Fm jammer

Description.
Circuit shown here can be used to jam FM radios in its vicinity. The circuit is nothing but a
classic single transistor oscillator operating in the VHF region. Working principle of the circuit is
very simple and straight forward. Powerful VHF oscillations from the circuit will interfere with
the FM signals to nullify it. Jammer circuits like this are illegal in many countries and you must
assemble this circuit on your own responsibility. This circuit is intended only for fun and i
request you not to misuse it.
Circuit diagram.

Notes.

• For L1 make 6 turns of 16AWG enamelled copper wire on a 9mm plastic former.
• The circuit can be powered using a 9V PP3 battery.
• For extended range, use an antenna.
• A 30cm long wire connected anywhere on the coil will do for the antenna.
• For better performance, assemble the circuit on a good PCB.

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Read more: http://www.circuitstoday.com/fm-radio-jammer#ixzz0wxnRmbq0

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Single Chip FM Radio circuit
admin

March - 10 - 2008

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Description.

Here is a compact low cost FM radio circuit using IC7400. This circuit is designed as per the
data sheet and the result is excellent.Ideal for all category of electronic enthusiasts.

The TDA7000 is a monolithic integrated circuit for mono FM portable radios, where a minimum
on peripheral components is crucial. The IC TDA 7000 has a Frequency-Locked-Loop system
with an intermediate frequency of 70 kHz. The intermediate frequency selectivity is achieved by
active RC filters. The only function which needs alignment is the resonant circuit for the
oscillator, thus selecting the reception frequency. Spurious reception is avoided by means of a
mute circuit, which also eliminates too noisy input signals. Special steps are taken to meet the
radiation requirements.

Circuit Diagram with Parts List.

Notes

• For L1 and L2 wind 5 turns of 0.6 mm enameled Copper wire on a 4 mm dia

plastic former.
• For antenna use a 50mm long insulated copper wire.
• IC TDA 7000 can withstand up to 10 V supply voltage.But I recommend 6V.
 • Use an 8 Ohm speaker or Headphone at the audio output.

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circuit#ixzz0wxnwVKEi
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Working of Amplifiers
john

March - 27 - 2010

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What is an Amplifier?

We see amplifiers in almost all the electronic equipments around us. Though we usually relate
them to stereo equipments they are also found in TV’s, computers, MP3 players and so on. All
these devices have a speaker which is used to reproduce the original sound.

Therefore an amplifier can be device that is used to change the amplitude of a signal. This
increase in amplitude can be calculated by a factor known as transfer function, which is actually
the ratio between the output and input given to the amplifier. The magnitude of this transfer
function is called the gain of the amplifier.

When referring to electronic circuits, the signal used in an amplifier is mostly either current or
voltage. A sound is said to be amplified, when the device makes the sound louder than usual with
the same clarity. The amplifiers are divided according to the source that is supposed to be
amplified, the driving device, the frequency of the signal and the type of signal.

The source can be an electric guitar and the driving device can be a head-phone amplifier. The
frequency of the signal is defined in its range like audio, IF, RF, VHF and so on. The type of
signal refers to two parameters – inverting and non-inverting. Another major classification is in
the device that is used to design the amplifiers. The most commonly used devices are Field-
Effect transistors, and valve.

Role of an Amplifier

The amplification process is similar to the way in which the human receives the sound from our
surrounding. When a voice is made it starts to vibrate in the atmosphere, thus beginning to move
the air particles in hits. This causes more air particles to be hit and thus creates a vibrating pulse
in the air. When it reaches our ears, they will be received as an air pressure and will be converted
to the appropriate signals by our brain. We can define the working of amplifiers in the same
sense.

Sound waves will be sent through a microphone. The diaphragm of the microphone moves it in a
peculiar motion and converts it into electrical signals. This fluctuating electric signal will be
represented as compressions and rarefactions of the original sound.

The electric signal will be encoded by the recorder and stored in a tape, CD and so on.
A player for the particular recorded signal interprets the electrical signal and is given to the
speaker which turns the cone back and forth. The same variation in pressure will be reproduced
by the speaker as it was in the beginning. The basic block diagram of an amlifier is given below.

How Amplifiers Work

From the above method you must have understood that translators play a major role in the
working. That is, from a sound signal to electrical signal and vice versa. The main translators
here are the microphone and the speaker. The microphone diaphragm has to be designed in a
careful manner so as to make it highly sensitive to even the smallest pressure variations the
sound produced. Thus, its design will be slim in nature and will produce a small electric current
as it can move only a very small distance. The design of the other translator, the speaker is a little
more difficult. The cone of it has to move backwards and frontwards and for this you need its
input signal to be high so that it maintains a large current so as to keep the manner of charge
fluctuation constant. This role can only be done by the amplifier. That is, the weak electric signal
from the microphone has to be amplified by the amplifier before producing it to the cone of the
speaker.

