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Multiplication If the bases are the same, am ⫻ an ⫽ am⫹n 107 ⫻ 105 ⫽ 1012
add the exponents.
Division If the bases are the same, am 10100 ⫼ 1095 ⫽ 105
⫽ am⫺n, a ⫽ 0
subtract the exponents. an
Power of a Keep the base, and (am ) n ⫽ amn (2x ) 2 ⫽ 22x
Power multiply the exponents.
Power of a Raise each factor to the (ab) n ⫽ anbn (2x 5 ) 3 ⫽ 23 (x 5 ) 3
Product exponent. ⫽ 8x 15
a n an x 2 x2
a b ⫽ n, b ⫽ 0 a b ⫽
Power of a Raise the numerator and
Quotient the denominator to the b b 3 9
exponent separately.
Zero Exponent A power with zero as a0 ⫽ 1, if a ⫽ 0 170 ⫽ 1
the exponent equals 1, Exception: 00 is undefined.
except when zero is also
the base.
Negative A power with a negative 1 n 1 1
a⫺n ⫽ a b ⫽ n , a ⫽ 0
1 10⫺4 ⫽ ⫽
Exponents exponent equals the a a 10 4 10 000
power with the reciprocal a ⫺n b n
base and a positive a b ⫽ a b , a, b ⫽ 0 x ⫺4 2 4 16
a b ⫽ a b ⫽ 4, x ⫽ 0
b a x
exponent. 2 x
1 n 3
Rational The denominator an ⫽ 兹a
1 1
10003 ⫹ 252 ⫽ 兹1000 ⫹ 兹25
Exponents determines the root. ⫽ 10 ⫹ 5
with ⫽ 15
Numerator 1
EXAMPLE
Axy 2B ⫺4
b) 64 c)
Ax 2y 3B 2
Solution
a) A2 BA2 3x⫹y
B ⫺x⫹4y ⫺23
Axy 2B ⫺4
b) 64 c)
⫽2 3x⫹y⫺x⫹4y
⫽
1
⫽ 22x⫹5y 643
2
x 4y 6
⫽
⫽
1 x ⫺4y ⫺8
Q兹64R 2 ⫽ x 8y 14
3
1
⫽
42
1
⫽
16
Practising
1. Simplify. Express your answers using positive exponents.
m) Aa 3bc 0B ⫺2
y4
a) x 2y 7 e) i) 4⫺1
y7
Ax 2yB 2 x 2y ⫺5
b) A y B
⫺4
3 5
j) ⫺4⫺5 n) a b
Axy 3B 4
f)
x ⫺2y ⫺3
1 ⫺1 ( y ⫹ 1) 3 ( y ⫹ 2) 4
c) (x ⫹ 2) 4 (x ⫹ 2) g) 80 k) a b o)
10 ( y ⫹ 1) 5 ( y ⫹ 2)
h) A20 ⫹ 2B 0
a9 4 ⫺2
d) l) a b
a3 3
a) 27 ⫺3
1 3 1 3
b) 2252 c) ⫺1000.5 d) 64 3 ⫻ 16 2
(a ⫹ b) 2 (a ⫺ b) 2 (a ⫹ b)(a ⫺ b)
⫽ (a ⫹ b)(a ⫹ b) ⫽ (a ⫺ b)(a ⫺ b) ⫽ a 2 ⫺ ab ⫹ ab ⫺ b 2
⫽ a 2 ⫹ 2ab ⫹ b 2 ⫽ a 2 ⫺ 2ab ⫹ b 2 ⫽ a2 ⫺ b2
EXAMPLE 1
Expand and simplify (x ⫹ 5)(3x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 5).
Solution
Use the distributive property to
(x ⫹ 5)(3x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 5)
multiply each term in the binomial
by each term in the trinomial.
There are 2 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 6 terms in the
⫽ 3x 3 ⫺ 4x 2 ⫹ 5x ⫹ 15x 2 ⫺ 20x ⫹ 25 expanded form, before it is
simplified.
Collect like terms to simplify the
⫽ 3x 3 ⫹ 11x 2 ⫺ 15x ⫹ 25 expanded form.
EXAMPLE 2
Expand and simplify 2(x ⫹ 2)(x ⫺ 1)(x ⫺ 3) .
EXAMPLE 3
Expand and simplify (2x ⫺ 3) 2 ⫺ (3x ⫹ 2)(3x ⫺ 2).
