'pa.

{aluoJ Suraq sr leql uor}pruroJur

aql ul paurpluor sluaurala aql {lr€all arotu ,{;rluapr sn sdlaq uoI}err]rpol^l 'parJrpoLu
aq sa^lasuraVl uer sqra^pe pue sanrlralpy '(.,{1prnb lua.^A aq/lua1r\ aq) sqra^ }noqE
arour sn IIal sqralpe 1(asnoq par aqt/asnoq aql) sunou lnoqe aroru sn IIal sa^rlJa{pe - spro,rr
Jo sdnor3 ro sproM raqlo lnoqe aroru sn IIal LIJIq.{\ saserqd pue sPro.M ]e )ool a.M t uoIlf,aS u'

uorlErlJlpow :t NoIIf, lIS

 UNIT 4.1
ADIECTIVES 1: position A beautiful baby.
A big red balloon.
An Indian restaurant.
The wooden horse.
A rocking chair.

Adiectives describe objects, people and animals and thev alwavs come immediately before
the noun they are describing. For example:
a red balloon;
a beautiful baby;
a fast horse;
a big, white house.
They can also be used as a complement (see Units 1.4, 1.5). In this case they come
immediately after the verb. For example:
The house is big.
It is possible for several adjectives to describe the same thing. When this happens, if they
come before the word, then they are separated by a comrna. For example:
the big, red house;
the beautiful, young, sleek horse.
When the adiectives are used as complements, the final one is separated from the others bv
and. For example:
The house is big and red.
The horse is beautiful, young and sleek.

Types of adjectives
Adjectives can be divided into the following five main types:
(a) Subiective adiectives, which suggest the opinion of the speaker or writer - other people
may disagree. For example:

(A
h .cl

ffiil,^
That's a beautiful picture! - I don't think so.
That house is verr' expensive! - Not if you live in London

t92
E6I

'lsrrJ aruor IIr,^ arnleat slql Sulqlrrsap sa^Il)a[pp aqJ 'uo Sugsnro;
sr ralrrlrr ro raleads aql leql arnleal aql .{q papr)ap sr rapro aq1 salduexa asaql qloq uJ
'rreqJ uerrolf,r4 InJrlnpaq 'par 'a8re1 e
1rr€rlf, ueuol)r1 ipeJ 'a8re1 '1n;unuaq e
:aldr.uexa rog 'pa8ueqr uago sr sa,rrlrafpe )Fsrral)eruqJ pue aaqrafqns Jo rapro ar{I
'Japro pexrJ ou an eq utunlo) sJllslral)Erpqf aql ul sanrlra[p;

lPo) z(rure 'uErssnU 'plo 'r(1rlp E

ued 3u1,{ry 'uorI 'pIo earsuadxa lIE
alqel IEO UBIIEII plo 'a8re1 P
rlPq) uerrolJIA 'par 'a8re1 'lnJIlneaq

unoN asodrn4 sIPrralPI tr

saluPu sJIlslralrErErIJ a^rlreIqnS
rador6

'eapr leraua8 e saar8 (rrLolaq lrpqJ aql ur pasrreununs) a.r.oqe rapJo aql lnq /rapJo
aql JoJ salnr lJlrls ou arp ararll 'unou p aqrrJsap o] pasn sr auo uer{l aroru uaqM olur sa,rrlrafpe
aql lnd ol rapro alqrssod p aleq a.l,t uaq] 'salrlra[pe yo sadr(1 asar{l Jo rapro a].{1 raqruauar a.l,r ll
asroq 8ur>por e
:aldurexa roC unou aql yo asodrnd aql aqr.rrsap q)lqm saarlralpy (a
's)iros uollo) salrl aH
:aldr"uexa ;og 'anrlrafpe up sp pasn ueJ unou e aspJ srr{] uI
'asroq uapoo^{ aLI}
:aldurexa rol 'Jo aperu are s8ulql slprraleru ler{^r sn IIal r{Jrr{.l sa,lrlrafpy (p
'.{rpunel asaurq3 e
lrulrJ rl)uarc e
lluelnelsat uErpul aql
:ayduexa roC sarueu radord urorJ paluroJ saar;ralpy 1r
' (arioy-s11o11 r"roy1a.,{ aqt) rnolo)

1(puod punor aql) adeqs

1(asnoq 31q aql) azrs
1(uetu plo aq1) a8e
:aldr,uexa rol sJrlsrralJprpr{J aqlr)sap r{Jrr{.\r sa^r}JalpV (ct

1sa.trlralpyIfllun
 nit 4.1, Adjectives 1 - TASKS
Task one
(a) Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the complements bt1 putting the adjectioes before the
nouns.

(i)The bridge is beautiful and old.

(ii)The river is dangerous, fast and deep.
(iii)The day was dull, wet and cold.
(iv) The prize will be valuable.
(v) The football match was rough and exciting.
(b) Rewrite the follttwing sentences using the adjectiaes as complements.
(i) It was a large, grey van.
(ii) He was a wealthy, young, Italian prince.
(iii) It was a boring, long film.
(iv) She was a clever, hard-working girl.
(v) They were strong, Russian, wooden dolls.

Task two
Put the adjectiaes below bet'ore the nouns in the most suitable order.
(a) car - old, green, sports, British
(b) job - well-paid, important, responsible
(c) computer - beautiful, brown, American, small
(d) holiday - summer, long, hot
(e) train - fast, modern, long, beautiful
(fl boat - fast, sleek, racing
(g) painting - dark, old, sombre, classical
(h) house - haunted, lonely. big, empty
(i) restaurant - Italian, cheerful, cheap, crowded
(k) man - wise, Chinese, ancient, religious

794
96I

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.sno;a8uep arour
llnJrlnpaq arou
:a^lsuadxa erotu
:aldruexa :og'onrlrafpe
aql aroJaq arou Surllnd ,{q wrol a,rrleredurol ar{l aleru a,!r ,sa^rilalpe ra8uol r{liM
'sala8uv so1 o1 oB ol lupm no.,{;r aarsuadxa arour sr lI 'lro1 aN ol uopuo.I
tuorl oB ol urntar 6177,,{1uo slso) U 'sa}els pallun aql ol sareJ deaqr 1o slol are araqJ
:alaunra srql 1u lool moN

pue13u3 ur aJe Xaql upql ur radeaqr are sre)

'uopuol^uew.rag
uPql railorl sp,M Iood>lrptB
:aldurexa rog Surredu:o) atp a.tr s8ulql oml aql Iull ol upql asn aM

'ra8uo173uoy
:raBuo4s73uor1s
Ja- ppe pue '3 aql aJunouord a.u'8u- ur spua a,lrlrafpe up uaqM
'ralloq/loLI
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'Ieplor/plor
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:aldurexa ro,1'arrrlra[pe
aql ol re- Surppe ,{q pau.roy sr anqerudruoJ al{l 'salqEilfs orrq ro auo Jo sa^rlla(pe qllM
'uopuo'l upql raruuns ser* rueq8uruJrg '.lanaMoH uopuo.l
ur Jatureir{ spm lr 1nq ltueq8unurrg ut z{uuns pue rurem sp.ta ll 'gg6l aunf g ug
:a1du:exa rog anrlra[pe
aql Jo ruroJ aarlereduror aql asn a.u 's8urqt oml uaaalaq suosrredtuor a)eur a.l,t uaqM
sa^qerPduro] .I
'are1d lsaruuns aql spm IJrmra.I
'uopuo'I ueql rallorl seaa lood>1te1g

uosrrPdruo) :Z SAAIIf, iIICV

Z'V IINN
Unit .1.2 Acliectives 2

There are more divorces among people in Wales than among those who live in the
North of England.
When the number is lower, we use fewer. For example:
There are fewer divorces in the south-east of England than there are in Yorkshire.
WARNING BOX

With uncountable nouns, the correct form to use is less. For example:
People in Britain drink less tea than they used to.
It has, however, become very common for people to use less instead of fewer when
thev are referring to countable nouns. For example:
There are less divorces in the south-east of Ensland than there are in Yorkshire.

2. Superlatives
To make the superlative form we add -est to the short adjectives. For example:
On 8 June 1988, Prestatyn was the hottest place in Britain; while Lerwick was the
sunniest place.
With long adjectives, we put most before the adjective. For example:
From l,ondon, the most expensive places to fly to in America are Los Angeles and San
Francisco.
WARNING BOX

We always put the before a superlative form.

3" Summary

Comparative Superlative

warm warmer warmest

cold colder coldest
sunny sunnier sunniest
pretty preftier prettiest
hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
expensive more expensive most expensive

Here are some irregular adjectives:

Positive Comparative Superlative

good better best

bad worse worst
little less least
many more most

t96
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7
 Unit 4.2 Adjectives 2 - Tasks

Task two
Complete the follozuir't* chLtrt from the informntiort gii.en in the tett beloit,.

The hottest place in Britain yesterday was Birmingham Airport, which recorded a temperafure
of 22"C. The lowest recorded temperature was 15'C in Colwyn Bay and Lerwick. Tenby had a
higher tempertaure than Colwyn Bay, but it was colder there than it was at Anglesey.
However, Anglesey had ferver hours of sunshine than Colwyn Bay, although throughout the
day, it was hotter. The sunniest place in Britain was Newquay with 11.2 hours of sunshine.
Wick had the most rain. It was warmer there than at Colwyn Bay, which had no rain at all; but
it was colder than in fersey, although it was sunnier than in Jersey.