Basic Elements of an Amplifier

Though the basic explanation of an amplifier was explained above, the making of it is far more
complex. We know that there are two signals generated during the process. They are the input
signal and the output signal. The input signal is completely different from the output signal.
Thus we can consider the generation of these signals as two separate electronic circuits. The
input signal circuit is the signal recorded in a tape. It is designed as to modify the output signal
circuit with its load. This is done by changing the resistance to the output circuit so as to make
new voltage fluctuations of the original sound signal. But this load is very high when compared
to the original sound. So, the sound must be first boosted with the help of a pre-amplifier. This
will help in making a much more strong output signal as the input to the power amplifier. There
is no much difference in the working of pre-amplifier compared to amplifier. A change in
resistance is given by the input circuit to the output circuit, through the power supply. The design
and number of pre-amplifiers in an amplifier varies according to the manufacturer.

The output circuit is generated by the power supply of the amplifier. The power supply helps in
drawing the required energy from an external battery or power outlet.

Mostly the main power supply will be in ac form. It will be changed to dc and then given to the
amplifier. The power supply also helps in making an uninterrupted signal by making the current
smoother. This load will then be given to the cone of the speaker.

For all this to work together a combination of many electronic circuits will be needed. The
designer has to make sure that each and every part of the audio signal is correctly represented.

Basic Components of an Amplifier

One of the most basic components of an amplifier circuit is the transistor. The materials of the
components used for an amplifier, must be able to conduct electric current in a varying manner.
That is why the transistor is often used. The working of an N-P-N transistor is given below.

We know that N-type semiconductors carry electrons and P-type semiconductors carry holes. In
an N-P-N transistor, the P-type semiconductor will be kept in between two N-type
semiconductors. This is illustrated below.

Working of transistor in an Amplifier

From the left, the first N-type semiconductor is called the emitter. The middle P-type
semiconductor is called the base and the end N-type semiconductor is called the collector. The
output circuit which is supposed to drive the speaker is connected between the collector and the
emitter ends. The input circuit will be connected between the emitter and the base terminals.

The N-type electrons and the P-type holes start to get attracted. But, the number of free electrons
is way higher than the number of holes. This will result in the combination and the filling up of
holes. As a result of this combination depletion holes will be created at the boundaries of the N-
type and P-type. This will cause the semiconductor material to switch back to its insulating state.
Thus the charges get accumulated with no other place to go. Thus the depletion zones get
heavier. Thus the movement of charge from the emitter to the collector reduces, even if there is a
huge difference in voltage between the two electrodes. This situation has to be overcome.

For the problem to be solved, a high voltage supply must be given to the base terminal. As the
input current controls the base terminal its flow will cause the base terminal to have a higher
positive charge and thus attracts the electrons from the emitter terminal. This in turn reduces
some holes and thus reduces the size of the depletion region. This will help in an easier
movement of the charges from the emitter to the collector. All these actions cause a natural
increase in the conductivity of the transistor.

In short, the voltage given to the base terminal decides the amount of conductivity of the
transistor and the size of the depletion region. Here is the diagram of the working of a transistor
as an amplifier.

Working of Amplifiers-Step 1
Working of Amplifiers-Step 2

Working of Amplifiers-Step 3
Working of Amplifiers-Step 4

The above shown figure is just one stage of an amplifier. In order to get the sound signal boosted
up in the form of an electrical signal, there has to be a lot more stages. Anyhow, the final stage of
amplification will be the speaker driver.

The output power produced in an amplifier depends on the necessity of its use. If it is used in
some huge hall, the amplifier must produce an output power of at least a thousand watts. On the
other hand, if it is used in a home theatre stereo amplifier, it may just need a few hundreds of
watts as the output power. If it is in a speaker phone, the output will be the least of half a watt.

Whatever the power may be, an amplifier must produce the least amount of distortion as
possible. On the same time, the boosting of the sound must be high in the final driving stage and
a high replica of the original sound must be produced. For these characteristics to occur
accurately, the parameters like power rating, input impedance, output impedance and also
fidelity must be varied accurately.

By the concept of amplifiers we always think of amplifying sound. But, the same process can be
done for amplifying radio signals and video signals as well.

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20W audio amplifier using LM1875
admin

August - 14 - 2010

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Description.

This is just another 20W audio amplifier circuit , but this time based on the LM1875 audio
amplifier IC from National Semiconductors. With a 25V dual power supply LM1875 can deliver
20W of audio power into a 4 ohm speaker. The LM1875 requires very less external components
and has very low distortion. The IC is also packed with a lot good features like fast slew rate,
wide supply voltage range, high output current, high output voltage swing, thermal protection
etc. The IC is available in TO-220 plastic power package and is well suitable for a variety of
applications like audio systems, servo amplifiers, home theatre systems etc.

Circuit diagram.

Notes.
 • Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB.
• Use +/-25V DC dual supply for powering the circuit.
• K1 can be 4 ohm, 20W speaker.
• A proper heat sink is necessary for the IC.
• F1 and F2 are 2A fuses.

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