Solution
(2x ⫺ 3) 2 ⫺ (3x ⫹ 2)(3x ⫺ 2) Use the patterns for (a ⫺ b) 2 and (a ⫹ b)(a ⫺ b).
⫽ (2x) 2 ⫺ 2(2x)(3) ⫹ (3) 2 ⫺ 3 (3x) 2 ⫺ (2) 2 4
⫽ 4x 2 ⫺ 12x ⫹ 9 ⫺ 9x 2 ⫹ 4
⫽ ⫺5x 2 ⫺ 12x ⫹ 13
Practising
1. Expand and simplify. 2. Write in simplified expanded form.
a) 3x A5x 2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 4B a) 5(x ⫺ 1)(x ⫹ 1)(x ⫹ 2)
b) (2x ⫹ 7) 2 b) 2(x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 7)
c) 3(x ⫺ 4) 2 ⫺ (2 ⫺ x)(2 ⫹ x) c) 4(x ⫺ 2) 3
d) (x ⫺ 5)(x ⫺ 2)(x ⫹ 5)(x ⫹ 2)
d) 6ax ⫺ b ax ⫹ b
1 1
3 2 e) (3x ⫺ 4) 2 (2x ⫹ 3)
e) 5x(2x ⫺ 4) 2 f) (x ⫺ 3) 4
f ) 32x(x ⫺ 1) 4 2
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
R–2 Expanding and Simplifying Polynomial Expressions: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 543
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Practising
1. Factor. 2. Factor.
a) 6x ⫺ 5x
2
a) 6y 2 ⫺ y ⫺ 2
b) 28x ⫺ 14xy b) 12x 2 ⫹ x ⫺ 1
c) x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 6 c) 5a 2 ⫹ 7a ⫺ 6
d) 3y 2 ⫹ 18y ⫹ 24 d) 12x 2 ⫺ 18x ⫺ 12
e) x 2 ⫺ 64
3. Expand to show that (x ⫺ y)(x 2 ⫹ xy ⫹ y 2 )
f) x 4 ⫺ 81
is the factored form of x 3 ⫺ y 3.
EXAMPLE 1
Simplify and state restrictions.
21m 3n 2 x2 ⫺ 1 4x ⫺ 6
a) b) c)
6mn 4 x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 3 9 ⫺ 6x
Solution
4x ⫺ 6
c)
9 ⫺ 6x
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
opposites
2(2x ⫺ 3)
⫽
3(3 ⫺ 2x) When factors are opposites, factor out
⫺1 from one of the factors to make the
⫺2(3 ⫺ 2x) 1 factors identical.
⫽
3(3 ⫺ 2x) 1
2
⫽⫺
3
3
x⫽
2
R–4 Working with Rational Expressions: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 545
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EXAMPLE 2
x2 ⫺ 9 4x ⫹ 20
Simplify ⫻ 2 .
2x ⫺ 6 x ⫹ 6x ⫹ 9
Solution
x2 ⫺ 9 4x ⫹ 20 Factor each polynomial.
⫻ 2
2x ⫺ 6 x ⫹ 6x ⫹ 9
(x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 3) 4(x ⫹ 5)
⫽ ⫻
2(x ⫺ 3) (x ⫹ 3)(x ⫹ 3)
1 1 2
(x ⫹ 3) (x ⫺ 3) 4 (x ⫹ 5) Divide out the common
⫽ ⫻
2 (x ⫺ 3) (x ⫹ 3) (x ⫹ 3) factors to reduce the
1 1 1
expression to lowest terms.
2(x ⫹ 5)
⫽ Write restrictions to
x⫹3
prevent the denominator
x ⫽ ⫺3, 3 from equalling zero, which
would result in undefined
values.
EXAMPLE 3
4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 1 2x 2 ⫹ 9x ⫺ 5
Simplify ⫼ .
x⫹3 x⫹5
Solution
4x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 1 2x2 ⫹ 9x ⫺ 5
⫼
2x ⫺ 1
⫽
x⫹3
1 Write restrictions to avoid
x ⫽ ⫺3, ⫺5, undefined values.
