Professional Documents
Culture Documents
346
Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)
www.LearnNavi.org
This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
the film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks
are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,
Tuiq, and everyone on the IRC, Skype, TeamSpeak, and the Learn Na’vi site who uses this
document.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorisation: parentheses indicate «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots
to show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii).
Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or
their transitivity is unable to be deduced. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will
be assumed. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal prefe-
rence, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold
further information.
Abbreviations:
An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are pro-
vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,
German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in
other languages available.
1
Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA
transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got their
word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these are
the definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in that list, but have
been confirmed by Frommer if they are here. Words that are modified by unproductive affixes
are included here if Frommer has used them: words that have a modified semantic meaning
due to a productive affix have also been included likewise. In order of canonicity, from most
to least:
• PF = Paul Frommer
• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Frommer then legalised. Frommer legalised some pronounciation errors made
during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned so-
me constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, and CM and Skxawng. LN is
for LearnNavi, where the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.
Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Frommer, the divisions have ˆ ˆbeenˆ split in ac-ˆ
cordance with the Maximum Onset Principle.
I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Rutxe, if
you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change the
first digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not large
change. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change Log
for explanation.
Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this
dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing
this dictionary much easier.
2
P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used ’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
with countable nouns in the singular form) ’eveng child)
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F v. touch ’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound) ’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one "
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff ’eyng: [P·EjN] P F v. answer, respond
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) ’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once eight)
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp ’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual ’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. ’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
from ’aw one and teng same, equal) ’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. join two ’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to- >
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
gether and yem put)
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
from ’aw one)
’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst ’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F v. attack ’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic) (derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-
’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook ry)
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level ’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious ’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived (derived from ’om purple)
from ’evengan boy) ’ong: [P·oN] P F v. unfold, blossom
’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived ’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color, colour
from ’evenge girl) ’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child ’u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from ’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’eveng child) ’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from ’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’eveng child) ’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] P F n. message
3
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP^] JC n. seeds of the aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
great tree tion of ay+lahe–ru)
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] P F n. land aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
atxkxerel: [at’."k’E."REl] P F n. map (c.w. from from nga you)
atxkxe land and rel picture)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
from oe I)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo- rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
eng we) es)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
from po he, she) (never plural u)
äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE s·i] P F vin. request (with
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. below tsnì clause for object) (c.w. from ätxäle re-
ätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. request quest and si make)
eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo-
from ean blue, green) fing off (c.w. from eltu brain and si do, make)
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F v. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from za’u come)
ekxan: [E."k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable,
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer auspicious
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) eyawr: [Ej."awR] P F adj. correct, right
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. be eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F v. lead
interesting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu-r brain eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
(dative) and tìtxen awakeness) eyk lead)
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
" >
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv. here, this place
fay+: [faj] P F prefix these (c.w. from fì this and (derived from tseng place)
ay+ plural) fìtxan: [fI."t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top rived from txan great, much)
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase fìtxon: [fI."t’on] P F adv. tonight (derived from
fì–: [fI] P F prefix this txon night)
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. peel
thing) fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
from fya’o path) fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
from kem action, deed) specified agent)
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one (person or thing) fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F v. itch
(derived from po he, she) fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
4
flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain "
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report "
ftang: [ft·aN] P F v. stop
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F v. test ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtr. try, attempt (with the subjun- from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
ctive) form) and krr time)
fnawe’: [fna."wEP^] P F adj. cowardly ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
from fnawe’ cowardly) subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fne–: [fnE] P F prefix kind, type (derived from fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
fnel kind, type) from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type ctive verb in dependant clause)
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
of pefnel ftia: [ft·i.·"a] P F v. study
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
fnu: [fn·u] P F v. quiet, be quiet ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted ftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) ftxey: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. choose
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action ftxey: [ft’Ej] P F conj. whether, or
fpe’: [fp·EP^] P F vtr. send ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) ftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit (c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
of ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP^] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path) sion
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] P F n. health (physical) fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) and ke not)
fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F v. enter furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from marker) (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and a
’u thing) relative clause marker)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de- futa: ["fu.ta] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
rived from" krr time) marker) (c.w. from fì’u-t this (accusative) and
fralo: [fRa."lo] P F n. every time, every instance, a relative clause marker)
each time (derived from alo time) fwa: [fwa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause mar-
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (nominative) and a
po he/she) relative clause marker)
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
all (behaves like an adp.) fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
"
from trr day) fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
>
fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri- fya
ved from tseng place) fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. guide (with
fratxon: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. every night (derived dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
