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The primary of the television

RGB primaries of the CIE (International Committee of lighting) have been
modified to achieve the primaries of color TV, for several reasons:
The first is technology because the trichromatic system must be defined by
primaries restitution. The TV screen should reproduce the image from
phosphors lining the inner wall of the screen.

The second relates to the low sensitivity of the eye and especially red to purple
In the U.S. they adopt the NTSC system has 525 lines in 1954, they
Normalized 3 primaries: a red 612 nm, a green 530 nm and a blue 472 nm.

Several years later the Europeans have defined the PAL and SECAM have 625
lines, they were normalized in 1970 three other primary and a red 612 nm, a
Green 518 nm and blue 455 nm.

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LE CAPTEUR CCD (coupled charge device )

a)PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A CELL

Its principle is based on the exchange Inside the SC, sampled analog information in
the form of a package of electric charges

Imagine a group of cells juxtaposed to each other and then communicating with each
other, one cell charge proportionally the light it receives, and then empties into the
neighboring cell, it is then available to receive a new charge contain new information
and so on.

The elementary cell of a CCD sensor consists of storage / transfer managed by

voltages whose phases are consistent with the characteristics of the signal video. The
analyzer is in the form of an integrated circuit with on its face a higher image area on
its face. The analysis area contains a network of several hundred thousand of
photosensitive storage sites of ten microns in width
The image forms a network of dots (pixels) arranged in rows and columns, it is
sampled analysis.
The operation of a CCD sensor can be summarized in three escapes:

 The conversion of the optical image into electrical charges proportional to the
incident light.
 The accumulation of charge packet in the storage cells called photo sites or
photo sensors.

The transfer of these charges to the output to form a signal which will be treated to
give a video signal

b) TRANSFER OF CHARGES

The purpose of this operation is to free the cells that capture light so other information
can be captured and another cycle begins.

Since a cell is formed by the SC, it will be charges when it receives the light, it is
sufficient to polarize juxtaposed cell with a higher voltage to attract the accumulated
charges and we have rhythm phases of accumulation and transfer by a voltage clock
convenient with duration of the video signal.

Having accumulated and transferred charges we will see the different possibilities of
reading these charges by an addressing and transfer device responsibility to send them
to an amp. There are 3 CCD sensor structures that are distinguished by way of transfer
to the output register.

- Frame Interline Transfer (L.T)

In this structure, each photosensitive cell is glued (beside) to a cell for storage and
transfer

The storage cells are organized in vertical registers, alternating with the columns of
photo sensors

The photosensitive cells are separated from each other by the channel stoppers that
prevent the diffusion of charges from one cell to the neighbors (CSG channel stop
gate), and evacuation drains (overflow drain OFD) in which they elapsed excess
charges produced by high voltage lighting
Each photosensitive cell is separated from its storage cell (vertical or register) by a
read gate (ROG read out gate) through which the charges are transfer.

During the useful duration of the frame, the light energy is translated into electrical
energy: charges accumulate in the photosensitive cells in proportion to light received.

Then during the interval of blanking (suppression) frame an impulse of high

amplitude is applied simultaneously to the electrodes of all storage cells.
At the end of suppression frame interval, the depletion zones of photosensors become
empty and ready to receive new charges

During the active duration of the frame, at each interval of suppression line (ie
before 12 micro seconds that separate two lines), the charges of vertical registers
move down line by line to the horizontal output register. This registry delivers

one by one all the visible charges of the line in 52 microseconds, providing a sampled
sequential analysis of the image. When suppression interval arrives

, the photosensors are emptied into the vertical registers and a new cycle begins.

The smear defect occurs by the appearance of red or white vertical line on both sides of a
very bright point source. It is due to a pollution of vertical registers and deep penetration of light
rays near infrared

Structure image transfer (FT frame transfer)

A sensor image transfer FT is composed of an image area consisting of photosensors,
without register
Below of this area lies a storage area of capacity equivalent to that of the image area,
and at the end (extremity) which of there is a horizontal shift output register.the
accumulation in Photosensors carried during frame period (20ms).
When suppression interval arrives, all charges go down simultaneously to the memory
zone. The photosensors are empty and ready for a new frame. During this time the
charges will be transferred line by line in the horizontal register they leave in series.

The photosensors ensure themselves the vertical transfer their charges to the storage
area which requires close (hide) this operation by obturateur at each suppression
frame.

The advantage of this structure is that it allows a greater density of sensing elements
because the entire image area is only occupied by the photosensitive cells (whereas IT
a column of useful pixels alternate with vertical shift register).
3) Structure-spaced image transfer (FIT frame interline transfer)

This structure is a combination of the 2 previous. It combines the vertical registers of

IT to the memory area of the FT.
the charges accumulated in each photosensors are transferred to the vertical registers
that are sent to the memory area of a frame capacity, then they are transmitted in units of
lines at each suppression interval horizontally toward the output register.

Gamma correction:

The TRC that converts electrical energy into light energy does not have a
linear response.
Then the light intensity emitted by the phosphors of the screen is not proportional to the voltage
applied at the electron gun
This problem can be solved by placing correction circuit in the receiver that require
adjustments and that raise relatively the price of TV or by making a compensation of non
Linearity of the tube at the emission in the chain of video processing of the camera

The gamma law which controles the production of light as a function of tube voltage expressed
by Y = X^k

For TRC k = 2.2 then the gamma correction that should be applied to the primary signals Er, Ev
and Eb must be the inverse of 2.2 or 0.45
The Total T.V chain becomes linear has a value k=1

2.LCD Screens (liquid crystal display)

The LCD Screen is composed of various plates as shown in the figure.

The color filter is composed of elementary points called pixels, they are
colored red, green and blue

This filter is traversed by a light emitted from a fluorescent tube followed by

a reflector of a distributor

The fluorescent tube is composed of phosphors such that the spectral

curve gives the lines R, G and B more than others.
The light source is placed behind the LCD panel and each pixel will be
illuminated more or less strongly

Liquid crystals (nematic) are placed in successive layers with a rotation of

the molecular structure. If the electrodes are not powered (alimentees) light
undergoes rotation by 90 and cannot pass through the polarizer by contrast
if the electrodes are powered (fed) the liquid is no longer introduce a
rotation and hence the light can pass through the electrodes and the
polarizer and the light intensity will proportional to the voltage that feeds the
electrodes.
The flow of electrons from the TRC has been replaced by a " light filter " controlled by a
voltage..The surface of a screen could be divided into a large number of elementary surfaces
called pixels ,a matrixing following the 2 axes of height and width can scan all the
pixels.!

To activate a pixel it is sufficient to power a tongue in X and Y. the figure

shows an example where X7 and X6 were fed. The crystal surface lies between
the two electrodes will be active and a light will be presented on that pixel.

It is sufficient to pass to Y7 and Y8. ... to describe an image line, this mode of matricing is called
passive matrcing used in cheap devices

Another mode called Active matrcing identical to the first but uses an element of control TFT
(thin film transistor) placed at the corner of each elementary surface which used to improve
the contrast.

In Summary:
• A light placed behind the LCD assembly is blocked by the use liquid crystals of type nematic

An alternating voltage applied to each elementary cell (pixel) and will move the crystal
proportion to the tension and allow the passage of a certain amount of light

This light thus released and it will be visible through a color filter, red, green and blue