2
EXAMPLE 4
3x ⫹ 6 x 2 ⫺ 8x ⫹ 15
Simplify ⫺ .
x2 ⫺ 4 7x ⫺ 21
Solution
3x ⫹ 6 x2 ⫺ 8x ⫹ 15
⫺
x2 ⫺ 4 7x ⫺ 21
Factor the numerators and
3(x ⫹ 2) (x ⫺ 3)(x ⫺ 5) the denominators.
⫽ ⫺
(x ⫹ 2)(x ⫺ 2) 7(x ⫺ 3)
1 1 If possible, divide out like
3(x ⫹ 2) (x ⫺ 3) (x ⫺ 5) factors (but only within
⫽ ⫺
(x ⫹ 2) (x ⫺ 2) 7(x ⫺ 3) each rational expression).
1 1
⫺x 2 ⫹ 7x ⫹ 11
⫽
7(x ⫺ 2)
R–4 Working with Rational Expressions: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 547
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Practising
1. State the restrictions (if any) on each rational expression.
5 x 17 3x
a) b) c) d)
x 5 x⫺2 x ⫺ 36
2
2. Simplify, and state restrictions. Write your answers using positive exponents.
2ab 3h 2 ⫹ 6h x 2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 2
a) c) e)
4b h 2 ⫹ 4h ⫹ 4 x 2 ⫹ 5x ⫹ 6
x 2 ⫹ 5x b 3 ⫺ a 2b t3 ⫹ t2
b) d) f)
x ⫹ 4x ⫺ 5
2
b ⫺ 2ab ⫹ a 2
2
t ⫺ t3
EXAMPLE
Find the slope and equation of a line that passes through points (5, 6) and (15, 2).
Explain how the slope is a rate of change.
Solution
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
y ⫺y 2⫺6 4 2
The slope is m ⫽ x2 ⫺ x1 ⫽ 15 ⫺ 5 ⫽ ⫺10 ⫽ ⫺5.
2 1
R–5 Slope and Rate of Change of a Linear Function: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 549
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The slope is a rate of change because y will decrease by 2 units for each 5 unit
increase in x.
y
10
8
run = 5
6
rise = –2
4
2
x
0 5 10
Practising
1. Determine the slope of a line that passes through 3. Suppose that you buy a plant. The height of the
each pair of points. plant t weeks after you buy it is h(t) ⫽ 26 ⫹ 1.2t,
a) (1, ⫺5) and (⫺4, ⫺9) where h is the height in centimetres. What is the
b) (⫺1, 4) and (7, 4) slope of the height function, and what does the
c) (5, ⫺2) and (5,⫺4) slope mean in the context of this situation?
d) (⫺3, 5) and (⫺2, 9)
4. Determine the slope and y-intercept of each line.
2. Describe the graph of a) 3x ⫹ 5y ⫹ 10 ⫽ 0 b) Ax ⫹ By ⫹ C ⫽ 0
a) x ⫽ ⫺3 b) y ⫽ 6
EXAMPLE 1
What is the x-intercept of y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 6?
Solution
R–6 The Zeros of Linear and Quadratic Functions: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 551
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EXAMPLE 2
Determine the zeros of each function.
a) f (x) ⫽ 2x 2 ⫺ x ⫺ 6 b) g(x) ⫽ x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 2
Solution
a) Factoring gives y
f (x) ⫽ 2x 2 ⫺ x ⫺ 6 6
f (x) ⫽ (2x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 2) 4
Solving for the zeros, let f (x) ⫽ 0. 2
x
0 ⫽ (2x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 2) –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
0 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3 or 0 ⫽ x ⫺ 2 –2
3 –4
x ⫽ ⫺ or x ⫽ 2 –6
2
EXAMPLE
a) x y ⫽ 2x y b) 1 x
y
10 x y⫽a b 10
1 3
23 8 8
8 22 9
6 6
1 21 3
22 4 4
0 1
4 2 2
x 1 x
1 1
21 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2 –2 –2
1
0 1 2
9
1 2
2 4
Note that y ⫽ 2x is a growth curve and y ⫽ A13B is a decay curve.
x
3 8
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Practising
1. Sketch the graph of each exponential function.
4. The function T ⫽ 20 ⫹ 76(0.92) t models the
1 x
a) f (x) ⫽ 3x c) f (x) ⫽ a b temperature, in °C, of a cup of coffee t minutes
2 after it is poured.
b) f (x) ⫽ 10x d) f (x) ⫽ (1.5) x a) What is the initial temperature of the coffee?
