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c     
 is the accumulating and storing, of rainwater. It has been used to
provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation or to refillaquifers in a process
called groundwater recharge. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local
institutions, can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water. Water
collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are especially prepared for this
purpose, is called Stormwater harvesting. In some cases, rainwater may be the only available,
or economical, water source. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from
inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof
rainwater can be of good quality and may not require treatment before consumption. Although
some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that is harmful to human health, it can be useful
in flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars; these uses alone
halve the amount of water used by a typical home. Household rainfall catchment systems are
appropriate in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200 mm (7.9 in) per year, and no other
accessible water sources (Skinner and Cotton, 1992).

There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater ranging from very simple to the
complex industrial systems. The rate at which water can be collected from either system is
dependent on the plan area of the system, its efficiency, and the intensity of rainfall (i.e annual
precipitation (mm per annum) x square meter of catchment area = litres per annum yield) ... a
200 square meter roof catchment catching 1,000mm PA yields 200 kLPA.

Basic configuration
Rainwater harvesting systems channel rainwater that falls on to a roof into storage via a system
of gutters and pipes. The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be allowed to run to
waste as it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc. Roof gutters should have
sufficient incline to avoid standing water. They must be strong enough, and large enough to
carry peak flows. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce
evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Rainwater harvesting systems require
regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic.

Subsurface dyke

A subsurface dyke is built in an aquifer to obstruct the natural flow ofgroundwater, thereby
raising the groundwater level and increasing the amount of water stored in the aquifer.
The subsurface dyke at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University with
the support of ICAR, has become an effective method for ground water conservation by means
of rain water harvesting technologies. The sub-surface dyke has demonstrated that it is a
feasible method for conserving and exploiting the groundwater resources of the Kerala state
of India. The dyke is now the largest rainwater harvesting system in that region.

Groundwater recharge

Rainwater may also be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the ground is
collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. In the US, rooftop rainwater is
collected and stored insump.[1] In India this includes Bawdis and johads, or ponds which collect
the run-off from small streams in wide area.[2][3]

In India, reservoirs called tankas were used to store water; typically they were shallow with mud
walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.[3]

Advantages in urban areas

Rainwater harvesting can (a) assure an independent water supply during water restrictions, that
is though somewhat dependent on end use and maintenance, (b)usually of acceptable quality
for household needs and (c) renewable at acceptable volumes despite forecast climate change
(CSIRO, 2003). It produces beneficial externalities by reducing peak stormwater run off and
processing costs. RH systems are simple to install and operate. Running costs are negligible,
and they provide water at the point of consumption.We are consuming this water for our basic
needs.

c    
  .-- Who Owns the Rain? Check water rights and water right law very
well before buying land in USA. Some states have water law in favor of land owners,and some
states own all water rights, leaving you only water rights they are willing to grant though permits.
In colorado you may not catch , collect or harvest rain water from your roof unless you first buy
a permit. Depending on where you live, And if the government owns your rain water rights.[4]

Rainwater harvesting can be adopted in cities to supplement the city's other water supplies, to
increase soil moisture levels for urban greenery, to raise the water table through artificial
recharge, to mitigate urban flooding and to improve the quality of groundwater. In urban areas of
the developed world, at a household level, non-potable uses of harvested rainwater include
bathroom (i.e. shower/bath/basin), flushing toilets and washing laundry. Indeed in hard
water areas it is superior to municipal water for laundry because of its compatibility with
detergents and soaps. Rainwater may require treatment prior to use for drinking, depending on
anthropogenic (e.g. vehicle exhaust) and natural (e.g. Coal.) contaminants.
In New Zealand, many houses away from the larger towns and cities routinely rely on rainwater
collected from roofs as the only source of water for all household activities. This is almost
inevitably the case for many holiday homes.

Quality

As rainwater may be contaminated, it is often not considered suitable for drinking


without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for all purposes
² including drinking ² following suitable treatment.

Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain animal and bird faeces, mosses and lichens,
windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea
(Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have
been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain
immediately after a dry spell;[5] the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced
significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste as described above. The water may
need to be analysed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In theGansu province
for example, harvested rainwater is boiled in parabolic solar cookers before being used for
drinking.[6] In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to disinfect water before consumption.[÷  
]
So-called "appropriate technology" methods, such as solar water disinfection, provide low-
cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.

System sizing

It is important that the system is sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season.
Generally speaking, the size of the storage tank should be big enough to meet the daily water
requirement throughout the dry season. In addition, the size of the catchment area or roof
should be large enough to fill the tank.

