AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

AFFIXES  Many other prefixes are used in English. Here is a list of

PREFIXES SUFFIXES prefixes which are useful in helping you to understand
unfamiliar words.
 Affixes, being one of the most important subjects in PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLES
acquiring words, help students to enrich their own range of anti- against anti-war / antisocial / antibiotic
vocabularies. After studying these affixes for a specific auto- of or by autograph / auto-pilot
time, you can get to know where and how to use them oneself / autobiography
efficiently in the questions. bi- two, twice bicycle / bi-monthly / biannual
bilingual
PREFIXES: Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a ex- former ex-wife / ex-student /
negative meaning. The opposite of “comfortable” is ex-president
“uncomfortable”, the opposite of “convenient” is ex- out of extract / exhale / excommunicate
micro- small micro-computer / microwave /
“inconvenient” and the opposite of “similar” is “dissimilar”.
microscopic
Other examples are “unjust”, “inedible”, “disloyal”.
mis- badly/wrong misunderstand / mistranslate /
ly misinform / misread
SOME CERTAIN PREFIXES AND THEIR mono- one/single monotonous / monologue /
SITUATIONS: monogamous
 in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, multi- many multi-national / multi-purpose /
e.g. “immature, impatient, impartial, improbable”. multi-racial
 Similarly, in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with over- too much overdo / overtired / oversleep / overeat /
‘r’, and il- before a word beginning with ‘1’, e.g. overwork / overcharge
“irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible, illiterate”. post- after post-war / postgraduate /
 The Prefix in- does not always have a negative meaning – post-revolutionary
often it gives “the idea of inside”, e.g. “internal, import, pro- in favour of pro-government / pro-revolutionary
insert, income”. pseudo- false pseudo-scientific /
pseudo-intellectual
 Although it is mainly adjectives which are made negative
re- again or retype / reread / replace / rewind /
by prefixes, un- and dis- can also form the opposites of
back redo / reopen / retake /
verbs too, e.g. appear disappear. The prefix is used here to semi- half semicircular / semi-final /
reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more semi-detached
examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, sub- under subway / submarine / subdivision
discredit, dislike, dismount, disprove, disqualify, unbend, under- not enough under-worked / underused /
undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unpack, untidy, under-cooked
unveil, unwrap, unzip.

1
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

EXERCISES ON PREFIXES
Choose a negative verb written in bold from 4th matter in
 Practise using words with negative prefixes. Contradict the “some certain prefixes and their situations” to fit each of
following statements in the same way as the example. the sentences below. Put it in the correct form.

Example: He’s a very honest man. Example: The runner was disqualified after a blood test.
“I don’t agree. I think he’s dishonest”.
1. Children (and adults) love ........... parcels at Christmas time.
2. I almost always find that I .................. with his opinion.
1. I’m sure she’s discreet. 2. I find him very sensitive 3. I’m sure he’s lying but it’s going to be hard to .......... his
........................................ . ....................................... . story.
3. It’s a convincing argument. 4. I find her responsible. 4. After a brief speech the Queen .............. the new statue.
........................................ . ....................................... . 5. It took the removal men an hour to .................... our things
5. He’s very efficient. 6. He seems grateful for us. from the van.
........................................ . ....................................... . 6. His phone was ............... because he didn’t pay his last bill.

7. That’s a relevant point. 8. She’s loyal to the firm.

........................................ . ....................................... .  Answer the following questions. The answers are all in the
9. She’s always obedient. 10. He’s a tolerant person. given table.
....................................... . ....................................... .
1. What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast?
...................................................................................... .
2. What kind of drug can help somebody with an infection?
 Which negative adjective fits each of the following ...................................................................................... .
definitions? 3. What kind of company has branches in many countries?
...................................................................................... .
1. ................................... means not having a husband or wife. 4. How does a passenger aeroplane normally fly?
2. ................................... means impossible to eat. ...................................................................................... .
3. ................................... means unable to read or write. 5. What is a student who is studying for a second degree?
4. ................................... means not having a job. ...................................................................................... .
5. ................................... means fair in giving judgement, not 6.What means ‘underground railway’ in the US and
favouring one side. ‘underground passage’ in the UK?
6. .................................. means unable to be replaced. ...................................................................................... .