2. Compare the graphs of y ⫽ A13B x and y ⫽ 3x. How are b) What is the temperature after 10 min?
they related? c) What is the temperature after 60 min?
d) Determine the equation of the horizontal
3. For the function f (x) ⫽ 4x, state the domain, range,
asymptote. What does it represent?
intercepts, and equation of the asymptote. e) What is the significance of the number 76
in the equation?
Solution
Comparing the transformed function with the general form
y ⫽ af (k(x ⫺ d)) ⫹ c, we have a ⫽ ⫺2, k ⫽ 3, d ⫽ 4, and c ⫽ ⫺5.
EXAMPLE 2
Solution
Practising
1. Describe the transformations that you would apply 3. Given the function f (x) ⫽ x 2, state the equation of
to the graph of y ⫽ f (x) to graph each of the the transformed function under a vertical stretch of
following functions. factor 3, a reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal
a) y ⫽ 3f (x) ⫺ 2 translation 3 units to the right, and a vertical
b) y ⫽ f a (x ⫹ 3)b
1 translation 2 units up.
2 4. Consider the function f (x) ⫽ x 3.
c) y ⫽ f (2x) ⫹ 7 a) Make a table of values for f using
d) y ⫽ ⫺3f (2(x ⫺ 1)) ⫺ 2 x 苸{⫺2, ⫺1, 0, 1, 2 }.
b) Describe the transformations to f that result in
e) y ⫽ ⫺f (⫺x) ⫹ 4
the function g(x) ⫽ 12 (x ⫺ 4) 3 ⫹ 5.
1
f ) y ⫽ ⫺ f (⫺x) ⫺ 3 c) Determine the five points on the graph of g that
5
are the images of the five points in your table of
EXAMPLE 1
What member of the family of quadratic functions with the vertex (3, ⫺1) passes
through point (5, 5)?
Solution
The graph shows several members of the family of y
quadratic functions with the vertex (3, ⫺1). 6
4
This family has an equation of the form
f (x) ⫽ a(x ⫺ 3) 2 ⫺ 1. 2
x
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Practising
1. a) Determine the general equation of the family b) Why does the parameter k vary in the graphs
of straight lines with slope 3, but varying of this family?
y-intercepts. c) Show that k ⫽ 34 results in a curve that passes
b) Find the equation of the member of this family through point (4, 8).
that passes through point (4, 7).
4. Determine the equation of the quadratic function
2. a) Determine the equation of the family of that has vertex (⫺2, 5) and passes through (1, 8).
quadratic functions with zeros at 2 and 4.
b) What is the equation of the member of this 5. Determine the equation of the quadratic function
family with y-intercept ⫺4? that has x-intercepts 5 and ⫺1, and passes through
(7, ⫺40).
3. A family of exponential functions has equation
y ⫽ 2(kx). 6. Determine the equation of the quadratic function
a) At what point do all the members of this family f (x) ⫽ ax 2 ⫺ 6x ⫺ 7 if f (2) ⫽ 3.
meet?
x r y r
cos u ⫽ sec u ⫽ b u x
r x x
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
y x
tan u ⫽ cot u ⫽
x y
In the diagram above, b is the acute angle related to u. The related acute angle
always has one arm on the x-axis. The trigonometric ratios for angle b are equal in
magnitude to those for angle u, but they are always positive. 2 y 1
The CAST rule is an easy way to remember which trigonometric ratios are positive
in each quadrant. Since r is always positive, the sign of each ratio depends on the
signs of the coordinates of the point.
• In quadrant 1, all (A) ratios are positive because both x and y are positive.
S A x
• In quadrant 2, only sine (S) and its reciprocal cosecant are positive, since x is 0
negative and y is positive.
• In quadrant 3, only tangent (T) and its reciprocal cotangent are positive,
T C
because both x and y are negative.
• In quadrant 4, only cosine (C) and its reciprocal secant are positive, since x is
3 4
positive and y is negative.
R–10 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Angles: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 559
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The exact values of the primary trigonometric ratios for 30°, 45°, and 60° angles
can be found by using an isosceles right triangle and half of an equilateral triangle,
as shown below. These triangles are often referred to as special triangles.