Around the world

· Currently in China and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practiced for providing
drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to
replenish ground water levels. Gansu province in China and semi-arid north east Brazil have
the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects ongoing.
· In Rajasthan, India rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of
the Thar Desert.
· In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate
for the residents.
· The U.S. Virgin Islands have a similar law.
· In the Indus Valley Civilization, Elephanta Caves and Kanheri Caves in Mumbai rainwater
harvesting alone has been used to supply in their water requirements.
· In Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, the houses of the Diola-people are frequently equipped with
homebrew rainwater harvesters made from local, organic materials.
· In the United Kingdom water butts are often found in domestic gardens to collect rainwater
which is then used to water the garden. However, the British government's Code For
Sustainable Homes encourages fitting large underground tanks to new-build homes to
collect rainwater for flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars.
This reduces by 50% the amount of mains water used by the home.
· In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and communities rely on mud-
lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season. Some
of these ponds are centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect.
· Until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater harvesting;
a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who
have rights to take water from the watershed. Now, residential well owners that meet certain
criteria may obtain a permit to install a p  p÷   ÷

÷   (SB 09-


080).[7] Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09-1129).[8] The main
factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found
that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County, in the southern
suburbs of Denver, never reached a stream²it was used by plants or evaporated on the
ground. In Utah, collecting rainwater from the roof is illegal unless the roof owner also owns
water rights on the ground. In New Mexico, rainwater catchment is mandatory for new
dwellings in Santa Fe.[9]
· Kerala, India,

There are good opportunities for c     


    because Kerala is blessed
with two rainy seasons. Kerala faces severe water scarcity between February and mid May
every year. During summer, there are drinking water shortages. During this period drinking
water and other water purposes become unavailable. This is expected in the coming years. In
spite of 44 rivers and world's largest water well density, per capita surface
water and groundwater availability of the State is lower than that of arid States of India.
Moreover, Kerala has one of the lowest per capita rainwater availability in the Indian sub-
continent and it is still decreasing over the time, even though it receives 3000 mm of rainfall,
which is around 3 times the Indian national average. The high variations in spatial and temporal
rainfall add to the complexity of problems associated with water management faced by the
State.
Overview

Rainwater harvesting, irrespective of the technology used, essentially means harvesting and
storing water in days of abundance, for use in lean days. Storing of rainwater can be done in
two ways; (i) storing in an artificial storage and (ii) in the soil media as groundwater. The former
is more specifically called roof water harvesting and is rather a temporary measure, focusing on
human needs providing immediate relief from drinking water scarcity, while the latter has the
potential to provide sustainable relief from water scarcity, addressing the needs of all living
classes in nature. Through the proposed individual rainwater harvesting, units will be made
available to the beneficiaries. Rain water harvesting has gained popularity in Kerala through
various projects implemented by different agencies. the Rain Water Harvesting Campaign of the
Government and publicity by various media are responsible for popularizing rain water
harvesting in the state. Rainwater harvesting is viewed as a water security measure for the
State of Kerala, with two broad types of programmes.
Components

A Roof water harvesting system should have the following components:


_  
 
   

This is an arrangement to prevent the dust and other unwanted materials that may be seen on
the roof, from reaching the storage tank. By fitting a down pipe with an end cap or valve can
ensure that the washed water from the roof does not reach the storage tank. It is always safe to
ensure that the first flush arrangement remains open during non- rainy days and should be
closed after first rain up to the satisfaction of the end user.
 

The rainwater collected from the roof should be allowed to reach the storage tank only through a
filtering mechanism. Rubble, sand and charcoal, as used in the traditional three-pot filtration,
can be adopted here. 10 cm thick 20mm rubbles, 10 cm thick charcoal/coconut shell, 15 cm
thick coarse sand, 5 cm thick 6mm rubbles etc. may be arranged from bottom to top in the filter
unit. The water that is passed through this filter should remain safe for a long period of storage.
Charcoal/coconut shell is added to eliminate gaseous pollutants.
   

È  three types of storage tanks are constructed for roof water harvesting. They are
aboveground, underground or sub surface tanks.
Ä 
      
  

For drawing water from the storage tanks any method may be adopted provided it shall be
drawn only when needed. The easier the method adopted for drawing water, the more will be
the chances for its misuse. Three types of drawing water are usually adopted. They are by using
a tap (small capacity tanks with basement and over ground tanks), hand pump (under ground
tanks) or electric pump sets (large capacity tanks).
Maintenance

· Before collecting water the roof, gutters and tank should be cleaned
· Let the first 2-3 rains flow out through the first flush system
· Remember to clean the tank once in a year
· Replace the filtering agents every year
· Keep the tank and surroundings clean and hygenic
· Apply white cement on the tank every year
· Make sure that sunlight does not pass through the manhole
· Remember to preserve water and use it judiciously

· In Australia rainwater harvesting is typically used to supplement the reticulated mains


supply. In south east Queensland, households that harvested rainwater doubled each year
from 2005 to 2008, reaching 40% penetration at that time (White, 2009 (PhD)).
?c    
  c  
    

Rainwater Harvesting has many advantages, first being; its ? ¢  Collect rainwater
free, you can store as much as you want then reuse it how r Filter the
you want. Second is that rainwater is softer then tap water,  Store the
which means that if you were to use rainwater in you washing  Pump it to you Toilet, Garden Tap,
machine lime scale would take longer to build up. If you were
using the water for you garden, then some plants respond Washing machine etc
better to rainwater than tap water.

