Chapter 1 – Electric Circuit Variables

Exercises
Ex. 1.3-1
i (t ) = 8 t 2 − 4 t A
t t 8 t 8
q(t ) = ∫ 0
i dτ + q(0) = ∫ 0
(8τ 2 − 4τ ) dτ + 0 = τ 3 −2τ 2 = t 3 − 2 t 2 C
3 0 3
Ex. 1.3-3
t t 4 4 4
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4sin 3τ dτ + 0 = −
t
cos 3τ 0 = − cos 3 t + C
0 0 3 3 3

Ex. 1.3-4

0 t <0
dq ( t ) 
i (t ) = i (t ) = 2 0< t < 2
dt  −2( t − 2 )
−2e t >2

Ex. 1.4-1
i1 = 45 µA = 45 × 10-6 A < i2 = 0.03 mA = .03 × 10-3 A = 3 × 10-5 A < i3 = 25 × 10-4 A

Ex. 1.4-2
∆ q = i∆ t = ( 4000 A )( 0.001 s ) = 4 C

Ex. 1.4-3
∆ q 45 × 10−9
i= = −3
= 9 × 10−6 = 9 µA
∆t 5 × 10

Ex. 1.4-4
 electron   C   9 electron   C 
i = 10 billion  1.602 ×10−19 = 10×10 1.602 × 10−19
 s  electron  s 
 electron 
electron C
= 1010 × 1.602 ×10−19
s electron
C
= 1.602 × 10−9 = 1.602 nA
s

1-1
Ex. 1.6-1
(a) The element voltage and current do not adhere to the passive convention in
Figures 1.6-1B and 1.6-1C so the product of the element voltage and current
is the power supplied by these elements.
(b) The element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention in Figures
1.6-1A and 1.6-1D so the product of the element voltage and current is the
power delivered to, or absorbed by these elements.
(c) The element voltage and current do not adhere to the passive convention in
Figure 1.6-1B, so the product of the element voltage and current is the power
delivered by this element: (2 V)(6 A) = 12 W. The power received by the
element is the negative of the power delivered by the element, -12 W.
(d) The element voltage and current do not adhere to the passive convention in
Figure 1.6-1B, so the product of the element voltage and current is the power
supplied by this element: (2 V)(6 A) = 12 W.
(e) The element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention in Figure
1.6-1D, so the product of the element voltage and current is the power
delivered to this element: (2 V)(6 A) = 12 W. The power supplied by the
element is the negative of the power delivered to the element, -12 W.

Problems
Section 1-3 Electric Circuits and Current Flow

P1.3-1
d
i (t ) =
dt
( )
4 1 − e −5t = 20 e −5t A

P1.3-2
4 4
( )
t t t t
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4 1 − e −5τ dτ + 0 = ∫ 4 dτ − ∫ 4 e−5τ dτ = 4 t + e−5t − C
0 0 0 0 5 5

P1.3-3
t t
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 C for t ≤ 2 so q(2) = 0.
−∞ −∞
t t
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 2 ) = ∫ 2 dτ = 2 τ 2 = 2 t − 4 C for 2 ≤ t ≤ 4. In particular, q(4) = 4 C.
t
2 2
t t
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 4 ) = ∫ −1 dτ + 4 = − τ 4 + 4 = 8 − t C for 4 ≤ t ≤ 8. In particular, q(8) = 0 C.
t
4 4
t t
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 8 ) = ∫ 0 dτ + 0 = 0 C for 8 ≤ t .
8 8

1-2
P1.3-4
C
i = 600 A = 600
s
C s mg
Silver deposited = 600 ×20 min×60 ×1.118 = 8.05×105 mg=805 g
s min C

Section 1-6 Power and Energy

P1.6-1
a.) q = ∫ i dt = i∆t = (10 A )( 2 hrs )( 3600s/hr ) = 7.2×10
4
C
b.) P = v i = (110 V )(10 A ) = 1100 W
0.06$
c.) Cost = × 1.1kW × 2 hrs = 0.132 $
kWhr