AROUND BRITAIN
Sun Rain Mrr
hrrinCF
Scartoro 7.8 - 19 66 sunny
Bddfington 5.9 - 17 63 brrght
Hun3bnton 4.0 - 19 66 bright
Cromer 3.7 - 17 63 bright
Lowestofl 1.0 .02 18 64 bright
Clacton 1.8 - 19 66 cloudy
Southend t - 20 68 cloudy
Margote 1.6 - 20 68 dull
Folkeslon€ 4.1 - 19 66 cloudy
Hastings 2.7 - .9 66 cloucly
Eastboumc 3.5 - 19 66 dull
Bdghton 2.4 - 18 64 cloudy
Littihmph 3.7 - 20 68 cloucly
Eoonorh 4.8 - 19 66 briohf
Sio[rh3e8 6.1 - 21 70 clo-udy
Sandown 5.2 - 19 66 sunny
Boumemth 7.3 - 21 70 sunny
Swanage 6.7 - 20 68 sunny
Ermouth 6.8 - 20 68 bnghl
Torquay 9.1 - 22 72 sunny
Falmouth 6.2 - 20 68 sunny
Penzance 6.0 - 20 68 brtght
Scilly lsler 36 - 18 64 sunny
Jersly 3.0 - 19 66 cloudy
Guemsey (a) 5.5 - 19 66 sunny
Newquay .02 19 66 sunny
fffracombo ' .02 sunny
Minehead 7.8 .01 20 68 sunny
B'poolAipt 5.7 - 17 63 bright
Morecambo 8.5
Douglac t -- 17 63 sunny
17 63 sunny
(b) 4.5 . 22 72 sunny
Leeds 6.0 - 21 70 sunny
Noningham 2.3 - 21 70 cloudy
(et 33 - 19 66 bright
(d) 4.5 - 15 59 sunny
(e) 5.8 .02 '17 63 brrght
Aviemore 4.7 - 17 63 cloudy
Kinloss 7.3 - 19 66 sunny
(tl 81 .02 15 59 sunny
Stornowav 4.7 .01 16 61 shower
Tiree .5 .01 16 61 brrght
7
(g) 5.7 .03 17 63 shower
'Denole3 figures nol available
198
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 UNIT 4.3
ADJECTIVES 3:
comparison

Hong Kong imports as many logs as Italy.

The following chart shows which countries import logs of broad-leaved trees. We can see that
iapan imports the most.

Hong Kong

Italy
20%
France
3.5 7o

South
Korea
12.8%

\lt0t L lrtltrtrt tlt)nuntil(\

xrtrltl irrtportr ol lttqt
li orn ltnu,lltrttd lrtL,t

When we compare things that are equal we place as . . . as around the adjective. For example
Hong Kong imports as many logs as Italy.
When we are saying they are not the same, we put not as . as or not so . . as around the
ad jective. For example:
China imports a lot of logs, but not so many as Japan. It imports fewer than Japan.

200
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Sxsvr - € sa^q)atnv g.t lFIl
Unit 4.3 Adjectives 3 - Tasks
FTom: TOP HUNDRED CHART OF 1987 PAPERBACK BESTSELLERS

Title Cenre Author Price Home Export Total sales

Matter of Honour a)............ (b)...... ....... (Br) €3.50 784,784 58? ??? (c, . .... .......
Hollywood Jackie Collins
Husbands Novel (Br) €3.50 597,654 402,500 1,000,154
(d) ..................... Thriller \'/ "
.'........ (Br) f3.95 511,853 ??4 47) (0 .. ... ...
Bolt Thriller Dick Francis (Br) f2.95 377,894 175,763 553,657
(e) Novel Harold Robbins
(US) (h) 195,313 178,162 3r3,476
Other Side of
P aradise Novel (i) .......... .... (Br) f3.95 r59,955 ILL,JJ / )R) )q)
His l\,/nv Biographv Kittv Kelly (US) 83.95 131,635 91,009 226,644
CoLtdltlle Soldier (k) (l) ................ (Br) 82.95 158,121 17,751 175,875
Past Cnring Novel (m) .............. (Br) €3.50 81,806 90,342 172,148
Dancing in the
Light (") (p) .............(us) f3.50 19,960 120,228 170.188

Task three
Write a sinrilnr rel,ort to that in Task tzuo on rt topic ot' interest to Vou. You nrust proaide the chart or
list on which vour rcport is bnsed.

202
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'Iooq aql q1r,ra paluroddesrp se,u ap1
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'8ur:oq seM rarnlf,al aql rarnlral aql ,{q paroq se,la aH
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'lreJ awar{)s aql aas o1 paluroddesrp ara.u ,{aq1
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:aldurexa roC a^qrurJul aq] {q pa.t,rolloJ aq ue) surro1 pa- pup 8ur- r{log

('aarcsocl) Iooq lsalel s,3urssal srroq dq paluroddesrp se.^^ aH

( aauJV) rairr.M poo8 l-ra,r. e .{11ensn sr Surssal srroq 'Surluloddesrp sr Iooq aqI
:saldwuxa asalfl lu 1oo7
'1ra1;a a,rrssed
aql saqrr)sap ll uollJe aql .{q palraJJP uosrad aql Jo sSurlaa] aql saqrr)sap urro] pa- aLIt
'llaJJa
a^qJE ar{l saqrrJsap ll lla{qo ro uorlf,e ro ro}f,e ar{l saqrrJsap a,rrlra(pe aq} Jo LuroJ 3u1- aq1
'Sursnure lou sp,\\ rol)e aql Jsnpfaq',\uunl alueurolrad aql purJ lou plp aqs

pasnruE lou arE aM, 'prps euolJtn uJanO 'ajlpaql aql ]V

t//-yt[f //_:zxt-,>J
.ff,,r[t?iF.S-t.,,t,zo
..4t'It,f€-d1id,t/
c!1 ,ryff,Ylr /- -ii

:saldwaxa asaql la lool

.(palseralur) pa_ ur pua
leql
slredralunoc a.ntssed rtaql r{}l,lr (Suqsaralur) 8ur- ur pua }eql sa,trlrafpe asnJuor aldoad,,{uei,1

'Sursnure 1ou sp.&r JoIJE atII

'pasnrue lou erP aM

pa- ,Bur-,r sr^L;3;lt#

V'V IINN
Unit 1.1 Adjectives 4

Preposition

Adjective at by ln of with

amazed
amused
annoyed
astonished
bored
confused
depressed
disappointed
disgusted
embarrassed
excited
exhausted
fascinated
frightened
horrified
interested
involved
satisfied
shocked
surprised
terrified
tired
worried

204
E0z

'qluoru srrll raqlPa.\\ aql ' ' .{.ran sr .{-ua1

'''' ' uaaq sPq qluoru srql raqlPa.\{ aql
ssardap ({i
'€ulLIJ 3uro3 "
o1 sr uesns
'pulqf o1 3uro3 aq ol uesns rot '' s,ll
alIJxa 0)
' ' ' ' .{.ra.r. are rupxa aql Jo s}lnsar ar.{I
'tuexa aq] Jo sllnsar aql ' '' ' ,{ra.L sr .{tuo5
{gspes (rt)
'rnor^Pqaq s,llaN " " sr .,{oy
" " " ;fua,t Jrlorneqaq s,1rap spur; ,ioy
/O\
drrou. (d/
'erpul ol drrl 1se1 raq " se,^ arqlE3
'' ' '' plpul o1 dr.r1 ]sel raq puno; arq+eJ
lsnEqxa (r)
'.{ary1a{ ples ,'" " " ,,fua,n sp,ry\ I€rrl arll to llnsar aLiL
'IPrrl aql Jo llnsar aql ' ' .'fua,r se.u {ar;1a{
aslrdrns (a)
'''''' i-ra.t ie.1cl aq1 puno1 plorpH
'ie1cl ar.1l fua.t sp,\l. plorpH

'srnoro) Bur'ueiqr aql " r"^":L:;

'essaf pres ,'a8ueqr srnolo) aLIl t{rle-t,t ol '''' s,}1,
alEur)sEJ
' 1ro.,r srr{ spurJ sJIreqJ
.,{.ra,t
'Iro.ta slq " sI salrPtl3
"fue'l
aAIOAUI (q
'slurolsrapunql ' 'sI PlaulPd
'''''' are slu.rolsrapunlll s>lulrll elaurPd
ualqSrry

'sl!:l tlod WllM Paroq sl le^e6ra 61

'1aTBFTBN ples -'5u1roq s?!1'lod Pu!+ I.,
aro c
: JlL7tuul.
'nort tot uallum uaaq satl aldwu.ra LLy' itasstttu a.tatlm uotltsod.,.
lo wto] ayuudotdda atp tlltm sa)uaiuas jtt sttad Surmoyo] a41 alayluLc
aq1 pun ao4ta[pn ary -
fuddns
auo IsEf

s)svr - r sa^qra[vv tr.tr llun

=/r
r/-
Unit 4.4 Adjectives 4 - Tasks

Task two
Conrplete the follotuutg tert lttt ptrttirtg irt tlte correct fornr of the adjectit,e. Fornr the ndiectite front
ont'cf the uerbs in the t'ollo-utng list. You cnn use both iorms of the snme adiectixe.
amuse, bore, confuse, depress, disappoint, embarrass, excite, fascinate, interest, involve,
shock, surprise.
Follottt Thgt Sfrrr is now showing at the Ritz cinema. Anvone who believes that science-iiction
iswhatthecinemaisgoodatandis(a) ......inspaceepicswillbe(b) ......b1,thisfilm. Itis
very (c) Clearlv the director thought it would be (d) . . . . . . for us to see u'hat happens
inspaceflight.Whenlsawthefilm,thealtdiencewasobviousll,not(e) ......inthestorv.
Sonre people n'ere (f) . . . . . . when the characters were eating standing on their heads; but
nobodvwas (g) ...... by the film. Thefilm isverv (h) ....I found myself (l)......by
sorne of the tricks which were meant to be either (k) . . or (l) My advice is to stay
awtry from this (m) film.

