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OH- equivalents
Objectives: A) To determine the titration curve for an amino acid and B) to use this
curve to estimate the pKa values of the ionizable groups of the amino acid
and the amino acid’s pI.
Introduction: A titration curve of an amino acid is a plot of the pH of a weak acid
against the degree of neutralization of the acid by standard (strong) base.
Consider the ionization of a weak organic acid such as acetic acid by
NaOH.
- +
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH CH3COO Na + H2O
As more of the strong base (titrant) is added to the aqueous solution, more
of the weak acid is converted to its conjugate base. During this process, a
buffer system forms and the pH of the system will follow the Henderson-
Hasselbalch relationship. The titration curve of the neutralization of acetic
acid by NaOH will look like this:
0.5 equivalents
pH
pH = pKa
Equivalents of Base
When a weak monoprotic acid is titrated by a base, a buffer system is
formed. The pH of this system follows the Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation:
This curve empirically defines several characteristics (the precise number
of each characteristic depends on the nature of the acid being titrated): 1)
the number of ionizing groups, 2) the pKa of the ionizing group(s), 3) the
buffer region(s).
100% A-
pH = pKa - 1; pH = pKa;
90% HA 50% HA
10% A- 50% A-
pH
Buffer region
90% A- ; pH = pKa + 1
100% HA 10% HA
Equivalents of Base
H
+
H3N Cα COOH
R
The majority of the standard amino acids are diprotic molecules since they
have two dissociable protons: one on the alpha amino group and other on
the alpha carboxy group. There is no dissociable proton in the R group.
This type of amino acid is called a “simple amino acid”. A simple amino
acid is electrically neutral under physiological conditions. NOTE: Under
this definition it is possible to have a simple amino acid which is
triprotic. Which of the 20 common or standard amino acids are
simple & triprotic? Ionization of a diprotic amino acid will proceed as
follows:
Dissociation 1:
H H
+ +
H3N Cα COOH H3N Cα COO- + H+
R R
Dissociation 2:
H H
+
H3N Cα COO- H2N Cα COO- + H+
R R
The order of proton dissociation depends on the acidity of the proton: that
which is most acidic (lower pKa) will dissociate first. Consequently, the
H+ on the α-COOH group (pKa1) will dissociate before that on the α-NH3
group (pKa2). The titration curve for this process looks similar to the
following:
pH = pKa2
pH = pI
pH
pH = pKa1
Equivalents of Base
This curve reveals, in addition to the same information observed with a
monoprotic acid, an additional characteristic of polyprotic acids and that is
the pH at which the net charge on the molecule is zero. This pH defines
the isoelectric point (pI) of the molecule, a useful constant in
characterizing and purifying molecules. Using a titration curve, the pI can
be empirically determined as the inflection point between the pKa of the
anionic and cationic forms. Mathematically, the pI can be determined by
taking the average of the pKa for the anionic and cationic forms. The
ionic form of the molecule having a net charge of zero is called the
zwitterion.
A few amino acids are classified as triprotic. This is because, in
addition to the ionizable protons of the α-COOH and α-NH3 groups, they
also have a dissociable proton in their R group. Although triprotic amino
acids can exist as zwitterions, under physiological conditions these amino
acids will be charged. If the net charge under physiological conditions is
negative, the amino acid is classified as an acidic amino acid because the
R group has a proton that dissociates at a pH significantly below pH 7.
The remaining triprotic amino acids are classified as basic amino acids
due to a) their having a net positive charge under physiological conditions
and b) an R group dissociable proton with a pKa near or greater than pH 7.
Titration curves for triprotic amino acids generate the same information as
those for the diprotic amino acids. The pI for a triprotic amino acid can be
determined graphically, although this is somewhat more challenging.
Graphical determination, as was the case with the diprotic acids, requires
one to know the ionic forms of the amino acid and finding the inflection
point between the cationic and anionic forms. Mathematically, the pI for
an acidic amino acid is the average of pKa1 and pKaR (the pKa of the
dissociable proton in the R group); for a basic amino acid, it is the average
of pKa2 and pKaR.
