Study guide for Bio 1L final.

There were a few Monday holidays this semester. If we did not do the lab then it will not be
covered on the final.

Ex 1
1. Why do scientists form hypothesis? If a scientists wanted to test a hypothesis
using the scientific method what steps should they follow? Be sure to explain
each step (not just a list)

2. There are several different types of glassware that can be used when conducting
an experiment. Based on the volume required be able to identify which
measuring devises (pipette, graduated cylinder etc.) would be appropriate and
why.

3. Be able to read various types of graphs. Be able to construct an appropriate

graph based on data provided.

4. Provide some examples of quantitative observation a scientists might make?

5. What type of observations are used in an effort to reduce subjectivity as much as

possible?

6. Does quantitative or qualitative use standardized methods and measurements to

express results? Explain.

7. What is the scientific method and its components?

8. Give an example of a quantitative observation.

9. Why is water critical for life?

10. What is the difference between a subjective observations and an objective

observation?

11. Objective observation, hypothesis formulation, hypothesis testing by

experimentation, and analysis and conclusions are the four basic components
that together provide a process for the study of the natural world; which is called?

12. Personal viewpoints or opinions are part of what type of observations?

Ex 2
1. What happens to water when it is frozen? Why?

2. What is specific heat capacity?

 3. Does water have a high or low specific heat capacity? Explain your answer

4. What is hydrogen bonding?

5. What function do hydrogen bonds play between water molecules?

6. What is cohesion and why is it an important property of water?

Ex. 3
1. List the four categories of macromolecules, give the basic function of each
category and give an example of a polymer and monomer for each.

2. List two kinds of foods that are high in proteins.

3. How does cooking help in the digestion of food?

4. Which class of macromolecules is the most diverse and complex – why

5. Peanut oil and Butter are both lipids yet butter is a solid at room temperature and
peanut oil is a liquid. What accounts for the difference?

6. What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

7. What is a triglyceride?

8. What type of reaction joins two molecules together and involves the loss of
water?

9. What general type of reaction will produce water as a by-product?

10. What types of reaction breaks bonds between polymers and requires the addition
of water?

11. What two polymers make maltose?

12. What type of molecule is glucose?

13. What is the difference between glucose and starch?

14. Name at least two way sucrose, lactose and maltose are similar? One way in
which they are different.

15. What is the biologically importance of phospholipids? Where are phospholipids

found in your body?

Ex 4
 1. What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter?

2. What is the phenomenon of particle movement called?

3. Be able to define and explain the concepts of isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic.

4. What happened when you placed the tube full of H2O into the salt water?
Explain.

5. What are cell membranes made of? A key feature of the cell membrane is it’s
selective permeability. Why is that important to the cell and your body?

6. Why did you use dialysis tubing during this lab?

7. During one of the experiments for this lab you tested for the ability of starch to
move across the cell membrane. How did you test this and what did you
conclude? (Hint: what color is iodine in the presence of starch?)

8. What is osmosis? Explain what conditions effect osmosis in the cell.

9. What is the function of the semi membrane of a cell?

10. What is the role of the cell membranes?

11. What is diffusion and what type of molecules can freely diffuse across the cell
membrane.

12. What are the basic organic building blocks of life?

13. What do scientists think the earliest membranes were composed of and how did
they interact with each other?

14. During diffusion, molecules move from __________concentration to

_________concentration.

Ex. 5
1. What are biological catalysts called?

2. What suffix do enzymes end with usually?

3. What is it called when a molecule attaches to the active site of an enzyme?

4. What are two ways enzymes can be permanently denatured?

5. Is human blood more slightly more Acidic or Basic

 6. How does a chemical reaction work?

7. List at least two factors that affect the function of many enzymes?

8. How can an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

9. What is the activity of an enzyme dependent on?

10. How does changing the pH or the temperature affect the enzyme?

11. Which part of the enzyme-substrate complex is the key and which is the lock?

12. What is Enzyme Inhibition and what is it caused by?

13. Describe the lock-and-key model of enzyme action.

14. What is an enzyme?

15. What is the name of the process that involves small molecules in the vicinity of
an enzyme lodging in the active site to render the enzyme non functional?

Ex. 6
1. What is the process called where plants turn sunlight into energy

2. What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

3. What biological chemical equation summarizes photosynthesis?

4. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

5. What was the elodea doing to change the color of the phenol red?

6. What is phenol red and why was it used in the experiment?

7. Where (be specific) does photosynthesis take place?

8. What did we use paper chromatography for and how does it work?

9. What does the presence of a black stain in the leaf represent?

10. What are the two steps in photosynthesis?

11. Why are green plants green?

12. What are the two processes in photosynthesis?

 13. What is the overall basic equation for photosynthesis?

14. During paper chromatography, which pigment molecules move the furthest and
which move the least? Why?

15. Why does phenol red turn yellow when the instructor’s breath is blown into it?

16. What is white light?

17. What do plants release into the atmosphere?

18. In the first step of Photosynthesis, what do the light-dependent reactions

generate?

