4 for various values of X between
0 and 1. From the values of Yr and Y2 the magnitude of F is given by
F= (Y; + Y;)1’2.
From the imaginary part of K, the attenuation a can be obtained.

8. CONCLUDING REMARKS

The results for the pressure profile across a constant gradient shear flow are in good agree-
ment with those predicted by Pridmore-Brown using an analytical solution. In the case of the
turbulent flow profile, unlike Pridmore-Brown’s results, the present solution does not fail
at the wall.
In this paper the results of the effect of shear on the first two modes have been presented.
By changing the limits on the frequency range in the hunt for eigenvalues to satisfy the
boundary conditions, the effect of shear on the other modes can easily be obtained. However,
information about the overall pressure profile cannot be obtained from the individual modes
until a knowledge of the energy distribution produced by the sound source in the various
modes is specified.
One basic difference between this and the analytical method is in the calculation of the
attenuation due to finite admittance of the wall. In the latter method it is assumed that the
pressure profile across the duct will not change from that calculated for rigid walls, whereas
in the numerical method, the eigenvalues of K can be found to match the wall admittance
and the imaginary part of K will yield the attenuation straightaway.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research given to the
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research by Atomic Power Constructions Ltd., Sutton,
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 43

Surrey, England. They also wish to express their thanks to Mr. F. J. Fahy for suggesting the
problem and making useful comments, and to Mr. C. L. Morfey for helpful discussions.

REFERENCES
1. E. MEYER, F. MECHEL and G. KURTZE 1958 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 30, 165. Experiments on the
influence of tlow on sound attenuation in absorbing ducts.
2. U. INGARD 1959 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 31,1035. Influence of fluid motion past a plane boundary on
sound reflection, absorption and transmission.
3. D. C. PRIDMORE-BROWN 1958 J. Fluid. Mech. 4, 393. Sound propagation in a fluid flowing
through an attenuating duct.
4. D. H. TACK and R. F. LAMBERT 1965 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 38,655. Influence of shear flow on sound
attenuation in lined ducts.
5. L. HOWARTH 1964 Modern developments in fluid dynamics-high speed flow, vol. I, p. 379.
London: Oxford University Press.
6. R. E. LANGER 1937 Phys. Rev. 51,669. On the connection formula and the solutions of the wave
equation.
7. F. B. HILDEBRAND 1956 Introduction to Numerical Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8. J. W. MILES 1957 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 29, 226. On reflection of sound at an interface of relative
motion.
9. H. S. RIBNER 1957 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 29, 435. Reflection, transmission and amplification of
sound by a moving medium.
10. P. M. MORSE 1948 Vibration and Sound, p. 369. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. L. HOWARTH 1964 Modern developments in fluid dynamics-high speed flow, vol. I, p. 55.
London: Oxford University Press.
12. H. SCHLICHTING 1955 Boundary Layer Theory, p. 338. London: Pergamon Press.

APPENDIX 1: THE EVALUATION OF &#x AND +/axay

These two terms refer to spatial variation of the fluctuating viscosity in the viscous wave
which accompanies the temperature wave. The variation of viscosity with the absolute
temperature may be expressed by [12]
r)’ = AT’“. (A.1)
Substituting the static and fluctuating components of 7’and T’ in equation (A. 1) one obtains
q. + 7)= AT:(l + T/To)“. (A.3
Time-averaging equation (A.2), one obtains
rlo = AT,“,
and by neglecting the products of fluctuating quantities, one obtains
rl =a~o(W’o). (A.3)
From the equation of state of the gas, one may write
(PO + P) = (PO+ P) Wo + T). (A.4)
Subtracting the time average of equation (A.4) from equation (A.4), one obtains
P= R(poT+pTo)
or
T/To = P/PO - P/PO. (A.3
Equation (A.3) may now be written as
17= WOW0 - P/PO). (A.6)
 44 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

It follows that
877 1 aP 1 ap

and
-=a.Q
i3X ( ----_
PO ax poax )
(A-7)

a27 a2p i 1 azp

ax ay
--=arlo (poaxay
-~---.
Poaxay > (AJO

APPENDIX 2: THE RELATION BETWEEN P AND p

If entropy is conserved during the passage of the sound wave, p and P are related
by the adiabatic relation P = pc 2. If there is heat dissipation through viscosity, thermal
conductivity or any other agency, the entropy of the system can no longer be considered
constant.
Let p’ be a function of P’ and S’ where S’ refers to the total entropy which consists of the
sum of So and S, the static entropy and the fluctuating entropy, respectively. Then

6P’= (g$SP + (igJ/S~. (A.9

Denoting 6p’, 6P’ and 65” by p, P and S, the fluctuating parts of p’, P’ and S’, one obtains

(A. 10)

(i5P’/ap’)s is the adiabatic speed of sound squared, and may be denoted by c2. The expression
for (ap’/i%‘), can be obtained as follows.
From the first law of thermodynamics, one may write
T’dS’ = dE + P’d(l/p’) where E is the internal energy

=dE-clidp’. (A.ll)
P
Therefore

= (-g)p(gp-;’

Therefore
=c,
(_TI1
P’
-c
P12
for a perfect gas.

