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Oscillators
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 RC oscillators 1
2.1 Wien bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Phase-shift oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Double T-filter oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 LC oscillators 4
3.1 Colpitts Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Biliography 5
1 Introduction
Oscillators are circuits that produce a repetitive waveform with only a DC voltage at the
output. The output waveform can be sinusoidal, rectangular, triangular, etc. At the base of
almost any oscillator there is an amplification stage with a positive feedback circuit that will
produce a phase shift and an attenuation.
Positive feedback consist in the redirecting of the output signal to the input stage of the
amplifier without a phase shift. This feedback signal is then amplified again generating the
output signal, that produces the feedback signal. This phenomenon, in wich the output signal
“takes care”of itself in order to generate continuum signal is called oscillation.
Two conditions then should be fulfilled to have an stable oscillator:
In order to arrive to the stable regime of the oscillator, during the starting period the gain
of the feedback loop should be greater than one, to allow the amplitude of the output signal
to achieve the desired level. Once this amplitude has been reached, the overall gain should
goes down again to one. The very first oscillations are generated by trasitory reactions and
noises once the power is switched on. The feedback circuit should be designed to amplify
just a single frequency, and the relatively faint signal picked up from transitories and noise is
then used to startup the oscillator
2 RC oscillators
This type of oscillators, use RC elements in the feedback branch. Useful to frequencies up
to 1 MHz.
E. Cortina Page 1
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
Av Vout
A fl = A v B
In Phase
Figure 1: Positive feedback. Oscillator conditions
R1 C2
Vin Vout
C1 R2
We can see this network as a pass-low filter (R1 and C1 ) together as a high-pass filter
(R2 and C2 ). The transfer function of this setup is easily computed:
vout R2 || − jXC2
H(jw) = =
vin R1 − jXC1 + R2 || − jXC2
The most interesting case is when R1 = R2 and C1 = C2 then
−jRX
R−jX −jRX RX
H(jw) = −jRX
= 2
=
(R − jX) + R−jX
(R − jX) − jRX 3RX + j(R2 − X 2 )
1
B=p
9 + (X/R − R/X)2
E. Cortina Page 2
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
X/R − R/X
φ = arctan
3
In figure 3 are shown both the gain in tension (B) as the phase shift (φ) as a function of
the frequency. The oscillating frequency is
1
fr =
2πRC
and for this frequency we have that B = 1/3 and φ = 0o . This means that the amplifier
should have a gain A = 3 and introduce a phase shift φ = 0o /
Gain Phase shift
80
0.3
60
0.25 40
20
0.2
0
0.15
-20
0.1 -40
-60
0.05
-80
0 -2 -1 -2 -1
10 10 1 10 10 10 1 10
Frequency (au) Frequency (au)
In the figure 4 is shown the base schematics of a Wien oscillator, based in an opamp.
The positive feedback is created by the lead-jag network, and the negative feedback create
a non-inverting amplifer with gain
R1
A=1+ =3 → R1 = 2R2
R2
In the beginning, the gain of the negative feedback should be greater than 3, and later,
once the output amplitude has been achieved, go back to 3. There are various methods to
accomplish it in an automatic way.
1. The most easy and classical method is to use a low power incandescende lamp instead
of R2 . When swicth on, the resistance of the lamp is small, giving an amplification
greater that 3. Once the oscillations grows in amplitude the resistance also goes up,
arriving to a value R0 in the desired amplitude. If the feedback resistance is chosen to
be R1 = 2R0 , we will obtain automatically a gain A = 3, giving the stable oscillations.
See figure 5
2. Another method consist is adding a third resistor R3 in parallel with two zener diodes
conected back to back as shown in figure ??. When switch on, the zener diodes are in
open circuit, giving then the value of the gain as:
R1 + R3 R3
A=1+ =3+
R2 R2
Once the output arrives to the zener voltage, the diodes short circuit the resistor restor-
ing the gain A = 3 and the output signal becomes stable.
E. Cortina Page 3
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
R1
−
+
Vout
R2
C R
R C
3 LC oscillators
RC oscillators are good for frequencies up to 1 MHz, but for higher frequencies, LC oscilla-
tors are better. Due to the limited bandwidth of most of opamps the amplification is based
on discrete BJT transistors.
E. Cortina Page 4
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
2R’ R1 R3
− −
+
Vout +
Vout
R2
R’
C R C R
R C R C
(a) (b)
The gain of the feedback circuit depend of the values of the capacitors, (see figure 7-b)
4 Biliography
1 Electronique, Thomas L. Floyd, Ed. Reynald Goulet (1999)
E. Cortina Page 5
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
C C C
−
+
Vout
R R R
(a)
R R R
−
+
Vout
C C C
(b)
Figure 6: Phase shift oscillators (a) lead network and (b) lag network
E. Cortina Page 6
University of Geneva Oscillators TPA-Electronique
Vcc
(a) (b)
R1 R1 C2
Vout
Vout
L
R1 R1 C2
I
C2 C2
L
Vr Vout
C2 C2
Figure 7: Colpitts oscillator (a) base circuit and (b) Resonant circuit attenuation
E. Cortina Page 7