2
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES
 Using the table opposite construct words or phrases to
replace the underlined words.
Example: He’s in favour of the American approach.
He is pro-American.
1. The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words
incorrectly.
2. Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too
little.
3. He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real
date.
4. She’s still on good terms with the man who used to be her
husband.
5. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write
it again.
 Complete the verbs in these sentences.
1. I am sorry, I mis .................. her message completely.
2. We un .................... as soon as we got to the hotel, then
went out for a walk.
3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis ............... .
I’m afraid I don’t know where she is now.
4. We normally have similar opinions but I dis .................
with him totally on the subject of drugs.
5. My homework was so bad that I’ll have to
re .................. it.
6. Apparently, her alarm clock didn’t ring and she
over ........... .
7. She finally managed to un ...................... the door and
we were able to go inside.
8. I dis ...................... the film, but the others enjoyed it.
9. I don’t think I’ll pass the exam, but I can always
re ............... it in September.
10. The post office shuts for lunch but it should re .......... at
2:00 p.m.
11. She’s over ....................... at the moment. She really
needs a holiday and a complete break from her job.
12. My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me
about five minutes to un ...................... it.
 Agree with these statements, using the words having
been studied above as the underlined words.
Example: A: He doesn’t have a job, does he?
B: No, he is unemployed.
1. It’s against the law, isn’t it?
Oh yes, ................................................................. .
2. His room is always in a mess, isn’t it?
Yes, ...................................................................... .
3. He took off his clothes!
Yes, ...................................................................... .
4. This handwriting is impossible to read.
Yes I know, ........................................................ .
5. She can never wait for five minutes, can she?
No, .................................................................... .
6. I thought it was rude, didn’t you?
Yes, it was very ................................................. .
3
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

SUFFIXES: These affixes can change the word-class of the
word, give extra-meaning and enlarge the content of the
entailed word.
SOME CERTAIN SUFFIXES AND THEIR SITUATIONS:
Adjective suffix:
 /-able /-ible/ with verbs, means ‘can be done’. “drinkable
washable readable recognizable countable forgivable”.
Examples with /-ible/: /edible/ (can be eaten) flexible (can
be bent)

 /-er/ is used for the person who does an activity, “e.g. writer, Verbs:
worker, shopper, teacher”. You can use /-er/ with a wide
range of verbs to make them into nouns. Sometimes, the  /-ise (or -ize)/ makes verbs from adjectives, e.g. modernise,
/-er/ suffix is written as /-or/ instead of /-er/. It is worth commercialise, industrialise.
making a special list of these as you meet them, “e.g. actor,
operator, sailor, supervisor”.
 (-er / -or) are also used for things which do a particular job, SUFFIXES PART OF EXAMPLES
“e.g. pencil-sharpener, bottle-opener, grater, projector”. SPEECH
 (-er / -ee) can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who -ment (nouns) excitement,
does something.’ (-er) and ‘person who receives or enjoyment,
experiences the action’ (-ee), “e.g. employer/employee, replacement
sender/addressee, payee (e.g. of a cheque)”. -ity (nouns) flexibility
 /-(t)ion/ is used to make nouns from verbs. “e.g. Complicate productivity scarcity
→ Complication, Pollute → Pollution, Reduce → -hood (abstract nouns childhood,
Reduction, Alter → Alteration, Donate → especially family motherhood,
Donation, Admit → Admission terms) brotherhood
 /-ist/ [person] and /-ism/ [activity or ideology] used for -ship (abstract nouns friendship,
people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes especially status) partnership,
their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), membership,
e.g. Marxism, Buddhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist, -ive (adjectives) passive, productive,
terrorist. active
 /-ist/ is also often used for people who play musical -al (adjectives) brutal, legal, refusal,
instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist. (nouns) arrival
 /-ness/ is used to make nouns from adjectives. Note what -ous (adjectives) delicious outrageous
happens to adjectives that end in /-y/: “e.g. goodness, furious
readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness”.