206
tjz
I'I llun rrs 1NEIJO MOH uortsanb aqt Ja^\sup r{)rl{.\^ sqra^pp rol

',{11uarar suearu qrrq,r.r 'f1a1el qll^,\ elpl asnJuor lou oCI

XOS DNINUVM

(;qr1e,u aqs plp urllJ H3IHM - aorltalpy) tulrl alpl arlt paqrtp^l aqs
(Zqslul, urlrJ arit plp NAHM - qraapv) alpl paqsrurl urlll aL{J
(;qr1er aqs plp urprl HflIlM - aa4ta[py1 ure.r1 fpea ar{t lqgne) aqs
aanrrr€ urerl ar{l plp NAHM - ryaipv)',{1rea pa,rrr.re urerl aql
:aldtuexa .rog sanrlrafpe osle are a1e1 pue .,(pe1
'alPI ro.]lal aq] rrq a,reB ag
'elel qnlr aql ol tua.^^ aH
',{pea aruoq panrrrp aH
'fpea paau.re ag
:aldwexa JoJ 'asnelJ ar{} Jo pua aql le aruo) s,,{e.n1e a1e1 pue r(peg
'aups aql sr Eulueaur aq] aseJ r{Jea ul
'uoos a^rrre lll.{^ aH
'aArJtP uoos
IIrAl aH
'4.^.Hle IIr,M aq loos
:aloluPxa Joc
'a)ualuas aql ur slurod IEla as 1e pareld aq uP) 'allrl^^ uot{s P ul suPaul qf,rq,vr /uoos
'alEI pue z(pea 'uoos aJe atuq ,o sqJalp€ uoluluo) ]soru aql
'G'V'V f slru;1 aas) saserqd lplqra^pp '-,3norql ZNAHM ssardxa .,{11ensn aM ZNSHM
uorlsanb aql Jamsup r.irrr{r,t aruq Jo sqra^pe ,tra; d,ra.n arp arar{l 'are1d 1o sqra^pp illl.l-l sV
atulrz
'ol JaJaJ ,{aql leq.u ./!{oul }snru a./!1 pue sunouord a)II aJP asaqf
'eJaql Jo alaq se sprom qrns qlrzra aserqd lprqralpp aql arelda.r o1 alqrssod sr lr sarullaruos
'ralsE)uP'I le paddols urPrl aqI
:aldruexa roC 'uoqrsodard e qlrr'r sur8aq aserqd Ierqra^pe ar{I (9't 't I sllun aas) saserqd
'are1d Jo sqra^pe Iear ou arp arar{I
Iprqra^pp q8norql areld;o eapr ar{l ssardxa .{11ensn a14
erPld 'I
'(^oq) rauuptu Jo sqra^pP pue (ua11o zvlotl ro uaqM)
euD Jo sqra^pe '(a.raq.ln) areld 1o sqra^pp - qra^Pe yo sad.,{1 uleur aarL{l Jo lult{l .{11ensn a1r1

u'or' spq ur'lrrs

"r
r""t:fi"1t;':itJJi:i

SgUlIAOV
9'i IINN
 Ut].it 4.5 AcJverbs

3. Manner
Adverbs of manner answ,er the question HOW'? They always come immediatelv after the
main verb which they modify. For example:
Japanese investment in Britain has grown rapidly since 1985
(tlOW has Japanese investment grown?)
Many of these adverbs are derived from adiectives bv adding -ly to the adjective.
For example:
beautif u1/beautifullv ;

slow/slowly;
fi erce/fiercely.
To form an adverb from an adjective which ends in -ly, we make a phrase: in a .. . ...
way/manner. For example:
ugly/in an ugly way;
friendly/in a friendly way;
lovely/in a lovely manner;
lively/in a lively manner.

WARNING BOX

Manv adverbs of manner modify adiectives. For example:

It is beautifully warm in here.
She's wearing a badly made dress.
Hard is both an adiective and an adverb. For example:
She works hard. (.Adt,erb - HOW does she work?)
She's a hard n'orker. (Adjectiae - WHAT kind of worker is she?)

Hardly means only just or not quite. For example:

He had hardly arrived, when the telephone rang.
It's position in ihe sentence is like the adverbs of frequency (see Unit 1.5).

Barely and scarcely mean the same as hardly. They are not connected to the adjectives
bare and scarce.

4. Comparative forms
The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs ending in -ly are the same as ior long
adjectives (see Unit 4.2) and are formed as follows:
more + adverb (comparative);
most * adverb (superlative).
Look nt these ertnrples:

Comparative Superlative

slowly more slowlv most slowly

surprisingly more surprisinglv most surprisinglv
cheerfully more cheerfully most cheerfully

208
60a

's8utqy op fia47 mo4 aqtnsap pub orolDl nofi aldoad ual Jo

4ut4f
oMl ISPI
'u(qdor1 aql pa^raJar aq uaqm pnord se.,r.r :apeg (>1)
'luaprJJ€ aql Jo auars aql paurruexa aq sE snorras pue larnb se^l aH (l)
.{1puar.r1 d;al se.u pa^eqaq ,,{ds aql ,{e.rt aq1 (q)
'eulqf ur uorlpnlrs aql 1o srsr{1eue pooS e sarrS looq aq1 (3)
'rJureal lrrnb e sr f>1:og Ur
'ralq8ry anrssa;33e ue sr a3:oa3 (a)
'3ur,l,roqs luaf,ar e per{ rulll aqJ (p)
'ra8urs peq e s,laqreg (r)
'raruPp e s,rqs (qr
'JaIJo-4r^lr^rl
preq e s,aH (E)

ls+ Ur,nOlS sBY ?r/rau4lsa^h! leqL

ql.uo;8 lspJ u,l{or{s sELI luaru}salul leq-L

F;m"i; suna ey(

'rauunJ .^,tols e sr aqs
:sa1dwax1
'ttoi to1 udltt),).
Ltraq aao7 saldtuaxa auoq'sqtaapa oq sao4ta[pa a47 Su8uaq)'sa)ualuas 9utmo11oj a4l a]ttmali
auo IsPf

ie) s)svr - sqla^pv 9.v +Iun

7
 UNIT 4.6
PREPOSITIONAL In the room.
PHRASES: place, time, On the roof.
manner In the morning.
By hand.
In despair.

In this unit we look at prepositions that introduce phrases which act like adverbs. In Unit 4.5,
we talked about adverbs of place, time and manner; there are the same three types of
prepositional phrases.
The prepositions in, on, at and by introduce adverbs of time, place and manner.
In gives the idea of surrounding or enclosing something.
Look at these examples:
Place: in the room; in the field; in the car; in town; in London.
Time: in March; in Spring; in Ramadan; in 1988. (These are all long periods of time rvhich
surround the event. Here, in can be replaced by during.)
Manner (these are idiomatic): she spoke in anger; the loser was in despair; for two
months after her death he was in mourning.
On has the idea of being on top of something.
Look at these examples:
Place: on the roof; on the table; on the mountain.
We also say:
on the telephone; on the radio; on television; on hand (meaning the person is nearby).
Time: on Tuesday; on Christmas Day; on 21 june. (These are specific days or dates.)
Manner (idiomatic): he had a night on the town (an enjoyable and expensive night out);
she was feeling on edge (anxious).
At gives the idea of being somewhere, but not enclosed by the place. Sometimes it can be
replaced by in.
Look at these examples:
Place: at the door; at the village shop; at school.
Time: at one o'clock; at Christmas. (These are specific times of the day or short festivals.)
Manner: (idiomatic): At heart, he's a good man.

270
LL'

'aJuarradxa arour peq aH '{eM raq uI poo}s pr^ec lnq 'qoI aq] rol palldde ./UeW
'uorssa]ord srr{ Jo dol aql ol fP/vr sItI uo s,aH 'prEt{ sIro.M pue snollrque fua^ s,ra}ad
:aldurexa rol '.{lleJlrol{de1au pasn aq up) ,{e,u, raq7srq ug

srq uJ ualleJ ppq aarl y uo oB t,uplnor ratad

',{e.r,r
uopuo-l o1 ,Le.r.r raq uo st pue l1a1 .{pearle seq qpres (a)
(atur] lrexa ar{l le) atuli uo pa^lllp aH
(luau:oru lsel aql elo]aq) alull uI pa^trrP aH (p)

atutl uo

tr{8lu F lnq
^
lzurua^a aql ul
luooourauP aql ul
aururou aql ul
:lits a114'uo4datxa Sutmo11oJ a4j aloN
'arurl ur a)EId ro lurod P alerlpur .{aq1 araq.M 'aurr1
e o] raJar daql uaq,r,r ua^a -- areld qlytl pauraruoJ aroul alP le qll^t SuruurSaq sase.rqd aq1

'^ep aql Jo Pua aql ]E

llooq aql 1o Suruu;8aq er{+ le (J)
1,{11eur7; rrilrt) pua all} ur
1(.{llpqrur) 1aut11tu.;uur8aq aq+ ur (q)
rauro) ar{l lEiltro
raulo) aril ur (e)

nut)J aql lb/uo tautoJ 441 ul

:-.\
i=t-
l t\"f

ffiiF--
:sasuttld 9urmo11ol at11 andwo3

saserqd leuorlrsodar4 9't llun

Unit 4.6 Prepositional phrases
By gives the idea of near or by means of. For exarnple:
Place: by the window; by the door (meaning near to).
Time: by five o'clock; by next week; by New Year (meaning no later than and possibh
before).
Manner: by hand (meaning the person gave the letter or present, i.e. it wasn't posted).