45˚
30˚
2 1
2 3
45˚
1
60˚
1
45° 兹2 兹2 1
⬟ 0.7071 ⬟ 0.7071
2 2
兹3 1
60° ⬟ 0.8660 ⫽ 0.5 兹3 ⬟ 1.7321
2 2
EXAMPLE 1
Solution
The following diagram shows that a 240° angle is related to a 60° acute angle.
y
240˚ x
60˚
Solution
There are two possible terminal arms, as Since tan u ⫽ ⫺2, we know
shown in the following diagram. that any point on the
y terminal arm of the angle
y
(–1, 2)
2 must satisfy x ⫽ ⫺2.
5 (1, –2)
–2
Practising
1. Using exact values, show that sin2 u ⫹ cos2 u ⫽ 1 3. Determine the angle(s) u between 0° and 360° if
for each angle. a) cos u ⫽ sin u
a) u ⫽ 60⬚ b) sin u ⫽ ⫺1
b) u ⫽ 45⬚
4. Determine an exact value for
2. Determine the acute angle that each line makes with a) sin 135⬚
the x-axis. b) cos 210⬚
a) y 5 x c) tan 225⬚
b) y 5 23x d) csc 300⬚
R–10 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Angles: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 561
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The axis (or midline) of a function is the horizontal line halfway between the
maximum value and the minimum value. For both of these functions, the equation
maximum ⫹ minimum 1 ⫹ (⫺1)
of the axis is y ⫽ 2 ⫽ 2 ⫽ 0.
y y = sin x y = cos x
1
x
–180° 0 180° 360°
–1
EXAMPLE
Solution
Draw the sine function from ⫺360⬚ to 360° along with the line y ⫽ 12.
y
1
We can read the intersection points directly from the graph. The values of x in the
interval 3⫺360⬚, 360⬚4 are ⫺330⬚, ⫺210⬚, 30⬚, and 150⬚.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Examine the graph.
y
2
1
x
–360° –180° 0 180° 360° 540° 720°
–1
–2
We can see that the minimum values occur at x ⫽ ⫺180⬚, 180°, 540°, and so on.
There are an infinite number of values of x, so we cannot list all of them. (This
would take forever!) Notice, however, that they occur at regular intervals due to
the periodic nature of the function. Each minimum value is a multiple of 360°
that is either less than or more than 180°. Therefore, we can write all the values of
x as follows:
x ⫽ ⫺180⬚ ⫹ k(360⬚), where k苸I
Practising
1. At what values of x does the function y ⫽ sin x have
a maximum value?
2. At what values of x do the functions y ⫽ sin x and
y ⫽ cos x meet?
3. Consider the graph of y ⫽ sin x from 0° to 360°.
y
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
2
1
x
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
–1
–2
R–11 Graphing y = sin x and y = cos x: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 563
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The value of a determines whether there is a vertical Since the vertical stretch/compression factor is 冟a冟, the
stretch/compression and whether there is a reflection in amplitude of the transformed function is 冟a冟.
the x-axis.
The value of c determines the vertical translation. The axis of the transformed function is y ⫽ c.
The value of d determines the horizontal translation. The horizontal shift of the transformed function is d.
EXAMPLE
Describe the transformations that have been applied to a parent function to get
each of the following transformed functions. State the amplitude, period, and axis
of the transformed function, and determine whether there is a horizontal shift.
Then sketch the graph of the transformed function.
2 1
a) y ⫽ ⫺2 cos 2x ⫺ 1 b) g(x) ⫽ sina x ⫺ 15⬚b
3 2
Solution
b) The transformed function g(x) ⫽ 23 sin A12 x ⫺ 15⬚B is not in the general
The argument of a function is the
form we work with, so we must factor the argument of the function.
input to the function. For the function
g(x) ⫽ sin a x ⫺ 15⬚b g(x) ⫽ 23 sin A12 x ⫺ 15⬚B , the argument
2 1
3 2 is A12x ⫺ 15⬚B .
g(x) ⫽ sin a (x ⫺ 30⬚)b
2 1
3 2
The parent function f (x) ⫽ sin x undergoes a vertical compression of factor 23, a
1
horizontal stretch of factor 1 ⫽ 2, and a horizontal translation 30° to the right.
2
360⬚
The amplitude of the curve is 23, the period is ⫽ 720⬚, and the axis of the
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
1
2
curve is y ⫽ 0. There is a horizontal shift 30° to the right.