4
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

-ful (adjectives) forgetful, hopeful,  Spelling changes. Rewrite each sentence by changing the
useful underlined words, using a suffix having been studied above.
-less (adjectives) useless harmless Make any spelling changes needed.
cloudless
-ify (verbs) beautify, purify, 1. Most of his crimes can be forgiven.
terrify Most of his crimes are ......................... .
-ish adjectives, ages and thirtish, reddish, 2. The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing a tie.
times eightish The Club refuses .................. to anyone not wearing a tie.
3. Her only fault is that she is lazy.
Her only fault is ............................ .
4. This firm has produced a lot in recent years.
EXERCISES ON SUFFIXES
This firm has been very .................. in recent years.
5. I found the book very easy and pleasant to read.
I found the book very ............................................. .
 The (–er / –or), (-ee / -íst) suffixes. Use the suffixes to give
the names of the following.
 Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano. a jazz pianist
1.brotherhood neighbourhood manhood priesthood
1. The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. .............. . 2.hair-restorer plant-holder step-ladder oven-cleaner
2. A person who plays classical violin. ........................ . 3.appointment involvement compliment arrangement
3. A person who takes professional photographs. .................... . 4.tearful spiteful dreadful handful
4. A person who acts in amateur theatre. ................................. . 5.worship kinship friendship partnership
5. The person to whom a cheque is made out. ........................ .
6. A machine for washing dishes. ..................................... .
ROOTS: Both the prefixes and suffixes are added at the
7. A person who donates their kidneys upon their death. ......... .
beginning and at the end of these roots and give additional
8. The person to whom a letter is addressed. .......................... .
meanings according to the meaning of the affixes that we have
discussed above.
For example,
 Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both?
un ~ bear ~ able
Prefix Root Suffix
a cooker a typewriter a record player
a smoker a ticket-holder a cleaner
a drinker a teacher a speaker

5
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES
ROOTS
Many words in English are formed from a set of Latin roots
with different prefixes and suffixes. Knowing the roots of such
words may help you to remember or guess their meaning when
you see them in context. These words are usually fairly formal.
In their formation, they can perhaps be seen as the Latinate,
formal, equivalent of phrasal verbs.
Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with
some of the verbs derived from them. In each case an example
sentence is given with the meaning of the verb in brackets at
the end. You’ll find some easier to understand than others.
 spect: see, look
You should respect your parents / the laws of a country.
[look up to]
The police suspected he was guilty but they had no proof.
[had a feeling]
Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for
gold. [search]
 vert: turn
I tried a word-processor but I soon reverted to my old
typewriter. [went back]
Missionaries went to Africa to convert people to
Christianity. [change beliefs]
The royal scandal diverted attention from the political
crisis. [took attention away]
 port: carry, take
How are you going to transport your things to the States?
[send across]
Britain imports cotton and exports wool.[buys in, sells out]
The roof is supported by the old beams.[held up]
 duc, duct: lead
She was educated abroad. [went to school]
He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. [led]
Japan produces a lot of electronic equipment. [makes]
 press: press, push
She was impressed by his presentation. [full of admiration
and respect]
This weather depresses me. [makes me feel miserable]
She always expresses herself very articulately. [puts her
thoughts into words]
 pose, pone: place, put
The meeting has been postponed until next week. [changed
to a later date]
The king was deposed by his own son. [put off the throne]
I don’t want to impose my views on you. [force]
 ced: move, yield
Teaching English always precedes before everything for
me. [come first]
If I accede to this demand for blackmail, I am afraid that I will be
the victim of future demands. [agree, assent, consent,
acquiesce]
 cide: kill
Because of great depression, the man decided to commit to
suicide by jumping from the bridge of Bosphorus. [self-
killer or self-killing]
The man was accused of committing to several homicides.
[human-killing]
 dic (dict): say, speak
His addiction to drugs caused his family much grief.
[habitual need]
Every time you contradict what I utter, I entirely get angry
with you. [say the opposite]
 voc: call
All the vocabularies you need are included in that passage.
[the group of words]
In order to prevent a sudden outbreak of hostilities, we must
6
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