19. In the final step of Photosynthesis, what dose the Calvin Cycle produce?

20. What are the wavelengths of the visible spectrum?

Ex 7
1. What happened in each tube for Activity A why did it happen?

2. Is HCL an acid or base? What color will it turn phenol red?

3. Why are soft drinks slightly acidic?

4. What do mitochondria do and where are they located?

5. What is the relationship between temperature and oxygen consumption?

Temperature and respiration?

6. What is an inverse relationship? What would a graph of an inverse relationship

look like?

7. What type of cells in your body will have the most mitochondria?

8. What is positive correlation?

9. What are homeotherms?

10. What is negative correlation?

11. If there was a positive correlation between whole bodies metabolic rates in
animals vs. body weight. What would be an example of a negative correlation?

12. What are five distinct indicators of a living organism?

 13. What is Phenol Red and what was it used to detect?

14. When Phenol Red is exposed to an acid what will happen?

15. What does cellular respiration entail and what is its significance?

16. Define metabolism and its relation to respiration.

17. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water what is produced?

18. Soft drink companies create the "fizz" in their products by injecting carbon
dioxide directly into water. What causes this reaction?

19. What refers to the degree in which changes in one set of data over a range
corresponds to changes in another set of data?

20. Name two gases that make up the Earth’s atmosphere.

21. Why are green plants green

22. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration?

23. List three things that can change your body’s level of metabolism?

Ex 8
1. What is the purpose of mitosis in the production of life?

2. What are four major points to the Cell Theory?

3. What are the four stages of Mitosis?

4. In which phase of Mitosis do the chromatids split at the centromeres and get
pulled to a spindle fiber.

5. All living things share a collection of properties that we can observe directly, list
those below.

6. What is the function of a nucleus in a cell?

7. Name one of the 4 points in cell theory?

8. Why do cells divide using Mitosis?

9. Write four characteristic of cells in our body.

10. During which stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
 11. Mitosis- replicates a cell or makes different ones? Explain your answer.

12. What are the four major points in the cell theory?

13. What a possible cause of cancer?

14. List three properties that we can associate with living organisms.

15. Describe the four stages of mitosis.

16. What specific cells in the parent’s body can be divided by meiosis?

Ex 9
1. During what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur.

2. What is cross over?

3. What is meant by the term, "pairing of homologous chromosomes”?

4. What are gonia?

5. What are gametes and gonadal cells?

6. What has been achieved during the two divisions of meiosis?

7. What are two good ways meiosis is different from mitosis?

8. Where are haploid cells found in humans?

9. What is the result of specialized modification and the combination of meiosis?

10. In human sexual reproduction, each parent produces specialized cells that
combine to for the zygote – what are they called?

11. Which gamete in animals is very small, contains little cytoplasm and contirbutes
only a nucleus with DNA to the zygote?

12. What occurred during prophase that is unique to meiosis?

13. During meiosis what is the number of cells being formed and what is the number
of their genetic information?

14. What are the Gonadal tissues in the human male and female?

15. What is the event that leads to increased genetic variation in sex cells?
Ex 10
1. What is cell-differentiation?

2. What roles do stem cells play in embryological development?

3. What is defined as a field of biology that addresses patterns of inheritance

between parents and their off springs?

4. In Protostomes a blastopore forms into _____________ and in Deuterostomes a

blastopore forms into________________.

5. What happens to stem cells as we age?

6. What is fertilization?

7. What are the developmental stages of the starfish?

8. What are the steps in sexual reproduction and development outlined in the
manual?

9. What are the two great species groupings defined by the fate of the blastopore?

10. What are the two reasons that Asteria embryos are especially suitable for study?

11. What is the purpose of a punnett square?

12. What is organogenesis?

13. What is gastrulation?

14. In respect to gastrulation, which cells are undifferentiated?

15. What is it called when the individual cells of each body part must “learn” to
perform their respective functions?

16. What is a morula?

17. When does gastrulation begin?

Ex 11
1. What is Nature vs. Nurture?

2. Define: gene, locus, allele, genetics, phenotype, heterozygote, homozygote,

mutation, dominant, recessive, incomplete, dominance.
 3. When is an allele dominant and when is recessive?

4. What is the long-standing debate in genetics?

5. Define monoallelic?

6. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

7. What are autosomal chromosomes?

8. What causes sickle cell anemia?

9. When one allele masks the other for a given trait, it is said to be __________?

10. What is an offspring considered when both parents pass the same form of a
gene? What if they were different?

11. On which chromosomes are the sex-linked traits found?

12. Which parent, the father or the mother, determines the sex of the offspring?

Ex 12
1. What are the three alleles for human blood type?