WARNINC BOX

Note the folloruing exception. We say:

by car;
by train;
by bicycle;
by plane, etc.,
but on foot.

Other prepositions of place are as follows:

under, above, over, to, into, onto, towards.
Look at these examples:
The cat's under the table;
They slept under the stars.
The cups are on the shelf above the plates.
The bridge went over the river.
I{e's going to }akarta.
The cat jumped into the box.
The bird flew onto the table.
He was last seen driving towards Berlin.
Other prepositions of time are as follows:
during, since, for.
Look nt these examples:
He was away in India during August.
He hasn't been seen since the end of March.
He hasn't been seen for three months.
There are many idiomatic uses of prepositions, which you n'ill find in the dictionary.
In Appendix 3 you will find some verbs which are followed by prepositions, and in Appendix
5, some adjectives and the prepositions that follow them.

212
€.LZ

'o9u snak liutLu atald lool Wql Sut4qawos

n'1uata lua)at a dsL'to4J uu) noA'Ltmol auo4 tnoh Lu pauaddu4 laLll SuITldutos lnoqb yodat a a1u,tr7
aarql {sEI

,{1 1";:I: .. (")

jf}'::
.{aq1 saepe.uou ldarxa 'qlntu ler{l pa8ueqr l,useq }l lnqs sa.,ia rraq} qll,\ IIeM ar{} 3urle1 'tuoor
e Jo rauro) aql ' (1) Surpuels ar,.{aqi a>{ll s,}l arrlou l,uop aldoad lsoru puv 'Suruaddeq
L11ear s,qeq,n aas ol salnullu ua+ roJ rauroJ laarls p ''' ' (s) puels ol 1oB ,,i1uo an,no1
'sludc ^,{pap1a o1 leluaurluas ulaas saop }l Jr uala - anol pue aread 1o a8essatu .rraq1 la8 1p.m
aldoad 8uno.,{ Surlurqt lsour >lulr{l .{aql 'pua aLIl ' (r) adoq 11e dn uanr8 l,ua^ell ,{aq1 1ng
'ledsap ' ' ' ' (b) sarlr) rauur rno le Iool pup sluarurxo) q)ns ol ualsll spueq asaql paleada:
aq ].upJ sluana rlJns leq.l pres an.J1!l'srpa^ Alroj uplll croru ' (d) Suruaddeq l,ua-re
s8urrll asar{l pualard o1 par.r1 a.teq aldoad 'g!6L' '' (u) 'reM plro,l,l puoras aql lnoqE .Mou{
lou op pue sarlrrr{l aqt 1o Sa1+leq }srrer aq} Jo preaq ralau aAeLI aldoad Sunod dueu real daql
'saJua r pnP
rralll " ' (ru) aSessaru urals p 3ur:r1 aq lll,\1 lnq ')rsnru >lror poog Surpr.tord aq iluo lou
11r,u iaql 'a8els
' (0 'a8essau rraql prpaq a^pq IIr^r aldoad uolIlILu p upr{l arour adoq .{aq1
'salras aql Jo pua aq] ' ' (>i) pue 'spa)uo) Ieralas ,,{q pramo11o1 aq lll.la. srr{J ar}ua3 uroorllpg
rrrlralg aql " " " uopuo1 " ' (q) l,raruor e a8els ol pue dnor8 aql Jo sraquaur se spueq
(t)
Ieralas a^€rl ol adoq dnor8 aql 'allleq leur8rro aql Jo fupsralruup aql 'raqol)O t " " ' (3)
'sllel]e lsrrer aq o1 ,i1a1rl a.re araq+ araqM seare asoql ' ' G) dlleiradsa ]nq /urelrrg ,Jo sl.red
.,{ueur ' ' (a) yo.u .{aq1 'spueq leag laarts alqef aqt paller sr spueq Jo dnor8 aug srql
sp LIJrrs sp,ra lsure8e lsalord ol JaqlaSol log a^er{ slrprJrsnru lror .{ueu 's086I aql '' '' (p)
'araql Alrunruruor
aql qlr^,r alqnort asn€r PUP Lropuo-l Jo pua lsuS aq] (l) qJ]PuI ol PaluPM PPq surr{sl)plB
aql taarts alqpf "' (q) s+rrl{slrelg arql 1q8no1 aldoed 000'092 '9€61 raqo}Jo I " " (p)
'Ltotlrsodatd aqaudotdda ary ut Suutnd rtq $al Sutmo11oi a47 a1afituo3
oMl IseI
mou lessa srq Jo pur aql " ' i1:eau s,aH (I)
'aprof,uoJ aas up) no1 rils aqt '' ' dn 1oo1 (!)
'asrno)-arer aql ' "' IIII{ aql pools asnoq;ag (q)
'-{eru,re ue; pue a)ual at{l ' " padunf asroq paualq3r;q aq1 (31
'rrJJoJs e Surrnp saarl puels o1 sno.ra8uep s,11 0)
',no8se13 uar{l puE ralspJup-I saoS urerq srql (a)
'lsam-qlrou aLIl . . ''" .;ipneaq 3ur11ey sr ureS (p)
'a)lq ' >{ro.tl. ot saoB uosprl\eq ihl (r)
'Zl uroor " pEA-roS aq ill.\\ rauurc (q)
'>1.red at1l " " " are1c{ 3ur1e1 sr uaruoJ ar{J (E)

ttotlrsoda.Ld aryudotddu a41 ur 8u4qnd liq satualttas 3utmo11o] a41 aqaldwol

auo {sPI

s)svl - sasErqd leuoErsodard

9.? llun
-
='
/-,
 UNIT 4.7
INTENSIFIERS: very, too,
enough The dresses are very expensive.
People drive too fast on motorways,
Her work isn't good enough to pass the
diploma exam.

The intensifiers, very, too and enough, quaiify adjectives and adverbs. Very is useci to add
emphasis. For example:
The shops used to stock nice, cheap dresses; but now there are only boutiques, and the
dresses are very expensive.
This does not mean that the speaker can't afford the dresses in the boutiques; but that she
thinks that they cost a lot of money.
Now look at this example:
Above an altitude of 4,000 feet, he found it very difficult to breathe.
This doesn't mean that he couldn't breathe, only that he had difficulty in breathing.
Too is used to express the idea that something is excessive. For example:
Clothes cost a lot in that shop. Many things are too expensive for me'
Another way of saying this might be:
Clothes cost such a lot in that shop that I can't afford them.
Now Iook at this example:
The police are looking out for people who drive too fast on motorways'
The police think that these people are dangerous. in Britain the speed limit is 70 mph on
motorways. If you drive faster than that, vou are driving too fast.
Another way you couid say this is:
The police are looking out for people who drive so fast on motorways that they are
travelling over the speed limit and are dangerous.

WARNING BOX

Some people confuse very and too.

Look nt these exunrples:
The clothes in that shop are very expensive. They are too expensive for me; I can't
afford them.
Doug drives very fast; but he is alwavs in control so it is not too fast for him.
Very means a great deal; whereas too means that it is excessive'

Enough means sufficient or sufficiently. Unlike very and too, enough comes after the
adjective or adverb. For example:
Her work isn't good enough to Pass the diploma exam
Enough can also be used like an adjective rvith nouns. In this case, it comes before the nour..
For example:
The government hasn't allowed the authonties enough molrev to pay the new salaries.
274
9lz