give our enemy no provocation. [cause for anger]  Above you only have examples of verbs. Note that for all
 grat: easing, thankful, favour the verbs listed, there is usually at least one noun and at
The prime minister congratulated the famous footballer on least one adjective as well. Here are some examples.
his success in the match. [express pleasure]
I would be absolutely grateful if you helped me do my
homework. [full of thanks] Verb Person noun Adjective Abstract noun
 mit (mis): send inspect inspector inspecting inspection
He was admitted to the hospital. [permit sb in] advertise advertiser advertising advertisement
The –y is omitted when you make the word “university” deport deportee deported deportation
plural. [send it away] introduce introducer introductory introduction
 rupt: break oppress oppressor oppressive oppression
It was such an abrupt accident that everybody got entirely compose composer composite composition
shocked at. [broken off, sudden]
The earthquake disrupted every surrounding head over EXERCISES ON ROOTS
hills. [break apart, annihilate, devastate]
 sci: know
 Complete the following table as in the study page above.
The doctor was conscious of the unpalatable truth “Death”.
[aware, knowing]
The wise men are the people who are very omniscient. verb person adjective abstract
[knowing everything] noun convert noun
 ver: true
impress ................. .................. .................
The politician averred that there would be great increase in produce ................. .................. .................
the percent of money rate. [claim] support ................. .................. .................
The witness verified everything he said to the police. impose ................. ................. .................
[confirm, prove to be true] conduct ................ ................. .................
 scrib (acript): write
I can ascribe no motive for his acts. [refer, attribute,  Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using words from the
assign] last matter’s table in the study page.
Whatever you do to me doesn’t inscribe on my eyes.
[record, enlist, write] 1. We stayed in a town surrounded by high mountains. I found
 viv: live it very .................................... .
The magnificent saying has revived his lover again and 2. He ................. from the USA for having a forged passport.
again. [bring sb back to life] 3. The magazine seems to have nothing in it but ................ for
There were only twelve survivors. [outlive, rescue] cosmetics.

7
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

4. May I .................... you to my boss?

5. The tax .................. decided I owed a lot of money.  Pair the formal verbs below with their phrasal verb
6. The new take-away pizza service has a very good ....... equivalents.
offer.
7. Business people always say that it pays ......................... . support put off
8. Tchaikovsky ....................... some wonderful ballet music. postpone cut down
deposit hold up
oppose look at
divert go against
inspect turn away
 Can you work out the meanings of the underlined words in reduce put down
the sentences below? To help you, here are the meanings of
the main Latin prefixes:
QUIZ POT: WORD FORMATION
intro: within, re: again, o, ob: against de: down,
inward in, back from 1. You must get really ...................... when your husband is
im: in, into sub: under trans: across ex: out away on business and you’re on your own in that big house.
a. companionable b. avoidable c. faithful d. lonely
e. insensitive
1. She’s a very introspective person and he’s also very 2. This procedure is ........................, so you won’t be able
introverted. to change your mind about it later on.
2. He always seems to oppose everything I suggest. a. uneventful b. irreversible c. non-explosive
3. They have a very good induction programme for new staff d. inflated e. unimpressive
in that company. 3. Considering the peculiar clothes she always wears, her
4. I don’t think it is healthy to repress one’s emotions too house was surprisingly ..................... decorated.
much. a. tastefully b. attentively c. gratefully d. totally
5. Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way e. mindlessly
it is formed. 4. I thought his entry deserved to win first ........................,
6. The documentary exposed corruption in high places. but the judges obviously didn’t agree with me.
7. She tried hard to suppress a laugh. a. prize b. medal c. award d. trophy e. reward
8. She transposed the music for the flute. 5. After the little girl was pulled out of the lake, she
was ................ with fear as much as with cold.
a. winking b. sweating c. itching d. scratching