from txon night) and wìntxu show)
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
and zo be well) from fyeyn ripe, mature)
5
H
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous small and ioang animal)
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
ham previous and alo time) hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
hapxì: [ha."p’I] P F n. part hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] P F n. member (derived hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] P F inter. how much
from hapxì part) allomorph of pìmtxan
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished hìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hawl: [h·awl] P F v. prepare hìm small and txan much)
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from holpxay: [hol."p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hawng overabundance " and krr time) hol few and pxay many)
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F v. protect, shelter holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] P F inter. how many
hay: [haj] P F adj. next (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
hay next and alo time) hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un- hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
expected hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object) hum: [h·um] P F v. leave, depart
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument irayo: [i."Raj.o] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
io–: ["i.o] P F adp. above irayo si: [i."Raj.o s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast (c.w. from irayo thanks and si make)
ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] P F adp. by, via, following ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from teach)
rel image, picture) kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ s·i] P F vin. betray (c.w. from
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,
kavuk treachery and si make)
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k·an] P F v. aim kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with ke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw not
ngay true) one and ’it bit)
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (for a kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
" krr time)
’aw not one and
person)
kar: [k·aR] P F v. teach kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil
6
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person) not and teng same, equal)
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
afternoon kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from key: [kEj] P F n. face
kä go and ’ärìp move) keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, not right
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride out (c.w. (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
from kä go and makto ride) keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity
käpxì: [kæ."p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
from kä go and hapxì part) kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
>
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
from kä go and tseng place) kin: [k·in] P F v. need
ke: [kE] P F adv. not kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) nam leg and til joint)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing) kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
keftxo: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
from kinä seven)
’How sad!’
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
kìm: [k·Im] P F v. spin
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
tion marker)
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
kehe: ["kE.hE] P F adv. no
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP^] P F v. be responsible
kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok’] P F adj. unhealt- "
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F v. descend (c.w. from kä go)
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) "
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F v. dig up
kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house "
kelku si: ["kEl.ku s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (c.w. kllkxem: [kl."k’·Em] P F v. stand
"
from kelku home and si make) kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
> "
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. kllpxìltu: [kl."p’Il.tu] P F n. territory
"
from ke not and tsun be able) kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
tseng place) "
kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word) kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground " and vawm dark)
kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb) ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allo- koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action, things)
deed) kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also
kem si: [kEm s·i] P F vin. do (c.w. from kem ac- koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
tion, deed and si do) krr: [kr] P F n. time
"
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek’] P F v. take/consume time (ii)
(c.w. from " krr time and nekx consume)
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] P F v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w. " from krr time)
nong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
not and r«us»ey alive (participial infix)) kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] P F v. drive out
7
Kx
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear from hrrap" danger)
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one (person or thing) lek: [l·Ek^] P F v. heed, obey
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean kin need)
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
vtr. change) from koren rule)
>
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain (derived from keye’ung insanity)
law si: [law s·i] P F vin. make clear (c.w. from lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
law clear and si make) rived from maweypey be patient)
layompin: [la."jom.pin] layon n. black len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
lefkrr: [lEf."kr] P F adj. current (derived from ople)
"
fìkrr this time) lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived ved from newomum be curious)
from fngap metal) lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy- leaf )
ous (not for people) (derived from fpom hap- lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
piness, peace) lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok’] P F adj. healthy (de- use)
rived from fpomtokx health) letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived tam suffice)
from hawng overabundance) letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
from hawngkrr late) " from trr day) " "
8
>
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
(derived from tsranten matter) ce) allomorph of pelì’u
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri- lìm: [l·Im] P F svin. far, be far
ved from tsunslu may, be possible) lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid lok: [l·ok^] P F v. approach
lew si: [lEw s·i] P F vin. cover (c.w. from lew lok–: [l·ok^] P F adp. close to
cover and si make) lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
ye’krr early) " (non-human)
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
word and fya’o way) lrrtok si: " ["lr.tok^ s·i] P F vin. smile (c.w. from
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP^] P F n. language group, lrrtok smile" and si make)
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and lu: [l·u] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
olo’ clan) tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan- session with dative of possessor)
guage (derived from lì’fya language) luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia- pelun
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound) lun: [lun] P F n. reason
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride mìn turn)
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm from mì in)
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. be patient mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F v. agree
"
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards (derived from me+ dual and oe I)
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time) mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived (physically, sexually)
from me+ dual marker and po he/she) mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ from mrr " five)
dual marker and alo time) muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived ed
from me+ dual and nari eye) mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F v. cut
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo- mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
ny, living at one with nature munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor (honour) mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak "
muntxa: [mun."t’a] P F adj. mated, married
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before muntxa si: [mun."t’a s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear meone), marry (c.w. from muntxa mated and
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new si do, make)
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n. husband, male
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. wife, female
mìn: [m·In] P F v. turn spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
9
muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
ved from mune two)
10
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. unfortunately, nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy) syen last)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjecti-
law clear) ve) (derived from tam suffice)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously, nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke se (derived from teng same, equal)
without and ftang stop) nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way
>
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from as (derived from tengfya as, same way as
sìltsan good) (conj.))
nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
from tut continuation marker)
(derived from mawey calm)
nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently nìtxan: [nI."t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from maweypey be patient) (derived from txan much)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi, sely
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People) nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast (derived from win
nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from fast)
ngay true) nìwotx: [nI."wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com-
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP^] P F adv. pleasurably, wel- pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
come (assumed " zola’u), gladly, with pleasure
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
(derived from prrte’ pleasurable) ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un- zong save)
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) nong: [n·oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri- nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
ved from pxim erect, upright) "
from krr time)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F v. prefer (ii) (derived
fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)
from new want)
(derived from rangal wish)
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F v. learn
be angry) numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally, from nume learn)
>
furthermore (derived from sung add) numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri- nume learn and tseng place)
>
ved from swey best) numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin- vision of a school (derived from numtseng
cidence (derived from syayvi luck) school)
Ng
11
ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
"
ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots moveme- ngul grey, drab)
net (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party) nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab rived from way song)
12
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor smoke, trr day and krr time)
pìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. how much allo- prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
morph of hìmtxampe "
prrnesyul: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
pìwopx: [pI."wop’] P F n. cloud
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
plltxe: [p·l."t’·E] P F v. speak
po: [po] P F" pn. he, she prrte’: ["pr.tEP^] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (derived from po he,
she) prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (derived from po he, she) baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
polpxay: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [p·om] P F v. kiss pum: [pum] P F pn. possession, thing possessed
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (de- (dummy pronoun for modified nouns or
rived from po he/she) pronouns)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti- puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
"
me smoking pleasure, " "
vibrating tongue (Na’vi from pukap six)
Px
pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
pxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! set now and pxi sharp)
(vulgar) pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
pxasul: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around
pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
pxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
past)
pa’o side)
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (used with singular pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
or plural noun forms) cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as ay future marker)
pxelo: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri- pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three and pxi sharp)
pxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri- pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often
ved from pxey three)
pxor: [p’·oR] P F vin. explode
pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp
pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pximaw–: [p’i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w. pxuntil: ["p’un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp) arm and til joint)
13
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head rina’: [Ri."naP^] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture rina’ seeds of the great tree)
>
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
rel image and tseo art) rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
>
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived rìk leaf and ean green)
from reltseo art)
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning rol: [R·ol] P F v. sing
rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de- ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
rived from rey live)
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water) run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rikx: [R·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from ticiple infix)
rim yellow) rutxe: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. please
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F adv. present (c.w. from set now
sa’atenuk C ) "
and krr time)
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona- sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
te form of sa’nok mother) form of sempul father)
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
mommy) sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty (of people)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent (derived from seykxel: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
sa’nok mother and sempul father) spiritually, not physical), confident
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. proceed, go
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
bound verb do, make deriving affix
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sim: [s·im] P F svin. near, be near
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-
sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
gularly lenited after ftu from)
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
urgh
sä–: [sæ] P F prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
sänume teaching and säspxin disease) hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(derived from nume learn) (thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived >
from sänume teaching) sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good
säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill- sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
ness (derived from spxin sick) ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
> skepek: ["skE.pEk^] M adj. formal
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness) skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
14
skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro- srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
bably "
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F v. prophetize, prophesi-
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but see)
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
slu become and «eyk» causative infix) from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
slu: [sl·u] P F v. become sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting on’ong night-fall)
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vin. begin, start (with srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
subjunctive) srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting srung si: [sRuN s·i] P F vin. help (c.w. from
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time) srung help and si make, do)
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
from sngä’i begin) stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
>
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar- steftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