,qlUre{

isluatnulsat tlSnoua ataql atv 2hstou t(tar ilod.ull

a4l sl apapototr ool sasnq aLfi ata :a1dw.uxa rcJ'a44 an rta41 lu4m tap$uo) uaql lrcpq ua4)
aLll alaldwo) aar.r1 q8noua i,usr atalll lo q8noua st ataq] ata4oz !/tuuur ool aru ataqi atatlm:s8un11
rtunu jJa^ a)b ata4J atatlil :satJtlDDJ aql lnoqa paf a/oad L"tlotl ?2s pull umol tnort jo ia,'uns a:1nyy
aarL{l {sel
snora8uep aq ol ll raprsuo) aldoad ,{ueu leql alsp.\r Jrxol q)nrx os s1;odr.ur urplug ())
'gg6t lo raruurns al{l ul papaau laql se urer Llrnu se 1aB 1,uprp darll y5n aql uI (ft
'sarruaua s1r 11e 1q3ry ol aq ol papaau 1r se a8-re1 sp l,usEM lnesoulp aql (r{ )
'Surlndtuor ur sluarudola,rap
luerr;ru8rs ro; alqrsuodsar uaaq seq Ll)rrlm .{uedruor luelrodrur up sr xorax luey (31
'aulr] uo araql la3 o1 u(ressarau s€^^ lr se lsej s€ a^orp aH (Jr
'reJ aql ,,{nq o1 spaau aq se.,{auotu q)nul se 1oB seq aH (a)
'palnJ aq ue) sra)ue) duerl sr{epe.r,rou lnq'aspasrp snorJas e sI Ja}ueJ aslno) JO (pr
11 ,{nq ol pro1te l,uplnof,,{aq1 leql artsuadxa os sem asnoq aq1 (rr
'raqunu aql aas t,uplp aq leql lsEJ os lua.^ rEJ aqJ (q)
'saillnrrJJrp arll ;o alrds ur 1r paqrurl) aq lnq 'q8rq servr ulelunour aqJ (€'
'q8noua to AJaA'oo1 Sursn sa)ualuas 3ttt,no11oJ aUl aluma\
o1t4l {sEJ
'3ursn1uor ""
lllls sl IIlq uorJe)npa s,luaruura^oS aql 'apeu-r saSueq: aq1 ;o alrds u1
' (1
'{gadord qllea^ pue poo1 aql alnqrrlsrp
t,uop a.\^ teql lsn! sr ll 'plro.,vr aq] ul aydoad fuelu " " " ar€ araql lel{l _anrl l,usr lI (!
' paJnporcl Ia^rlJ€rllE
pup ua)lrrm lla.u Buraq slr lo alrds ut 'drqsrapear " " " a8rel e l)Prll€ ol pa1re1 1eu;noI aq1 (rl
's1ra(qns aJualJS roJ sraqJpal " llnrf,ar ],ueJ salllrorllne uolle)npa [PJol slepe.troN ta
(.
'lelluassa aJe slll)s uollpJrunwuroJ poo8 pue lsod luelrodur " " " P sl slql (J
.SDJOJAJ

3ur,,{dor aldoad Surddols Jo s.,{pM pulJ ol preq "'' 3ur>1.to.u are saruedtuor )Iuorl)alg (a
'ples aq leqM Jo aruect;ru8rs aql puelsrapun ol ''"' ra^alJ l,uara^l d"qt (p
'JauItuns
aql ur adorna ra^o slq8lu aqt IIP alpueq ol sraliorluor )rJterl-rle " lou arP araqJ (r
'do1s o1 urrr{ palse srnoqq8rau ar{+ os '{slou ' ' ' ' sem lalJnJ-auols aVI (.i
'1r pa.,{o[ua I lnq '3uo1 " " " se.{{ tllll, aqf (E

'q8noua lo ool /,&aA 'taltsualur pailo) a41 ut 3u41nd rtqsatualuas 3urmo11oJ at11 aqa1dwol
auo {sPf

-gt
l-
s)svr - sreIJIsuaNI L't llun
-
|

t7)
 UNIT 4.8 Anne is one of those people who never seem
RELATIVE CLAUSES 1:
to get tired.
Form; defining, non- His mother, who lives in London, is not a
defining gypsy.
The Sierra is a car which was designed for
the 1.990s.

Relative clauses have two purposes: to describe something or to give us additional

information about something.

1,. The form of the relative clause

Look at these examples:
Anne is one of those people. They never seem to get tired.
The Sierra is a car. It was designed for the 1990s.
In both of the above examples, the second sentence is a description of something in
the first sentence and completes the idea in the first sentence. Although they are
grammatically complete, the first sentence in both of the examples is an incomplete idea.
Look at the first sentences again:
Anne is one of those people.
The Sierra is a car.
We need to know more to make sense of each statement. The second sentence in each case
provides us with this information.
Anne is one of those people. They never seem to get tired.
The Sierra is a car. It was designed for the 1.990s.
It is better to put the complete idea into one sentence, and we can do this by making the
second sentence into a relative clause, as follows:
Anne is one of those people who never seem to get tired.
The Sierra is a car which was designed for the 1990s.
The relative clause is a description of the noun that immediately precedes who or which,
and completes the idea.
In both of these examples the word replaced in the second sentence is the subject of the
sentence:
They never seem to get tired./Who never seem to get tired.
It was designed for the 1990s./Which was designed for the 1990s.
The relative pronoun which replaces the subject of the sentence is who for people and
which for things. That is also possible on occasions (see 2 below).

2. The role of the relative clause

The relative clause is a subordinate clause which describes a noun in the main clause.
Sometimes it is important because by defining the object or person it helps to avoid any
confusion. This is a defining relative clause (see 3 below). On other occasions, the
relative clause is simply giving us additional information about the object or person. This
is a non-defining relative clause (see 4 below).
In the examples in 1., it is clear which should be the reiative. But very often the speaker or
writer has a choice.
216
Ltz

'sPluluoJ
uaaMlaq aq lsnlu ll 'sasef, asaql ul s€ uoqPruroJul e4xa 8ur.l.r3 sI asnEIJ a^llelar aql uaqM
'urelrrg ur pauupq sp^L'8BGI ur plro/r{ eql lnoqSnorql al€s uo se^{ qtrqn'tsqtqatidg
:s.{rollol se 'a)ualuas auo a)eru ol asnpl) alllplal Surugap
-uou e asn a.tr 'ure3y Iooq aql .,{yrluapr o1 sn Surdiaq ur luel.rodrul lou sr plJom aq+
lnoq8norql alps uo sem lr leq] uorlpruroJur arll os 'Iooq snorupJ e sr tarytlat/ids aspJ srLI] ul
'plrol\{ ar{l lnoqSnofl{l ales uo se.ryr ll '886I uI ul€llrg ul pauuEq sett ta4tlnt/id5
:aldwoxa stql la 4ool moN
',{sd,,{8 p }ou sr 'uopuoT ur salrl orIM 'Jaqloru srH
:smollo; se 'asnplJ aArlEIaJ Sururlap-uou e Sursn .,{q
alualuas auo aletu ueJ a-lt oS lnoqe 3ur11e1 arE alr,r rarlloru qllqa ,{Jpnapl o1 sn Surdlaq
ur luelrodtur lou sr uoLruol ur salrl aqs ]eql uorleurroJur aql os 'Jaqlour auo .,(1uo seq aH
'uopuol ur sa^ri aqs ',{sd,i3 e lou si raqlour srH
aldwaxa stLll jll 40o-I
'esnpl) alrlplar Sururyap-uou p sI sIqJ 'd11eraua3
rrdol aq1 Surpuelsrapun Jno ol luegodur lou sI lI asp) sn{l uI 'll lnoqe uollewJoJul Erlxe
atuos sn Sur.tr8 sr lnq unou aq1 Surqrrcsap lou s1 esnEIJ eArl€IaJ aql suorseJJo arxos uO
(3ururyap-uou),uoperuroJur u4xa, se asnPIJ aAqpIaU 'V

's066I aql ro1 pau8rsap se.tr lutll rpJ e sI Errars aql

ol uaas ra^au lstll aldoad asoql Jo auo sI auuv
'pa.rr1 1aB
:aloruexa Joc
'lpr{l Aq pareldar aq up) qJrtIM pue orl.tr qtoq'uopdyrsap e sI asnpl) aAIlPIer aqi uar{M
's8u1ql roJ pasn sr rl)rq1vr 1(slprurue sasEr
auros ur pue) aldoad ro1 pasn sr orIM lpr{l aas 11rrr.r no.{ 'ure8e salduexa asaql 1e >1oo1 nod;1

's066I aql ro; pau8gsap sem qJIqM

z':1
l:": :r1,u,",,:t
'parq 1aBol ulaas ralau oqm "u,
laldoad Jo pul)i tIrIqM
_ aldoad asoql ro auo sr auuv
:aldtuexa r"l,i{oalffiro arNo HfIHM uorlsanb
aql sramsue l1 'rrdol aql 1o Surpuplsrapun IInJ p a^pq l,uplno^\ a.tl 'asnEIJ aluelar
aql lnoqlrm pue '1ue1.rodrul sl ll 'lnoqe 3ur>11eJ are a.\ 1eq.rt ,$rruapl sn diaq o1 .{.ressarau
uorleruro;ur sn sa.tt8 qJrqm 'unou aq1 yo uorldu)sap e sI esnel) aArlPIeJ Surur;ap aq1
(8urur;ap) uopdrnsap s€ esnelr a^rlplar eql '€
'asnelJ alEurproqns aql
sr asnelJ a^rlelar aqI 'asnPIJ ul€ru ar{} sl leqJ_ uorleruroJul rno snJoJ ol luP,M a.^ araq.M
'a'r 'uorlsrurolur 1o arard luelrodtut ]sour aql sI qJIL{M Surprrap .{q uorsnap rno aleur aM
'raq)ea} e se.u ',(eprlor{ p roJ pporqp o3 o1 pro;;e l,uPlno) oq.lr 'snIrPtrAI
',,tepr1oq p rot p€orqp o3 o1 p.ro;1e l,uplnor'raqJeal P sPllr oqlvl'snuetrAl
:aloruexa
JoC 'a)ror{J p a^pq a.4\ 'saJualuas o.^^l asaql uI uorlpurJoJur aql }Jauuo) ol lu€-4^ a-4^ ,l
'rrq)eal p sp.l,r snupl4l leprloq p ro1 pporqp oB og p.roile t,uPlnor snlrehl
aldwaxa slry lb 4oo'I

I sasnelJ a^rlelau 8'l llun

Unit 4.8 Relative clauses 1

In this type of relative clause you cannot use THAT. You cannot say, for example:
*Ilis mother, that liues in London, is not a gypsy.
In most cases the non-defining clause can be rewritten as two co-ordinating clauses (see
Unit 5.4). For example:
His mother is not a gypsy, and she lives in London.
Spycatcher was banned in Britain in 1988, yet was on sale throughout the world.