8
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

e. trembling
6. Having never learnt to read and write as a child, he’s 15. He fell in love with her at first ...................................... .
just enrolled at an adult ....................... centre. a. sight b. scene c. spectacle d. vision e. view
a. legality b. eligibility c. liability d. literacy 16. Unless the workers’ demands are .................. soon, there
e. legibility will be a strike.
7. Her greatest .................... in life these days is spending a. met b. given c. paid d. permitted e. replied
time with her grandchildren, whom she adores. 17. We locked the animals in the cage to ................. them
a. obedience b. relation c. pleasure d. boredom from getting away.
e. favouritism a. hinder b. avoid c. object d. subject e. resist
8. After the battle, the ..................... soldiers were helped 18. Children who are taught to ................... their
by those who could walk. possessions and mix freely with children of their own age
a. wounded b. damaged c. broken d. killed e. blessed grow up to be unselfish and sociable adults.
9. All the doctors of this hospital, when going on a a. protect b. store c. isolate d. break e. share
holiday, should leave a telephone number so that we can call 19. Unfortunately, I never had the .................... to hear him
them in case of an ....................... case. play the piano.
a. hasty b. urgent c. valuable d. confident e. early a. opportunity b. occasion c. possibility d. chance
10. He swore that he would get his ..................... on the men e. freedom
who had caused him to fail. 20. Young children appreciate being loved and they are
a. spite b. anger c. revenge d. grudge e. grievance very .................. to affection.
11. As soon as Charles had ................ a little from his a. prone b. remote c. insensitive d. apathetic
surprise, his one thought was to get away. e. responsive
a. absorbed b. returned c. dissolved d. recovered 21. It is impossible to .................... these points of view;
e. discovered they are too different.
12. Trying to change Paul’s mind is like trying to change a. reconcile b. unite c. coincide d. compromise
water into wine because he’s very ...................... . e. correspond
a. considerable b. different c. stubborn d. capricious 22. After a lot difficulty, he .................... to open the door.
e. changeable a. succeeded b. managed c. obtained d. gained
13. Harry is terribly ...................... because he has failed his e. realised
examination. 23. They are doing research on the ..................... of the new
a. excited b. sensitive c. sensible d. upset e. exciting drug.
14. She is making herself ill with ..................... over a. expenses b. effects c. interests d. views e. descriptions
husband’s success as a politician. 24. The company will be employing a mechanic to look
a. annoyance b. troubles c. disgust d. worry after the new ............................. .
e. consideration a. situation b. decision c. employees d. institution

9
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES
e. equipment
25. It is very difficult to work out a monthly budget since
the prices keep on .......................... .
a. reckoning b. exceeding c. raising d. rising e. expanding
26. I didn’t .................... we would be leaving quite so early.
a. consult b. expect c. wait d. ask e. determine
27. They couldn’t find a house in London at a price they
could ............................. .
a. obtain b. demand c. get d. afford e. require
28. Although he appears to be fluent in English, his
sentences are full of grammatical ........................ .
a. wrongs b. dangers c. mistakes d. duties e. rules
29. The new cashier soon ..................... himself to be both
efficient and trustworthy.
a. proved b. spoiled c. exaggerated d. upheld e. undermined
30. Have you seen the .................. for the 5 day-trip to
Scotland for only $ 150.
a. reservation b. dream c. holiday d. advertisement
e. newspaper
31. Such accidents are usually the result of carelessness and
can be avoided by taking a few simple ......................... .
a. reasons b. wonders c. explanations d. precautions
e. introductions
32. I didn’t want to ..................... with Peter about doing the
washing up.
a. apologise b. conclude c. quarrel d. contrast e. blame
33. What attracted most attention in his speech was
his .............. to create new jobs.
a. strike b. election c. precaution d. promise e. doubt
34. In order to .................... this theory, we carried out a
number of experiments.
a. contest b. persuade c. inherit d. engage e. demonstrate
35. The ..................... about the date of the meeting was the
result of a typing error.
a. dependence b. approval c. confusion d. expression
e. contribution
36. Having anticipated some problems at work, I was
relieved when my day turned out to be .......................... .
a. uneventful b. tedious c. disrupted d. laborious
e. troublesome
37. She became so hysterical when she heard the news of
her husband’s death that the doctor had to give her a /
an .......... .
a. collector b. painkiller c. tranquilliser d. plaster
e. bandage
38. You are too .................... with your children. You
should be stricter and not let them do whatever they want all
the time.
a. soft b. rough c. mean d. fluffy e. spoilt
39. Your claim seems to have no ................ whatsoever,
and, unless you can produce some information to support it,
we’ll have to disregard it.
a. advice b. validity c. amendment d. attitude e. witness
40. If he were more .................. I’d ask him to help us, but
I’m sure he can’t be trusted.
a. dubious b. related c. disloyal d. reliable e. dependent
41. Having studied the research in great detail, I think we
can safely ....................... that the project stands a good
chance of succeeding.
a. adhere b. release c. precede d. conclude e. refer
42. The furniture seemed a little ..................... but otherwise
the house was in good condition.
a. stable b. shabby c. stylish d. sour e. elegant
43. Millions of people ............... something to the poor
family whose children were cancer.
a. contributed b. asked for c. called d. subtracted
e. turned out
44. Despite the fact that she married him ................., she is
10
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