R–12 Transformations of Trigonometric Functions: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 565
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Practising
1. For each of the following transformed functions, identify the parent function. Describe the transformations
that have been applied to create the transformed function. State the amplitude, period, and axis, and
determine whether there is a horizontal shift. Then sketch a graph of the transformed function.
a) f (x) ⫽ 4 sin(2x) ⫹ 4
b) f (x) ⫽ ⫺cos(3x ⫺ 90⬚) ⫺ 2
sin c⫺ (x ⫺ 60⬚)d
1 2
c) y ⫽
2 3
Solution
y opposite The value of 0.5 is recognizable as a
Since sin u ⫽ r ⫽ hypotenuse, we can see
special value from the special
that u ⫽ 30⬚ is a solution. The 30⬚⫺60⬚⫺90⬚ triangle.
terminal arm for 30⬚ is in quadrant I.
S y A
The CAST rule states that sine values
are positive for first quadrant and
(– 3, 1) ( 3, 1) second quadrant angles. The terminal
2 150˚ 2 arms of these angles are mirror images
1 1 x
30˚ in the y-axis.
– 3 3
T C
150⬚.
R–13 Solving Trigonometric Equations in Degrees: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 567
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Solution
The cosine ratio is negative in
quadrants II and III. Since 20.8 is not
from a special triangle, we use a
calculator to determine the related
acute angle.
S y A
143˚
x
T C
Solution
y ⫺2
y
x ⫽ ⫺2 ⫽ ⫽ ⫺1 By definition, tan u ⫽ x.
2
1 , so we can use
(x, y) ⫽ (1,⫺2) and (⫺1, 2) as the
points on the terminal arm.
117˚
x
297˚ –63˚
(1, –2)
T C
Practising
1. Solve each trigonometric function, to the nearest degree, where 0 ⱕ u ⱕ 3600.
Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Ltd.
兹3
a) cos u ⫽ c) tan u ⫽ 1 d) sin u ⫽ ⫺0.554
2
2
b) tan u ⫽ d) sin u ⫽ ⫺1 f) cos u 5 1.5
5
2. Solve, where 0 ⱕ u ⱕ 3600.
a) 2 cos u ⫺ 1 ⫽ 0 c) ⫺4 sin u ⫽ 1
b) 3 tan u ⫽ ⫺兹3 d) 3 cos u ⫺ 2 ⫽ 1
R–13 Solving Trigonometric Equations in Degrees: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 569
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• expanding and
sec u ⫽
1 cos u 1 ⫹ tan 2u ⫽ sec 2u
simplifying
, cot u ⫽ ,
cos u sin u
cos u ⫽ 0 sin u ⫽ 0
• adding or
cot u ⫽
1
, cot2 u ⫹ 1 ⫽ sec 2 u
subtracting tan u
rational tan u ⫽ 0
expressions
using a
common
denominator
Solution
To prove that this equation is not an identity, we need to find a value of u that
does not satisfy the equation.
Try u ⫽ 45⬚.
Left side ⫽ cos 45⬚ ⫹ sin 45⬚ Right side ⫽ 1
1 1
⫽ ⫹
兹2 兹2
2
⫽
兹2
⫽ 兹2
For u ⫽ 45⬚, the equation is not satisfied. Therefore, the equation
cos u ⫹ sin u ⫽ 1 is not an identity.
EXAMPLE 2
Prove each identity.
tan u sin u 1 1
a) ⫽ b) tan u ⫹ ⫽
cos u 1 ⫺ sin 2 u tan u sin u cos u
Solution
Since the left side and right side are equal, the equation is an identity.
Again, restrictions are needed to avoid undefined values: sin u ⫽ 0, cos u ⫽ 0.
Practising
1. Prove each of the following identities.
1 1 ⫹ sin u
a) ⫹ tan u ⫽ c) 1 ⫺ cos2 u ⫽ sin u cos u tan u
cos u cos u
tan2 u
b) sin 4u 2 cos 4u 5 sin 3u 2 cos 2u d) ⫽ sin2 u
1 ⫹ tan2 u
2. Prove that sin2 x a1 ⫹ b ⫽ 1, where sin x ⫽ 0.
1
tan2 x
3. Prove that (1 ⫺ cos2 x)(1 ⫹ cos2 x) ⫽ 2 sin2 x ⫺ sin4 x.
A–14 Proving Trigonometric Identities: Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge 571