5. Summarv
Subject Defining relative pronoun Non-defining relative pronoun

people who or that who

things which or that which

218
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'sluarPdpuPrB aql
ol uorlrppe ur uarplrrl) aroru ro ual qlr^.r aSrpl uauo arP sarlrruP] aql lnq 'flPtus ar€ sasnoq aqf
'aurrl{s all}ll p sr araq} 'uapreS qrpa
ur rauroJ P uI 'suapreS leau a^pq sasnor{ ar{J s}uared rraq} uort uraq} pallJaqur Jo sa^lasuaql
uaql lllnq a^pq srauMo aql jo .{ueyl 'saruaprsar paqrelap 3ur.,{1-.u.ol are sasnoq aqI
srapuelsr aql Jo lsar aql a)rl SuruapreS lalr€ru .ro Surqsry uory 3urarl rraq] urea II€ '
saruoq Jraql uI ulooJ ou aAEq ' '

arenbs aql punore ale8ar8uor " "

.{ep e aruo lspal lp }rsr^ Ilr^1 .,{1rr-ue1 aql Jo raqruatu.&a.la " '

srea.{ leury rraql ul ,{lrtuey aql qll^/r a^rl o} auroJ slplr{[e "'
salqela8an Jo IInJ are " '

'noli to{ udJJur'n uaaq sD4 arto lsttJ a41 'Sutuu8aq aLfi iD lntl o1 Qeql'r{rlqrrr 'oqw) aaqblat tptLIm
apDap $nu t:Io^'saluluor t!ilm asnbp Swwlap-uou a\l asopua o1 1a3toj ],uoq 'satald apudotddu
alll iD sasnbp aa7opr aql ppu pua $al at11 4?notry o) uorJattls aql Jo atnlrtd alaldwoc a.Low u

aluat) Utm q)tllm sasnap aa1apt Surppa liq paaotdwt aq uu) qt'a1a1duot st molaq lxal a44 43no4+1v
o1}{l >ISEI

Surur;ap-uo11 Sururyaq

'.rap1o rea.{ e se1}1oq.{t 'luaprsard uprssnU aql ,{q }aru se,{{ VSn aql Jo luaprsard aqI (T)
'purl oot sem oqm a8pnf aql pa>lrelle radeds.rtau aq1 ({)
'aJualuas lq8rl e rauosrrd aqt ane8 'ueru purl p se.l,r otl,u 'a8pnt aqJ (q)
',{epralsaa palrrre oq^r iuapnls aql puelsrapun J,uer ,,{aq1 13)
u * s, r a r{, er, u,
TilUilH, ::l"tf
s s a
T;T,T
il:,:
r

::";;:i:",Tj l,,: I ; ll"f

"
Ji ]
'sluared slq ,{q r.urq uanr8 sp,lr 'lnule/vqo apeur spm t{)It{.tr 'a1qe1 aq1 (p)
'OfSANn loJ IroM Jo lol e prp 'relswF, pooM,r,11og e se.4^ or'{M 'a^e; ,'{uueq 1r1
'sauol uol sprv\ sno\rrpJ dauurg lraqlv apeu q)Iq.M Luill aql (q)
'aruapuadapur erpuJ are8 oqrvr ralsrurl4l arurrd ar{l sp^ aallv (e)
'sasilrrp Sutqawpto-ot oo!1 utuluoJ /iary latp os sdsntrp Suut{ap-uott
Ulttn sa)Ltaluas aUl aluo2a>I (q)
'Sutu{ap-uou to Suuulap
ata saruatuas ?urmo11oJ alll m sasnop aauapt aLll taq+allm'mopq uaLp a41 ut 3w1pl liq a1atryu1 @1
auo {sEI

s)svl - I sesnelr a^rlElau 8.7 llun

 -l
Unit 4.8 Relative clauses - Tasks

In the middle of the square there is a large covered stand. At night the children from the
families bring their mattresses to sleep on the stand.
Anstu er:

The houses whichungregaLe dround Lhe slvare are

low - lgrr,rg detached reside hces.

Task three
Rudyard Kiplinq u'role n storv called The cat that walked by itself

Think up similar titles f or the illustrations below.

rsfi-vv,'
t1{f,},;l
'77:k\1

Tass!W!J,;
taLl^11-4

220
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patlutltlo)

'paurllJ uaaq seq /raqloru raq roj alorM aqs r{rlrllvl 'Iooq aql
^^ou peq
'pauosrrdrur llrr{rrnr{f oqAr^uotl.ryr 'nrqaN to paTlel aH
:aldurexa roC 'unouord lJa[qo ar{l roJ 'aldoad
roJ ruoqm ro orIM pue sturql roJ r.IJrt{M asn lsnru nod'asnslr a^rlelar Sururyap-uou aql u1
sasnEIJ anrlPlar Surur;ap-uoN 'z

'aSueqr
ra^au lurll pu€ qJItIM 'unouord 1tafqo aql ro1 ruoqlt aruoJaq deru oqaa sealallM

XOS DNINUVM
'pallruro sr unouord elrl€lal
ar{} araq.4 auo aq} sl leqJ'(II) sI turo1 pasn -{iuoruruoJ arour aql'a^oqe saldtuexa aql u1
'parrrupp qf,nur sr elsauopul ur lq8noq aq arnlrtd aqJ (ll)
'parnupe qf,ntu sI ersauopul ur lq8noq aq lPql/rI)1IM arnlrtd aqI (I)
:s.^ olloJ se 's.{e.r.r oMl uI paulroJ aq ueJ asnEIJ eluplal
aq1 'arnlrrd aql ol rajar IIr.^4 pup 1r aceldar 11r,na unouord aAuEIar aql 'aldwexa slql ul
'ersauopul ur 1r iq8noq aH parltupe qJnru sr arnlrrd aq1
:aldtuaxa stql ja looj
s8urql (q)
'pasn sr unouord alrlelar ou araqm
(rn) .{lqeqord sr uorl)nrlsuoJ uorutuoJ lsoru aq1 'suollenlrs ieurroJ l-ran ut ,'{1uo pasn
sr ruoqM ou lnq /e^qplar 1ra[qo aql roJ pasn aq lsnru ruoqM ]eq] Iult{} aldoad ,{ue61
^
'aas ol alrl tsour plnom no{ aldoad aql arP {aqf (tll)
ls ol alrl lsour plno.tn no.{ leqlToqira aldoad ar{l are da.if (lt)
'aas ol a)rl lsoru plno.t,t nod ruoqru aldoad ar{l are {aqf (l)
:s.\rollo] sP 'asnEl) aAIlPIar aqt
Sururol ;o s.{e.u aal{l arp araql 'asnEIJ s1r 1o 1ra(qo aq} sr unouord aaqelar aql uaqM aas
1o 1ra[qo aql aq 1r.{L pup aldoad ol raJar yp.u unouord e^Eelar aql 'a^oqe aldurexa aqt u1
'ruar{l aas o} a)ll lsour plnoM no1 'aldoad aql are daql
aldwuxa stqi ju loo'I
aldoad (P)
sasnelt a^q€lar 3ururla6 'I
'parnupP
qrnru sr prsauopul ur lq8noq aq arnlrld aq1
'eas
ol aIrI lsoru plnom no,{ aldoad aql are ,{aq1 asnPlr Jo
'pauospdur lre[qo
ppq IInIrrnqJ urorlm 'ruqaN Jo pa>1pl aH :Z S!ISNV]f IIAIIV'IIU
6'V IINN
Unit 4.9 Relative clauses 2

3. Summary
Object Defining relative pronoun Non-defining relative pronoun

people whom (formal) whom (formal)

who/that (informal) who (informal)
(@) (usual)
things which/what which
(A\ (usual)

222
tzz

lq8ru aql olur uo a^orp pup paq8nel ,uaurarrJ, al{l lng

'punos aql .{q paualqSuJ 'slle}s rraql ur lnoqp
padurnf pue pamollaq daql sler-urue urreJ aq] Jo sasrou aq] aue) uorsnruoJ ar{l ot ppe ol uaqJ
'1rrqs-lqBru srq ,,{1uo Surrea,lr 'daalse-11eq 'asnor{ srLI Jo }no Suruun;
sp,!\ aH'ueur e palnoqs,iarrC iarrC, sra8ellr,r aql IIe 8ur1e.u pr,re.,{1pno1 SurSuep sp^,\ IIaq
-aJIJ aql a8e11r.r, aq] Jo sau€l Morreu aql u^{op Surre; aranr a.na uoos aur8ua-arr; aql uo aceld
.ii-u 1oo1 pue uo ll lnd i auo a3.re1 ,{:an e se.M ll uo auo 1nd ol ppr{ oslp I leql pasrJpar uoos
I slarulaq s,uaruarr; aql uo 1nd .{1>1lnb pup pooru zfurau zfuan e uI g€ aram .{aq1 aur8ua-al1
pa: 'a8re1 p sem arrql /paqs aql aprsul 'a8ellr^ aql Jo alpplru aql uI paqs e 1sn[ se.u srr{I uor}els
-arrJ Ielol aql o] aldoad alil r{llm }uar',r I 'surlr1 aLIl Surq:1er.r .ra1;y lq8ruprru }soule spm ll
paqrnlsrp Ilaq aql
.. .