happy now with two children. had been theirs before.

a. eagerly b. happily c. quickly d. unwillingly a. apportioned b. aligned c. allotted d. extorted
e. briskly e. alleviated
45. My mother became ................ of me when I came home 54. River, valleys and coastal plains constitute ...................
late. a third of the country.
a. suspicious b. ill c. considered d. wondering e. sad a. decreasingly b. minimally c. precisely d. outlandishly
46. It was a surprise that no one was injured in the e. approximately
explosion, but the bus was completely ........................... . 55. Autistic people usually have unexpected and .................
a. exaggerated b. examined c. destroyed d. preserved responses to their environment.
e. ground a. inconspicuous b. ordinary c. usual d. passionate
47. There was blood on the snow. As one of the e. bizarre
villagers ........... it, he found a man lying half-dead in the 56. The use of fertilisers and improved methods of
snow. controlling plant and animal diseases has .................... farm
a. dedicated b. restricted c. concluded d. traced product.
e. confronted a. exaggerated b. supplemented c. extended d. submitted
48. Most teachers ...................... having to teach in e. boosted
overcrowded classes. 57. We were shocked by the .................... of the English
a. abhor b. neglect c. nullify d. negate e. blemish hooligans. They were simply like a herd of violent animals.
49. Larry was so ..................... in his novel that he forgot a. politeness b. foolishness c. eagerness d. happiness
about his dinner cooking in the oven. e. brutality
a. engrossed b. obliged c. enlivened d. excelled
e. devastated This is a story about four people named everybody , somebody,
50. Pantothenic acid is ..................... in eggs, peas, grain anybody and nobody. There was an important job to be done
and potatoes. and everybody was asked to do it. Everybody was sure
a. scarce b. inadequate c. abundant d. insufficient somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but nobody
e. analogous did it. Somebody got angry because it was everybody’s job.
51. He is proud of his son who is an .............. and athletic Everybody thought anybody could do it, but nobody realised
youth. that everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that everybody
a. awkward b. agile c. ponderous d. inept e. timorous blamed somebody when nobody did what anybody could have
52. Evidence exists that health problems may be .................. done.
by changes in diet and exercise habits.
a. eradicated b. alleviated c. cured d. complicated  It can be easily inferred from the passage
e. diagnosed that ..................... .
53. The land that the government ................ to the Indians

11
 AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

A) anybody didn’t do what they had to do.

B) everybody was indifferent to what they were expected to.
C) nobody was supposed to do the job required by everybody.
D) everybody convicted nobody of not doing the job.
E) somebody, everybody and anybody was unconscious of
everything.

12