P1.6-2
P = ( 6 V )(10 mA ) = 0.06 W
∆w 200 W⋅s
∆t = = = 3.33×103 s
P 0.06 W

P1.6-3
30
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 s: v = 30 V and i = t = 2t A ∴ P = 30(2t ) = 60t W
15
25
for 10 ≤ t ≤ 15 s: v ( t ) = − t + b ⇒ v (10 ) = 30 V ⇒ b = 80 V
5
v(t ) = −5t + 80 and i (t ) = 2t A ⇒ P = ( 2t )( −5t +80 ) = −10t 2 +160t W
30
for 15 ≤ t ≤ 25 s: v = 5 V and i (t ) = − t +b A
10
i (25) = 0 ⇒ b = 75 ⇒ i (t ) = −3t + 75 A
∴ P = ( 5 )( −3t + 75 ) = −15t + 375 W

1-3
 60t dt + ∫10 (160t −10t 2 ) dt + ∫15 ( 375−15t ) dt
10 15 25
Energy = ∫ P dt = ∫0
15 25
+ 80t 2 − 10 t 3 + 375t − 15 t 2 = 5833.3 J
10
= 30t 2
0 3 10 2 15

P1.6-4
a.) Assuming no more energy is delivered to the battery after 5 hours (battery is fully
charged).
5( 3600 )
t 5 ( 3600 )  0.5 τ  0.5 2
w = ∫ Pdt = ∫0 vi dτ = ∫0 2 11 +  dτ = 22 t + 3600 τ
 3600  0

= 441× 103 J = 441 kJ

1 hr 10¢
b.) Cost = 441kJ × × = 1.23¢
3600s kWhr

P1.6-5
1 1
p (t ) = ( cos 3 t )( sin 3 t ) = sin 6 t
3 6
1
p ( 0.5 ) = sin 3 = 0.0235 W
6
1
p (1) = sin 6 = −0.0466 W
6

1-4
Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*cos(3*t); % device voltage

i=(1/12)*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

P1.6-6
p ( t ) = 16 ( sin 3 t )( sin 3 t ) = 8 ( cos 0 − cos 6 t ) = 8 − 8cos 6 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=8*sin(3*t); % device voltage

i=2*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

1-5
P1.6-7
( ) ( )
p ( t ) = 4 1 − e −2 t × 2 e −2 t = 8 1 − e−2 t e −2t

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*(1-exp(-2*t)); % device voltage

i=2*exp(-2*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

P1.6-8
P = V I =3 × 0.2=0.6 W
w = P ⋅ t = 0.6 × 5 × 60=180 J

1-6
Verification Problems

VP 1-1
Notice that the element voltage and current of each branch adhere to the passive convention. The
sum of the powers absorbed by each branch are:

(-2 V)(2 A)+(5 V)(2 A)+(3 V)(3 A)+(4 V)(-5 A)+(1 V)(5 A) = -4 W + 10 W + 9 W -20 W + 5 W
=0W
The element voltages and currents satisfy conservation of energy and may be correct.

VP 1-2
Notice that the element voltage and current of some branches do not adhere to the passive
convention. The sum of the powers absorbed by each branch are:

-(3 V)(3 A)+(3 V)(2 A)+ (3 V)(2 A)+(4 V)(3 A)+(-3 V)(-3 A)+(4 V)(-3 A)
= -9 W + 6 W + 6 W + 12 W + 9 W -12 W
≠0W

The element voltages and currents do not satisfy conservation of energy and cannot be correct.

Design Problems

DP 1-1
The voltage may be as large as 20(1.25) = 25 V and the current may be as large as (0.008)(1.25)
= 0.01 A. The element needs to be able to absorb (25 V)(0.01 A) = 0.25 W continuously. A
Grade B element is adequate, but without margin for error. Specify a Grade B device if you trust
the estimates of the maximum voltage and current and a Grade A device otherwise.

1-7
DP1-2
( ) ( )
p ( t ) = 20 1 − e −8 t × 0.03 e −8 t = 0.6 1 − e−8t e−8t

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=1; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=20*(1-exp(-8*t)); % device voltage

i=.030*exp(-8*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

Here is the plot:

The circuit element must be able to absorb 0.15 W.

1-8