Amino Acid Classification Based on Number of Dissociable Protons
1- 3- Mnemonic help
Letter Letter Name for 1-letter Classification
code code code*
A Ala Alanine Alanine Simple
C Cys Cysteine Cysteine Simple
D Asp Aspartate AsparDic acid Acidic
E Glu Glutamate GluEtamic acid Acidic
F Phe Phenylalanine Fenylalanine Simple
G Gly Glycine Glycine Simple
H His Histidine Histidine Basic
I Ile Isoleucine Isoleucine Simple
K Lys Lysine before L Basic
L Leu Leucine Leucine Simple
M Met Methionine Methionine Simple
N Asn Asparagine asparagiNe Simple
P Pro Proline Proline Simple
Q Gln Glutamine Q-tamine Simple
R Arg Arginine aRginine Basic
S Ser Serine Serine Simple
T Thr Threonine Threonine Simple
V Val Valine Valine Simple
W Trp Tryptophan tWo rings Simple
Y Tyr Tyrosine tYrosine Simple
*EG Schulz and RH Schirmer, Principles of Protein Structure (1979), p. 2.
Use of the pH meters.
1. Plug in the meter
2. By GENTLY twisting and pulling remove the cap from the electrode. Be
careful not to spill the electrode storage solution.
3. Open the hole at the top of the electrode, there is a plastic door that slides open to
expose hole
7. When screen reads “clear” press “enter” (this removes old standards)
9. Press “Standardize”
You should see numbers 2, 4, 7, 10, 12 and an icon of an electrode
blinking
When meter is standardized an upper case S will appear in a box on the display,
followed by (pH 100) also a small number 4 should appear and stay.
11. Repeat step 9, once again when the meter is standardized an upper case S will
appear in a box on the display. Now it will be followed by a number from 90 to
105 and the number 4 and 7 should appear and remain on the display. (you are
now ready to measure pH)
12. Immerse the electrode in the solution, when the upper case S appears the reading
is steady and record this pH
Procedures:
A) Determine the titration curve for an amino acid
1. Using a 25-mL graduated cylinder or serological pipet, transfer 25 mL of a 0.2
M amino acid solution to a 150 - 250 mL beaker. Set up the apparatus as
shown below:
7
pH
3
1
10 5 0 5 10
Titrant added (mL)
HCl NaOH
5. On your curve, designate the buffer region(s), pKa(s), and the amino acid’s pI.
6. From your graph, estimate the pKa values of the ionizing groups and the pI of
the amino acid. Compare your experimental values with those found in the
literature. You can, for example, use either the Handbook of Biochemistry or
your textbook. Cite some reasons why your values might differ from those
found in the literature.
In your report, you must categorize your amino acid as diprotic or triprotic.
Based on the pKa values in the lecture Textbook state which amino acids are
possibilities.
1. Draw the titration curve of an amino acid having only two ionizable groups (e.g.,
glycine). Indicate on the curve the pKa values of the α-COOH (pKa1) and α-NH3
(pKa2) groups, and the pI of the amino acid.
2. The prevailing structure of the molecules in the 0.2 M amino acid solution used in
today’s experiment before titrating with 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH is
+
H3N CH COO-
CH2
R
What is the structure produced after the amino acid is titrated with 1 M HCl? With 1
M NaOH?
3. Why must the magnetic stirrer be stopped each time before reading the pH?
4. Consider the following amino acid for questions 4a – 4d.
+
H3N CH COO-
CH2
CH2
CH2
NH
C NH2
+
NH2
6. At what pH are the anion and zwitterion species of equal concentration for an amino
acid having no ionizable group in the side chain?
7. Why is the amino acid Y, which has three ionizable groups 2.20 (pKa1), 9.21
(pKa2), and 10.5 (pKaR), considered a simple amino acid?
8. At what pH will the amino acid containing a negative group in the side chain not
migrate in an electric field?
9. Consider the amino acid H (pKaR = 6.00) for a – c below.
a. What is its predominant ionic form at pH 7.40?
b. Draw the structure of the conjugate base/weak acid pair that exists in solution at
pH 7.00.
c. What is the ratio of conjugate base to weak acid in an H buffer if the pH drops
to one unit below pKaR?
10. If one is given an amino acid such as lysine to titrate and construct a titration curve,
one might observe two, not three, buffer regions. Why?
11. The initial pH of a 0.2M arginine solution is 14.
a. What is the predominant structure of arginine in solution at this pH?
b. Draw the titration curve that would result if this solution were titrated with 1M
HCl to pH 7.