=------7. (A.12)

Thus equation (A.lO) now becomes

p=~_!Js. (A.13)
P
The fluctuating entropy S in equation (A.13) can be obtained by considering the energy
equation in terms of entropy, which in the two-dimensional case is given by [ 1l]

p’T’ g = @ + div (K; grad T’) (A.14)

 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 45

where
Kj = thermal conductivity of the gas,
I
Cp= 17’ e& + f [(err - e&* + e& + e:,],

= 77’
e& + !C [e?, + e& - err e&i 7
3

Therefore

and

The dashes denote the total magnitude of the parameter concerned.

T’ = T,, + T = sum of static temperature and fluctuating temperature and
Ki = &, + Kt = sum of the static and fluctuating thermal conductivity.
Equation (A. 14) reduces to

(A.15)

When there is no mean temperature gradient,

c_aT and aT’ aT
-=---*
ax ax ay ay
If S’, u’, v’, T’, Ki are replaced by S,, + S, U + U, v, T,, + T and Ko, + K,, respectively, and
the products of fluctuating quantities neglected, equation (A.15) becomes

(PO+P)VO+T)(DSO
x+z DS)=rl (au)2
ay +2r)-J(au
5
8,)+Kot (!?+ $).
ay+z (A.16)

If (p. + p)(To + T) is written as poTo equation (A. 16) becomes

+ 2770au au au
--(-+-)+s($+g). (A.17)
polo ay ay ax
From the time average of equation (A.17), one obtains
Uas,=~o --. au2
(A.18)
ax polo ( ay )
46 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

It then follows that

+ 2110au au a0
--(-+-)+f$($+g). (A.19)
poloay ay ax
Replacing W,/ax from equation (A.18) in the first term and substituting&[1 - MK] S for
(g+ Ug),onefinds

(A.20)

In Appendix 1 it has been shown that

and

Substitute the above two expressions; then equation (A.20) becomes

(A-21)

or
1 E
s=-x
POTo Ml - MN
where E is defined by equation (A.21). From equation (A. 13), one may now write

p,P_dxIx E

c2 C, p. To jw(1 - MK) ’
P (a- 1) E
=-
c2--7-x
jW(1 - MK)’

=-(P +a> (A.22)

c2 ’

where 8 = - (u - 1) x ’
jW(1 - MK) *

Equation (A.22) expresses the relation between p and P; 6 may be considered as a perturbed
acoustic pressure due to entropy change by dissipation. It may be noted that 6 = 0 if there is
no dissipation.
 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A SHEARED FLUID 47

APPENDIX 3: THE EVALUATION OF K IN THE ABSENCE OF

SHEAR WITH RIGID WALL

In the absence of shear, equation (27) becomes

$+(kL)“[(l
-MK)2-K2]F=0. (A.23)

For rigid walls, K is wholly real.

TABLE 1

Variation of K with MO and kL

m = 0 = plane mode

Constant gradient flow Turbulent

Flow at No shear , 3 flow
centre freq. indep. kL=m kL=2rr kL= 10 kL=20 kL=20
MO) (K) (K) (K) (K) (K) (K)

0.0 l.oooo - - - - -
0.1 0.9091 0.9526 0.9566 0.9633 0.9761 0.9222
0.2 0.8330 0.9095 0.9224 0.9393 0.9618 0.8584
0.3 0.7692 0.8695 0.8932 0.9194 0.9497 0.8033
0.4 0.7143 0.8322 0.8672 0.9015 0.9388 0.7550
0.5 0.6667 0.7970 0.8431 0.8849 0.9286 0.7121

m = 1 =jirst mode

kL=2?r kL= 10 kL=20

Flow at r ,
centre No shear c.g. flow No shear c.g. flow No shear c.g. flow
(MO) (K) WI (K) 00 WI WI

0.0 0.866 - 0.949 - 0.987 -

0.1 0.775 0.816 0.850 0.894 0.895 0.929
0.2 0.700 0.768 0.776 0.841 0.819 0.886
0.3 0.636 0.724 0.710 0.793 0.755 0.853
0.4 0,582 0.684 0.65 0.751 0.700 0.824
0.5 0.535 0647 0.61 0.713 0.653 0.78

m = 2 = second mode

kL=20
Flow at , 7
centre No shear Turbulent flow
(MO) (K) (K)

o-o 0.949 -
O*l 0.851 0.8630
0.2 0.776 0.7928
0.3 0.710 0.7326
0.4 0.653 0.6804
0.5 0.616 0.6347
48 P. MUNGUR AND G. M. L. GLADWELL

The boundary conditions to be satisfied are

dF
dX= 0 at X- 0 and X= 1 (the centre of the duct).
Let
-k: = (kQ2 [( 1 - MK)2 - P] ; (A.24)
then to satisfy the boundary conditions k, = mn where m determines the mode of
propagation. Thus
=(I -MK)2-K2 (A.25)
or
(M2-l)K2-2MK+l+m2R2=0 (A.26)
where R = rr/kL.
The roots of equation (A-26) are given by

K=M~1/1-m2R2(M2-1)
. (A.27)
AI*-1
For the lowest mode,
m=O and K=(Mfl)/(M2-l)=l/(M*l). (A.28)
For the first mode,
m=l and K=M*~1-R2(M2-1) (A.29)
W-1 *
For the second mode,
M+ 1/l - 4R2(M2 - 1)
m=2 and K= (A.30)
W-1 -

The magnitudes of K given by equations (A.28), (A.29) and (A.30) have been evaluated for
various R’s (i.e. kL) and M, and are shown in Table 1.