2. What are the roles of dominant and recessive genes?

3. Define population genetics.

4. Applying what you know about natural selection, what would be a disadvantage
of a population of cloned sheep or corn?

5. How many copies of every gene do each human have in their cells.

6. What is a gene pool?

7. What is the purpose of the Punnett Square?

8. What is the genotypic frequency?

9. In the terms of evolution, population is seen as_________________________?

10. Be able to determine the possible gametes from the following individuals if given
a set of alles.

11. Be able to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular trait given
the genotypes of the parents
 12. What is the characterization of the gene pool?

13. How many copies of each gene do humans have?

14. What can evolution be defined as?

15. If you can roll your tongue into a “U” is this considered a recessive or dominant
‘R’ allele?

16. What is gel electrophoresis? And how does it work.

17. What is Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Equilibrium.

18. What are some of the reasons why the H-W doesn’t always work?

19. Why do smaller fragments move faster through an agarose gel than larger
fragments during electrophoresis?

Ex. 13
1. What changes through time: The population or the individual?

2. What is the Theory of Natural Selection?

3. What inferences are made based on observation?

4. What is a series of observations concerning changes in natural populations and

species through time?

5. Who forwarded the theory of natural selection? How long ago?

6. Identify the theory of natural selection by Darwin/Wallace?

7. Which is the typical curve of many biological measurements?

8. What is organic evolution?

9. What is the normal shape of a histogram graph?

10. What is the name of the bird that we collected data on their bill length?

11. What are the five characteristics you collected data for in experiment 13?

12. What does the beak’s of finches in the Galapagos island have to do with their
diet?
 13. Would a walking stick insect be a walking stick insect if it weren’t for the intense
predation on its ancestors for countless generations?

14. How would cloning affect Natural Selection?

15. What is the “Survival of the Fittest”?

16. How do we predict the outcome of selective natural population?

17. Do you think humans are evolving today? Give a reason to support your answer.

18. How can you use simulation in an experiment to address the inference of Natural
Selection that states that the survival and subsequent reproduction of individuals
involved in the struggle for existence is non-random.

19. What are the observations in the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection?

Ex. 14.
1. What determents percolation rate, retention and availability of water to a plant?

2. Provide three ways water is important to organisms.

3. What is the difference between a taproot and a root ball? In what type of soil
would you expect to find each? Explain.

4. What is evapotranspiration? cohesion? Transpiration? What role does each of

these play in the ability of plants to get water?

5. What is the relationship between the surface area of the leaf and water loss, and
environmental conditions?

Ex 15
1. How do some farmers use hormones to increase their crop production?

2. What are airborne plant hormones called?

3. What is taxis?

4. What are four types of taxis and give an example of each?

5. Name three ways plants respond to stimuli.

6. What is the difference between positive taxis, and negative taxis?

7. What are the origins of auxins and gibberellins hormones?

 8. Explain the form of behavior known as stimuli-response?

Ex 16
1. What is the Lincoln-Peterson Index used for?

2. What are the assumptions of Lincoln Peterson?

3. What is the present number of endangered species of plants and animals in the
U.S.?

4. What are three patterns of distribution expressed by different species?

5. What is the science that addresses the distribution and abundance of species?

6. What are three patterns of distribution expressed by different species?

7. What is the population census?

8. How many animals are listed under the US list of endangered species?

9. Give an example of random distribution?

10. What could alter the estimation of a population?

11. What is the population census a critical tool for?

12. What are the three distributions of populations?

13. What is a census and why is it an important practice to conduct?

14. What are some reasons that some populations of species demonstrate clumping
in their distribution patterns?

15. Why do some species exhibit a clumped population?

16. List 2 events that can happen in nature that will negatively impact Lincoln-
Peterson Index.

Ex. 17
1. What did Thomas Malthus deduce about food production?

2. Make a list of 5 ways air pollution affects our environment.

3. What are CFCs?

4. Why does life on Earth have a love-hate relationship with ozone?

5. What did 19th century clergyman. Thomas Malthus, conclude from his studies?

6. What is anthropocentricity?

7. What chemical causes holes in the ozone layer?

8. How is ozone beneficial and destructive to living things?

9. When has the greatest growth in human population occurred

10. What is the cause of Thomas Malthus’s idea that starvation would occur in the
19th century?

11. What does ozone absorb in the stratosphere, which is beneficial for life on Earth?
UV-B

12. How many calories do we consume on a daily basis in support of our

metabolism.

13. What can the ozone have harmful effects on?

14. Name one type of invisible gas that pollutes our environment.

15. How does it affect the Earth’s atmosphere and ultimately harm it?

16. What is the most accurate way to relate population data with cropland data and
how would you calculate it?

17. Which region on our planet has the least percentage of wild lands?

18. List at least 3 things humans do that alter wild lands.

19. How is the Earths atmosphere changing, and what is a possible cause?

20. The Earth's Ozone can have potentially harmful effects on all species. Studies
revealed the harmful effects of ozone on crops, forest growth and human health
and for this reason Ozone levels are being increasingly monitored. What are
some of the positive effects of Ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

21. A 19th century clergyman by the name of Tomas Malthus deducted what from his
studies on human population?

22. What the air pollution consists of?

23. How can population data be related statically?