*":;,; lo'j:f
: bx lJ; : JJ:n: ;
:i:' i'J jJj
"
,{lalerpaurur olur padu:nf dno.r8 aq] ur uaur aql " ' "
errJaruv ur .{eprloq uo ualel ppq Jauao-9;e) ar{l '' '
pa^rrre I uaqM uollels aql le uaas PPq I "' '
ra8uep Jo saurrl ur palsnrJ sra8ellrn aqt "'
aJPJ aql ur +aur I '

'nort to1 u)llLtrr, ua)q sa4

auo TstrJ a4I 'asnalr SutuuSaq aW lo yd o7 Qeql'qrlq,ro 'ruoqrvr 'oqn) liua it 'aa4a1at tltnqm
atlq Jo
apl)ap $nw noy'sutuwo) u sasnup Sumr{ap-uott liua asolcua o1 la8tof 1,uoq 'satald aqaudotddn
iu pa$q sasnop aatwpt aq] ppa pua $ai ary 48nott1+ o) 'uotlanl$ a41 Jo autptd alaldwot atoLu b
aloal) lf m tlrtllm sasnap aa1bpl Sutppu /iq paaotdtut aq ua) lt 'a1a1dwot il molaq $al aql q8no471y
o^rl)sEI
{11ryarur7paqr1e,ra,7ar11od aql 'alqnor} ou pasner sueJ Ilpqloot aqI (a)
'Jlasurn{Rr pau€rsapTeq 'asnoq p ur pa^rl aq 'lrallqrre ue tou q8noqttV (p)
'114q3noq7aq 'srnoqqSrau srq ;o .,{,rua ar{l se.M rer aql (r)
'erpuy ur4q8no(Vprpapg 'lprralpru aql ruor; suleunr aql appru a11au,i1 (q.y
'run{/palurodduTplrdsoq 'rolrop arll aIII },uprp .{aq1 (e.1
^{au

:61JaJr1;
fr16n'q -rJ il;p ),r,r.rJ ,t;;p ;ai apvw t3!N
'z(ldeaqrTsroop6qBnoq4ul{ sroop uror; Isap aql IJrN apeur.
:alawaxl
'nort rcJ uallLtoL uaaq soll aldtuaxa uV 'asnap aizuapt a utalfl jo auo 8uryuw
liq n47a3o7 nud 7tua uto! 'satuayuas uoppls iq pamolloj sarualu)s paqaldutot aluos an mopg
auo ISPI

s)svl
a - z sasnelr aAIlEIeu
6.v llun
 Unit .1.9 Relative clauses 2 - Tasks

Ansiu e r:

Ibwas alnrosb midnight. Afber wabchilg the filnas which Lhe

caf6,;owncrh?d fakevn on hofjdag jn Anaefr*t:::
Task three
(a) Tlink of fiue people. Describe them br1 talking abor.tt something someone has done .for them or to
the nt.
(b) Think of fiae things qou like. Desoibe them by saqing something about what qou haae done
uith them.

al t
927

Ltotlts)da)d (asfiap) g
uo\tsodatd (asnap) a uorlsodard (asnel)) lPql
uorlrsodard (asnep) 1eq1 uorlrsodard (asnep) oq,r,r
uorlrsodard (asnep) qrlqm uorlrsodard (asnelc) ruoq.tr I€luroJur
r.lJrqrrr I uorlrsoda.r4 ruoqM + uorlrsoctard IPurroJ

a1doa4 ] asn;o ad,(a

unouord alr1elar puu uoqrsodar4

Areuurng 'Z

'leruroJ ,{,ra,r aq ol paraprsuoJ sr }r (J)

'araql alqlssod 1ou are leql pue oqm (q)
ls8urql roy) qrrq.n ro (aldoad ro1) ruoqm dq pa,uo11o; aq lsnu ll (p)
:unouord aAqpIaJ aqi aroJaq saruoJ uoqrsodard aq1 uaqr14

'ol pull AraA ara^{ no^ Ap€l plo aql latu I

ol pull a:a,u no{ leqlproqm/orlm ,{pe1 p1o ar{l latu I
.,{ra.r.
'pur1 .{-ra,r, ara.t no.{ ruoq^i og ,{pe1 plo ar{} latu I
:slvloJlo] se asnPl) a^rlPlar e olul paua^uoJ aq uP) a^oqP alualuas puo)as aql
'raq ol purl fua,t ara^r no1 ,,{pe1 p1o aql law I
:aldurexa rog 'uosrad e lnoqe 3ur1p1 aJB a1',r uaqm aru€s ar{l op ue) aM
('ua11o .{-ra,r suaddeq
slql lnq luorlrsodard e Ll]l.^^ asnelJ ro a)ualuas P qsrurJ l,uplnor{s no.,{ 1eq1 pres ua11o sr 11)
'ro; dauow Jo lol e pred aqs auo l€ql sr aJnl)Id alrJnolpl s,allauuv
'ro; ,{auou Jo lol e pred aqs lErIl/qJItIM auo }pr{l st arnlrtd alrrno^pJ s,allauuv
'.{auotu Jo lol e pred aqs qJrqm roJ auo leLI} sr arnlrrd alrrnoleJ s,allauuv
-
Jol 'sAeM
:aloruexa
lero^as ul 1t op ueJ a,{{'asnelJ aAqplar E olur aJualuas puoJas al{l ua^uoJ a.M uaqM roJ
uorlrsodard aql dq pau,raao8 sl lI lI sr a)ualuas puoJas aql ul prom Sutllauuor aq]'araH
'1r ro; .{auou
Jo lol lp pred aqg
'auo leqt sr arnlrtd alrrnolpt s,allauuv
altTtuuxa stqt lD loo'I
unouord a^qPlar + uoqrsodard 'l
' ' ' 'Sutssttu
osle are srar{lorq rnoJ asoqm'IrI3 arII
roJ ,{euoru Jo 1o1 e pred aqs arnlrrd aq1 asotlM I

la'rqelar + uoqrsodard I

:€ sllsnvf) ll^Irvfau r

OT'V IINN
Unit 4.10 Relative clauses 3

WARNING BOX

The examples above all have defining clauses. In non-defining clauses, that and the O
option cannot be used.
When the relative clause is very long, it is better not to put the preposition at the end.

3. Whose
Look at this example:
The girl is six years oid. Her brothers are also missing.
In this example, the connection between the two sentences is the girl and her. Her shows
possession.
We can convert the second sentence into a relative clause by the use of the preposition
of * whom, as follows:
The girl, the brothers of whom are also missing. is six years old.
Note that when we do this, we put the noun before the relative pronoun. However, it is
considered to be very formal when we use whom to describe people. Usually, we use the
relative pronoun whose, as follows:
The girl, whose brothers are also missing, is six years old.
Look at these examples:
Hughes is a dull leader. His party has failed
Hughes is a dull leader whose party has failed.
You are the generation. Your fathers fought the Great War.
You are the generation whose fathers fought the Creat War.

226
 tzz

'ualole se^l rB? asoqM uPt4,|Ofvr at11 s,?qs

:aldruuxl
'noli ,toi uallum uaaq sDtl aldwaxa lly 'asorl^{
tll!& Suruudaq asnap aaqapi u Sursn'ruaql lnoqa 8uu11awos /ins ptta Llzobl tloi aldoad ua1 jo 1utq1
oA1l {spl
'areL{s € 96'6Jset raJJo snorlard sll plq slr pasearJur seq z(uedtuoJ ssI.{\S aql (^)
'1dnr>iueq auo8 peq .{ueduor sIH 'J;els aql IIal ol lue.t 1,uprp ra8eueu aq1 (nr)
']r ol
oB sarguel qrrr Jo uarplrr{r dlugd.rnlua) qtuaaryr; aq} uI papuno, se.lt ioor{)s lpqJ (lll)
'1r o1 Suoyaq sraurpualua .{ue11 'arrsuadxa i.rar sr qnlr leqJ (ll)
'palalduor uaaq lsn{ seq .,{qde-r3orq srH 'rappal }ear8 p spM IIItI)rnq3 uolsurpl :rg (r)

1[-r lrrjfF ;giwio];i):i;;q; ,1;;n^ ;; p;;;{ 4i ;qa ;.1;ug

";;4
(t;r;ii;p ;1eu.roJu1)
'1yloqg qsnltl os P/e?I al.I ll?lvlM looq "{'l s.?e\4J
(5nrrrlJe;i;ffij)
't1"l4r^,r os PrBa{ aA,I q?lqM q}loqB looq 441 s.lBt4j
']r lnoqe qrnru os PrPaq a^il 'Iooq aql s,lPr{J

:aldwaxg
'Sutulap-uou n Sutulap st asnap ao.qapt atll .ta4la7ol ala$ G
'luwtolur st tlJt4m pua pwtot st tlrt4in alu:5 t-'
'alEssod sa suotluuaa fruaw su allM lc
'a)ualuas ptl a41 sr asa) LlJaa
ut sncot a4I'asnap aaqapt a Sursn'aJuaJuas auo sa sarualuas to utad 3utmo11ot a4J aluma>I tr-

auo {sEf

aIt
7
sxsvr - € sasnup e^uulau DI.v llun
 UNIT 4.1L
RELATIVE CLAUSES 4:
adverbs as relative pronouns;
special use of that No. 170 is the house where he was born.
1979 was the year when Thatcher became
Prime Minister.

When the relative clause refers to place or time and would normallv begin n'ith in which or on
which, rt/e can replace both of these with where or when.

L. Place
Where is used when the relative pronoun refers to place. For example:
No. 170 is the house. He was born there.
No. 170 is the house where/in which he was born.
Rome is the city. She lived in Rome for fifteen years.
Rome is the city where/in which she lived for fifteen years.
The idea of place can be extended to many other things, such as books, films, plays,
documents, etc. For example:
That's the book where the young boy meets the convict in the graveyard.
That's the film where Robert Redford and Paul Newman jump into the ravine.