Climate change has and will continue to play a big part in our
lives. The demand for water resources has rise, however the
availablity of water has declind. Along with these problems,
homes and businesses are across the UK are being fitted
with water meters, which means water is now even more
expensive.

We have a large range of rainwater harvesting systems which


can be used for the garden or domestic use. We also have a
selection of commercial rainwater harvesting systems which
can be used in factories and warehouses.

c    

· Helps prevent hose pipe bans


· Can be used inside the house aswell as the garden
· Can be filtered for drinking water
· Underground water tanks are   essential
· Save money, especially if your on a water meter

6    

· Grey water is waste water from baths, sinks, showers


etc.
· Use grey as soon as possible as it starts to smell
· DO NOT use grey water on pot plants.
· Can be filter in the same way as your rainwater
· DO NOT Drink Grey Water

c     

Why not have a look at our rainwater tanks. Ideal for the garden to collect your rainwater. Rainwater collection is a fast
garden. With water bills now too high, many of us are looking to collect as much water as possible and reuse it in our gard
toilet.

We have many different styles and colours for you to choose from, from tall and slim     
to long a narrow
everyone, if you looking for an extra big rainwater tank then we even stock extra large tanks which reach 19,000 litres.

  c   

         


c  
We use 70% water today than we did 40 years
Rainwater
By reducing your water usage you can: www.rainwate

· Save money on our water bills (especially if your on a water meter) Water-Tanks.n
· Reduce the possibility of a drought, which will lead to a hosepipe ban. www.water-tan
· Reduce the damage which is done to wildlife in wetlands, reservoir and rivers.
Water
    www.water-bu

How much is the water you let go down the plughole worth? and could you save it? Water
www.water-bu
X? Bath water Rainwater
80 Litres
www.rainwate
X? Average Shower 30 - 35 litres
Rainwater
X? Average Shower (using power shower) 90Litres www.rainwate

Single Toilet Flush 8 - 9 Litres Rainwater


?
X? General Water Use 25 - 30 Litres www.rapidplum

X? Washing Machine 60 Litres Rainwater


www.pumps4.
X? Dishwasher 40 Litres
Rainwater
?? Watering the Garden using a Watering Can 7 - 9 litres (per full can) www.etills.com
?? Car Wash using a Bucket (avg 1hr wash) 15 Litres Rainwater
www.rainwate
?? Car Wash Hose using a Hose(avg 1hr wash) 540 Ltr/Hr
Water
www.waterbut
c  
    

_c    


  

No matter how much it rains in Britain we always seem to need more water for our plants and gardens. By
collecting your rainwater in an underground water tank, you we have a constant supply of water. These
rainwater harvesting systems can be connected straight into you exisiting irrigation system them will never
have to worry about your plants and garden not being water when you're on holiday.

Once your system is setup their is no end to the uses of the water you save. You can connect a pressure
washer to the tap outlet and use the    to wash your car or even clean your patio.

Read more on c     


 in the Garden
?

Underground water tanks don't have to be sunk in ground;, they can be installed under patios or under
decking as shown (right). All accessories such as water pumps, filters and fittings can still be installed.
?
     !        
   

How much water do you think you use in your work place? Or how much water do you think is used in
hotels/B&B's, you could save money on your water bill by using rainwater. One of the best things about
Ecosure Rainwater Harvesting Tanks is that they can connect together give you a larger volume of water,
then, just like a normal house hold system, the water can be recycled back into the header tank of the building
?
then reused when someone flushes the toilet or turns on the tap.
?

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O   ? O  ?
Our SuperEconomy Rainwater harvesting
rainwater harvesting system system complete with 101
is the ideal setup for those Lpm water pump.
looking to simply water their
garden. These kits are Ideal for flusing the toilet,
simple and easy to install. using the washing machine,
Plug the submersible pump watering the garden or
in and your ready to go... cleaning your car/patio.

Goto Goto
SuperEconomy c   SuperCompletec  
  
 

  
 


c  ?  


? ? c     "#$
Rainwater harvesting
system complete with #%         &  '   
submersible water pump     &  & ' (     
and pressure switch housing
connected to a garden tap.
A: High water tables are not uncommon, installing an
Ideal for watering the garden
or cleaning your patio. underground can be down, however this would mean you
encasing the entire tank in concrete. Otherwise if you still
feel unsure about an underground water tank then you
Goto Ecosub+ c   could have a large water tank over ground or a number of
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water butts connected together.

#%                


c  ?  
? ?    
Rainwater harvesting
system complete with more A: Yes a rainwater harvesting system can be install at
powerful submersible water anytime, however if you are thinking of a new build you
pump and pressure switch are better to install while at the footing stage of the build.
housing connected to a
garden tap. Ideal for
watering the garden or
cleaning your patio.

Goto
?

Ecosub+1 c  


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