tseng place) gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim (of a person) causative infix)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent sto: [st·o] P F v. refuse (to do something)
som: [som] P F adj. hot stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel stxeli: ["st’E.li] P F n. gift
spaw: [sp·aw] P F v. believe stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
spä: [sp·æ] P F v. jump nown
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
from spe’e capture) bring enjoyment
speng: [sp·EN] P F v. restore sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow, lock up
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old (not for people), swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
former swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
or no questions syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call, name
sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial) syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F adv., intj. yes syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful from syay fate)
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time) syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
sre’: [sREP^] P F n. tooth syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid- syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
day) lightweight
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. before mid- syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
midnight) not be pluralised)
15
T
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (various uses) teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F v. grant (ii) (c.w.
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above from tìng give)
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue) se and pleasure
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
from ta from and fkip– up among) teya si: [tE."ja s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of thing
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that filled) (c.w. from teya full and si do, make)
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
ta from and kip– among) teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike teyr white)
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
will do, OK from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tam tam: [tam tam] M intj. calm, be content, the- tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
re there (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k’·o] P F v. commu-
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from from ’awm camp)
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix) tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm s·i] P F vin. camp (c.w.
>
taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun- from ’awm camp and si make)
ter (derived from taronyu hunter) tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware- tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
ness of something ’awpo one individual)
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
from lam seem) ’efu feel)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based from ’eylan friend)
on the cause tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive ved from ’eyng answer)
täftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. weave tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived (c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix) tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from
tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. return fmetok test)
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive fnu quiet)
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot (derived from ftang stop)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal tìftia: [tI."fti.a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (c.w. study)
from teng same, equal and fya’o path) tìftia kifkeyä: [tI."fti.a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science,
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time) tia study and kifkey world)
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning tìftxavang: [tI."ft’a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die from ftxavang passionate)
16
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx- tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
ey choose) (derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] P F n. guidance tìng mikyun: [t·Im "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de-
(derived from fyawìntxu guide) rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full tìng nari: [t·In "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) from tìng give and nari eye)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri- tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
ved from hawl prepare) ngop create)
>
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived tìng tseng: [t·IN tsEN] P F vin. back down, give
from hawnu protect, shelter) ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target ground)
(derived from kan aim) tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived from newomum be curious)
from kem action, deed) tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de-
tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm s·i] P F vin. work rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Casual
(c.w. from tìkangkem work and si do, make) speech [tI."o.Ejk.tIN)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie- tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. hunger (derived from
ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work) ohakx hungry)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from kanu smart) from pawm ask)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
kawng bad) from pähem arrive)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. conversation, di-
from kenong model) scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
>
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
ke not and teng same) conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin versation)
need) tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de- from pe’un decide)
rived from kar teach) tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP^] P F n. pleasure (derived
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness from prrte’" pleasurable)
(derived from kxeyey mistake) tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
wrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and si tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (derived from rol sing)
make) tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from from ska’a destroy)
lam seem) tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor travel)
beautiful) tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low spe’e capture)
tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
sense) (derived from me’em harmonious) ness (derived from spxin sick)
tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. mating, marriage tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
(derived from muntxa mated) painful)
tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri- tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so-
ved from maweypey be patient) meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
tìng: [t·IN] P F v. give and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful
true) (c.w. from tìsraw pain and si make)
17
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
from srese’a prophetize) trr day and " ’awve first)
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
angry)
tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from ter)
takuk strike) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
>
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli- trr day" and ham previous)
gence (derived from tslam understand) trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
> " and hay next)
trr day
tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind) trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived day and" kive seventh)
from taron hunt) trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy) trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and" muve second)
tìtxen: [tI."t’En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake) trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] P F n. construction, construc- from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
ted thing (derived from txula build) and –ve ordinal number marker)
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
day and "puve sixth)
from txur strong)
trrpxeyve: [tr."p’Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
trr day and" pxeyve third)
from vawm dark) >
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from " tsìve fourth)
trr day and
ve’kì hate)
trrtxon: [tr.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from
Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
yawne beloved)
tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
from eyawr correct)
tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de- from tun red, orange)
rived from yom eat) tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be- tung: [t·uN] P F v. allow
haves like an adp.) tungzup: [tuN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (ii) (c.w. from
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space tung allow and zup fall)
tokx: [tok’] P F n. body tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un- tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
derstand! (synonym: tslolam) tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain from tute person)
tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person
from toruk last shadow) tute: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri- tute person)
der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
ride) rived from tute person)
trr: [tr] P F n. day tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. lean
"
18
Ts
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F prefix that relative clause marker)
> >
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
tsa that and ’u thing) >
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall
> >
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F pn. that way, like that (c.w. tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP^] P F n. size (c.w. from
from tsa- that and fya’o way) tsawl big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsawl slu: [tsawl sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ tsawl big and slu become)
> >
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl s·i] P F vin. bond with, tsä’: [ts·æP^] P F v. squirt
establish a neural connection (c.w. from tsa- >
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
heylu bond and si make) >
> tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
nection) >
> > tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that from tseng place)
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac- >
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph
tion) of peseng
> >
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F dem. then, at that time (deri- tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
ved from tsa- " that and krr time) >
> tsewtx: [tsEwt’] P F adj. dirty
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the >
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up >
tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
to) >
> tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject)
> from tsìng four)
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, >
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
even so >
> tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war >
> tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w.
row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
from tsam war and pongu party) >
> tskxe: [tsk’E] P F n. rock, stone
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived >
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) tskxekeng: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
> >
tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE s·i] P F vin. apolo- tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
>
gise (apologize) (c.w. from tsap’alute apology tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
and si make) (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
> perfect aspect infix)
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F conj. that (subordinate clau- >
se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-ri that (topical) tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
and a relative clause marker) tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
> from tsmuk sibling)
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object) >
> tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F conj. that (subordinate clau-
se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-t that (accusative) tsmuk sibling)
>
and a relative clause marker) tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
> > > > from tsmuk sibling)
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem. there, >
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
> >
tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat
>
tsa that and tute person) tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep
> >
tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive tsnì: [tsnI] P F conj. that (function word) (with
subject) subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
> >
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F conj. that (subordinate mar- tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung
>
ker) (c.w. from tsa’u that (nominative) and a tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill
19
> >
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
port craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village mastery)
> >
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw tsun: [ts·un] P F vin. can, be able (with subjuncti-
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife ve)
> >
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
> >
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F v. rest
>
considerate tswa’: [tsw·aP^] P F v. forget
> >
tstu si: [tstu s·i] P F vin. close (c.w. from tstu tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
>
closed and si make) tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
> > >
tstxo: [tst’o] P F n. name tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
>
tstxolì’u: ["tst’o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from rived from tswin queue)
>
tstxo name and lì’u word) tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
> >
tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
> >
tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery tsyokx: [tsjok’] P F n. hand
> >
tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ s·i] P F vin. master (c.w. from tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
tsulfä mastery and si do, make) (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
Tx
20
U
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri- flesh
ved from vawm dark) virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay– vol: [vol] P F num. eight
up to and krr" time) volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
vä’: [væP^] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, no- from vol eight)
isome vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree)
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot vur: [vuR] P F n. story
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
foot and zekwä finger) ved from vur story)
way: [waj] P F n. song win säpi: [win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song chord (c.w. win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
from way song and telem cord) win si: [win s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) something fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita- frustration, ’damn!’
