Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering

MODULE DESCRIPTION FORM

Module Code: NM 313 Module Title: Hydrodynamics,

Resistance and Propulsion
Module Registrar: Dr P G Sayer
Other Lecturers Involved: Credit Weighting: Semester:
Dr K S Varyani 20 1
Compulsory/optional/ elective class: Academic Level: 3
Compulsory

Module Format and Delivery (hours):

Lectures Tutorials Assignments Private Study Total

40 26 34 100 200

Pre-requisites
NM212 Hydrostatics and Stability of Marine Vehicles, or equivalent.

General Aims
To demonstrate the use of simple dynamic models in studying the loading and
response of marine vehicles and structures; to introduce the basic laws of fluid
mechanics in the context of the hydrodynamic modelling and performance assessment
of marine vehicles.
To demonstrate the application to ship resistance, necessary for powering predictions
during the design process.
To explain the concept of similitude and the basic need for model testing; to introduce
traditional and modern methods of ship resistance prediction and explain the ship-
model correlation problem in deep and confined waters.
To explore the available methods of power estimation and to demonstrate the use of
series charts and polynomials in propeller design.

Specific Learning Outcomes

An appreciation of the application of simple dynamic models to model the
response of ships and marine structures.
An understanding of how to model the hydrodynamic flow past a ship full.
An introduction to the practical effects of viscosity on the performance of a
marine vehicle.
Capability to undertake:
⇒ Powering predictions by means of calculations - traditional designs
⇒ Powering predictions by means of model resistance experiments and calculations -
innovative designs
Hands-on experience of model resistance experiments for ship resistance prediction
Understanding of the effects of propeller interaction and their use in high speed craft
Syllabus

Introduction
1. Fundamentals – basic flow examples; flow past marine vehicles.
2. Fundamentals of mathematical modelling.
Viscous Flows and Boundary Layers
3. Skin friction and form drag; velocity profiles.
4. Displacement and momentum thickness.
5. Boundary layer thickness in laminar flow.
6. Boundary layer thickness in turbulent flow.
7. Predicting ship resistance in practice.
Hydrodynamic Modelling in the Marine Context
8. Continuity for incompressible and compressible flows; similarity.
9. Hydrodynamic energy.
10. Bernoulli’s equation
11. Stream function – physical interpretation; role in mathematical modelling.
12. Examples of stream function.
Non-Viscous Flows
13. Velocity potential and irrotational flow.
14. Examples of velocity potential.
15. Vorticity and circulation; Velocity potential examples..
16. Sources and sinks.
17. Doublets/dipoles.
18. Vortices.
19. Introduction to propeller flow.
20. Lift.
Ship Resistance
General introduction: units of measurement and physical constants, states of matter, real and
ideal fluids, fluid properties: viscosity, compressibility, density, surface tension; the
continuum hypothesis, force mechanisms.
21. Ship resistance: introduction, basic definitions, components of resistance.
22. Viscous resistance, wave making resistance, interference effects, ship resistance
reduction.
23. Similitude and dimensional analysis: introduction, similitude; geometric similarity,
kinematic similarity, dynamic similarity; dimensional analysis; Rayleigh’s indicial
method, Buckingham’s π- theorem.
Ship resistance prediction
24. The work of Wm Froude: the Froude hypothesis, Froude’s friction experiments,
Froude’s law of comparison, discussion on the Froude method.
25. Prediction of ship resistance: Froude’s method with a basic friction line; modern
treatment of frictional resistance, general expressions for Cf; roughness allowance:
basic definitions, ship hull roughness, suggested values for ΔCf.
26. Ship-model correlation: introduction, modern formulation of ship resistance
prediction, the extrapolation problem, extrapolation methods: Telfer, Lap-Troost,
Granville, Hughes.
27. Resistance in confined waters: introduction, waves in shallow water, wave patterns in
shallow water: sub-critical, critical and super-critical speed ranges; Schlichting’s
method; blockage: resistance correction for blockage, summary of blockage formulae.
28. Methods of estimating effective power: introduction, wetted surface area, published
data, methodical series, regression analyses.
29. Guldhammer and Harvald method, general relationships of power to displacement
and speed, trial and service speeds.
Ship propulsion
30. Propeller geometry, pitch triangle, advantages of rake, parameters from propeller
calculation, propeller bade sections, geometry of blade sections, forces and moment
on 2D sections, circulation, drag-lift ratios, strength, approximate formulae, safe
stress values, mass of propeller and mass moment of inertia around shaft axis.
31. Model tests and laws of comparison, geometric similarity, dynamical similarity,
Reynolds law of comparison, open water and self propulsion tests, conversion of
measured results and examples
32. Tug propellers, wake classification, interaction of ship and propellers, thrust identity
method, thrust deduction fraction, flow of transmission of power and examples.
33. Cavitation, criteria for prevention of cavitation, creation of cavitation bubbles,
cavitation number, types of cavitation and examples.
34. Methods of propulsion, marine screw propellers, vertical axis propellers, jet
propulsion, other systems, renewable energy sources.
35. Input data for propeller design, range and validity of design of propellers using series
charts, momentum theory, vortex theory of propellers (lifting line theory)
36. Design of fixed pitch to controllable pitch propellers.
37. Example of optimum diameter, example of maximum speed, approximate
determination of wake fraction at trial or service condition.
38. Example of torque constant for inland waterway tug to obtain the curve of tow rope
pull, CPP and bollard pull condition.
39. Optimum propeller rotation rate for a given diameter, optimum propeller diameter for
a given rotation rate.
40. Optimum propeller for a given power and rate of rotation, maximum bollard pull.

Assessment Method(s) Including Weighting Percentage and Duration of Exams

Examination Duration 3 hours - January Weighting % 70
Coursework No. of assignments 4 Weighting % 30

Resit Examination Duration 3 hours - August Weighting % 100

Worked example/tutorial sheets will be made available to support the class.
The assignments will comprise: class test (week 6); group exercise on hydrodynamic analysis in ship
design and performance; calculation and assessment of resistance and propulsion for specified ship
hull.

Reading List (particular recommendations in bold)

V Bertram, Practical ship hydrodynamics, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
JF Douglas, JM Gasiorek, J A Swaffield and LB Jack, Fluid Mechanics, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
JA Fay, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, MIT Press, 1994.
BS Massey and J Ward-Smith, Mechanics of Fluids, Chapman and all, 1998.
BR Munson, DF Young and TH Okiishi, Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics, Wiley 1998.
RH Sabersky, AJ Acosta and EG Hauptman, Fluid Flow- a first course in fluid mechanics, Macmillan,1996.
WT Thomson, Vibration theory and applications, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1976.
F Tse, I Morse and R Hinkle, Mechanical vibrations – theory and applications, Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
Principles of Naval Architecture, vol. 2, SNAME, 1990.
SV Harvald, Resistance and propulsion of Ships, John Wiley and Sons, 1983
A Sabit Shaher, Optimum Efficiency Equations of the N.S.M.B. Propeller Series 4 and 5 Blades,
International Shipbuilding Progress, 1976, vol. 23, p. 370
MS Triantafyllou, Computer-aided Propeller Preliminary Design using the B-series, Marine Technology,
vol .16, No 4, Oct. 1979, pp. 381 – 391.
MWC Oosterveld at al, Further Computer Analyzed Data of the Wageningen B-screw series, International
Shipbuilding Progress, 1975 p.251.

Date of Last Modifications: 19/07/2010