It is often possible to transfer the preposition to the end of the relative clause, in
which case there are other alternatives. For example:
Rome is the city which/that she lived in for fifteen years.
Rome is the city she lived in for fifteen years.
However, it is unlikely that the preposition would be transferred to the end of a long
relative clause. It is unlikely that we would say the following:
That's the ftlrn which Robert Redford and Paul Newman jump into the ravine i n.

2. Time
When can be used when the relative pronoun refers to time. For example:
1979 was the year. Thatcher became Prime Minister that year.
7979 was the year when/in which Thatcher became Prime Minister.

That was the dav. My father diecl that day.

That was the dav when/on which mv father died.

zz8
672

4)14m ut/uo a
ua4m leql n-l]
uorlrsoda;d ' ' g
uorlrsodard " ler{l
uorlrsodard ' ' q)lqrlr
1lrr407 uo /ut aJaq.ryr areld

lPnsn ssal Iensn arotr l ol aruaraJau

areturuns '€

'lalsrutl^l aurrrd aruef,aq raqrleqJ (lpql) rea^ ar{l se1\^ 616I

:aldtuexa JoC'uorlrsodard
aql lnoqlr,\{ asnelf, a^r}elar aruH aq} ur g ro leql asn ol 'ra^a.\^or{ 'uotutuoJ alour sI ll
'ilo parp raqt€J .{tu 4)trl,n aql se.{,\ }eql
3ur.uo11o; aql ,{es plnom ^eP
a.ll teqt f1a41un sr
ll 'asneiJ aql Jo pua ar{l ol uorlrsodard aql raJsuerl ol Ipnsnun sI lI 'salrlelar arup VllM

F sasnelr a^rtelall II t tlun

Unit 4.11, Relative clauses 4 - TASKS
Task one
Find alternatirses for the relatiae pronouns in the following passage.
There are some times in which important events occur, so that you never forget what you
were doing at the exact time at which the event happened, nor the place in which you were
when it happened.
The day on which the war broke out, Dad was visiting the town in which he had been born.
He went there to visit his old mother, my grandmother. She had been having problems with
her neighbours since the day on which grandfather had died. When Dad heard the news,
however, he hurried back quickly, because he wanted to find the papers in which it said he
was no longer required to join the army.
It was also the day on which Mum saw a tulip tree for the first time. She was in the garden in
which the mayor of the town had greeted the Prime Minister on his visit.

Task two
(al Think ot' fiue important times in your lit'e and say why they are important to you.
Example:
Thab's Lhe dag when I 9ob vrag first job.
(bl Think of t'iae important places and describe why they are important.
Example:

Rowre-bha! was bhe place where I first MeU L[z.,

230
 r€a

'lrPq) 8ur./rolloJ all] uI u-4{ol{s sP 's.{e-M IPlaAas uI ua}Jlr.44ar

aq qlea plnor 'ador E ,{q paraqlel a{lq aql pue luq ,{uuny e SurrBarvl 'reaq aql 'sasnPIJ o^{l aql
'pasn qra^ aql Jo turoJ aq1 fq palerlpul sI aruq ou '(g'1 1tu11
aas) sasnpl) lelqra^pe areldar ol pasn aJaM sruro, alrurJ-uou asaql uaLIM se .{p.u auPs aql ul
'ador e .,{q paraqlal aIIq e
sawo)aq ador e ,,iq paraqlal sr TIJIIIM aIIq p

leq z(uun; e SuuBarrr 'Jeaq aql

sauo)aq 1eq .,{uuny e Surreoa,r sI ot{,tr 'reaq aql
:s.^ olloJ se asneiJ a^ilelal aql pa)npal sPq IalrrM aql'saseJ H.loQ uI
'aoor e nq
paraqla] sr q)rr{,lr aTrq e uo 3ur11rs sr '1eq duunl e Surrea.u sr orlrla 'rpaq aql 'uooueJ aql ul
:smollo; se uallrJ-MaJ aq plnoJ uorldrr>sap aq1

,/
,_{/ ----4

't"Y
rN **& %tv
lhry w

'ador e,{q paJaqlal alrq p uo 3ur11rs sr';eq iuun; e 8ur:ea.u'rpaq aq},uoolJp) aq} ul

:uotldutsap aq+ puu atnqctd st41 ja loo'I

'unouord alrl€lar aql )no Surneal pu€ (€'I lrun aas) qra^ aLit Jo ruroJ aldnqrBd aql Sursn
iq asnep alrlelar aql a)npar ualto a.vr 'asn€l) slr ;o 1ralqns al{l sr unouord anrlela; aq} uar{M

' 00/ CV ul lllnq 's11ervr z(1n aq1

' ' ' ador e r(q paraqlal a{Iq aqJ
' ' 1eq,{uury e Surreana JPaq eql pa-/€uI-
rIlI^{ e^rlplar peJnpar
:9 STSNVf) IIAIIVfIIU
ZI'V IINN
Unit 4.12 Relative clauses 5

the bear who is wearing a funny hat

who was
who will be

who has worn

who wore
who will wear

the bike which is tethered by a rope

which was
which will be
which is being
etc.

As was stated in Unit L.3, the time and form used is dictated by its context of the rest of the
sentence.
If you look again at the charts above, you will notice the following points:
The present participle represents the active voice of the verb.
The past participle represents the passive voice.
(See also Unit 1.3.)

LJL
fEa

'srred Jo sruoor SurMe.rp aL{l tnoqP palrnl oqM

s.ra)rPd-dasou sn IIP roc
ualqord aqt pa^los aqs ,{pp auo uaql tna (a)
dqaoqg 1e4 ao{ .161 1q8u.tr,{e1d luaprssrp aql .{q pasrueS:o sp.M rlJIqM
'surplunol^ .l,.rray aql ur aluaraJuor ssard aullsapuelf, e lV (p)
'ca:rrrrrr,rr {rnrrr
.-...-,-JJ aLIl puP rr^Il aql paloolra^o 1pr{J
Mopur.,rr aql iq rrer{J pa8urm e ur lrs o} pasn I awoq lV ())
'-{erlqse ue uror} paurl uaaq spLI leqt ellare8rr e a1i1
e,{^e paurl sPM
rnode^ anlq Surzoo ler{l alzznut Io}srd aql uar{M
sE,M (q)
'a11a.re8rl e Surlottts se,,rt oll./l,r ra8uassed paleu ,t1uo aql sP.4{ ar{ lnB
'a11are8n e Surlolus sp,^ or.{^ir la8uassed dluo aql supaul ou sem aH
^qlouuP) I
I palroLls ,{,\orj no.{ 11al
'sp,ryl
'allareBo e Surlous se'lt oLI.t{ ueur paTpu e .t,res I (p)

'a?BlMollal sB l?ot} slvl 01 61qauo'1?alle u^iou1

I
sh!t{1?o8 doI{srq {?,lv
areJ,4rolia1 se {rog srq o1 .{yaleuoll)al;p umoui sl ot{44
snrqlao8 ooqsrqq)r\'
:a1duux7

nol to] uailttm uaaq sa4 aldwaxa uV 'wto! luutlitto ttalll ol Luaql a)olsa>l
'sasnnp aa7ul;)t pr)nlra.t aLll Ewpuah(a Ac1 pata1u uaaq aooq stuaod awos wot] sastaa 8utoto11ol at11
o1t^i {sPI
'sq,iar- dltutJ adll ploLl ut salrit-,t1tud ,rqq Sut4attt lx)l dtll rlir,12rU (q)
11n1

'papmorJ paurJas dluappns uroor aql 'aut aplsaq u.Mop

lps pue pamoq 'paralua 'saqlolJ uralsag Surrearvr lnq 'ruoor arll ur dpealle ueru aql Jo
rar{}orq aq} aTII 3u11oo1 'ueur raqtoue 'dluappns pue .{parnb .{:an ea1 1o 1od e pue sasselS
LItl.M pallg 'derl e serr,r rroor aql Jo arlua) ar{} ul parnolor .t1lq8rrq d-ta,r, ata;u 'arec{s aql ;o
prlql e lnoqe dn 3ur4u1 'suon{snr ar{I 'llem q)pa Jo q13uay aql suorqsn) puP saqrnoJ ara..rt
araql pup 3uo1 .{raa aq o+ aiu ol paluaas 'a1,{1s leuorlgpetl puP alPuJo d-ra,r e ur paleroJap
'urooJ aql 'llell ar{} lsute8e paoeld suolqsnJ atuos uo LIMop lPS pue palda>e I eal Jo
sse13 e au Surre;;o 'saqlolJ uinopag uI passarp 'ueru Ileurs .{ra.r, e se.n alaqt 'uroor aql uI
'aassntl to aau)a atn adll ppq u! saldnrltud a\1 ta\latl,1t dlols puo ga1 3umo11of r4l paatl e)
auo {sEI

s)svl - I sesnelr a^rlPlau zT'v +Iun

 Unit 4.72 Relative clauses 5 - Tasks

Task three
Find a picture in zuhich tt lot of things are happening it,hich remind you of tlour home town or of
your country. Describe some of the things you cfrn see in it, trsing actiae and passiae participle
forms. Some examples haue been written ior qou.
Exnmple:

Look ab Lhe old won4a|1 walkil'tg oyer the bridge.

Your cavr ses a boab tied to a brze,.

zJ+