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] P F v. show
pongu group) wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
weyn: [w·Ejn] P F v. draw, illustrate wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
>
" tso]
win: [win] P F adj. fast wutso: ["wu. P F n. dinner, served meal
21
Y
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
from ’ärìp move) zìsìt year and" krr time)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
be, work correctly or as nature intended
from munge bring)
zapxì: [za."p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri- zong: [z·oN] P F v. save, defend
>
ved from hapxì part) zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream (c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vin. must (with subjunctive)
zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
zenke: ["z·EN.k·E] P F vin. must not (with subjun-
ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
ctive) (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F v. remember zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix) " krr time)
z«us»a’u coming and
22
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin
Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100
Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn
23
B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.
Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn
24
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa- Na’vi
ni Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi pani
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
son) daughter)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n. kami
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
mountain and lìng hover) nous Pandoran sentient race
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN] Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul Tawkami
and ramunong well) Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of Omatikaya
the Omatikaya Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de- Omatikaya
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n. Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of
Pandora (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng the Tipani
child) Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Flute Clan
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to mi
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec- Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Oma-
tionate form Kamtsyìp) tikaya
Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains Rai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai
of Goliath Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. Tipani
from kelku home and utral tree) Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Tipani Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan
Li’ona: [li.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan Sänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-
Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi pani (derived from sänume teaching)
Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the kami
Tipani Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka- Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
mi Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
25
>
Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
(derived from swotu sacred place) tikaya
>
Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus, Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
rocky place on Pandora name for the Omatikaya
Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Lì’ona Txewì: ["t’E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w. Txilte: ["t’il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
from taw sky and kame see) Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person, pani
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person) Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan
> Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Tsa’law: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
mi
> Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
priestess, interpreter and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri J C)
>
Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G
>
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
>
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
>
Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Fauna
>
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
fpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] P F n. medusa loquial [pa."lu.kan])
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
ikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not from ioang animal)
PF) teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso- toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
nous arachnid dow
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
lonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa zize’: [zi."zEP^] P F n. hellfire wasp
27
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful idiomatic phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the
morphemes are probably invariable. I’ve included these not only to show instances where a
phrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common construc-
tions. For this reason I have also included some single words again here.
’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] P F phrase be hungry (derived from ’efu feel and ohakx hungry)
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F phrase ’Ask a thanator to release it’s prey’, ’it’s a
foregone conclusion’ (from Na’vi idiom Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu)
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F phrase good luck (derived from etrìp favourable and syayvi
luck)
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,P F phrase goodbye, Eywa (be) with you (derived from Eywa Gaia
and ngahu with you)
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] P F phrase whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F phrase what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F phrase next time from me (derived from hayalo
next time and oeta from me)
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F phrase until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Raj.o] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello (casual)
ke pxan: [kE p’an] P F phrase I’m not worthy (derived from ke not and pxan worthy)
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F phrase not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F phrase no need (for thanks) (derived from kea no and tìkin need)
kefya srak: [kE."fja sRak^] P F phrase isn’t that so? right? no? (derived from fya’o way and srak
yes?)
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon (derived from kame see and «ìyev»
future subjunctive infix)
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F phrase at times, on occasion (derived from krr time)
" >
" kop plltxe: ["k’E.tsE
kxetse sì mikyun sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t’E] W A,P F phrase the tail and ears
speak too "
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F phrase take care, travel safely (derived from mivakto may you ride
and nìzawnong safely)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F phrase I love you, you are beloved to me
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F phrase don’t worry, may your heart
be calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F phrase How are you? are you well?
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F phrase to your the mastery (derived from ngaru to you and
tsulfä mastery)
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F phrase and to you? and you? (derived from nga you and tut continua-
tion marker) (After a question with a dative subject)
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] P F phrase your tail is mine, you’re going down
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP^] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
oe irayo si ngaru:" ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F phrase I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F phrase I see you, hello (familiar)
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F phrase an honor to me, it was an honour (derived from oeru to
me and meuia honor)
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F phrase fills me with satisfaction, joy (derived from oeru to me
and teya si fill)
28
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] P F phrase please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F phrase yours, I should thank you (derived from pum possession
(dummy pronoun) and ngeyä your)
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] P F phrase strong and happy!, congratulations (derived
from seykxel strong and nitram happy)
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F phrase in my opinion (derived from tì’efu feeling and oeyä
my)
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F phrase forever, until the end of time (derived from tì’i’avay
until the end and krr time) "
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] P F phrase you’re wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness and
ngaru to you)
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F phrase you’re right (derived from tìyawr correctness and ngaru
to you)
tokx eo tokx: [tok’ "E.o tok’] P F phrase face to face, in person
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] P F phrase good night, peaceful night (derived from txon night and
lefpom happy)
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP^] P F phrase come pleasurably, welcome (derived from z«ol»a’u
come and nìprrte’ pleasurably) "
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.
The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr
29
H Illegal Words
These are illegal words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the
corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. The following words, or their roots,
either break syllable rules that Frommer set forth, or have at least one of the following illegal
sounds, spellings, or digraphs:
’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
30
I Inflections
Verbal Infixes
alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [am] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
äng: [æN] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
äp: [æp] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
arm: [aRm] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [asj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspam«asy»ang
palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.
>
ats: [ats] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position 2
(INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [awn] P F passive participle verbal infix the pre-first position (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a
túte lu. I am a hunted person.
ay: [aj] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the
yerik.
ei: [Ei] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [ER] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ejk] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [Im] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oe namew tsl«imv»am
I wanted to understand.
ìrm: [IRm] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
ìsy: [Isj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.
iv: [iv] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
ìy: [Ij] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron. I
will hunt the yerik soon.
31
ìyev: [I.jEv] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
iyev: [i.jEv] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
ol: [ol] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [us] LN active participle verbal infix the pre-first position (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.
–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F ergative case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–it: [it^] P F accusative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of t, ti) (ACC .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–l: [l] LN ergative case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN accusative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (ACC .): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN accusative for pronouns and nouns (ACC .): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like –eyä)
–ya: [ya] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
ay+: [aj] P F plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
me+: [mE] LN dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+olet. I want two lakes.
pxe+: [p’E] P F trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children.
(Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which
often undergoes ellision)
Other Inflections
Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. Here (0) indicates unproductivity, which means
it cannot be freely applied and each Frommerian form is in the lexicon, while (4) indicates
complete productivity. All verbal infixes, case and plurality markers are entirely productive.
–a–: [a] P F (4) adjectival attributive marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I fly the excel-
lent blue ikran.
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–an: [an] LN (1) masculine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poan lu. I am a dude.
–e: [E] P F (1) feminine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poe ke lu. I am not a girl.
–lo: [lo] P F (3) multiplicative number suffix for nouns: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
–ng: [N] LN (0) clusivity for pronouns (CLUS .): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.
–o: [o] P F (4) indefinite suffix: Oel tspamang tuteot. I killed someone.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (4) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp. Come
here, little daughter.
–tu: [tu] P F (3) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–ve: [vE] P F (4) ordinal suffix for numbers (irregular but predictable from the ordinals from
one to eight): Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F (2) partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
–yu: [ju] LN (4) agent noun deriving affix Oe ska’ayu ke lu. I am not a destroyer.
le–: [lE] P F (0) adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
nì–: [nI] LN (0) adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) ((4)
Productive for adjectives only - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate adjective or
relative clause)
pe+: [pE] LN (4) affix inter. marker what: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
sä–: [sæ] P F (0) instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN (0) postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit.
I home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN (0) noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (4) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix
J The Changelog
This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the
reader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.
• 11.346 Added lì’upam accent. Added natkenong for example, as an example. Keyey. Added
subjunctive note to nìrangal. Keyey in an example. Added more ordinals to the number
section, and an example number. Added pxelo. Fixed errors. Added pamrelfya spelling.
Added stress for that. Added all I could from here: law si, ngari txe’lan mawey livu,
tokx eo tokx, tìsung, naer, atxkxerel, nìtengfya make clear, don’t worry, face to face, addition,
drink, map, as (adv.). Added the Alphabet Appendix, and tìftang glottal stop. Added new
words from Mipa ayopin mipa aylì’u: new colors, new words. Noted derivation of tor,
uk, moved cooking pot to Illegal. Added tìspe’e capture. Added makto zong take care to
the phrase section. Moved tokx eo tokx to phrases. Noted ti- «us» as productive. Added
tìftxavang passion, kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe the ears and tail speak too, edited syuve
to mark that it is a collective noun and cannot be pluralised. Changed tei to txei due
to plural usage. Added stxeli, tìtstonwi, ngrrpongu gift, kindness, grassroots movement,
edited cross-referencing error in prrkxentrrkrr, edited takip– to mark lack of lenition.
Fixed error in ngrrpongu.
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